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Freud, Jung, Klein—The Fenceless Field Freud, Jung, Klein— the Fenceless Field Freud, Jung, Klein—the fenceless field Freud, Jung, Klein— the fenceless field Essays on psychoanalysis and analytical psychology Michael Fordham Edited by Roger Hobdell London and New York First published 1995 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 First published in paperback 1998 Editor’s introduction, editorial matter and selection © 1995 Roger Hobdell; Introduction to Part I and Chapters 1, 2 and 3 © 1995 Michael Fordham; Chapter 4 and ‘An appreciation of C.G.Jung’s Answer to Job’ in Chapter 12 © British Journal of Medical Psychology; ‘Review of Jacobson’s The Self and the Object World’ in Chapter 10 © International Journal of Psychoanalysis; ‘A tribute to D.W.Winnicott’ in Chapter 10 © The Scientific Bulletin of the British Psychoanalytical Society; all other papers and reviews © Journal of Analytical Psychology All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by an electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book has been requested ISBN 0-203-38016-9 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-38633-7 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0-415-18615-3 (Print Edition) Contents Editor’s introduction vii Acknowledgements viii Part I Towards a current model Introduction to Part I 2 1 Freud, Jung and Klein 5 2 Identification 59 3 The model 66 Part II On analytical psychology 4 The development and status of Jung’s researches 74 5 Note on psychological types 97 6 Memories and thoughts about C.G.Jung 102 7 Analytical psychology in England 114 8 The emergence of child analysis 132 9 Neumann and childhood 144 Part III Reviews and short articles 10 Articles on psychoanalysis 167 On Melanie Klein 167 Review of New Directions in Psychoanalysis 168 Review of Envy and Gratitude 173 Review of Edith Jacobson’s The Self and the Object World 177 Review of Heinrich Racker’s Transference and 183 Countertransference v Review of Bruno Bettelheim’s The Empty Fortress 185 A tribute to D.W.Winnicott 187 Review of Margaret Mahler’s On Human Symbiosis and the 188 Vicissitudes of Human Individuation Review of Mahler, Pine and Bergman’s The Psychological 192 Birth of the Human Infant Review of The Freud/Jung Letters: the Correspondence 194 between Sigmund Freud and C.G.Jung A discursive review of Robert Langs’ The Therapeutic 197 Interaction Comment on Clifford Scott’s paper ‘Common problems 202 concerning the views of Freud and Jung’ 11 On Donald Meltzer and the Kleinian Development 205 Review of Meltzer’s The Psychoanalytic Process and 205 Wolstein’s Theory of Psychoanalytic Therapy Review of Meltzer’s Sexual States of Mind 208 Review of Meltzer (ed.) Explorations in Autism—a 210 Psychological Study Critical note of Meltzer’s The Kleinian Development 212 Review of Meltzer’s Dream Life 217 Review of Meltzer and Williams’ The Apprehension of 219 Beauty Review of Meltzer’s The Claustrum: an Investigation of 222 Claustrophobic Phenomena 12 On analytical psychologists 227 An appreciation of C.G.Jung’s Answer to Job 227 Review of Esther Harding’s The Parental Image: its Injury 232 and Reconstruction Comment on Leopold Stein’s paper ‘In pursuit of first 236 principles’ Review of Joseph Henderson’s Thresholds of Initiation 238 Review of C.A.Meier’s Ancient Incubation and Modern 243 Psychotherapy vi ‘Active imagination and imaginative activity’ 247 Letter on ‘Ego and self: terminology’ 248 Letter in reply to James Hillman 250 A bibliography of the writings of Michael Fordham 252 Bibliography 261 Index 268 Editor’s introduction When the essay on Freud, Jung and Klein was first shown to me, the significance and fascination of it was obvious, but equally it was clear that it was not long enough in itself to form a book. Michael Fordham agreed that other papers of his should be collected around the subject to form a coherent whole. The first part of the book may be seen as the history of that area of analytic thought that led up to his own work. Parts II and III may be seen as amplifying that journey, from the chapter on Jung’s researches originally published in 1945, to his 1993 review of Donald Meltzer’s The Claustrum. Running through the book is the interdependence of clinical experience and theory. The clinical experience in the analytic setting is a common field that allows theories from whatever school to be tested. The book therefore crosses boundaries not only between the work of Freud and Jung, but also between theorists within those schools. In the 1930s, the young Michael Fordham visited Jung in Zurich to question him about his understanding of transference, a visit which Fordham has described as a heroic endeavour. After the Second World War, Jung for his part listened critically to Fordham’s ideas without being dictatorial or heavy- handed. One of those ideas was Fordham’s theory of a primary self that deintegrates and reintegrates. Fordham found Jung receptive by then to the proposition that individuation is a lifelong process, not confined to the second half of life. As the following articles were written at different times, the theory of a primary self is repeated in several places. Rather than edit most of them out, I have left several of the repetitions in situ so that the reader may have different ways of approaching this fundamental but complex theory. Through it, Michael Fordham has given analytical psychology a theory of development for infancy and childhood that Jung left open. R.H. Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude to Dr Fordham for allowing me such a free hand in selecting the material for this book. My work in editing it is given in gratitude for all that I have learned and benefited from him over a quarter of a century. My thanks are also due to Elizabeth Urban, whose support, clarity of thinking and belief in the book have greatly added to the form it has taken. Thanks too to June Ansell, whose competence and willingness made the preparation of the manuscript so much easier. R.H. Part I Towards a current model Introduction to Part I Chapter 1 is based on seminars given to trainees in child analysis sponsored by the Society of Analytical Psychology in London. The seminars are designed to assess the relation between the work of the great pioneers in our discipline to some more recent developments. I will proceed in this way partly out of historical interest but also because these pioneers, starting with Freud, have made evident so much about childhood that any analyst must take into account. I shall not give primary importance to the theoretical or metapsychological considerations, but shall concentrate more on the clinical investigations of Freud, Jung and Klein as a basis for presenting my own and other analytical psychologists’ work. This fitted in very well with the student’s primary interest, which was of a practical nature. Although Chapters 2 and 3 were not part of the seminars, they have been added here to provide more detail about my current thinking. I should much have preferred to make the seminars wholly descriptive of clinical work, but regretfully that was not possible since abstract ideas cannot be excluded from observations, nor from analytic experience from which theories are mostly derived. Complementarily, theoretical positions help to structure our observations. In the analytic setting, the relationship between theory and experience is therefore reciprocal. However, my ideal of a clinical, descriptive approach can be approximated to in the cases of Freud and Klein and, to some extent, in my own, but after his early experimental work, most of Jung’s publications tended to give only excerpts from his case material and he worked out his line of thought without the patient present. He does, however, assure us that his more abstract constructions have all been tested against his clinical experience. To emphasize the clinical nature of the seminars, I asked students to study Freud’s case material and some relevant aspects of his metapsychology. I shall reflect this procedure here without presenting the texts, but give only the content of Freud’s argument which did much to crystallize my own thoughts. The same procedure was followed with respect to Jung, Klein and myself. I would like to add here that the format I adopted took shape after reading Meltzer’s book The Kleinian Development, because it was sympathetic to INTRODUCTION TO PART I 3 what I was attempting to achieve and I thought it desirable to have the view of a psychoanalyst when considering Freud and Klein. Just as I shall not consider Jung’s experimental work in detail as it was at the time, I shall not study Freud’s pre-analytical work on hysteria, nor The Interpretation of Dreams. In spite of its monumental and impressive nature and its massive information on ego defences and symbolism, it does not contribute to the essential subject of the first part of this book with its emphasis on analytic practice.
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