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Land Tenure Reforms and Social Transformation in Botswana: Implications for Urbanization

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Land Tenure Reforms and Social Transformation in Botswana: Implications for Urbanization Land Tenure Reforms and Social Transformation in Botswana: Implications for Urbanization. Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Ijagbemi, Bayo, 1963- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 06/10/2021 17:13:55 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/196133 LAND TENURE REFORMS AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN BOTSWANA: IMPLICATIONS FOR URBANIZATION by Bayo Ijagbemi ____________________ Copyright © Bayo Ijagbemi 2006 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2006 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Bayo Ijagbemi entitled “Land Reforms and Social Transformation in Botswana: Implications for Urbanization” and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 10 November 2006 Dr Thomas Park _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 10 November 2006 Dr Stephen Lansing _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 10 November 2006 Dr David Killick _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 10 November 2006 Dr Mamadou Baro Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ________________________________________________ Date: 10 November 2006 Dissertation Director: Dr Thomas Park 3 STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: Bayo Ijagbemi 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation is the culmination of a journey that has taken the greater part of my life. Along the way, be it in Nigeria, United States of America, or Botswana, I received assistance in various forms from countless number of people that space will not permit me to fully acknowledge. First, I want to thank the Government and the people of Botswana (particularly, the peoples of Kweneng District) for the opportunity they provided for this dissertation research. The manner in which the Office of the President processed my research permit attests to the transparency and honesty in the public life of Botswana. In the course of my research in Kweneng District, I developed relationships that will last a lifetime with many people to whom I am appreciative. These people include: Kgosi Kgari Sechele, Kgosi S. Sechele (Deputy Chief), Mama Marumola of Thamaga who hosted and showed me true Tswana hospitality during my predissertation visit in 2001; my research assistants – Semakaleng Motswagae, Topo Motshegwa, Dorcas Disang, Mosimanegape Keepilwe, Tebatso Nkile, C. M. Rammidi. Institutional support in Botswana was provided by the Departments of Sociology and Geology, University of Botswana. For this, I want to thank Dr Onalenna Selolwane of the Sociology Department, my friends at the Geology Department, Dr Ron Chaoka, Dr Georges Ekosse, Mr M Sedimo, and Mr Shina Suleiman, and finally, Dr Elisha Shemang for his brotherly love. I also want to acknowledge the critical financial and moral support of family members and friends both in Nigeria and the United States. Special mention must be made of Mrs Rachel Ijagbemi, Mrs Grace Ijagbemi (BB), Adele Ijagbemi, and the family of Remi and Omosede Olufe, all in Nigeria. Over the years in Tucson, AZ, I have been fortunate to meet a good number of people who constituted my family support system away from home. This group include Mrs Cecilia Onaiyekan, Kwefi Quaye, Dr Anselm Omoike, Lateef Mustapha, Dr Desi Usman, Ladi Lebi, Robert Forlemu, Dr Wole Famule, and Professor Mikelle Omari-Tunkara, and Mrs Marcia Martin. Funding for the dissertation research was received from various sources. The National Science Foundation (NSF) funded project (# 9817743), Creation of a GIS for six cities in arid environments: In Morocco, Senegal, Mali, Niger, Tanzania, and Botswana provided the platform for this project. I also want to acknowledge the NSF funding of my participation in the Conference on the project in Dakar in 2003 which enabled me to present part of my research. Substantial funding for this project also came from Dr Duro Oguntebi through the research fellowship on land reforms in Botswana that he funded in the Anthropology Department, the University of Arizona. Partial funding was also received from the Office of Dr Maria Teresa Velez of the Graduate College. Finally, I want to thank my Committee members (Dr. Thomas Park, Dr Stephen Lansing, Dr David Killick, and Dr Mamadou Baro) and Dr Drexel Woodson for their sacrifices and the invaluable insights that they gave me on this project. Special thanks to my advisor, Dr Thomas Park, for taking me under his wings and for the countless number of times he read the drafts of this dissertation. Many thanks to Tau Pheto for the translation of the court documents and Mamadou Niane for his help with my maps. 5 DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to the memory of my late father, Chief Amos Adesayo Ijagbemi 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS …………………………………………………………... 11 LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………………………………....12 ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………………..13 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………...14 a) Statement of the problem and theoretical framework ……………………………...14 b) The research setting: Physical Environment ………………………………………22 c) The research setting: Policy Environment …………………………………………31 d) Literature review …………………………………………………………………...40 e) Research Methodology ………………………………………………………….…45 i) Archival research …………….……………………………………………......45 ii) Survey research …………………………………………………….……...…46 iii) Survey instruments…………………………………………………………...47 iv) Research site and sampling procedure………………….…………………….47 v) Units of analysis ……………………………………………………………....49 1) Individual ………………………………………………………………….49 2) Household ………………………………………………………………....49 3) Community ………………………………………………...……….……..50 4) District ………………………………………….……....……………….…50 5) The City …………………………………………….……….…………..….51 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS continued vi) Types of data collected ……………….…………………………...………….51 1) Livelihood systems .……..…………………………………………………...51 2) Kinship ………………………………………………………………………..52 3) Social stratification …………………………………………………………...52 4) Migration ……………………………………………………………………..52 vii) Organization of chapters. .……………..……………………………………..53 CHAPTER TWO: LAND TENURE AND LAND USE IN KWENENG: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE……………………………………………………….55 a) Introduction ………………………………………………………………………...55 b) Land as communal property………………………………………………………..66 c) Kweneng: Land of the BaKwena …………………………………………………..75 d) Social and political organization …………………………………………………..86 e) Traditional land tenure and land use in Kweneng………………………………….92 i) residential ……………………………..…………………………………….….93 ii) arable farming …………………………………………….……………………..95 iii) livestock grazing ……………………………………………………….………99 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS continued CHAPTER THREE: LAND REFORMS SINCE INDEPENDENCE: LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK …………………………………...108 a) Introduction …………………………………………………………………...…..108 b) Colonial antecedents: 1900-1967 …………………………………………..…….108 i) Establishment of colonial rule ………………………………………………….113 ii) The land question ……………………………………………………………...116 iii) Colonialism and land tenure …………………………………………………..126 c) The post colonial state, 1967-2000: Land reforms under the ‘Modernization’ and ‘Globalization’ context ……………………………………………….……….…127 i) Constitution of the Republic of Botswana ………………………………….128 ii) Tribal Land Act, 1968 …………………………………………………...…130 iii) Tribal Land Grazing Policy, July 1975. …………….…………………..…135 1. Commercial farming areas …………………………………………..……136 2. Communal Grazing Areas ……………………………... …………….….137 3. Reserved Areas ……………………………………………………….….137 iv) National Policy on Land Tenure, 1985 ……………………………………138 v) Wildlife Conservation and National Parks, 1992 …………..….…………..140 9 TABLE OF CONTENTS continued CHAPTER FOUR: LAND REFORMS AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION: KINSHIP AND CHIEFTAINCY………………………………………….143 a) Introduction ……………………………………………………………………….143 b) Family and kinship structure …………………………………………………..…147 c) Land reforms and chieftaincy …………………………………………………….151 d) Land reforms since 1966 ………………………………………………………....160 CHAPTER FIVE: LAND REFORMS AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION: LIVELIHOOD SYSTEMS AND SETTLEMENT PATTERNS…176 a) Livelihood systems ………………………………………….…….……………176 i) Pastoral
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