Phylogenetic Analysis and Systematics
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The Role of Wild Host Plants in the Abundance of Lepidopteran Stem Borers Along Altitudinal Gradients in Kenya
Ann. soc. enromol. Fr. (n.s.), 2006, 42 (3-4) : 363-370 ARTICLE The role ofwild host plants in the abundance oflepidopteran stem borers along altitudinal gradient in Kenya GEORGE O. ONG'AMO(I), BRUNO P. LE RD(I), STI~,PHANE DUPAS(l), PASCAL MOYAL(l), ERIC MUCHUGU(3), PAUL-ANDRE CALATAYUD(I) & JEAN-FRAN<;:OIS SILVAIN(2) (I) Nocruid Stem Borer Biodiversity Project (NSBB), Insrirur de Recherche pour le Developpernenr I International Cenrre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (IRD/ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya (2) IRD, UR R072 clo CNRS, UPR 9034, Laboraroire Evolution, Genomes et Speciarion, avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif/Yvene, France (31 Stem borer Biological Control Project (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya Abstract. Presence of wild host plants of stem borers in cereal-growing areas has been considered as reservoirs of lepidopteran stem borers, responsible for attack of crops during the growing season. Surveys to catalogue hosts and borers as well as to assess the abundance of the hosts were carried out during the cropping and non-cropping seasons in different agro-ecological zones along varying altitude gradient in Kenya. A total of 61 stem borer species belonging to families Noctuidae (25), Crambidae (14), Pyralidae (9), Tortricidae (11) and Cossidae (2) were recovered from 42 wild plant species. Two noctuids, Busseola fusca (Fuller), Sesamia calamistis Hampson, and two crambids, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) and Chilo orichalcociliellus (Strand) were the four main borer species found associated with maize plants. In the wild, B. fusca was recovered from a limited number of host plant species and among them were Sorghum arundinaceum (Desvaux) Stapf, Setaria megaphylla (Steudel) 1. -
Psychopharmacological Effects of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Setaria Megaphylla in Mice
Okokon et al, Afr. J. Pharmacol. Ther. 2017. 6(4): 166-172 African Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics Vol. 6 No. 4 Pages 166-172, 2017 Open Access to full text available at http://www.uonbi.ac.ke/journals/kesobap/ Research Article Psychopharmacological effects of ethanol leaf extract of Setaria megaphylla in mice Jude E. Okokon a, Davies Koofreh b, and Elijah J. Otuikor b a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Nigeria b Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Uyo, Nigeria _____________ * Corresponding author: Department Of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, P.M.B 1017, Uyo, Nigeria. Tel: +234-802-3453678. Email: [email protected] Background: Setaria megaphylla (Steud) Dur & Schinz (Poaceae), a perennial grass used traditionally in the treatment of various diseases including central nervous system disorders. Objective: To evaluate the Setaria megaphylla ethanol leaf extract for psychopharmacological effects in mice. Materials and Methods: Antidepressant activity was evaluated in mice using open field, force swimming and tail suspension tests as well as phenobarbitone-induced sleeping time. Anticonvulsant activity was also tested against pentylenetetrazol and aminophylline-induced convulsions. Results: The leaf extract (200-600 mg/kg) increased significantly (p<0.05- 0.001) the line crossing, walling and rearing activities in open field test and reduced significantly (p<0.05-0.001) the immobility time in force swimming and tail suspension tests. The leaf extract antagonized the hypnotic effect of phenobarbitone sodium and offered no protection to animals against convulsions induced by pentylenetetrazol and aminophylline in mice. -
Ongoing Ecological Speciation in Cotesia Sesamiae, a Biological Control Agent of Cereal Stem Borers
Evolutionary Applications Evolutionary Applications ISSN 1752-4571 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Ongoing ecological speciation in Cotesia sesamiae,a biological control agent of cereal stem borers Laure Kaiser,1,2 Bruno Pierre Le Ru,1,3 Ferial Kaoula,1 Corentin Paillusson,4 Claire Capdevielle-Dulac,1 Julius Ochieng Obonyo,3 Elisabeth A. Herniou,4 Severine Jancek,4 Antoine Branca,1,5 Paul-Andre Calatayud,1,3 Jean-Francßois Silvain1 and Stephane Dupas1 1 Laboratoire Evolution, Genomes, Comportement et Ecologie, UMR CNRS-Univ. Paris-Sud-IRD, Univ. Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France 2 INRA, UMR 1392, Institut d’Ecologie et des Sciences de l’Environnement de Paris, Paris, France 3 icipe: African Insect Science for Food and Health, Nairobi, Kenya 4 Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Universite Francßois-Rabelais, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Tours, France 5 Ecologie, Systematique et Evolution, UMR – 8079 UPS-CNRS-AgroParisTech, Univ. Paris-Sud, Orsay Cedex, France Keywords Abstract adaptation, Africa, cryptic species, ecological niche, evolution, geographic distribution, host To develop efficient and safe biological control, we need to reliably identify natu- range, Hymenoptera, parasitic wasp, ral enemy species, determine their host range, and understand the mechanisms phylogeny, reproductive isolation, virulence. that drive host range evolution. We investigated these points in Cotesia sesamiae, an African parasitic wasp of cereal stem borers. Phylogenetic analyses of 74 indi- Correspondence vidual wasps, based on six mitochondrial and nuclear genes, revealed three lin- Laure Kaiser, Laboratoire Evolution, Genomes, eages. We then investigated the ecological status (host plant and host insect Comportement et Ecologie (UMR CNRS-Univ. -
Risk Analysis of Alien Grasses Occurring in South Africa
Risk analysis of alien grasses occurring in South Africa By NKUNA Khensani Vulani Thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Stellenbosch University (Department of Botany and Zoology) Supervisor: Dr. Sabrina Kumschick Co-supervisor (s): Dr. Vernon Visser : Prof. John R. Wilson Department of Botany & Zoology Faculty of Science Stellenbosch University December 2018 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Declaration By submitting this thesis/dissertation electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. Date: December 2018 Copyright © 2018 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved i Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Abstract Alien grasses have caused major impacts in their introduced ranges, including transforming natural ecosystems and reducing agricultural yields. This is clearly of concern for South Africa. However, alien grass impacts in South Africa are largely unknown. This makes prioritising them for management difficult. In this thesis, I investigated the negative environmental and socio-economic impacts of 58 alien grasses occurring in South Africa from 352 published literature sources, the mechanisms through which they cause impacts, and the magnitudes of those impacts across different habitats and regions. Through this assessment, I ranked alien grasses based on their maximum recorded impact. Cortaderia sellonoana had the highest overall impact score, followed by Arundo donax, Avena fatua, Elymus repens, and Festuca arundinacea. -
Downloaded from BOLD Or Requested from Other Authors
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Towards a global DNA barcode reference library for quarantine identifcations of lepidopteran Received: 28 November 2018 Accepted: 5 April 2019 stemborers, with an emphasis on Published: xx xx xxxx sugarcane pests Timothy R. C. Lee 1, Stacey J. Anderson2, Lucy T. T. Tran-Nguyen3, Nader Sallam4, Bruno P. Le Ru5,6, Desmond Conlong7,8, Kevin Powell 9, Andrew Ward10 & Andrew Mitchell1 Lepidopteran stemborers are among the most damaging agricultural pests worldwide, able to reduce crop yields by up to 40%. Sugarcane is the world’s most prolifc crop, and several stemborer species from the families Noctuidae, Tortricidae, Crambidae and Pyralidae attack sugarcane. Australia is currently free of the most damaging stemborers, but biosecurity eforts are hampered by the difculty in morphologically distinguishing stemborer species. Here we assess the utility of DNA barcoding in identifying stemborer pest species. We review the current state of the COI barcode sequence library for sugarcane stemborers, assembling a dataset of 1297 sequences from 64 species. Sequences were from specimens collected and identifed in this study, downloaded from BOLD or requested from other authors. We performed species delimitation analyses to assess species diversity and the efectiveness of barcoding in this group. Seven species exhibited <0.03 K2P interspecifc diversity, indicating that diagnostic barcoding will work well in most of the studied taxa. We identifed 24 instances of identifcation errors in the online database, which has hampered unambiguous stemborer identifcation using barcodes. Instances of very high within-species diversity indicate that nuclear markers (e.g. 18S, 28S) and additional morphological data (genitalia dissection of all lineages) are needed to confrm species boundaries. -
Vegetation Survey of Mount Gorongosa
VEGETATION SURVEY OF MOUNT GORONGOSA Tom Müller, Anthony Mapaura, Bart Wursten, Christopher Chapano, Petra Ballings & Robin Wild 2008 (published 2012) Occasional Publications in Biodiversity No. 23 VEGETATION SURVEY OF MOUNT GORONGOSA Tom Müller, Anthony Mapaura, Bart Wursten, Christopher Chapano, Petra Ballings & Robin Wild 2008 (published 2012) Occasional Publications in Biodiversity No. 23 Biodiversity Foundation for Africa P.O. Box FM730, Famona, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe Vegetation Survey of Mt Gorongosa, page 2 SUMMARY Mount Gorongosa is a large inselberg almost 700 sq. km in extent in central Mozambique. With a vertical relief of between 900 and 1400 m above the surrounding plain, the highest point is at 1863 m. The mountain consists of a Lower Zone (mainly below 1100 m altitude) containing settlements and over which the natural vegetation cover has been strongly modified by people, and an Upper Zone in which much of the natural vegetation is still well preserved. Both zones are very important to the hydrology of surrounding areas. Immediately adjacent to the mountain lies Gorongosa National Park, one of Mozambique's main conservation areas. A key issue in recent years has been whether and how to incorporate the upper parts of Mount Gorongosa above 700 m altitude into the existing National Park, which is primarily lowland. [These areas were eventually incorporated into the National Park in 2010.] In recent years the unique biodiversity and scenic beauty of Mount Gorongosa have come under severe threat from the destruction of natural vegetation. This is particularly acute as regards moist evergreen forest, the loss of which has accelerated to alarming proportions. -
Prospects for Biological Control of Cogongrass
Prospects for biological control of cogongrass William A. Overholt1, James P. Cuda2, John A. Goolsby3, A. Millie Burrell4 , Bruno Le Ru5, Keiji Takasu6, Patricia E. Klein4, Alexis Racelis7 and Purnama Hidayat8 1University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL, USA 2University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA 3USDA/ARS, Edinburg, TX, USA 4Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA 5International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya 6Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan 7University of Texas–Pan American, Edinburg, TX 8Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia Outline • Background on cogongrass • Areas to explore • African stemborers • Asian insects • What’s next Cogongrass • Perennial • Rhizotomous (60% of biomass in rhizome) • C4 photosynthesis • Displaces native/desirable vegetation • Evidence of alleopathy • Increases frequency and severity of fires Distribution of Imperata cylindrica Source: Global Biodiversity Information Facility (gbif.org) Imperata species in the USA Imperata cylindrica Imperata Imperata brevifolia brasiliensis Cogongrass in southeastern USA Japan ? 15 10 Florida peninsula 5 Gulf Coast 0 Philippines ‐10 ‐5 0 5 10152025 Second axis Aiken, SC ‐5 Japanese blood grass ‐10 Imperata brasiliensis ‐15 First axis Burrell, M., A. E. Pepper, G. Hodnett, J. A. Goolsby, W. A. Overholt, A. E. Racelis, R. Diaz and P. E. Klein. 2015. Exploring origins, invasion history and genetic diversity of Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv. (Cogongrass) in the United States using genotyping by sequencing. Molecular Ecology. DOI: 10.1111/mec.13167. How biological control works Native home Invaded area Biological Control Grasses as biological control targets • Often thought to have few specialized herbivores due to: • Simple architecture • Scarcity of secondary metabolites • Feeding deterrents (e.g. -
FUNCTIONING of a COMMUNITY of LEPIDOPTERAN MAIZE STEMBORERS and ASSOCIATED PARASITOIDS FOLLOWING the FALL ARMYWORM INVASION in KENYA Bonoukpé Mawuko
FUNCTIONING OF A COMMUNITY OF LEPIDOPTERAN MAIZE STEMBORERS AND ASSOCIATED PARASITOIDS FOLLOWING THE FALL ARMYWORM INVASION IN KENYA Bonoukpé Mawuko To cite this version: Bonoukpé Mawuko. FUNCTIONING OF A COMMUNITY OF LEPIDOPTERAN MAIZE STEM- BORERS AND ASSOCIATED PARASITOIDS FOLLOWING THE FALL ARMYWORM INVA- SION IN KENYA. Life Sciences [q-bio]. Nairobi University, 2020. English. tel-03093686 HAL Id: tel-03093686 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03093686 Submitted on 6 Jan 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. FUNCTIONING OF A COMMUNITY OF LEPIDOPTERAN MAIZE STEMBORERS AND ASSOCIATED PARASITOIDS FOLLOWING THE FALL ARMYWORM INVASION IN KENYA BONOUKPOÈ MAWUKO SOKAME A80/52426/2017 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN CROP PROTECTION DEPARTMENT OF PLANT SCIENCE AND CROP PROTECTION FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI Soutenance le 26/11/2020 2020 DECLARATION I, Bonoukpoè Mawuko Sokame, duly declare that this thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree or any award in any other University. Bonoukpoè Mawuko Sokame Signature: … Date: …26/11/2020………………………… This thesis has been submitted for examination with our approval as university supervisors. -
A Plant Ecological Study and Management Plan for Mogale's Gate Biodiversity Centre, Gauteng
A PLANT ECOLOGICAL STUDY AND MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR MOGALE’S GATE BIODIVERSITY CENTRE, GAUTENG By Alistair Sean Tuckett submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in the subject ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: PROF. L.R. BROWN DECEMBER 2013 “Like winds and sunsets, wild things were taken for granted until progress began to do away with them. Now we face the question whether a still higher 'standard of living' is worth its cost in things natural, wild and free. For us of the minority, the opportunity to see geese is more important that television.” Aldo Leopold 2 Abstract The Mogale’s Gate Biodiversity Centre is a 3 060 ha reserve located within the Gauteng province. The area comprises grassland with woodland patches in valleys and lower-lying areas. To develop a scientifically based management plan a detailed vegetation study was undertaken to identify and describe the different ecosystems present. From a TWINSPAN classification twelve plant communities, which can be grouped into nine major communities, were identified. A classification and description of the plant communities, as well as, a management plan are presented. The area comprises 80% grassland and 20% woodland with 109 different plant families. The centre has a grazing capacity of 5.7 ha/LSU with a moderate to good veld condition. From the results of this study it is clear that the area makes a significant contribution towards carbon storage with a total of 0.520 tC/ha/yr stored in all the plant communities. KEYWORDS Mogale’s Gate Biodiversity Centre, Braun-Blanquet, TWINSPAN, JUICE, GRAZE, floristic composition, carbon storage 3 Declaration I, Alistair Sean Tuckett, declare that “A PLANT ECOLOGICAL STUDY AND MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR MOGALE’S GATE BIODIVERSITY CENTRE, GAUTENG” is my own work and that all sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. -
Grasses of Namibia Contact
Checklist of grasses in Namibia Esmerialda S. Klaassen & Patricia Craven For any enquiries about the grasses of Namibia contact: National Botanical Research Institute Private Bag 13184 Windhoek Namibia Tel. (264) 61 202 2023 Fax: (264) 61 258153 E-mail: [email protected] Guidelines for using the checklist Cymbopogon excavatus (Hochst.) Stapf ex Burtt Davy N 9900720 Synonyms: Andropogon excavatus Hochst. 47 Common names: Breëblaarterpentyngras A; Broad-leaved turpentine grass E; Breitblättriges Pfeffergras G; dukwa, heng’ge, kamakama (-si) J Life form: perennial Abundance: uncommon to locally common Habitat: various Distribution: southern Africa Notes: said to smell of turpentine hence common name E2 Uses: used as a thatching grass E3 Cited specimen: Giess 3152 Reference: 37; 47 Botanical Name: The grasses are arranged in alphabetical or- Rukwangali R der according to the currently accepted botanical names. This Shishambyu Sh publication updates the list in Craven (1999). Silozi L Thimbukushu T Status: The following icons indicate the present known status of the grass in Namibia: Life form: This indicates if the plant is generally an annual or G Endemic—occurs only within the political boundaries of perennial and in certain cases whether the plant occurs in water Namibia. as a hydrophyte. = Near endemic—occurs in Namibia and immediate sur- rounding areas in neighbouring countries. Abundance: The frequency of occurrence according to her- N Endemic to southern Africa—occurs more widely within barium holdings of specimens at WIND and PRE is indicated political boundaries of southern Africa. here. 7 Naturalised—not indigenous, but growing naturally. < Cultivated. Habitat: The general environment in which the grasses are % Escapee—a grass that is not indigenous to Namibia and found, is indicated here according to Namibian records. -
South Africa
Forestry Department Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Forest Health & Biosecurity Working Papers OVERVIEW OF FOREST PESTS SOUTH AFRICA January 2007 (Last update: July 2007) Forest Resources Development Service Working Paper FBS/30E Forest Management Division FAO, Rome, Italy Forestry Department Overview of forest pests - South Africa DISCLAIMER The aim of this document is to give an overview of the forest pest1 situation in South Africa. It is not intended to be a comprehensive review. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. © FAO 2007 1 Pest: Any species, strain or biotype of plant, animal or pathogenic agent injurious to plants or plant products (FAO, 2004). ii Overview of forest pests - South Africa TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction..................................................................................................................... 1 Forest pests...................................................................................................................... 1 Naturally regenerating forests..................................................................................... 1 Insects .................................................................................................................... -
Carry-Over Niches for Lepidopteran Maize Stemborers and Associated Parasitoids During Non-Cropping Season
insects Article Carry-Over Niches for Lepidopteran Maize Stemborers and Associated Parasitoids during Non-Cropping Season Bonoukpoè Mawuko Sokame 1,2,* , François Rebaudo 3 , Boaz Musyoka 1, Julius Obonyo 1, Duna Madu Mailafiya 1, Bruno Pierre Le Ru 1,3, Dora Chao Kilalo 2, Gerald Juma 4 and Paul-André Calatayud 1,3,* 1 International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya 2 Department of Plant Science and Crop protection, University of Nairobi, Kangemi, Nairobi P.O. Box 29053 00625, Kenya 3 UMR IRD 247 Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes, Comportement et Ecologie, Diversité, Ecologie et Evolution des Insectes Tropicaux, CNRS, 91198—Gif-sur-Yvette, France and Université de Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France 4 Department of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi P.O. Box 30197-00100, Kenya * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] (B.M.S.); [email protected] (P.-A.C.); Tel.: +254-(0)-713598539 (B.M.S.); +254-(0)-727091631 (P.-A.C.) Received: 8 April 2019; Accepted: 5 June 2019; Published: 28 June 2019 Abstract: Sources of infestation are the key elements to be considered in the development of habitat management techniques for the control of maize stemborers. Several wild plants, grasses mostly, have been identified that serve as hosts for stemborers and their parasitoids during the off-season when maize is not present in the field. However, their abundance is much lower in wild plants compared to cultivated fields. Thus, the role of wild plants as a reservoir for cereal stemborers and their parasitoids is still controversial, particularly in agro-ecosystems with reduced wild habitat.