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Jung's Two Personalities and the Making of Analytical ‘TWO SOULS ALAS…’: JUNG’S TWO PERSONALITIES AND THE MAKING OF ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY Mark Saban A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Psychosocial and Psychoanalytic Studies University of Essex August 2019 Two Souls… 2 Table of Contents Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………6 Acknowledgments…………………………………………………………………………7 Dedication…………………………………………………………………………………8 Introduction .........................................................................................................................9 Footnotes…………………………………………………………………………………19 Chapter One: Jung’s ‘personal myth’ and the two personalities ………………….……..20 Jung’s personal myth……………………………………………………………..21 Jung and the personal…………………………………………………………….23 The split…………………………………………………………………………..26 The two personalities……………………………………………………………..27 Personality No. 1…………………………………………………………………29 Personality No. 2…………………………………………………………………30 The interactional process…………………………………………………………32 The storm lantern dream……………………………………………………….....37 A United Stream……………………………………………………………….....39 Return to the personal myth……………………………………………………...41 ...and its problems………………………………………………………………..43 Footnotes………………………………………………………………………………....45 Chapter Two: Jung and the dissociated psyche………………………………………….47 Winnicott’s review of Memories Dreams Reflections …………………………...49 The dissociationist tradition………………………………………………………51 Freud and dissociation……………………………………………………………59 Two Souls… 3 Jung………………………………………………………………………………64 Complex and Dissociation……………………………………………………….67 Footnotes…………………………………………………………………………………72 Chapter Three: Secrets and Lies…………………………………………………………75 Jung’s secret……………………………………………………………………...75 Jung and Freud…………………………………………………………………...82 Jung’s love for Freud…………………………………………………………….85 1909 —a turning point……………………………………………………………88 Secrets dreams and lies…………………………………………………………..90 Father and son……………………………………………………………………92 The Lie…………………………………………………………………………...94 A dream of disenchantment……………………………………………………...96 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………101 Footnotes………………………………………………………………………………..104 Chapter Four: Erasure and Interiorisation………………………………………………107 Intimate relationships…………………………………………………………...110 Mother-Wife…………………………………………………………………….112 Anima-Soul……………………………………………………………………...114 Ghostly analysis…………………………………………………………………117 Four women……………………………………………………………………..119 Helene Preiswerk……………………………………………………………..120 Sabina Spielrein………………………………………………………………124 Maria Moltzer………………………………………………………………...131 Toni Wolff……………………………………………………………………134 Anima figures…………………………………………………………………...141 Two Souls… 4 Inner and Outer…………………………………………………………………145 Analysis —inner or outer……………………………………………………….146 Jung’s interiorisations…………………………………………………………..148 Footnotes………………………………………………………………………………..150 Chapter Five: Inner and Outer………………………………………………………….153 Jung and interiority……………………………………………………………..153 1913-1917: Four texts…………………………………………………………..158 The Red Book …………………………………………………………………...159 The two spirits and enantiodromia……………………………………………..160 Midlife?...............................................................................................................161 Psyche and History……………………………………………………………..162 The killing of the hero………………………………………………………….165 A typological interpretation……………………………………………………167 Introversion and extraversion………………………………………………….168 An extraverted hero…………………………………………………………….173 The introversion of Jung’s psychology………………………………………...175 Two kinds of balance…………………………………………………………..177 The Schmid-Guisan dialogue………………………………………………….181 The Transcendent Function……………………………………………………187 Inner and Outer in 1916………………………………………………………..189 Adaptation and collectivity…………………………………………………….190 Soul…………………………………………………………………………….193 Footnotes……………………………………………………………………………….198 Chapter Six: From Wotan to Christiana Morgan and back again: the limits of the archetypal/personal split……………………………………………………………….201 Two Souls… 5 Jung’s two models of psychotherapy……………………………………………202 Therapy and synchronicity………………………………………………………207 Jung’s countertransferences……………………………………………………..212 Universal and particular…………………………………………………………215 Pauli……………………………………………………………………………..216 The need to compartmentalize…………………………………………………..220 Alchemy etc……………………………………………………………………..220 The Yellowing…………………………………………………………………..223 Wotan…………………………………………………………………………...229 Jung and his patients……………………………………………………………233 For example, Christiana Morgan……………………………………………….234 The Visions……………………………………………………………………..236 The climax of a folie-à-deux …………………………………………………...239 The limits of interpretation……………………………………………………..241 Anonymity……………………………………………………………………...243 Back to the split………………………………………………………………...244 What is active imagination?.................................................................................246 And back to Wotan……………………………………………………………...247 Footnotes………………………………………………………………………………..250 A Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………255 References ....................................................................................................................... 262 Two Souls… 6 ABSTRACT The thesis falls into two parts. The first examines Jung’s two personalities, as described in his memoir, Memories, Dreams, Reflections . The argument is that Jung’s experience of the dynamic between the two personalities informs basic principles behind, first the development of Jung’s psychological model and second Jung’s entire mature psychology. It is suggested that what Jung took from this experience was the principle that psychological health required the avoidance of one-sidedness, achieved through the dynamic of the two personalities. This dynamic was thus central to Jung’s notion of individuation. In short, this required the individual to bring any one-sided position into tension with a conflicting ‘opposite’ position, in order that a third position could be achieved which transcended both of the earlier positions. The second part of the thesis utilises the conclusions of the first section to bring an internal critique to bear on Jung’s analytical psychology as enshrined in the collected works. It is suggested that in certain arenas Jung’s personal one-sidedness distorted his psychology in such a way as to undermine his ability to follow through the ‘logic’ of the two personalities (as identified in part one). Jung’s tendency to prioritise the inner dimension of psychological work, and to downplay or ignore the outer dimension shows up in analytical psychology’s persistent problems engaging with political, social and historical matters. It is argued that this one-sidedness expresses a bias in the direction of Jung’s no 2 personality. Examples to support this argument are given from Jung’s writings on contemporary affairs, and from his casework with patients. Two Souls… 7 Acknowledgments I am very grateful to my two supervisors, Roderick Main and Matt ffytche. Despite (or because of) their lightness of touch, I have never found their wise and scholarly interventions less than wholly helpful. Without Kevin Lu I would never have started teaching at the University of Essex and I would never have thought to embark upon a PhD. I owe him a great deal and I am proud to count him as a friend. The book would not have taken the direction it has without Andrew Samuels. He involved me (against my will!) in the organisation of the first Analysis and Activism Conference in 2014, and the editing of the book that came out of it, and eventually even I couldn’t avoid appreciating the crucial importance to Jungian psychology of the relational and the political. I have a great deal to thank him for. Two Souls… 8 Dedication I dedicate this thesis to my darling wife, Penny, the love of my life. Without her help and support this thesis couldn’t have been written. Without her presence in my life I would not be the person who could write it. Two Souls… 9 Introduction At the outset of this project, my aim was to write about “the problem of opposites,” something Jung refers to in nearly everything he ever wrote. As far as I was aware, nobody had written a full-length work that focused directly upon this theme. But before going any further, I thought that I needed to work out what opposites really are, and this question led me in the direction of Heraclitus and Aristotle, Schelling and Hegel —all thinkers who had something deep and important to say about “the opposites.” After a year of this difficult, complex, and fascinating reading, I realised that I had wandered a long way from Jung and, more importantly, a long way from psychology. By pursuing “the opposites” in this way, I had made the kind of mistake it is easy to make when working therapeutically with clients. I had listened to and responded to the manifest content of what was offered instead of wondering what might be going on in the background. Reading Jung’s repeated references to this rather abstract idea —“the problem of the opposites”—I had snatched at it, lost my balance and fallen into a philosophical hole that had got me nowhere. What I needed to do was to ask a more basic and more personal question: What did this “question of the opposites” mean to Jung? Why was he so concerned with it that he returned to it again and again in all kinds of different ways? In a 1935 lecture at the Tavistock Institute in London, Jung made this point: “I consider my contribution to psychology to be my subjective confession. It is my personal psychology, my prejudice that I see psychological facts as I do. I admit that I see things
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