CHAPTER 13 Negotiating Arctic Waters: ’s The Worldes Hydrographical Discription

Franziska Hilfiker

In the winter of 1592, at the end of the year, William Sanderson (1547/8–1638) gave a small reception at his London house at Newington-Butts. No less a figure than Queen (1533–1603) was expected as a special guest. Sanderson, a wealthy merchant well acquainted with privy councillors and instrument makers as well as explorers, had a very distinct reason for throwing this party: He wanted to solemnly and proudly present the Queen with the recently fin- ished first pair of English —manufactured by the mathematician and instrument maker Emery Molyneux (d. ca. 1599) at his workshop in , and largely financed by Sanderson himself.1 A few months earlier, Elizabeth had had a first opportunity to see the terres- trial (then still under construction) when she received Emery Molyneux at Palace. This scene is reported by an eyewitness, (ca. 1524–ca. 1600), who seemed deeply impressed by the event dur- ing which the globe was wheeled in, ‘covered by a taffeta curtain in the form of a dome encompassing it down to the ground and fixed all the way round by means of an ornament’.2 After the taffeta veil was lifted, Elizabeth carefully inspected the globe, which was dedicated to her, and—as Ubaldini remarked with special emphasis—the Queen was now able to ‘see at a glance how much of the seas she could control’.3 On Molyneux’s globe the seas, especially the

1 The pair of globes is composed of a terrestrial and a celestial one, each measuring 62 cm in diameter. See, for instance, Wallis H.M., “The First English Globe: A Recent Discovery”, The Geographical Journal 117 (1951) 275–290; Wallis H.M., “ ‘Opera Mundi’: Emery Molyneux, and the First English Globes”, in Croiset van Uchelen T. – Horst K. van der – Schilder G. (eds.), Theatrum Orbis Librorum: Liber Amicorum Presented to Nico Israel on the Occasion of his Seventieth Birthday (Utrecht: 1989) 94–104. 2 Petruccio Ubaldini’s statement, which he made in a letter to the Grand Duke of Tuscany, is quoted in Wallis, “Opera Mundi” 100. The eyewitness Petruccio Ubaldini, a descendant of an ancient Florentine family, settled in England in 1562 and was well known at the court of Elizabeth I. See Wallis, “Opera Mundi” 98–100. 3 In Ubaldini’s report, the whole passage of the scene reads: ‘It must be remembered that the Dedication to the Queen has to be printed with the royal arms and its wording suggests that

© koninklijke brill nv, leiden, ���6 | doi ��.��63/9789004325760_015 354 Hilfiker northern seas and certain sites in the northwest Arctic region, were indeed depicted with highlighted accuracy. The globe’s address to the reader mentions:

In drawing the northern areas of this globe we have copied with the greatest faithfulness and diligence the geographical descriptions, which have an excellent reputation, of a number of outstanding Englishmen.4

A waterway known as ‘Fretum Davis’, extending between the 50° and 75° north- ern , is shown in great detail. Toponyms such as ‘Mont Ralegh’, ‘C[ape] Walsingham’, and ‘London Cost’ flank this waterway, marking England’s pres- ence as well as its appropriation claims to this region. The Arctic waters mattered. They mattered because they were the site where cosmographers and the financial backers of English maritime explora- tions hoped to find the Northwest Passage—an imaginary strait that would lead English trading ships directly and quickly from the Atlantic, via the top of North America, into the Pacific Ocean, and thereby to the diverse riches of the so-called land of Cathay, as well as to the precious spices of the Molucca Ilands. The strait in the Arctic Ocean—if it existed—promised wealth and seemed to be worth the financial investment needed to find it.

Straits: Hinges in an Emerging Mode of Global Thinking

In the course of early European maritime expansion, certain sites in the world’s oceans gained particular significance, as they were highly desirable and intensely negotiated in and through different media. The competitive impe- rial situation led to the configuration of such maritime spaces as ‘contested locations of knowledge’5—where the term knowledge comprises a whole

he [Molyneux] gave her the globe to let her see at a glance how much of the seas she could control by means of her naval forces. This is a fact well worth knowing’. Quoted in Wallis, “Opera Mundi” 100. 4 The original address on the globe is in : ‘Nec non et Anglicorum aliquot hominum excel- lentium probatissimas geographicas descriptiones in Septentrionalibus huius globi delin- eandis partibus summa cum fide, diligentia summaque cura incitati sumus’. The English translation quoted in the main text above is from Schilder G., Jodocus Hondius (1563–1612) and Petrus Kaerius (1571–c. 1646) (Alphen aan den Rijn: 2007) 41. 5 Figueroa M.F., “Contested Locations of Knowledge: The Malaspina Expedition Along the Eastern Coast of (1789)”, in Kontler L. – Romano A. – Sebastiani S. – Török B.Z. (eds.), Negotiating Knowledge in Early Modern Empires: A Decentered View (Basingstoke: 2014) 129–152.