Immunomodulatory, Cytotoxic and Antileishmanial Activity of Setaria Megaphylla Jude E

View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Advanced Research Journals International Journal of Phytomedicine 4 (2012) 155-161 http://www.arjournals.org/index.php/ijpm/index Original Research Article ISSN: 0975-0185 Immunomodulatory, cytotoxic and antileishmanial activity of Setaria megaphylla Jude E. Okokon1*, Ashana Dar2, M. Iqbal Choudhary2 *Corresponding author: A b s t r a c t Cytotoxic, antioxidative burst and antileishmanial properties of leaf extract and fractions of Setaria Jude E. Okokon megaphylla were investigated to ascertain the folkloric claims of its potency in inflammatory diseases and infections. The leaf extract and fractions of Setaria megaphylla were investigated for 1.Department of Dharmacology and anticancer activity against HeLa cells using SRB method and DNA interaction activity using gel Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, electrophoresis. Antioxidative burst activity of the extract in whole blood, neutrophils and University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria macrophages was also investigated using luminol/lucigenin-based chemiluminescence assay. The 2.International Center for Chemical and extract and fractions were similarly screened for antileishmanial activity against promastigotes of Biological Sciences, University of Leishmania major in vitro. The GCMS analysis of the most active fraction against HeLa cells was Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan carried out. The leaf extract was found to exert significant anticancer activity with the hexane fraction exhibiting the most pronounced effect. The crude extract and the fractions did not interact with DNA when investigated using electrophoresis. The extract prominently inhibited oxidative burst activity in whole blood, isolated polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) and mononuclear cells (MNCs) when two different phagocytosis activators (serum opsonizing zymosan-A and PMA) were used. The extract also exhibited moderate antileishmanial activity against promastigotes of Leishmania major in vitro. GCMS analysis of active fraction revealed pharmacologically active compounds. These results suggest that the leaf extract/fractions of S. megaphylla possesses cytotoxic, antioxidative burst and antileishmanial activities and these justify its use in ethnomedicine to treat inflammatory diseases and microbial infections and can be exploited in primary healthcare. Keywords: Setaria megaphylla, Cytotoxic, antioxidative burst, antileishmanial. of S. megaphylla to provide information on medicinal potentials of Introduction this plant. Setaria megaphylla (Steud) Dur & Schinz (Poaceae) also called Materials and methods broad leafed brittle grass is a tall, robust, tufted, perennial grass used mainly as pasture grass. It occurs in tropical and subtropical Plants collection areas of Africa, America and India where there is high rainfall [1,2] The plant material Setaria megaphylla (leaf) were collected in (Van Oudtshoorn, 1999, Lowe, 1989). The plant is use traditionally compounds in Uruan area, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria in April, 2011. by the Ibibios in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria in the treatment of The plant was identified and authenticated by Dr. Magaret Bassey various ailments such as malaria, inflammation and diabetes. The of Department of Botany and Ecological Studies, University of Uyo, plant has also been reported to possess antiplasmodial activity in Uyo, Nigeria. vitro [3] and in vivo [4]. The leaf extract as reported by Okokon and Antia [5]contains flavonoid, carbohydrate, terpenes, saponins, Extraction tannins, anthraquinones and cardiac glycosides with LD50 of 2.4 ± 0.5g/kg. Hypoglycaemic and antidiabetic activities have been The leaves were washed and shade-dried for two weeks. The dried reported of the leaf and root extracts of this plant [4,6]. The plants’ materials were further chopped into small pieces and antiiflammatory and antinociceptive activities of the ethanolic leaf reduced to powder. The powdered material was macerated in 70% extract of Setaria megaphylla have also been reported by Okokon ethanol. The liquid filtrates were concentrated and evaporated to et al.[7]. Considering the ethnomedical records of this plant in dryness in vacuo 40°C using rotary evaporator. The crude herbal medicine and the few reported biological activities, we ethanolic extract (100g) was further partitioned successively into 1L undertook to investigate the cytotoxic, immunomodulatory and each of n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and butanol to antileishmanial teffect of this leaf extract and fractions as well as give the corresponding fractions of these solvents. GCMS analysis of hexane fraction which had not been evaluated previously to reveal the phytochemical components of leaf extract This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Okokon et al. International Journal of Phytomedicine 4 (2) 155-161 [2012] Immunomodulatory activity 100 μg/ml and standard drug, paclitaxel, 20 µg/mL. Then, the The ethanolic crude extract was screened for cellular antioxidant mixture was incubated at 37°C for 1 h. The mixture was subjected activities in whole blood, neutrophils and macrophages using to 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. DNA bands (open circular, chemiluminescence assay. Briefly, Luminol or lucigenin-enhanced supercoiled and linear) were stained with ethidium bromide and chemiluminescence assay were performed as described previously were analyzed qualitatively by scanning with Doc-IT computer [8,9]. Briefly, 25µL diluted whole blood (1:50 dilution in sterile program (VWR). HBSS++) or 25µL of PMNCs (1×106) or MNCs (5×106) cells were incubated with 25µL of serially diluted plant extract with Antileishmanial activity concentration ranges between 6.25 and 100 µg/mL. Control wells The antileishmanial activity of the extracts and fractions were received HBSS++ and cells but no extract. Tests were performed in white 96 wells plates, which were incubated at 37 ◦C for 30 min evaluated against promastigotes of Leishmania major (DESTO) in culture using microplates. Leishmania major promastigotes were in the thermostated chamber of the luminometer. Opsonized zymosan-A or PMA 25µL, followed by 25µL luminol (7×105M) or grown in bulk, early in modified NNN biphasic medium, using normal physiological saline. Then the promastigotes were cultured lucigenin (0.5mM) along with HBSS++ was added to each well to with RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% heat inactivated obtain a 200µL volume/well. The luminometer results were fetal bovine serum (FBS). The parasites (Leishmania major) were monitored as chemiluminescence RLU with peak and total integral harvested at log phase and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min. values set with repeated scans at 30 s intervals and 1 s points They were washed three times with saline at same speed and time. measuring time. Finally the parasites were counted with the help of Neubauer chamber under the microscope and diluted with fresh culture Cytotoxic activity medium to give a final density of 106cells/ml. In a 96-well micro titer The growth inhibitory and cytotoxic activities of the ethanolic plate, 180 ml of the culture medium was added in different wells. extracts and fractions were evaluated against HeLa cells (Cervix The extracts and fractions were dissolved in PBS (Phospate cancer cell) by using the sulforhodamine-B assay [10]. The cells buffered saline, pH 7.4 containing 0.5% MeOH, 0,5% DMSO) to (10000 cells/100 µL) in 96-well plate were incubated for 24 h at 37 make a stock concentration of 1000 mg/ml. 20 µl of each °C in a humidified 5% CO2 incubator. The stock solutions of extract/fraction concentration was added to the wells and serially ethanolic extract, fractions were prepared in DMSO. Various diluted to get working concentrations ranging between 1.0 to 100 dilutions of the ethanolic extracts and fractions (0.1, 1, 10, 100, and µg/ml. 100 ml of parasite culture (final density of 106cells/ml) was 250 µg/mL), were added (100 µL) in each well. After 48 h of added in all wells. Two rows were left, one for negative and other incubation, 50 µL of cold TCA (50%) was added gently and left for for positive control. Negative controls received the medium while 30 min at room temperature, followed by washing with distilled the positive controls received Pentamidine and amphotericin B as water and drying overnight. To each well, 100 µL of SRB solution standard antileishmanial compounds. The plate was incubated (0.4% wt/vol in 1% acetic acid) was added and after 10 min, the between 21-22°C for 72 h. The culture was examined unbound stain was removed by washing with acetic acid (1%), and microscopically for cell viability by counting the number of motile air-dried at room temperature. The protein bound stain was cells on an improved Neubauer counting chamber and IC50 values solubilized with tris base (pH 10.2), and was shaken for 5 min. of compounds possessing antileishmanial activity were calculated Absorbance was measured at 515 nm using a microplate reader. [12]. The absorbance of the appropriate blanks, including test substance blank, and control (without drug), was used to calculate the growth Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry analysis inhibition, and cytotoxicity of the test compounds, and represented Quantitative and qualitative data were determined by GC and GC- as GI , TGI and LC (µg/mL) values. 50 50 MS, respectively. The fraction was injected onto a Shimadzu GC- GI = Concentration of the drug causing 50% growth inhibition of 50 17A system, equipped with an AOC-20i autosampler and a split/ the cells splitless

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