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Michael Fordham Michael Fordham Michael Fordham’s immense contribution to analytical psychology has been marked by its combination of practical and theoretical genius. Before his retirement he ran a full clinical practice while concurrently developing the Society of Analytical Psychology and its child and adult training, co-editing the Collected Works of C. G. Jung and editing the Journal of Analytical Psychology for fifteen years. In his published work there has emerged a consistent and original contribution to Jungian thought, particularly in relation to the processes of individuation in childhood, and the links between analytical psychology and the work of the Kleinians. In this important addition to the series Makers of Modern Psychotherapy James Astor takes a critical and informed look at Fordham’s work and ideas. Using clinical examples to illustrate Fordham’s theories, the author evaluates key developments in his work, from his first publication in 1937 right up to the present day, and shows the fundamental ways in which it develops Jung’s theory in theory and practice. Michael Fordham: Innovations in Analytical Psychology will provide a useful amplification of Fordham’s own work for students of analytical psychology and a sound introduction to it for analysts interested in understanding the connections between post-Jungian and post-Kleinian thought. James Astor is a training analyst at the Society of Analytical Psychology in London and a member of the Association of Child Psychotherapists. The Makers of Modern Psychotherapy Series editor: Laurence Spurling This series of introductory, critical texts looks at the work and thought of key contributors to the development of psychodynamic psychotherapy. Each book shows how the theories examined affect clinical practice, and includes biographical material as well as a comprehensive bibliography of the contributor’s work. The field of psychodynamic psychotherapy is today more fertile but also more diverse than ever before. Competing schools have been set up, rival theories and clinical ideas circulate. These different and sometimes competing strains are held together by a canon of fundamental concepts, guiding assumptions and principles of practice. This canon has a history, and the way we now understand and use the ideas that frame our thinking and practice is palpably marked by how they came down to us, by the temperament and experiences of their authors, the particular puzzles they wanted to solve and the contexts in which they worked. These are the makers of modern psychotherapy. Yet despite their influence, the work and life of some of these eminent figures is not well known. Others are more familiar, but their particular contribution is open to reassessment. In studying these figures and their work, this series will articulate those ideas and ways of thinking that practitioners and thinkers within the psychodynamic tradition continue to find persuasive. Michael Fordham Innovations in Analytical Psychology James Astor London and New York First published 1995 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2001. © 1995 James Astor All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book has been requested ISBN 0–415–09348–1 (hbk) ISBN 0–415–09349–x (pbk) ISBN 0-203-13289-0 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-17597-2 (Glassbook Format) Michael Fordham died on April 14th 1995. He read through what I wrote before he died and commented that it had the strange effect on him of my seeming to know more about him than he did himself. There is much in this book which he had forgotten about his life. This book is dedicated to him with love and gratitude. James Astor 23.4.95 Contents Preface ix Acknowledgementsx Prologue1 1 Thinking into feeling: the person 10 2 Jung’s psychological model 24 3 Jung and Fordham 32 4 The self in infancy and childhood: pioneering discoveries 41 5 Ego development in infancy and childhood: the integration of observational research 53 6 Archetypes: their biological basis and actions of the self 71 7 Autism: a disorder of the self 87 8 The discovery of the syntonic transference, and of the importance of analysing childhood 103 9 Countertransference, interaction and not knowing beforehand 123 10 Defences of the self, projective identification and identity 138 11 Christian experience, mysticism and the self 153 12 Synchronicity: an interpretation 165 viii Contents Afterword 178 Appendix: notes on some early discussions of transference, 1953–4 184 Glossary 222 Chronology 244 Bibliography of the work of Michael Fordham 247 General bibliography 260 Index 264 Preface I got to know Michael Fordham first through working with him as his course tutor when he had been the director of the child training during the last period of his active involvement in the Society of Analytical Psychology (SAP) in the 1980s. The friendship has deepened over the years, and has survived intense feelings of bewilderment, joy, anger, and love. As Fordham has grown older, and especially since his wife Frieda died (in 1988), I have become more involved in some of his writings and revisions particularly those involving his memoir (Fordham 1993e). He has read early versions of this book but apart from correcting factual errors has not criticized the text. Others have criticized it in constructive ways, for which I am grateful and acknowledge elsewhere. Acknowledgements I wish to acknowledge with gratitude the permission given by the editors of the Journal of Analytical Psychology to quote from papers published in the Journal; Hodder & Stoughton for permission to quote from Children as Individuals; Free Association Books for permission to quote from Karl Figlio’s interview with Dr Fordham in Free Associations, vol. 12, 1988, and from Dr Fordham’s autobiographical memoir, The Making of an Analyst; Methuen for permission to quote from K. Lorenz, King Solomon’s Ring; Princeton University Press for permission to quote from C. G. Jung Speaking and the Collected Works of C. G. Jung; Dr J. Marvin Spiegelman for permission to quote from Jungian Analysts: Their Visions and Vulnerabilities; Heinemann for permission to quote from The Self and Autism; Academic Press for permission to quote from Explorations into the Self; and Chiron for permission to quote from ‘Abandonment in Infancy’. Sonu Shamdasani drew my attention to correspondence and notes of Dr Fordham’s which he had found in his files; in particular he suggested using the transcripts of the discussions on analysis and transference as an appendix. For the complete bibliography of Fordham’s work I am indebted to Dr Roger Hobdell who generously made it available to me. To Karl Figlio who read the first two drafts and made many helpful suggestions and to Judith Hubback who read the penultimate draft I give special thanks. Laurence Spurling has made valuable suggestions, and given me a perspective on material that I sometimes could not see the significance of. Many others have helped too and if I have not named them it was because that was what they wanted; if it wasn’t then please forgive me. Finally, I am especially grateful to Michael Fordham, for without his support I would not have had the enjoyment and interest I have had in doing this work. Prologue JUNG AND FREUD For six intense years, between 1907 and 1913, Freud and Jung corresponded, shared ideas, discussed their clinical work, their dreams and interpretations, pa- tients, theories and the evolution of their therapeutic methods. It was a true col- laboration, in which each of these great men needed the other, but for different reasons. Jung was thrilled by psychoanalysis when he discovered it, and Freud was impatient for wider recognition and acceptance. His need for Jung was in part political. Freud’s ideas were known in the psychiatric profession but they com- prised only one of many competing theories. Jung had an international reputation as a psychiatrist. His researches into word associations had been well received. They gave empirical support to his theory of the complex, an unconscious constel- lation of factors contributing to the patient’s psycho-neurosis. During this friend- ship and collaboration psychoanalysis took off in a way which, until recently, has made it the dominant theory for the dynamic treatment of psychological problems, such that when Freud died in 1939 W.H. Auden was to write, in his eulogy, that psychoanalysis was ‘a whole climate of opinion’. The history of Jung and Freud’s relationship has been written about by numer- ous authors. In addition much of their correspondence has been published (The Freud–Jung Letters 1974). There are still many papers which have not been re- leased by both families thereby ensuring that the history of their relationship will continue to be examined as more evidence comes to light. The usual way the story is told is that Freud had the insights; he attracted people, who came to him for a while but, finding they had reservations about his ideas, then went off to found their own schools. This view shows the continuing influence of the ‘Freudian’ interpretation of the history of the movement. In a recent book, however, based in 2 Michael Fordham part on the papers of Sabina Spielrein, John Kerr has cogently argued that ‘Freud in effect presented himself to Jung and Bleuler as a scientific asset to be acquired’ (Kerr 1994, p.
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