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Diversité, Systématique Et Ecologie Des Noctuelles Foreuses De Graminées En Afrique Sub-Saharienne

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Diversité, Systématique Et Ecologie Des Noctuelles Foreuses De Graminées En Afrique Sub-Saharienne UR072 NSBB Project Diversité, Systématique et Ecologie des noctuelles foreuses de graminées en Afrique sub-saharienne Le Ru B., Calatayud P.-A., Kergoat G., Barbut, J., Capdevielle-Dulac C., Silvain J.-F……. Zea Pennisetum Sorghum Cotesia Sesamia Busseola PLAN • Les lépidoptères foreurs de graminées en Afrique sub-saharienne • Systématique, diversité et écologie des Sesamiina en Afrique sub-saharienne • Mécanismes de recherche et d’acceptation de la plante-hôte par les noctuelles Sesamiina • Origines et patrons de diversification des Apameini • Perspectives Les lépppidoptères de g raminées en Afrique sub-saharienne Différents types de phytochories (mosaïques) Afromontagnarde Somalie-Masaï Guineo-congolaise Bushland Est Africain Miombo zambezien Quelques plantes-hôtes de foreurs Setaria megaphylla Panicum maximum Echinochloa pyramidalis Typha domingensis Cyperus atroviridisJuncus effusus Prionium serratum Comment trouver les foreurs de graminées? Localités échantillonnées entre 2002-2012 1157 localités, 15 pays, 0-3100 alt 55681 chenilles, >291 espèces de foreurs >188 plantes-hôtes Récoltes de lépidoptères foreurs de graminées dans les habitats naturels en Afrique sub-saharienne(2002-2012) Plantes hôtes Foreurs 291 300 250 188 200 150 100 36 50 22 0 <2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 4446 55681 Abondance et diversité des différentes familles de lépidoptères foreurs de graminées en Afrique sub-Saharienne (2002-2012) 55681 chenilles, 291 espèces % de spécimens % d’espèces 5%1% 2% 12% Noctuidae 2% 15% Crambidae 14% 44% Pyralidae Cossidae 77% Tortricidae 28% Systématique, diversité et écologie des SiiAfibSesamiina en Afrique sub-ShSahar ienne Avant-propos sur les Sesamiina Impact économique majeur sur la production des graminées cultivées (sorgho, maïs, mil, riz, canne à sucre) 1-2 milliards $/an de perte en Afrique sur maïs (FAO, 2006) L’un des groupes d’insectes d’int ér êt économique le plus étudié au monde depuis plus d’un siècle Avant 2000 Connaissances écologiques très fragmentaires; Systématique difficile (Holloway, 1998) Généralités sur la classification des Sesamiina Superfamille : Noctuoidea Latreille, 18093cu Famille : Noctuidae Latreille, 1809 Quadrifine Trifine 3 cu Sous famille Acronyctinae Forbes 1954 Sous famille Ipimorphinae Crumb 1956/Fibiger & Hacker 1991 ? Sous famille Amphipyrinae Hodges et al., 1983 Sous famille Hadeninae Kitching & Rawlins, 1998 Sous famille Xyleninae Fibiger & Lafontaine, 2005 Tribu des Apameini (foreurs) 3 sous-tribus: : Oxytripiina, Apameina, Sesamiina (Fibiger & Lafontaine, 2005) Distribution géographique des Sesamiina Apameina 878 Apameina Dicot 37 Sesamiina 189 Oxytripiina 2 514 322 76 177 17 Quelques genres de Sesamiina….. Acrapex Carelis Manga Pirateolea Buakea Feraxinia New Genus 4 Sciomesa Busseola Conicofrontia Poeonoma Sesamia Abondance et diversité des Sesamiina (2002-2012) 43892 chenilles, >16 genres, 127 espèces Acrapex 0% 0% Afrogortyna 3% 1% Buakea 1% Busseola sl 24% 26% 31% 22% Carelis Conicofrontia Feraxinia Hygrostola 1% Manga 5% 1% 1% New genera 2% 4% 2% 4% 0% Pirateolea 1% 3% Poecopa 10% 5% 0% Poeonoma 18% 5% 13% 3% 5% Sciomesa 3% Sesamia 3% 1% 3% Speia % de spécimens % d’espèces Historique de l’étude des noctuelles foreuses en Afrique sous tribu des Sesamiina. Evolution du nombre d’espèces 1790-2012 Equipe * IRD/ICIPE Tams/Bowden Berio 1950-1960 1960-1970 Janse Sesamia 1930-1940 nonagrioides Hampson Speia Lefebvre 1827 1900-1910 vuteria Stoll 1790 •*3 nouveaux genres et 11 nouvelles espèces décrits depuis 2006 •A ce jour, il reste au moins 13 nouveaux genres et 79 espèces à décrire Endémisme régional (%)/genre Acrapex (93 spp) Sesamia (50 spp) 4 8 2 7 1 24 25 27 2 14 2 1 4 8 6 4 29 26 Caractéristiques biologiques et écologiques des Sesamiina Monophage Oligophage Régime alimentaire Polyphage spécialiste Poaceae Cyperaceae Spectre d’hôtes Typhaceae Poaceae Juncaceae Prionaceae 13% Zones humides 32% 15% Ecotones humides Préférences écologiques Lisières Forêts Milieux humides Savanes 40% Mécanismes de recherche et d’acceptation de la plante-hôte par les noctuelles Sesamiina en tunnel de vol éthogrammes avec les adultes ƺ Tests biologiques sur différentes plantes en serre bilans avec les chenilles analyse de la dureté, de la analyse des volatils et pubescence… des composés de surface pour les adultes volatils ƺ Identification des caractères physiques et chimique des plantes composés de surface analyse des composés métabolites (dont la silice) pour les chenilles EAG exemple pour les adultes GC-EAG GC ƺ Etudes électrophysiologiques stimulation électrique exemple de stimulation pour les chenilles tests de choix de support de ponte Olfactomètre pour les adultes en Y ƺ Tests de validation de l’influence des caractères physiques et chimiques des plantes sur les insectes tests de tests de choix développement pour les chenilles Origine et patrons de diversification des Apameini Palaeoenvironmental Shifts Drove the Adaptive Radiation of a Noctuid Stemborer Tribe (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Apameini) in the Miocene Emmanuel F. A. Toussaint1*, Fabien L. Condamine2,GaelJ.Kergoat3, Claire Capdevielle-Dulac4, Je´roˆ me Barbut5, Jean-Franc¸ois Silvain4,BrunoP.LeRu6 1 Department of Entomology, Zoological State Collection, Munich, Germany, 2 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Mathe´matiques Applique´es (Ecole Polytechnique), Palaiseau, France, 3 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unite´ Mixte de Recherche Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion desPopulations (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut de Recherche pour le De´veloppement, Centre de coope´ration internationale en recherche agronomique pour le de´veloppement, Montpellier SupAgro), Campus International de Baillarguet, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France, 4 Institut de Recherche pour le De´velop pemen t, Laborat oire Evolution, Ge´nomes et Spe´ciation, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France and Universite´ Paris, Orsay, France, 5 De´partement Syste´matique et E´volution, Entomologie, Muse´um national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France, 6 Institut de Recherche pour le De´veloppement, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya and Universite´ Paris, Orsay, France Abstract Between the late Oligocene and the early Miocene, climatic changes have shattered the faunal and floral communities and drove the apparition of new ecological niches. Grassland biomes began to supplant forestlands, thus favouring a large-scale ecosystem turnover. The independent adaptive radiations of several mammal lineages through the evolution of key innovations are classic examples of these changes. However, little is known concerning the evolutionary history of other herbivorous groups in relation with this modified environment. It is especially the case in phytophagous insect communities, which have been rarely studied in this context despite their ecological importance. Here, we investigate the phylogenetic and evolutionary patterns of grass-specialist moths from the species-rich tribe Apameini (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). The molecular dating analyses carried out over the corresponding phylogenetic framework reveal an origin Staurophora around 29 million years ago for the Apameini. Ancestral state reconstructions indicate (i) a potential Palaearctic origin of t he tribe Apameini associated with a major dispersal event in Afrotropics for the subtribe Sesamiina; (ii) a recent colonization from Palaearctic of the New World and Oriental regions by several independent lineages; and (iii) an ancestral associat ion of Calamia tridens celsia Oligia sp. Tribu des Apameini environ 1100 espèces endophages, forte spécialisation écologique Apamea sp. Busseola fusca Sesamia sp. Capsula sp. Miocene Diversification of Noctuid Stemborers bAnalyses phylogénétiques (inférence Bayésienne; JDD réduit de 94 taxa; COI, EF1)) trait de vie innovant partagé par toutes les espèces de la tribu: muscles mandibulaires surdéveloppés qui permettent de traverser les parois riches en silice des plantes-hôtes Figure 1. Phylogenetic relationships of the tribe Apameini within the superfamily Noctuoidea under Bayesian inference. Posterior probabilities (PP) are indicated above the nodes (* indicates a value up to 0.95). When no values are indicated, it means that the PPwas, 0.95, except for some basal nodes for which the support is annotated. Groups of interest are highlighted by vertical bands of different colours referring to the colour of the clades. The Apameini, Sesamiina and Apameina (excluding the three genera Staurophora, Calamia and Litholomia) nodes are respectively labelled N1, N2 and N3. Names of the species for which a habitus is displayed are specified under the pictures (Pictures: EFA Toussaint & BP Le Ru ). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041377.g001 PLoS ONE | www.plosone.org 4 July 2012 | Volume 7 | Issue 7 | e41377 Miocene Diversification of Noctuid Stemborers -> Datations moléculaires (BRC/Bayesian Relaxed Clock ) • Origine du groupe à l’Oligocène il y a environ 29 Ma. Figure 2. Maximum credibility tree with median ages (Myr) from the Bayesian uncorrelated uniform analysis under BEAST for the superfamily Noctuoidea. A 5 Myr-timescale is placed at the bottom of the chronogram and spans the Cretaceous to the Holocene. Brown hourglasses at the corresponding nodes indicate the calibration points used to ultrametrize the topology. For the fossil calibration, a picture of the PLoS ONE | www.plosone.org 6 July 2012 | Volume 7 | Issue 7 | e41377 -> Biogéographie historique Miocene
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