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FUNCTIONING of a COMMUNITY of LEPIDOPTERAN MAIZE STEMBORERS and ASSOCIATED PARASITOIDS FOLLOWING the FALL ARMYWORM INVASION in KENYA Bonoukpé Mawuko

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FUNCTIONING OF A COMMUNITY OF LEPIDOPTERAN MAIZE STEMBORERS AND ASSOCIATED PARASITOIDS FOLLOWING THE FALL ARMYWORM INVASION IN KENYA Bonoukpé Mawuko To cite this version: Bonoukpé Mawuko. FUNCTIONING OF A COMMUNITY OF LEPIDOPTERAN MAIZE STEM- BORERS AND ASSOCIATED PARASITOIDS FOLLOWING THE FALL ARMYWORM INVA- SION IN KENYA. Life Sciences [q-bio]. Nairobi University, 2020. English. tel-03093686 HAL Id: tel-03093686 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03093686 Submitted on 6 Jan 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. FUNCTIONING OF A COMMUNITY OF LEPIDOPTERAN MAIZE STEMBORERS AND ASSOCIATED PARASITOIDS FOLLOWING THE FALL ARMYWORM INVASION IN KENYA BONOUKPOÈ MAWUKO SOKAME A80/52426/2017 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN CROP PROTECTION DEPARTMENT OF PLANT SCIENCE AND CROP PROTECTION FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI Soutenance le 26/11/2020 2020 DECLARATION I, Bonoukpoè Mawuko Sokame, duly declare that this thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree or any award in any other University. Bonoukpoè Mawuko Sokame Signature: … Date: …26/11/2020………………………… This thesis has been submitted for examination with our approval as university supervisors. 1. Dr. Dora Chao Kilalo Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box, 29053-00625, Kangemi, Nairobi, Kenya. Signature: …….…… …… Date : ……26-11-2020……………........... 2. Dr. Gerald Juma Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya. Signature: … ….… Date: …..26th /11/2020…….…............. 3. Dr. Paul-André Calatayud Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD, France) and International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya. Signature: ……… …………… Date : …26th/11/2020…………… I DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY Name of student: Bonoukpoè Mawuko Sokame Registration number: A80/52426/2017 College: Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences (CAVS) Faculty/School/Institute: Agriculture Department: Plant Science and Crop Protection Course name: Crop Protection Title of the work: Functioning of a community of lepidopteran maize stemborers and associated parasitoids following the Fall Armyworm invasion in Kenya Declaration 1. I understand what plagiarism is and I am aware of the university’s policy in this regard 2. I declare that this PhD Thesis is my original work and has not been submitted elsewhere for examination, award of degree or publication. Where other people’s work, or my own work has been used, this has properly been acknowledged and referenced in accordance with the University of Nairobi’s requirements 3. I have not sought or used the services of any professional agencies to produce this work 4. I have not allowed, and shall not allow anyone to copy my work with the intension of passing it off as his/her work 5. I understand that any false claim in respect of this work shall result in disciplinary action accordance with University Plagiarism Policy. Signature Date …………26/11/2020………………………. II DEDICATION To my late elder sister Mrs Hounchi Sokame for your constant sacrifices and supports during your life. This PhD thesis is the fruit of your dreams for me which has been materialized today. May the earth be light to you, and may your soul be accepted in the crown of God. To my beloved mother Mrs Sénadé Sossa-Sokame and my late father Mr Edou Sokame who took me to school and encouraged me to acquire knowledge in the field of agriculture. Thanks for your sacrifices. To my beloved wife, Mrs Akouvi Eyou-Sokame and our dears sons Elom Jean-Pierre Sokame and David Will-Winner Sokame for their patience, encouragements and love. God bless you for all that you have been through during my absence. III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am very grateful to the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) and the “Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)” in Kenya for the opportunity granted me to conduct this work; the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) for financial support and Capacity Building Unit at ICIPE for administrative coordination and support. I am indebted to my supervisors: Dr. Dora C. Kilalo, Dr. Gerald Juma and Dr. Paul-André Calatayud for their quality input, tireless support, encouragement and assistance. I wish to express profound gratitude to Dr(s). Dora C. Kilalo and Gerald Juma for being my academic mentors and for the wise guidance, continuous assistance, invaluable interest and commitment to this work. My sincere appreciation goes to Dr. Paul-André Calatayud for facilitating this work, and for providing not only logistic and technical support but also constructive criticism at all stages of this research. Special thanks to Prof. Baldwin Torto, head of Behavioural and Chemical Ecology Department (BCED) Unit at ICIPE, for accepting me in your laboratory to conduct chemical ecology aspect of this work. I am very grateful. I wish to thank the entire members of the Noctuid Stem Borer Biodiversity Project (NSBB) and Behavioural and Chemical Ecology Department (BCED) Unit at ICIPE, especially, Boaz Musyoka, Julius Obonyo, Enock Sammy, Onesmus Kaye Wanyama and Xavier Cheseto for their technical assistance. Thanks also to stemborer and fall armyworm rearing unit of the ARCU icipe, especially Peter Malusi and Josphat Akhobe Namutenda for the rearing and supply of insect for the experiments of this work. IV I gratefully acknowledge Dr(s). Fritz Schulthess, Bruno P. Le Ru and Sevgan Subramanian for keenly reading various sections of this work, and for their critical comments and useful suggestions. Additionally, I wish to appreciate my Togolese brothers especially Drs Komi Mokpokpo Fiaboe, Komivi Akutse, Anani Bruce, Mawufe Agbodzavu, Edoh Ognankossan Kukom, Ezui Guillaume and Ayaovi Agbessenou for their constant encouragement and numerous advices to this work. I thank all my colleagues who in diverse ways encouraged me during this study, especially Felicitas Chaba Ambele, Steve Baleba, Inusa Ajene, Soulemane Diallo, Nancy Njeru, Alfonce Mutibha, Ysa Kieran, Bethelihem Bekele, Celestin Ndayisaba and Akua Antwi. I am very grateful to Prof. Gbénonchi Mawussi, School of Agriculture University of Lomé, Togo. I will never thank you enough for everything you have done in my life. Without your affection and unconditional support, my dreams would not be realized today. Thank you so much. I sincerely appreciate Prof. Mianikpo Sogbedji, the Director of school of Agriculture, University of Lomé, Togo and Prof. Kodjo Agbeko Tounou for facilitating the administrative procedures for my study leave. I also appreciate Profs. Atti Tchabi and Komi Agboka and Dr. Bradock K. Hounkpati for all your supports and encouragements. My profound gratitude goes to my parents, uncles, aunts, sisters, brothers, nephews, nieces, close relatives and friends, thanks for your prayers and encouragements, I am very grateful to you. I remain eternally grateful to the Lord God Almighty for the gift of life, and the privilege to attain this level of academic achievement. V TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ............................................................................................................ I DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY .......................................................................... II DEDICATION............................................................................................................. III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................... IV TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................. VI LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................... XVI LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................. XIX LIST OF PLATES ................................................................................................. XXIV LIST OF APPENDICES .......................................................................................... XXV LISTE OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS .............................................. XXVI ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... XXVII CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background ......................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Statement of the problem ..................................................................................... 4 1.3. Justification and significance of the study ............................................................ 6 1.4. Objectives ..........................................................................................................
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  • Management of Fall Armyworm: the IPM Innovation Lab Approach

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    Management of Fall Armyworm: The IPM Innovation Lab Approach Introduction: Native to the Americas, the fall armyworm (FAW) (Spodoptera frugiperda) reached Africa in 2016 and Asia in 2018. Since then, it has rapidly spread throughout the southern and northern hemisphere. The pest has four life stages - egg, larva, pupa, and adult - and can reproduce quickly. It attacks more than 300 plant species, with a preference for maize. FAW can lay up to 1,000 eggs in its lifetime and adult moths can fly 300km a night. FAW is an incredibly resilient pest. In addition to its rapid spread, the pest’s resilience to harsh conditions and chemical pesticides is setting unprecedented challenges for farmers worldwide. It is estimated that maize losses caused by FAW FAW Global Spread could amount to 80 million tonnes per year, or USD $18 billion per year. An IPM Approach: The IPM Innovation Lab (IPM IL) cur- rently works in seven countries in Asia and Africa, with a major focus on invasive species, FAW included. In 2018, IPM IL initi- ated augmentative biological control to combat the pest, a process that requires releasing natural enemies - or parasit- oids - that search for and lay eggs on FAW egg masses, killing the pest before it reaches its destructive larval stage. Since the parasitoids do not occur naturally in high enough numbers, IPM FAW damage on maize IL collaborators at “satellite-centers” mass-produce and release the natural enemies into maize fields, including egg parasitoids Trichogramma mwanzai and Telenomus remus in East Africa and Objectives Outcomes egg parasitoids Trichogramma chilonis and Telenomus remus in • Reduce crop loss due to • Significant improvement Nepal and Bangladesh.