EXPLORATIONS INTO THE SELF

THE LIBRARY OF VOLUME VII

EXPLORATIONS INTO THE SELF

BY

Michael Fordham

§3 Routledge Taylor & Francis Group LONDON AND NEW YORK First published 1985 by ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (London) Ltd. United States Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ORLANDO

This edition 2002 published by Karnac Books Ltd.

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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data 1. Self I. Title II. Series 155.2 BF697 A C.I.P. for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 9781855759718 (pbk) Contents

Foreword vii Preface xi Acknowledgements xiii Introduction 1

Part One: Empirical Foundation, Hypotheses and Theories 1. The self in Jung's works 5 2. Individuation and ego development 34 3. Integration-deintegration in infancy 50 4. A possible root of 64

Part Two: Ego and Self 5. The self as an imaginative construct 81 6. The ego and the self 94 7. Mental health 115 8. A clinical study 120 9. An interpretation of Jung's thesis about synchronicity 128 10. Countertransference 137 11. Defences of the self 152 12. Jungian views of body-mind 161

Part Three: Religion, Mysticism, Alchemy Introduction 172 13. Is God supernatural? 174 14. Notes on the mysticism of Saint John of the Cross 185 15. Alchemy 203 16. Concluding reflections 212

Bibliography 219 Index 226

v

Foreword

It is consonant with the contemporary increase of interest in the concept of the self among analysts of many schools that The Library of Analytical Psychology should, in 1985, be publishing two volumes on precisely that subject - dealing with it, however, from somewhat different angles. In fact, the event has arisen hardly at all out of editorial contrivance and simply represents a response to a spontaneous literary emergence out of the creative interests of the two authors involved. The present volume by Michael Fordham (the other is by Joseph Redfearn) is the product of many years of sustained observation of and reflection about phenomena arising out of three broad topics in the field of analytical psychology. In the first place, Michael Fordham, as is widely known, has over a number of years contributed much to studies of emergence and development of self in early infancy and childhood. Secondly, Fordham has been concerned with the task of clarifying some of the confusions that have arisen out of the various senses in which Jung uses the concept of the self - and not only that, for he has made contributions towards extending its content as well. In Chapter 1 he describes how he card- indexed all of Jung's references to the self and then sorted out the themes that recurred very often from those that appeared as isolated references - as passing thoughts or off-the-cuff remarks. Out of the first cluster of references there emerged two main themes; the self is seen as a totality and the self is regarded as a dynamic ordering entity within which compensatory processes, the differentiation of the opposites and their integration by means of the transcendent function, progressions and regressions, and transformations of primitive libido can all be discerned to be taking place. Moreover, Fordham has proposed his innovative and original view of the self in a way that further extends our understanding of its dynamics. In the present volume he expounds his theory of the original undifferentiated self as a totality comprised of archetypal and ego potential. Very early indeed, perhaps in prenatal life and certainly

vn viii Foreword in neonatal life, and in accordance with both activation from within and stimulus from outside, deintegrative processes take place. The archetypes unpack and emerge to tangle with their object-correlates in the real world or with well-known symbolic content in the cultural environment. As this takes place, then reintegration of the deintegrates takes place through internationalization. Further deintegrations and reintegrations take place resulting in the progressive enrichment of the self through the experience of time and space, and flesh and blood. A third area of experience, in Part 3 of his book, that has long interested Michael Fordham, centres round the well-known fact that feelings connected with the self seem similar to those found among religious people. Indeed some of the dream and visionary symbolism of the self seems highly suggestive of symbols that arise in religion. Of course, the matter could be expressed in a reversed form; religious symbolism is really symbolism of the self but expressed in primitive imagery, projected onto the cosmos and accompanied by numinous feeling. Perhaps this is a too easy solution, and, indeed, Michael Fordham does not seem to favour it. Rather, in making use of Bion's notion of the vertex, he emphasizes the need for the individual to examine consciously his or her vertex and its influence upon his or her attitude towards either religion or psychology. Thus, whether he is considering the vertex of Harry Williams in his chapter entitled "Is God supernatural?" or the vertex of Saint John of the Cross and distinguishing both from his own, Fordham agrees to the validity for many people of religion understood as an activity standing in its own right. It might be added that the capacity for a religious attitude could be regarded as an element of the self. Religious people, indeed, from their vertex would be inclined to believe that the self is made in the image of an immanent God who is, nevertheless, understood utterly to transcend man's fullest notion of integration, let alone of the godhead. Readers who work hard at Fordham's chapter on St John of the Cross, as well as at his chapter on Alchemy, are likely to be rewarded - to say nothing of being impressed by the masterly way in which he handles those topics and discerns the presence of the self behind or within both the religious and the alchemical experience. Readers of the present volume as a whole will also find amplifications of Fordham's well-known work on infant and child development. Thus he indicates a more recently acquired growth of interest on his part in the observation of mother-infant interaction. This new development of the group study of the reports about actual mother-infant interaction brought in by individual members to the group and then discussed by all the members in interaction has been recognized by Fordham as an essential adjunct to the observation of psychodynamic processes in babies. He can see that the results of it may modify or correct most of the Foreword ix common notions that have been grown up and are now suspected of being based on too slight a basis of observation. On the positive side, evidence has accumulated to indicate a considerable capacity on the part of many babies to be effective in creating a sufficiently good maternal environment for themselves either by sparing their mothers, who may be depressed, uncertain of their capacities in various ways, or depleted, or by showing them how to make better responses to their infants' needs, or by making signals of need that the mothers can understand. In this way, rather inhibited, clumsy and depressed mothers may be helped by their babies to become more skilful at mothering in the ways indicated by, for instance, Winnicott and felt to be so necessary for the growth of the infant's personality and relationships all through his or her whole life span. Finally - and this is likely to be of special interest to Jungians - Michael Fordham acknowledges his debt to , not only for her innovative work in its own right but also for its striking comple- mentariness to the work of Jung on the archetypes and the self. Of course some Jungians will emphasize the seeming disparateness of language and of focus in Klein and Jung - Klein concentrating on the forms of the spontaneous and unconscious fantasy life of early infancy, Jung more and more, as the years rolled on from his seventieth birthday onwards, focussing upon the cultural and historical expressions of the great archetypal themes of humanity. Fordham, however, is a pioneer in establishing some sense of the complementariness as well as the differences between those two great innovative thinkers, and gratitude to him is due for enabling us to benefit from that complementariness. As in the five previous volumes of The Library of Analytical Psychology, all the references to Jung's writings are taken from the Collected Works, abbreviated as Coll. Wks followed by the volume number. The dates refer to the first publication in whatever language and not to the English translation. The Editors wish to add their thanks to those of Dr Fordham for the very extensive work of editing carried out in the first instance by Dr Agnes Wilkinson. Kenneth Lambert

Preface

This book contains essays on the self which I have written over the years. Most of them were published in journals published in England, the United States and as far afield as Pakistan. They have not previously been collected together nor brought up to date. Most of the essays were written on request. Two of them have previously been published in a book entitled The Objective Psyche, now long out of print. They have all been subjected to revision and, whilst there is only one new publication, extensive changes have been made so that several of the chapters are virtually new essays. Much has been written about the self from varying viewpoints, but it was Jung who brought its deeper nature into relation with empirical experience: he placed the philosophical and religious concepts on the base of psychic reality. That was a discovery made by himself first and, later, by more or less mature persons in the second half of life who took experiences of their inner life with great seriousness. Thus they were led to find a principle which they could call the self which had guided their lives all along without their knowing it. It has been my contention that the same self can be recognized in childhood and that its actions underlie infantile experience from birth onwards. Thus self realization may now be conceived as a lifetime process in which actions of the self are converted into increasingly conscious reflection. It must be understood that I do not aim to construct a system or theory but have rather collected a number of facts and reflections in the hope of shedding light upon a difficult and obscure subject. I hope that the collection will be of interest to practising analytical psychologists and to the larger public who have been moved by the studies made of unconscious processes and their derivatives. Michael Fordham

xi

Acknowledgements

I wish to express my gratitude to the many people who have helped me in the production of this book which, somewhat to my surprise, has grown to its present size. First of all there is my wife Frieda who has listened interminably, helped me to acquire whatever skill in writing I now possess and whose perceptive comments have again and again helped what I write to take shape. I am also indebted to Agnes Wilkinson for reading through the whole book. She helped me to clarify passages which were obscure, encouraged me and in fact did so much purely editorial work that I am pleased to say the final editing by Kenneth Lambert was comparatively light. Finally, Gianna Henry introduced me to the importance of observing mothers and their babies, about which I had developed a skeletal theory, that could only grow when observations were collected and perceptively reflected upon. It is with her help that speculation has begun to be replaced with knowledge. All but two of the chapters (Chapters 2 and 16) have previously been published before in journals and books, but much revision has taken place, so that there is more new material than would appear at first sight. Notes are appended indicating how much alteration has taken place. I am grateful to the various editors for permission to republish, namely the Editors of The Journal of Analytical Psychology, The British Journal of Medical Psychology, The Revue Suisse de Psychologie et de Psychologie applique, The Journal of Psychology (Lahore), Contemporary , Theology and Spring for permission to use material already published by them. Michael Fordham

Xlll

Introduction

When I thought it might be worth while publishing a collection of my papers on the self I did not realize quite what I was in for. I did not grasp just how much of my studies had changed their direction since I first wrote about them. Originally my work was orientated mainly towards expounding Jung's views to an English audience and my editorship of his Collected Works gave me a familiarity with them which fitted me for that task. That first endeavour brought me to study religion in, I soon realized, a rather amateurish way. Then I became interested in mysticism, theology and alchemy, only later to occupy myself with matters with which I was more qualified to deal: analytic technique and the structure of analytic interviews. These investigations ran concurrently with the other field of study that I had set myself inspired by the belief that the findings of analytical psychologists, based as they usually are on the theory of archetypes, could never be soundly based unless the roots of the data were related to childhood and adolescence. These periods in life were almost entirely ignored by analytical psychologists and that led them to an intensive comparative study of myths with the aim of creating a geography of the psyche. In so doing, however, their studies tended to become horizontal rather than vertical. I have divided this volume into three parts. The first studies Jung's data and views on the self and individuation and then introduces my own theory of the self as a dynamic system. The second part develops further my views especially in relation to psychoanalysis. The third returns to the psychology of religion and alchemy. It is a volume that cannot be taken entirely alone. It partly replaces another one now long out of print (The Objective Psyche) and is complementary to two volumes on childhood (Children as Individuals and The Self and Autism). The reader may be led to reflect, as I do myself, why the division? The reason is in part at least personal. My interests were scientific in the first place. I studied biology and physiology at Cambridge and went 1 2 Explorations into the self up to hospital with a burning interest in scientific medicine and neurology. At that time I found the psychology of Freud the more sympathetic but I did not study his work in detail nor undergo a psycho- analysis. Before I could do so a number of more or less fortuitous events ordained that I should start an analysis with H. G. Baynes. He introduced me to Jung's idea of irrational facts which did not fit in with theoretical preconceptions. As such facts are an essential component of scientific research, I could begin to accept Jung's position. Later on, however, I became very aware of the tendency of analytical psychology to become a quasi-religious cult, not at all Jung's idea as I understood him both from his writings and personally. I therefore embarked on a number of publications seeking to underline Jung's scientific status - they were collected together in The Objective Psyche. Some are republished in the present volume though mostly greatly revised and their vertex altered. Since a major element in my writings has been the idea that Jung's work wanted relating to individual development I pursued that interest and became convinced that the aim was possible to achieve. The theoretical endeavour was supported by my finding that Jungian analysis without that dimension was often lacking in depth. It was here that I came across the writings of Melanie Klein who had uncovered "unconscious fantasy" life in small children. Here was a psychoanalyst following a parallel path to Jung. Her work became central to my study of the early life of a child and infancy, and it was her work that provided me with the tools to analyse children. At that time there were no Jungian child analysts, and so for many years I was working alone. I have therefore been influenced by the writings of two great innovators. Latterly it has seemed to me that Bion has also presented much matter which needs to be assimilated by analytical psychologists - I have attempted to begin that process which will be reflected in parts of this book. References Adler, G. (1961). “The Living Symbol”, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul. Algrisse, G. (1962). Character re-education and professional re-adaptation of a man aged forty-five. J. analyt. Psychol. 7, 2. Bach, S. (1969). Spontaneous paintings of seriously ill patients. Documents Geigy: Acta Psychosomatica. Bakan, D. (1958). “ and the Jewish Mystical Tradition”, Boston, Beacon Press. Balint, M. (1968). “The Basic Fault”, London, Tavistock. Balint, M. 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