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Brief History of Cartography and Intro to IRI Map and Climate Data Library • Dr Brief history of Cartography and intro to IRI map and climate data library • Dr. Michael J Passow • Earth2Class • 4 April 2020 Very first maps ? • It’s probable that the very first maps were stick-drawn images in mud to show fellow hunters and gatherers where kill sites or berries were located. • This may have led to development of compass points: N—S—E—W. As societies settled, people developed maps to orient themselves with respect to others mago Mundi Babylonian map, the oldest known world map, 6th century BCE Babylonia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_world_maps#Babylonian_I mago_Mundi_(ca._6th_c._BCE) Gradually, awareness of distant lands and seas developed • Anaximander (died c. 546 BCE) is credited with having created one of the first maps of the world, which was circular in form and showed the known lands of the world grouped around the Aegean Sea at the center. This was all surrounded by the ocean. • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_world_maps#/media/File:Anaximander_world_map-en.svg From an early age, we learn to identify shapes and positions of places wer may never have actually seen or been to, and assume they are real. Map Projections • In cartography, a map projection is a way to flatten a globe's surface into a plane in order to make a map. • This requires a systematic transformation of the latitudes and longitudes of locations from the surface of the globe into locations on a plane. • All projections of a sphere on a plane necessarily distort the surface in some way and to some extent. • Depending on the purpose of the map, some distortions are acceptable and others are not; therefore, different map projections exist in order to preserve some properties of the sphere-like body at the expense of other properties. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_projection Eratostehes is also credited with developing the first technique to measure the circumference of the Earth, using angles of shadows at two locations in Egypt. Eratosthenes (276–194 BCE) drew an improved world map, incorporating information from the campaigns of Alexander the Great and his successors. Asia became wider, reflecting the new understanding of the actual size of the continent. Eratosthenes was also the first geographer to incorporate parallels and meridians within his cartographic depictions, attesting to his understanding of the spherical nature of the Earth. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_world_maps#/media/File:Mappa_di_Eratostene.jpg Pomponius is unique among ancient geographers in that, after dividing the Earth into five zones, of which two only were habitable, he asserts the existence of antichthones, people inhabiting the southern temperate zone inaccessible to the folk of the northern temperate regions due to the unbearable heat of the intervening torrid belt. On the divisions and boundaries of Europe, Asia and Africa, he repeats Eratosthenes; like all classical geographers from Alexander the Great (except Ptolemy) he regards the Caspian Sea as an inlet of the Northern Ocean, corresponding to the Persian (Persian Gulf) and Arabian (Red Sea) gulfs on the south. This concept of maps showing social differences is still very useful today. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_world_maps#/media/File:Karte_Po mponius_Mela_rotated.jpg Surviving texts of Ptolemy's Geography, first composed c. 150, note that he continued the use of Marinus's equirectangular projection for its regional maps while finding it inappropriate for maps of the entire known world. Ptolemy’s influence last for centuries until the “Age of Discovery” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_world_maps#/media/File:Ptolemy- World_Vat_Urb_82.jpg This map appears in a copy of a classical work on geography, the Latin version by Priscian of the Periegesis, that was among the manuscripts in the Cotton library (MS. Tiberius B.V., fol. 56v), now in the British Library. It is not intended purely as an illustration to that work, for it contains much material gathered from other sources, including some which would have been the most up-to- date available, although it is based on a distant Roman original (similar to the source of another 11th-century world map, illustrating an edition of Isidore of Seville)— on which the network of lines appears to indicate the boundaries of imperial provinces. The date of drawing was formerly estimated at about CE 992–994, based on suggested links to the journey of Archbishop Sigeric of Canterbury from Rome. The Juan de la Cosa, a Spanish cartographer, explorer and conquistador, born in Santoña in the northern autonomous region of Cantabria, made several maps of which the only survivor is the Mappa Mundi of 1500. It is the first known European cartographic representation of the Americas. Shortly thereafter, Portuguese, Spnish, English, French, and Dutch explorers sailed around the world to map new lands. This included… https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_world_maps#/media/File:1500_ma p_by_Juan_de_la_Cosa-North_up.jpg …Henry Hudson, an English navigator sailing for the Dutch East India Company, who was the first European to enter New Yok Bay and thus lay claim to this area for the Netherlands. He was seeking a route around North America to the riches of Asia. The Cantino planisphere or Cantino world map is the earliest surviving map showing Portuguese discoveries in the east and west. It is named after Alberto Cantino, an agent for the Duke of Ferrara, who successfully smuggled it from Portugal to Italy in 1502. It shows the islands of the Caribbean and the Florida coastline, as well as Africa, Europe and Asia. The map is particularly notable for portraying a fragmentary record of the Brazilian coast, discovered in 1500 by Portuguese explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral who conjectured whether it was merely an island [34] or part of the continent that several Spanish expeditions had just encountered farther north https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_world_maps#/media/File:Cantino_Planisphere.jpg Flemish geographer and cartographer Gerardus Mercator world map of 1569 introduced a cylindrical map projection that became the standard map projection known as the Mercator projection. It was a large planisphere measuring 202 by 124 cm (80 by 49 in), printed in eighteen separate sheets. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_world_maps#/media/File:Mercator_1569.png Samuel Dunn (died 1794) was a British mathematician and amateur astronomer. His map covers the entire world in a double hemisphere projection. This map follows shortly after the explorations of Captain Cook in the Arctic and Pacific Northwest, so the general outline of North America is known. However, when this map was made, few inland expeditions had extended westward beyond the Mississippi River.[45] Antarctica is noticeably absent, which is of particular note, as earlier maps depict Antarctica, as early as 1570 in the West, and 1602 in the Far East. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_world_maps#/media/File:1794_Samuel_Dunn_Wall_Map_of_the_World_in_Hemispheres_- _Geographicus_-_World2-dunn-1794.jpg Selected Voyages of Discovery (16 -19th Centuries) • Captain Jamess Cook—HMS Endeavour/Resolution https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Endeavour • Captain Robert FitzRoy – HMS Beagle (with Charles Darwin) 1831-1836 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Beagle #Second_voyage_(1831%E2%80%931836) Artist: Conrad Martens Globes provide the most accurate representation of surface areas, but because they are 3-D and cannot be too large, details are not as easy to show as on maps, where scale can be modified for each purpose. A celestial globe made by Emery Molyneux in 1592. Such globes were the first to be made in England and the first to be made by an Englishman. The globe, and a terrestrial globe also manufactured by Molyneux, belong to Middle Temple and are displayed in its library. The caption of the image is: "The Molyneux Celestial Globe. One of a pair at Middle Temple Library. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emery_Molyneux#/media/File:Molyneux CelestialGlobe-MiddleTemple-1889.jpg • With computers, it has become easy to create digital maps that can be static or animated. • A key strategy for digital mapping is “layering” – superimposing data sets om top of other data sets. • Weather maps are excellent examples of how this is done. https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2020/health/coronavirus-maps-and-cases/ RI/LDEO Climate Data Library PI(s): Martin B. Blumenthal The IRI/LDEO Climate Data Library contains over 300 datasets from a variety of earth science disciplines and climate-related topics. It is a powerful tool that offers the following capabilities at no cost to the user: access any number of datasets; create analyses of data ranging from simple averaging to more advanced EOF analyses; monitor present climate conditions with maps and analyses in the Maproom; create visual representations of data, including animations; download data in a variety of commonly-used formats, including GIS-compatible formats. .
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