Deixis and Reference Tracking in Tsova-Tush a Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Division of the University of Hawaiʻi at M
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Language in the USA
This page intentionally left blank Language in the USA This textbook provides a comprehensive survey of current language issues in the USA. Through a series of specially commissioned chapters by lead- ing scholars, it explores the nature of language variation in the United States and its social, historical, and political significance. Part 1, “American English,” explores the history and distinctiveness of American English, as well as looking at regional and social varieties, African American Vernacular English, and the Dictionary of American Regional English. Part 2, “Other language varieties,” looks at Creole and Native American languages, Spanish, American Sign Language, Asian American varieties, multilingualism, linguistic diversity, and English acquisition. Part 3, “The sociolinguistic situation,” includes chapters on attitudes to language, ideology and prejudice, language and education, adolescent language, slang, Hip Hop Nation Language, the language of cyberspace, doctor–patient communication, language and identity in liter- ature, and how language relates to gender and sexuality. It also explores recent issues such as the Ebonics controversy, the Bilingual Education debate, and the English-Only movement. Clear, accessible, and broad in its coverage, Language in the USA will be welcomed by students across the disciplines of English, Linguistics, Communication Studies, American Studies and Popular Culture, as well as anyone interested more generally in language and related issues. edward finegan is Professor of Linguistics and Law at the Uni- versity of Southern California. He has published articles in a variety of journals, and his previous books include Attitudes toward English Usage (1980), Sociolinguistic Perspectives on Register (co-edited with Douglas Biber, 1994), and Language: Its Structure and Use, 4th edn. -
Deixis and Reference Tracing in Tsova-Tush (PDF)
DEIXIS AND REFERENCE TRACKING IN TSOVA-TUSH A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAIʻI AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN LINGUISTICS MAY 2020 by Bryn Hauk Dissertation committee: Andrea Berez-Kroeker, Chairperson Alice C. Harris Bradley McDonnell James N. Collins Ashley Maynard Acknowledgments I should not have been able to finish this dissertation. In the course of my graduate studies, enough obstacles have sprung up in my path that the odds would have predicted something other than a successful completion of my degree. The fact that I made it to this point is a testament to thekind, supportive, wise, and generous people who have picked me up and dusted me off after every pothole. Forgive me: these thank-yous are going to get very sappy. First and foremost, I would like to thank my Tsova-Tush host family—Rezo Orbetishvili, Nisa Baxtarishvili, and of course Tamar and Lasha—for letting me join your family every summer forthe past four years. Your time, your patience, your expertise, your hospitality, your sense of humor, your lovingly prepared meals and generously poured wine—these were the building blocks that supported all of my research whims. My sincerest gratitude also goes to Dantes Echishvili, Revaz Shankishvili, and to all my hosts and friends in Zemo Alvani. It is possible to translate ‘thank you’ as მადელ შუნ, but you have taught me that gratitude is better expressed with actions than with set phrases, sofor now I will just say, ღაზიშ ხილჰათ, ბედნიერ ხილჰათ, მარშმაკიშ ხილჰათ.. -
Published in Papers of the Twenty-Third Algonquian Conference, 1992, Edited by William Cowan
Published in Papers of the Twenty-Third Algonquian Conference, 1992, edited by William Cowan. Ottawa: Carleton University, pp. 119-163 A Comparison of the Obviation Systems of Kutenai and Algonquian Matthew S. Dryer SUNY at Buffalo 1. Introduction In recent years, the term ‘obviation’ has been applied to phenomena in a variety of languages on the basis of perceived similarity to the phenomenon in Algonquian languages to which, I assume, the term was originally applied. An example of a descriptive use of the term occurs in Dayley (1989: 136), who applies the terms ‘obviative’ and ‘proximate’ to two categories of demonstratives in Tümpisa Shoshone, the obviative category being used to introduce new information or to reference given participants which are nontopics, the proximate category for topics. But unlike the obviative and proximate categories of Algonquian languages, the Shoshone categories for which Dayley uses the terms are categories only of a class of words he calls ‘demonstratives’, and are not inflectional categories of nouns or verbs. Similarly, Simpson and Bresnan (1983) use the term ‘obviation’ to refer to a system in Warlpiri in which certain nonfinite verbs occur in forms that indicate that their subjects are nonsubjects in the matrix clause. These phenomena in non-Algonquian languages to which the term ‘obviation’ has been applied may bear some remote resemblance to the Algonquian phenomenon, but I suspect that most Algonquianists examining them would conclude that the resemblance is at best a remote one. The purpose of this paper is to describe an obviation system in Kutenai, a language isolate of southeastern British Columbia and adjacent areas of Idaho and Montana, and to compare it to the obviation system of Algonquian languages. -
Person-Based Prominence in Ojibwe
PERSON-BASED PROMINENCE IN OJIBWE A Dissertation Presented by CHRISTOPHER MATHIAS HAMMERLY Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY September 2020 Linguistics © Copyright by Christopher M. Hammerly 2020 All Rights Reserved PERSON-BASED PROMINENCE IN OJIBWE A Dissertation Presented by CHRISTOPHER MATHIAS HAMMERLY Approved as to style and content by: Brian Dillon, Chair Rajesh Bhatt, Member Adrian Staub, Member Joe Pater, Department Chair Department of Linguistics For the Anishinaabeg of Nigigoonsiminikaaning and Seine River “How odd I can have all this inside me and to you it’s just words.” — David Foster Wallace, The Pale King ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis is at once a beginning and an end. It is the beginning of what I hope to be a lifetime of work on obviation, agreement, and my ancestral language Ojibwe; and the end of what I have figured out so far. It is the end of five incredible years of graduate studies at UMass; and the beginning of the relationships that I have built over the past half-decade. I am most deeply indebted to the Anishinaabe communities at Nigigoonsiminikaan- ing and Seine River in Ontario, especially those who participated in this study. Gi- miigwechiwi’ininim. Nancy Jones is a keeper of endless knowledge and experience, and I am so lucky that she has been willing to take me in and share it. Not only has she made this dissertation possible, she has made it possible for me to reconnect to my own roots. -
A Set-Based Semantics for Obviation and Animacy
A set-based semantics for obviation and animacy Christopher Hammerly – University of Minnesota Preprint Draft 1.0 – March 22nd, 2021 Abstract This paper provides an analysis of the semantics of obviation and animacy through a case study of Ojibwe (Central Algonquian). I develop a lattice-based characterization of possi- ble person, obviation, and animacy categories, showing that the addition of two binary features, [±Proximate] and [±Animate], captures the six-way distinction of Ojibwe. These features denote first-order predicates formed from subsets of an ontology of person primitives, with composition and interpretation defined by (i) the functional sequence of the nominal spine, (ii) the denotation of feature values, and (iii) the theory of contrastive interpretations. I show that alternative ac- counts based in lattice actions or feature geometries cannot capture the partition of Ojibwe, and offer extensions of the proposed system to noun classification in Zapotec, Romance, and Bantu. Keywords: obviation, animacy, person, noun classification, gender, '-features 1 Introduction Languages show constrained, but rich, variation in how categories related to person are distin- guished and conflated. At the core of all person systems is the possibility to refer to the author of an utterance, the addressee, and various non-participants — all languages, and indeed all humans, appear to have access to these fundamental concepts. The major point of variation is how these concepts are accessed, encoded, and manipulated by the grammar. The view taken in this paper is that the author, addressee, and others are PRIMITIVES of a mental ontology that is manipulated and accessed by morphosyntactic FEATURES. These features, in turn, give rise to CATEGORIES that allow reference to the primitives. -
Chapter 3 Basic Concepts
Monica Macaulay DRAFT last updated 3/8/13 1 Chapter 3 Basic Concepts 1. Introduction This chapter introduces some basic concepts and facts about Menominee that will be needed to understand the material in subsequent chapters. Here we look at parts of speech, person, animacy, obviation, and verb types. 2. Parts of speech Different languages have different inventories of parts of speech. It’s safe to say that virtually all languages have nouns and verbs, but beyond that we find a lot of differences. According to Bloomfield, Menominee has the following parts of speech: (1) Menominee Parts of Speech (Bloomfield 1962:25) • Nouns • Verbs • Pronouns • Particles • Negator There are also prefixes (which come before words) and lots of suffixes (which come after words). The prefixes are discussed briefly below, and both the prefixes and suffixes are discussed further in Chapters 4, 5, and 6. Brief discussion of each of the parts of speech appears in this chapter, and more detail is given in later chapters. 2.1. Nouns We all learn in school that nouns describe a “person, place, or thing.” That works for many nouns, but not necessarily all of them. For example, it leaves out abstract concepts like joy or independence. In Menominee, beyond looking at the meaning, you can tell if something is a noun by the following factors (among other things): (a) whether it can be pluralized (by -ak or -an), (b) whether it can have the locative ending -eh added, (c) whether it can be possessed (using the three person-marking prefixes discussed below) (d) whether it can have a demonstrative (like eneh ‘that (inan.)’ or enoh ‘that (an.)’) before it. -
A Synthesis of Obviation in Algonquian Languages
A Synthesis of Obviation in Algonquian Languages by Irina Volchok A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Linguistics University of Manitoba Winnipeg Copyright© 2019 Irina Volchok iii Abstract One of the most prominent features of the Algonquian languages of North America is obviation, a third person referencing system. Although it has been known for nearly 400 years, linguists are still debating about its role and function. This work seeks to synthesize what is already known about obviation and what is still unresolved. More specifically, it looks at the syntactic and discourse working principles of obviation in different types of noun phrases, and in single, conjoined, complement, and adverbial clauses, as well as in narratives and in elicitation. iv Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... iv Chapter I: Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Geographical Location of Algonquian Languages ................................................................ 1 1.2 Classification of Algonquian Languages ........................................................................... -
The Best of the Georgian Caucasus July 19 – 31, 2020 (13 Days)
The Best of the Georgian Caucasus July 19 – 31, 2020 (13 days) The Caucasus, one of the world’s extraordinary mountain domains, is the setting for our hiking trip that explores two distinctly different mountain regions of Georgia: dramatic Khevsureti and the even more remote mountain valleys of Tusheti, a hidden “Shangri-La” defended by ancient stone towers, reminders of the not-so-distant past. Still largely untouched, Tusheti is a magnet for those seeking a mosaic of fascinating cultures and superb scenery. For centuries, these areas have been home to venerable mountain clans whose traditions include extending a rich hospitality to visitors (in fact, their hospitality borders on the compulsive—be prepared to accept profuse offerings of food and wine!). Our trek takes us from one historical village to the next, with a chance to meet local people, hear their haunting melodies, listen to poetry, and sleep under the starry sky or stay with them in their traditional homes. Our trip ends in the lowlands of Khakheti province, famed as the birthplace of winemaking. TRIP DETAILS Moderate to Strenuous6 days moderate to strenuous hiking at medium elevation (maximum 11,254 feet); 3 nights hotels, 5 nights guesthouses, 4 nights camping ITINERARY (You will need to leave the U.S. on July 18, in order to arrive in Tbilisi on July 19.) Day 1, July 19 Tbilisi, Georgia Arrive early morning in Tbilisi, the capital of Georgia. You will be met outside of customs by a Cattara representative and transferred to your hotel, located in the old part of town. -
Appositive Possession in Ainu and Around the Pacific
Appositive possession in Ainu and around the Pacific Anna Bugaeva1,2, Johanna Nichols3,4,5, and Balthasar Bickel6 1 Tokyo University of Science, 2 National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics, Tokyo, 3 University of California, Berkeley, 4 University of Helsinki, 5 Higher School of Economics, Moscow, 6 University of Zü rich Abstract: Some languages around the Pacific have multiple possessive classes of alienable constructions using appositive nouns or classifiers. This pattern differs from the most common kind of alienable/inalienable distinction, which involves marking, usually affixal, on the possessum and has only one class of alienables. The language isolate Ainu has possessive marking that is reminiscent of the Circum-Pacific pattern. It is distinctive, however, in that the possessor is coded not as a dependent in an NP but as an argument in a finite clause, and the appositive word is a verb. This paper gives a first comprehensive, typologically grounded description of Ainu possession and reconstructs the pattern that must have been standard when Ainu was still the daily language of a large speech community; Ainu then had multiple alienable class constructions. We report a cross-linguistic survey expanding previous coverage of the appositive type and show how Ainu fits in. We split alienable/inalienable into two different phenomena: argument structure (with types based on possessibility: optionally possessible, obligatorily possessed, and non-possessible) and valence (alienable, inalienable classes). Valence-changing operations are derived alienability and derived inalienability. Our survey classifies the possessive systems of languages in these terms. Keywords: Pacific Rim, Circum-Pacific, Ainu, possessive, appositive, classifier Correspondence: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2 1. -
Georgia – the Caucasus
Georgia – The Caucasus TREK OVERVIEW Stretching from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea, the Caucasus Mountains form a natural barrier between Georgia and Russia to the north. Our itinerary takes you deep into the remote provinces of Khevi, Khevsureti and Tusheti, some of the most unspoilt regions of the Caucasus range where tourism is still very much in its infancy. Four wheel drive tracks take us deep into the mountains and on foot, with pony support we penetrate even deeper, crossing several high passes, and visiting remote and ancient villages and fortifications as we go. While most nights are spent camping in some beautiful locations, on occasions we will be the guests of the local people - a rare opportunity to meet then and understand their way of life. Time is also set aside to explore the capital of Tbilisi and the old capital of Mtskheta, with its 6th century Jvari church and 11th century cathedral. Participation Statement Adventure Peaks recognises that climbing, hill walking and mountaineering are activities with a danger of personalinjury or death. Participants in these activities should be aware of and accept these risks and be responsible for their own actions and involvement. Adventure Travel – Accuracy of Itinerary Although it is our intention to operate this itinerary as printed, it may be necessary to make some changes as a result of flight schedules, climatic conditions, limitations of infrastructure or other operational factors. As a consequence, the order or location of overnight stops and the duration of the day may vary from those outlined. You should be aware that some events are beyond our control and we would ask for your patience. -
Mpi-Eth-Working-Paper-0092.Pdf
MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY WORKING PAPERS WORKING PAPER NO. ��92 FLORIAN MÜHLFRIED VON VERSTECKTEN SCHÄTZEN IN DEN BERGEN UND EINEM STAAT, DER KOmmT UND GEHT – SIEDLUNGSPOLITIK „VON UNTEN“ IM GEORGISCHEN HOCHLAND Halle / Saale 2007 ISSN 1615-4568 Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology, PO Box 110351, 06017 Halle / Saale, Phone: +49 (0)345 2927- 0, Fax: +49 (0)345 2927- 402, http://www.eth.mpg.de, e-mail: [email protected] Von versteckten Schätzen in den Bergen und einem Staat, der kommt und geht – Siedlungspolitik „von unten“ im georgischen Hochland1 Florian Mühlfried2 Abstract Ausgehend von der Beobachtung, dass die georgische Hochgebirgsregion Tušeti in besonderem Maße von dem Niedergang staatlicher Versorgung nach dem Ende der Sowjetunion betroffen ist, stelle ich die Frage nach dem lokalen Erleben dieses Niederganges und den Strategien zu dessen Bewältigung. Dabei komme ich besonders auf die Rolle von Transhumanz als zeit-räumlicher Mobilität sowie das Konzept von kulturellen Reserven zu sprechen und behaupte, dass die Tušen eine resistente „Überlebenskultur“ entwickelt haben, die sich nicht auf eine bloße Bewältigung makropolitischer Prozesse reduzieren lässt. Damit trete ich einem Systemdeterminismus entgegen und betone das Potential lokalisierter Mobilität. Schließlich analysiere ich die Konsequenzen globalisierter Migration für das tradierte System der Transhumanz und betrachte jüngste politische Entwicklungen, die auf eine schleichende Entmachtung lokaler Selbstverwaltung in Georgien hinwirken. 1 Dieser Beitrag basiert auf vorläufigen Ergebnissen meiner Feldforschung in Georgien 2006/07 zum Thema „The Landscape of Citizenship in Highland Georgia“. Besonders danken möchte ich meiner Assistentin im Feld Nino Aivasishvili, die einen Großteil des hier benutzen Materials zusammengetragen, gesichtet und mit mir diskutiert hat. -
Tour to Kakheti and Tusheti Jeep and ATV Tours in Georgia
8 Day Jeep tour to Kakheti and Tusheti Jeep and ATV Tours in Georgia Overview 8 Day Jeep tour to Kakheti and Tusheti 8-day jeep tour to east Georgia includes two completely different historical provinces: Kakheti and Tusheti. The first one is a fertile agriculture land mainly producing wine and another-the most remote and inaccessible high Caucasus mountain medieval villages and off-road adventure in Tusheti National Park. Tour details Code: SDJT-8D Starts from: Tbilisi Max. Group Size: 15 Adults Duration: 8 Days Prices Group size Price per adult Solo € 1895 2-3 people € 1103 4-5 people € 989 6-7 people € 762 8-9 people € 743 10-15 people € 677 Online booking deposit*: € 60 *This deposit will be deducted from the total tour price. The above prices (except for solo) are based on two people sharing a twin/double room accommodation. Single Supplement is: 157 € 1 person from the group will be FREE of charge if 10 and more adults are traveling together Child Policy 0-1 years- Free 2-6 years- 339 € 7 years and over - Adult The balance can be done by: Bank transfer - in Euro/USD/GBP currency, no later than two weeks before the tour starts VISA/Mastercard - in GEL (local currency) in Tbilisi only, before the tour starts, directly to your guide via POS terminal. Additional card service fee +3% Cash – GEL only, directly to the nearest TBC Bank office or TBC Bank Cash terminal no later than the beginning of the tour. For a larger group or custom itinerary please contact us at travel [at ] georgianholidays.com Tips for booking procedure: How to know which “Operator” to select? You only need to select the Operator name if you have previously communicated with one of our sales agents via phone or email, otherwise please leave it at default.