Ethno-Medicinal Plants and Their Pharmaceutical Potential Ravi Kant Upadhyay*, Shoeb Ahmad Department of Zoology, D D U Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, 273009

Ravi Kant Upadhyay et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2012,5(4),2162-2173 Review Article Available online through ISSN: 0974-6943 www.jpronline.info Ethno-medicinal plants and their Pharmaceutical Potential Ravi Kant Upadhyay*, Shoeb Ahmad Department of Zoology, D D U Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, 273009. India Received on:11-01-2012; Revised on: 17-02-2012; Accepted on:19-04-2012

ABSTRACT From the ancient time human civilization has been used plant products as curing agent for various diseses. Though, they were not exactly known about the components of the particular plant to be used in a specific diseses. As the human civilization developed screening of active compounds from plants lead to discover new medicinal drugs which have efficient protection and treatment roles against both communicable and noncommunicable diseases. Presently, synthetic drugs are available against almost all diseases, but they express adverse effect on the body physiology of the patients. To come out these side effects researsches are going on to isolate different plant compounds in pure form and efforts are continued to develop new drug formulations to combat the pathogenic diseases and drug resistance evoked in pathogens. Promisingly, many of plant compounds have sucessfully isolated and tested against disease pathogens, but still these are seen to be less effective against certain viral diseases. Plants and compound isolated from plants such as alkaloids, tannins, terpenes, flavonoids, sterols and coumarins has displayed a brilliant role in serving the man as a life sever and reliever by performing anti-diabetic, anticancer, antimicrobial anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activites. Few of them are used as drug templates and are of immense commercial value. A present article presents the pharmcognosy dumentation of many plants species which are well known as ethnomedicinal use by the ribal and local population in various parts of our country.

Key words: Ethno-medicinal plants, antidiabetic activity anticancer activity, anthelmintic activity anti-allergic activity

INTRODUCTION Plants possess vast wider diversity of species on earth in different geo- erties based on chemical and molecular properties were explored (Kunwar, graphical regions that show eco-climatic adaptations and mainly represented 2010). However, phytochemicals or secondary metabolites with relevant in form of chemical, genetic and molecular diversity. With the advent of biological activities were identified for possible potential drug formulations human being on this earth, plants not only were used as food but also used as (Upadhyay, 2010). medicine by human groups who were residing in different eco-climatic regions. History reveals ancient that man has faced lot of disease outbreaks and For producing effective drugs, plant origin chemical compounds were used as epidemics. Those who survived were either developed resistance against the chemical templates (Upadhyay et al., 2008; Schmeda-Hirschmann and disease or used plants as a source of medicine. In present time man is sur- Yesilada, 2005). Meanwhile, thousands of plant species were used in folk rounded by many communicable and non communicable diseases. Most of medicine and their commercial manufacturing of therapeutic products such as them are still un-curable and require immediate attention to target the disease ashaw, bati, goli, bhasma, churan, ointment, and prash to cure the patients. pathogens. To fight against the disease pathogens synthetic drugs were used However, for screening pharmaceutical and therapeutic potential of these for controlling or curing diseases but most of them have been found to have ayurvedic medicines various bioassays were developed to detect and confirm several side effects on human physiology. Still there exists a severe problem the antipathogenic effects in animal model (Hostettmann, 1991) and eshtablih of drug resistance in pathogens. For a healthy and disease free human popu- a good correlation with disease pathogens (McLaughlin et al., 1998; Zani et lation plant origin ethino-medicines may be more successful to cure the al., 1995). For achieving this drug targeting and therapeutic simulations are patients and become a true alternative of synthetic drugs. Many of these highly essential. herbal medicines are mentioned in present day texts and have immense pharmacological importance (Table 1). These are evidence in great epics and Plants as a source of medicines religious text that ancient human civilization was well known of plant based Plants contain many biologically active compounds i. e. alkaloids, flavonoids, ethinic medicines. Such evidences strongly proved that the old civilization triterpenoids, phenols, carotenoids, steroids and ketones. Neem contains and rural communities had been used natural resources for therapeutic pur- seven isomeric compounds labeled as azadirachtin A-G, (Verkerk et al., 1993), poses. These communities practiced subsistence agriculture, cattle ranching, salannin, volatile oils, meliantriol and nimbin (Jacobson,1990; National Re- and harvest different types of forest products and developed agroforest search Council, 1992). Neem leaves were used to cure eczema, ringworm, systems (Albuquerque et al., 2007). It has been identified that ethnomedicinal acne and show anti-inflammatory, antiheperglycemic activities. It is used to plants possess therapeutic ingredients which possess enough potential to heal chronic wounds, diabetes and gangrene. It helps to remove toxins from fight against disease pathogens (Upadhyay et al., 2010a; b). Hence, thou- the body, neutralize free radicals and purify the blood. It is also used in sands of phytochemicals were isolated from them and pharmaceutical prop- treatment of malaria filarial and leismaniasis. It also possesses anti-cancer and hepato-renal protective activity and show hypolipidemic effects (Ahana, *Corresponding author. 2005). The intake of juice of green neem leaves with milk increases appetite Ravi Kant Upadhyay and relieves from headaches and cure eye infections. Boiled neem leaves in Department of Zoology, water show an excellent antiseptic activity and used to clean wounds, soothes, D D U Gorakhpur University, swellings and eases skin problems. Similarly, Helianthus annuus, (Compos- Gorakhpur-273009 ite), contains an oleic acid and tri acyl glycerol, alkaloids, cyanogenic glyco- Uttar Pradesh sides, saponins, cardiac glycosides, tannins and phenols. It also contains India polysaccharides complex and rarely tocopherol or vitamin E- anti oxidant

Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.5 Issue 4.April 2012 2162-2173 Ravi Kant Upadhyay et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2012,5(4),2162-2173

(Dorrell, 1981) and (Elshami and Zen El-din, 1991). The seeds of H. annuus active components that act against arthritic pain (Ivorra et al., 1989). are used as diuretic, expectorant to cough remove from throat and lung. It is Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract possesses antidiarrheal and spasmolytic also used as antiseptic, aphrodisiac, emollient and as anti-malarial. It is a well activities, mediated possibly through dual blockade of muscarinic receptors tested folk remedy for blindness, bronchitis, carbuncles, catarrh, colic, diar- and Ca(+2) channels, thus explaining its medicinal use in diarrhea. Besides this rhea, dysentery, dysuria, eyes, fever, inflammation, laryngitis, menorrhagia, the same plant i.e Phyllanthus emblica have also strong potential to check pleuritis, rheumatism, scorpion stings, snakebite, splenitis, urogenital ail- cancer and tumor growth (Ngamkitidechakul et al., 2010). ments, whitlow and wounds (Hartwel., 1971). Similarly, Allium cepa L. (Liliaceae) contains numerous organic sulfur compounds, including trans-S- Multiple pharmaceutical potential of plants (1- propenyl) cysteine sulfoxide, S–methyl–cysteine sulfoxide, S– propylcysteine sulfoxide and cycloalliin; flavonoids; phenolic acids; sterols ANTI-DIABETIC ACTIVITY including cholesterol, stigma sterol, b-sitosterol; saponins; sugars and a trace Natural plant products also act as hypoglycaemic agents. Few plant species of volatile oil composed mainly of sulfur compounds, including dipropyl i. e. Opuntia streptacantha Lem, Trigonella foenum graecum L, Momordica disulfide (Kapoor, 1990; Leung and Foster, 1996). A fresh onion bulb con- charantia L, Ficus bengalensis L, Polygala senega L., Gymnema sylvestre tains fructans with a low degree of polymerization, and sulfur-containing R., Allium sativum, Citrullus colocynthis, Aloe Verra Occimum sanctum and compounds (Bruneton, 1995). Onion was used for decrease cancer tumor Artemisia absinthum possess antidiabetic activity (Table 1) (Ivorra et al., initiated, promote healing of stomachulcers, inhibit the proliferation of cul- 1989; Atta-Ur-Rahman and Zaman, 1989; Bnouham et al., 2002; Ziyyat et tured ovarian, breast and colon cancer cells; reduce the cholesterol, blood al., 1997; Al-Rowais, 2002, Khanna et al., 2010). These plants possess pressure and symptoms associated with diabetes mellitus, inhibit platelets bioactive components and are used as folk medicine (Bailey and Day,1989; aggregation (involved in thrombosis) and prevent inflammatory processes Day, 1998; Lin, 1992; Mahabir and Gulliford, 1997). But, a large number of associated with asthma (Dorsch and Wanger, 1991; Augusit, 1996). Onion medicinal plants possess some degree of toxicity to human when used for the was used as antiseptic, antiheleminthic, antispasmodic, carminative, and diabetes (Marles and Farnsworth, 1994.) However, oral administration of diuretic, cholagogge, diaphoretic and expectorant. It was used also for coughs, Asteracantha longifolia Nees. (20 g/kg) significantly increases glucose toler- the flu, parasites, wound, burns, dog bites, bee stings, earaches, athletes’ ance in healthy human subjects and diabetic patients. It’s oral administration foot, warts, baldness, toothaches, intestinal infections, kidney infections, of 2, 3, and 4 g/kg of Achyranthes aspera L produced a significant dose- contaminated blood and heart failure. Similarly, Portulaca oleracea related hypoglycaemic effect in man. This hypoglycaemic action of A. (Portulacaceae) biologically active compounds and is a source of many nutri- longifolia may be due to a reduction in the intestinal absorption of glucose ents. Some of the biologically active include free oxalic acids, alkaloids, Omega- (Aderibigebe et al., 1999). Similarly, Daucus carota L. extract has shown 3 fatty acids, coumarins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides and anthraquinone improved glucose tolerance in swiss mouce. Similar anti-diabetic activity glycosides (Moochang and Hwang, 2000). It has high contents of Omega-3 was reported in Coriandrum sativum L(Coriander), Cuminum cyymenum, fatty acids and proteins. Some of the compounds in Portulaca oleracea are C. niger, Vinca rosa Catharanthus roseus and Rhazya strictha when admin- alanine, caffeic acid, calcium oxalate, catechol, beta-cyanine, digalactosyldiacyl istered with diet (Roman-Ramos et al., 1995; Ahmad et al., 2000; glycerol, docosahexaenoic acid, dope, eicosapentaenoic acid, HCN,histidine, Chattopadhyay et al., 1991; Benjamin et al., 1994; Ali, 1997) L-noradrenalin, linoleic acid, alpha-linoleic acid, lysine, menthionine, saponins, nor epinephrine, oleic acid, oxalates, phytin-p, sinapic acid, tannin, beta- Moreover, Ginseng polypeptides (GPP) isolated from the root of Panax sitosterol, valine, threonine, tryptophan and vitamins A and C (Ezekwe et ginseng Mey. (Asiatic ginseng) cut down the level of blood sugar and liver al., 1999). Due to presence of active compounds Portulaca oleracea was glycogen at 50-200 mg/kg dose (Yang et al., 1990; Wang et al., 1990) Simi- used as antidiarrhoeal, antihelminthic, antiphlogistic and bactericide in bacil- larly, the oral administration of Ginseng radix water extract to normal and lary dysentery, hemorrhoids, enterorrhagia and antidiabetic. Seeds used as adrenaline-induced hyperglycaemic mice caused a significant decrease in blood calmative and Salk thirst, diuretes, refreshing agent, antiscrbutic, emollient glucose level 4 h after its administration (Ohnishi et al., 1996). Moreover, and vermifuge (Boulos,1983).It was used to cure wound healing and inflam- Saponins isolated from the leaves of Acanthopanax senticosus has been found mation (Leung and Foster, 1996). decrease the blood sugar in hyperglysemic mice (Sui et al., 1994). Besides this, Cleome droserifolia Delile significantly suppressed the glycaemia, both Graviola (Annona muricata) is a tree, which is used as natural medicine in in the basal (fasting) state and after glucose intake (Nicola et al., 1996) tropics (Bermejo et al., 2005, Zeng et al.,1996). It’s bark leave and root are used as sedative, antispasmodic, hypotensine and nervine while fruit juice is Oral administration of Convolvulus althaeoides (Linn) extract to used to kill worms and parasites. It is also used as astringent for diarrhea and normoglycaemic rats produced a persistent hypoglycaemic effect (Shabana dysentery. It’s leaf tea is used as liver-heart tonic by tribes in Guyana and et al., 1990). Similarly, oral administration of Ipomea batatas L. (white skinned Brazil while fruit juice and leaf extracts are used to cure fever and diarrhea by sweet potato) produced a reduction in hyperinsulinemia in Zucker fatty rats. tribes of West Indies and Haitii. Concoction prepared from leaf and bark is It’s boiled extract has significantly decreased glucose level in healthy Wistar used to cure cough, grippe, asthma and hypertention. Graviola plant leaves rats (Malalavidhane et al., 2000). Healthy mice when treated with Momordica show cytotoxicity against cnacer cells. It possesses acetogenins which are charantia L. (Karela) has shown strong antiglycaemic glycaemic response to toxic to many types of cancer and tumor cells. Acetogenins from this plant both oral and intraperitoneal glucose, without altering the insulin level were found highly antiprotozoal, anthelmintic and antimicrobial. Acetogenins (Higashino et al., 1992). Similarly, oral administration of an alcoholic extract are strong inhibitor of enzyme found in the membranes of cancerous cells. of leaves of Ocimum sanctum, Ocimum album and Teucrium cubense re- Morespecifically, annonaceous acetogenins were found potent inhibitors of duced glycaemia in normoglycaemic, glucose-fed hyperglycaemic and NADH, ubiquinone oxidoreductase and can be efficiently kill multi-drug streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (Chattopadhyay, 1993; Rai, 1997; Ro- resistant cancer cells. Guava (Psidium guajava family: Myrtaceae) is used as man-Ramos et al.,1992; Agrawal et al., 1996). a multipurpose natural medicine. In India many tribe and local people use it’s leaf and bark decoction to cure dysentery, diarrhea, and vomiting. Certain ANTI-CHOLERIC ACTIVTY Amazon tribes use it to cure bleeding with anal and veginal discharge (Begum Cholera is an acute intestinal disease caused by Vibrio cholera (WHO, 2000). et al., 2002). Similarly, Parquetina nigrescens leaf extract possess several The disease is characterized due to secretion of enterotoxins (Monroe and

Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.5 Issue 4.April 2012 2162-2173 Ravi Kant Upadhyay et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2012,5(4),2162-2173 Table 1. List of important ethnomedicinal plants and their medicinal uses.

Common name Botanical name Family Parts Used Medicinal Uses

Amla Emblica officinalis Euphorbiaceac Fruit Vitamin – C, cough , diabetes, cold, laxativ, hyper acidity. Ashoka Saraca asoca Caesalpinanceac Bark, Flower Menstrual Pain, uterine, disorder, Deiabetes. Aswagandha Withania somnifera Solanaccac Root, Leafs Restorative Tonic, stress, nerves disorder, aphrodiasiac. Amla Phyllanthous amarus Euphorbiaccac Whole Plant Anaemia, jaundice, Dropsy Brahmi Bacopa monnieri Scrophulariaccac Whole plant Nervous, Memory enhancer, mental disorder Chiraita Swertia chiraita Gentianaccac Whole Plant Skin Desease, Burning, censation, fever Gudmar Gymnema sylvestre Asclepiadaccac Leaves Diabetes, hydrocil, Asthama. Guggul Commiphora wightii Burseraccac Gum rasine Rheuma tised, arthritis, paralysis, laxative Guluchi/Giloe Tinospora cordifolia Menispermaceae Gout, Pile, General debility, fever, Jaundice, Calihari Gloriosa superb Liliaccac Seed, tuber Skin Desease, Labour pain, Abortion Kalmegh Andrographis paniculata Scanthaceae Whole Plant Fever, weekness, release of gas. Long peeper Peeper longum Piperaccac Fruit, Root Appetizer, enlarged spleen, bronchities, Cold, antidote Makoi Solanum nigrum Solanaccac Fruit Dropsy, General debility, Diuretic, anti dysenteric Pashan Bheda Coleus barbatus Lamiaccac Root Kidney stone Sarpa Gandha Ranwolfia serpentine Apocynaccac Root Hyper tension, insomnia. Satavari Asparagus acemosus Liliaccac Tuber, root Enhance lactation, general weakness, fatigue, cough Senna Cassia augustifolia Liliaceae Dry Tubers Rheumatism, general debility tonic, aphrodisiac Tulsi Ocimum sanclum Lamiaccac Leaves/Seed Cough, Cold, bronchitis, expectorand Vai Vidanka Embelia Ribes Myrsinaccac Root, Fruit Skin disease, Snake Bite, Helminthiasi Pippermint Mentha pipertia Lamiaccac whole plant Digestive, Pain killer Henna/Mehdi Lawsennia iermis Lytharaceae whole plant Burning, Steam, Anti Imflamatary Gritkumari Aloe Verra Liliaceae Fresh leaves Laxative, wound healing, skin burns, ulcer, antidiabetic Sada Bahar Vincea rosea Apocyanace Whole Plant Leaukamia, hypotensiv, antispasmodic, antidote Vringraj Eclipta alba Compositae Seed Anti-inflamatory, Digestive, hairtonic. Swet chitrak Plumbago Zeylanica Plumbaginaceae Root Antibacterial, anticancer Rakta Chitrak Plumbago indica Plumbaginaceae Root Indyspeipsia, colic, imflammation, cough. Kochila Strychinos nuxvomica Loganiaceae Seed Nervous, Paralysis, healing wound Harida Terminalia chebula Combretaceae Seed Wound ulcer, leprosy, inflammation, cough Bahada Terminalia bellerica Comretaceae whole palnt Cough, insomnia, dropsy, vomiting Gokhur Tribulus terrestris Lygophyllaceae Whole Plant Sweet cooling, Aphrodisiac, appetizer, digestive, urinary Neem Azardirchata indica Mahaceae Whole plant Analgesic, epilepsy, hypertensive Anantamool Hemibi smus indicus Asclepiadaceae Root, leaf Appetiser, Carminative, aphrodisiac, astringent Nag Cha Nag champa Mesua Ferrea Guttiferae Whole plant Asthma, Skin, Burning, Vomiting, Dysentry, Piles Khus-khus Vetiveria ziziinoides Toaceae Root, Flower Hyperdisia, Burning, ulcer, Skin, Vomiting Mandukparni Centella asiatica Umdelliferae Whole plant Antiinflamatory, Jundice, Diuretic, Diarrhoea Kaincha Mucuna truriens Fabaceae Whole plant Nervous, Disorder, Constipation, Nephroaphy, Strangury, Dropsy Dalchini Cinnamomum zeylanicum Lauraceae Bark, Oil Bronchitis, Asthma, Cardiac, Disorder, Fever Kurai Holorheena antidysentrica Apocyaceaceae Bark, Seed Scabies, Antipyretic, Amoibic dysentery Atis Aconitum heterophyllum Ranuncualceae Root Astringent, tonic, diarrhea, dyspepsia, cough Shalari Apium graveolens Umbelliferae Root Dropsy, laxative, appetizer anthelmintic antispasmodic Sag-angur Atropa acuminata Solanaceae Root Neuralgesia. Local inflammation Indrayan Citrullus colocynthis Curcurbitaceae Root Atipyretic, bronchitis, asthma jaundice anemia, elephantiasis Lal chitra Plumbago rosea Plumbaginaceae Root Diarrhea, fever, skin disease, paralysis, rheumatism, nerve tonic Manjit Rubia cordifolia Rubiaceae Root Paralysis, jaundice, inflammation menstrual disorder Kulanjan Alpinia galangal Zingiberaceae Rhizome Stomachic, tonic, carminative, stimulant Haldi Curcuma longa Zingiberaceae Rhizome Antiperiodic, tonic, diarrhea, fever dropsy jaundice, anthelmintic Piyaz Allium cepa Liliaceae Rhizome Diuretic, expectorant, piles, jaundice Lasun Allium sativum Liliaceae Rhizome Sciatica, asthma, hysteria, anthelmintic Adrak Zingiber officinale Ziniberaceae Rhizome Cough, asthma, piles dropsy, headache, toothache, pulmonary disease Kachnar Bauhinia variegate Caesalpiniaceae Bark Blood purifier, anthelmintic, leprosy, diarrhea Hijjal Barringtonia acutangula Lecythidaceae Bark Diarrhea, malaria, nasal catarrh, bronchial catarrh Dalchini Cinnamomum zeylanicum Lauraceae Bark Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, toothache, headache, antiseptic Kunain Cinchona calisaya Rubiaceae Bark Anti-malaria Rohini Soyamida febrifuga Meliaceae Bark Fever, malaria, diarrhea, dysentery Arjuna Terminalia arjuna Combretaceae Bark Cardiac stimulant, astringent cholagogal lithontriptic Rasaut Berberis aristata Bereridaceae Bark Ophthalmia, ulcer, blood purifier Khanda Ephedra gerardiana Gnetaceae Stem Asthma, cardiac stimulant, rheumatism Chandan Santelum album Santalaceae Wood Cardiac tonic, antiseptic, diuretic, bronchitis Kattha Acacia catechu Mimosaceae Wood Diarrhea, piles, uterine haemorrhage, leucorrhea Ghamari Bryophyllum pinnatum Crassulaceae Leaves Dysentery, cholera, antiseptic, ulcer, bites of venomous insects Puti karanj Caesalpinia crista Caesalpiniaceae Tender leaves Fever, anthelmmintic, inflammatory swelling, asthma Aak Calotopis procera Asclepiadaceae Leaves, latex Dropsy, asthma, cough, leprocy, rheumatism Eucalyptus Eucalyptus globules Myrtaceae Leaves Bronchitis, asthma, antiseptic, skin burn Arandi Jatropha curcas Euphorbiaceae Leaves, latex Piles scabies eczema ring worm itch decayed teeth Tulsi Ocimum sanctum Labiaceae Leaves Anti-catarrhal, diaphoretic, malaria, liver disorder

Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.5 Issue 4.April 2012 2162-2173 Ravi Kant Upadhyay et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2012,5(4),2162-2173 Common name Botanical name Family Parts Used Medicinal Uses Pan Piper betle Piperaceae Leaves Antiseptic, diarrhea, ophthalmia, expectorant Botomus Botomus umbellatus Butomaceae Stem, leaves Diarrhea, depurative skin astringen Ajmud Apium graveolus Umbeliferae Stem Appetizer, antispasmodic, laxative, aphrodisiac, anthelmintic Belladona Atropa belladonna Solanaceae Leaves Antispasmodic, stimulant, and sedative, rheumatism Harjovi Cissamples pareia Menispermiaceae Bark Astringent, diuretic, tonic, cough, dysentery Indragan Cetrulus colocynthis (L) Cucurbitaceae Root Leucoderma, asthma, jaundice, tumor, dropsy, elephantiasis Mulhatti Glycrrhiza glabra (L) Paplionaceae Stem Laxative, expectorant, catarrhal, asthma Magrabu Hemidesmus indicus Asclepiadaceae Root Sarasparilla, tonic, blood purifier, syphilis, leucorrhoea, Nisoth Opurculina turpethum (L) Convolunlaceae Wholw plant Dropsy, melanchotia, gout, leprosy, rheumatism Lal chitra Plumbago rosea (L) Plumbaginaceae Stem Stimulant, diaphroretic stomachie, dyspepsia, paralysis pile, rheumatism Lal chitra Plumbago zeylonica Plumbaginaceae Stem Poison, irritant Sarpagandha Rauvolfia serpentine Apocynaceae Root Used as antidote for snake poison, neurophysiatric, hypertension Manjit Rubia cordifolia Rubiaceae Root Jaundice, paralysis, urinary troubles, menstrual disorders Ashwagandha Withania somnifera Solanaceae Root Sedative, hypertension, skin lesion, ulcer4, wound healing, stimulant Hing Ferula asafetida Apiaceae all parts Antispasmodic, carminative, expectorant, anthelmintic digestive Aconite Aconitum heterophyllum Ranunculaceae root Asstringent, antiperiodic in diarrhea dyspepsia and cough Anantmul Hemidesmus indicus Asclepiadaceae root Blood purifier, fever, skin diseases chronic cough Kachura Curcuma zedoaria Zingiberaceae Rhizome Stomachic, colling, diuretic, stimulant, carminative, expectorant Amahaldi Curcuma amala Zingiberaceae Rhizome Carminative, cooling, stomachic Maulsari Mimusops elengi Sapotaceae Bark Astrigent antibacterial, diarrhea dysentery fever Kaiphal Myrica nagi Myricaceae Bark Carminative, astringent, fever, catarrh of mucous membranes asthma Lodh tree Symplocos racemosa Symplocaceae Bark Astringent, fever, skin diseases, dropsy, antioxidant Rohini Soymida febrifuga Meliaceae Bark Antiperiodic, fever, diarrhea, dysentery, malarial fever Kanj Toddalia astatica Rutaceae Root-bark Antipyretic, antiperiod, cough and cold Khanda Ephedra gerardiana Gnetaceae Stem Astma, cardiac stimulant rheumatism Chir Pinus roxburghi Pinaceae stem Stimulant, stomachic diuretic genitor-urinary disorder Arusi Adhatoda vasica Acanthaceae Leaves Antispamic, expectorant, bronchitic, asthma diarrhea dysentery Ghritakumari Aloe barbedensis Liliaceae Leaves Fever, menstrual suppression, piles jaundice rheumatism Sukhdarshan Crinum defixum Amaryllidaceae Seeds and leaves Ear and skin diseases, purgative tonic Puti karanj Caesalpinia crista Caesalpiniaceae Leaves Fever, anthelmintic, toothache, piles, inflammation and swalling Antamul Tylophora asthmatica Asclepiadaceae Leaves Asthma, cough bronchitis Saffron (Kesar) Crocus sativus Iridaceae Flower Carminative, stimulant, stomachic, asthma, pilers antispasmodic Banafsha Viola odorata Violaceae Flowers Astringent, diuretic, diaphoretic diaphoretic and laxative Bael Aegle marmelos Rutaceae Friuts Astringent, colling, laxative, stomachic, antiscorbutic digestive Kakaphula Anamirta coccilus Minispermiaceae Friuts Germicide, skin diseases, Amaltas Cassia fistula Caesalpionaceae Fruits Purgative, antidiabetic ringworm fever, cold cough Dhaniya Coriandrum sativum Umbellifereae Fruits Antispasmodic, carminative, aphrodisiac refrigerant rheumatism Zira Cumanum cyminum Umbelliferae Fruits Stomachic, diuretic, carminative, stimulant, astringent, diarrhea Saunf Foeniculum vulgare Umbelliferae Fruits Laxative, anthelmintic antidotal, fever, thirst wounds dysentery Afim Papaver sominiferum Papaveraceae Fruits Narcotic anti-inflammatory cancerous ulcer, vomiting, diarrhea Pipar Piper longum Piperaceae Fruits cardiac stimulant, digestive, asthma cholera, fever, leprosy, piles Gol mirch Piper nigrum Piperaceae Fruits Diarrhea, cholera, piles, cough cold coma, malarial fever Bahera Terminalia bellirica Combretaceae Fruits Astringent, bitter, tonic laxative piles dropsy, leprosy, diarrhea Harara Terminalia chebula Combretaceae Fruits Laxative, Astringent, stomachic, diarrhea, dysentery, asthma Ajwain Trachyspermum ammi Umbelliferae Fruits Carminative, stimulant, antispasmodic, tonic, dyspepsia, cholera Solanum Solanum viarum Solanaceae Fruits Rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, leukemia obesity skin diseases Jamalgota Croton tiglium Euphorbiaceae Seeds Purgative, stimulant, bronchitis, asthma, papralysis, sciatica Gajar Daucus carota Umbelliferae Seeds Stimulant, carminative, dropsy, nervine tonic Chotti ilaichi Elettaria cardamomum Zingiberaceae Seeds Asthma, bronchitis, piles, headache, toothache Isafgol Plantago ovate Plantaginaceae Seeds Laxative, dysentery, demulcent, astringent Karnja Pongamia pinnata Papilionaceae Seeds Rheumatism, piles, ulcer, skin diseases Arand Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae Seeds Conjuctivitis, diarrhea, anaemia constipation headache Kuchla Strychnos nux-vomica Loganiaceae Seeds Paralysis, rheumatism, fever, diarrhea, hydrophjobia, epilepsy Methi Trigonella foenumgraecum Pailionaceae Seeds Diarrhea, dysentery, cough, liver and spllen disorder, lactagogue Gandana Achillea millefolium Compositae Whole plant Hysteria, cardiac disorder, epilepsy, piles, nasal bledding Kalmegha Andrographis paniculata Acanthaceae Whole plant Bronchitis, dyspepsiya, dysentery, influenza, Vilayati Afsanthin Artemisia absinthum Compositae Whole plant Anthelmintic, stomachic, jaundice, anaemia, antidiabetic Bans Bambusa bambos Gramineae Whole plant Stomachic, vomiting, of blood, asthma, paralysis Dhatura Datura metel Solanaceae Whole plant Intoxicant, narcotic, antispasmodic piles tumors skin diseases Latzira Achyrathes aspera Amarantaceae Whole plant Pilee, colic, purgative astringent cough fever, tooth ache Makoy Solanum nigrum Solanaceae Whole plant Cardiac tonic, sedative extectorant, dropsy, heart disease Kateli Solanum xanthocarpum Solanaceae Whole plant Anthelmintic, fever, cough, asthma dropsy, cardiac pain Charayatah Swertia chirata Gentianceae Whole plant Stomachic, appetizer, laxative, antidiarrhoeic, antiperiodic Sadabahar Catharanthus roseus Apocynaceae Whole plant Cholera, strong antibacterial, antidotal, stomachic Gunchi Abrus precatorius Papilionaceae Whole palnt Gonorrhoea, cough, leucohhroea, antiphlogistic, rheumatism Kanghi Abution indicum Malvaceae Whole plant Gonorrhoea, bronchitis, piles, leprosy, aphrodiastic, fever.

Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.5 Issue 4.April 2012 2162-2173 Ravi Kant Upadhyay et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2012,5(4),2162-2173

Polk, 2000) that caused vomiting, severe dehydration and death (Diallo et al., are highly virulent and pathogenic one (Avila-Levy et al., 2003). However, 1999). Cholera spreads as an endemic, epidemic or pandemic and a serious two causeative agents Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania major are respon- health problem throughout the world (Albert et al., 1993). For herbal treat- sible for very high mortality in tropical and subtropical countries. In addition ment of cholera toxins different extracts from the leaves of the shrub Punica to it, few protozoans are also responsible for evoking opportunistic cutane- granatum were used against various strains of Vibrio cholera (Das et al., ous infections in immunocompromised patients. For it’s control few impor- 2001). The leaf extract of Mimusaops elengi showed antibacterial activity tant drugs such as benznidazole and amphotericin B are used in the acute and against V. cholerae and other bacteria (Satyanarayana et al., 1977). Similarly, intermediate phases of Chagas’s disease and in leishmaniasis (Goad et al., Syzygium cumini bark (Muruganandan et al., 2001, Edeoga et al., 2005) and 1984). berries of Piper nigrum (Reddy et al., 2004), Lawsonia inermis, Saraca indica, Syzygium cumini, Terminalia belerica, Allium sativum, and Datura C. citrates essential oil showed an inhibitory effect on C. deanei at a dose stramonium served as broad-spectrum vibriocidal agents (Sharma et al., 2009). 100µg/ml dose (Pedroso et al., 2006). Similarly Ocimum gratissimum showed inhibitory effect on Herpetomonas samuelpessoai (Holetz et al., 2003) and ANTI-PROTOZOAN ACTIVTY Kola aciminata against Trypanosoma brucei (Kubata et al., 2005). Besides Malaria is the world’s most important tropical disease. It is caused by Plas- this, few herbal products and extracts from plants showed antiprotozoan modium falciparum sporozoit stage after a blood meal bite by female Anoph- activity against L. amazonensis and Trypanosoma cruzi (Luize et al., 2005). eles mosquito. Every year it affects apporximately 2,400 million people and Similarly eugenol rich essential oil from Ocimum gratissimum and Alpinia spread in near about 100 countries (Kager, 2002). In South East Asia alone, galangal essential oil showed anti-leishmanial activity at a very low dose 100 million cases of malaria were reported every year and 70% out of which (Ueda- Nakamusa et al., 2006; Kaur et al., 2010 ). Similarly ajoene a sulfur are reported only from India (WHO, 2004). However, to fight against malaria containing compound from garlic showed antiprotozoal activity against Try- fever chloroquine is used as a most common drug but it has led to the wide- panosoma cruzi and Plasmodium berghei (Perez et al., 1994). Moreover tea spread appearance of chloroquine -resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum tree oil, showed a 50% reduction in growth of the protozoan Leishmania throughout the affected regions. Due to regular outbreak and host to host major and Trypanosoma brucei at 403mg/ml and 0.5mg/ml concentration variabilities drug resistance was increasingly extended to other available anti- (Mikus et al., 2000; Carson et al., 2006). It was also found effective against malarial drugs (Peters, 1982). Further, repetitive heavy doses induced the Trichomonas vaginalis at a very low dose of 300 mg/ml (Villon et al., 1996). global drug resistance to most of the available and affordable antimalarial S. aspera has shown significant microfilaricidal activity against Litomosides drugs. Today resistant falciparum strains are available in all corners of the carinii and Brugia malagi in rodents. It contains asperoside which was found world. It has is a major concern with the health at global level and requires highly effective against microfilarae i. e. Litomosides carinii, B. malagi and innovative strategies to combat the disease. Only one possible source of Acanthocheiloneumia vitae at a 50 mg/kg dose (Bagavan et al., 2008). Besides affordable treatments lies in the use of traditional herbal remedies. this, Streblus asper is used in Shokhotaka Ghanavati and filacid are prepared. It was also found effective against bovine filarial parasite (Christensen, 2009). However, two plant derived compounds such as quinine and artemiasinin have been used successfully from a long time as alternative antiplasmodial ANTI-OXIDANT ACTIVTY agent. Similarly, antother compound abruquinone B was isolated from the Plants possess many phytochemicals, which function as antioxidants and aerial parts of Abrus precatorius exhibited antiplasmodial and cytotoxic play an important role as health protecting agents. Such agents reduce the activities (Limmatvapirat et al., 2004). Besides this acetogenins isolated risk for chronic diseases like inflammatory cytokines and heal diseases. Plant from Annona squamosa (Zeng et al., 1996; Liu et al., 1999; Bermejo et al., possess various antioxidants, few of them are vitamins, phenols, carotenes, 2005) exhibited in vitro antimalarial activities (Rakotomanga et al., 2004), phytic acids and phytoestrogens. Mainly, sprouted beans wheat bran, rai- while Annona crassiflora, Duguetia furfuracea, Xylopia emarginata (de sins, fibres, minerals, green food such as plant leaves, seeds, pods, fruits and Mesquita et al., 2007) and Annona senegalensis showed antiplasmodial ac- vegetables contain enormous quantity of antioxidants. These antioxidant tivity against the chloroquinoresistant strain of P. falciparum (Fall et al., possess ability to trap free radicals, which are found in biological systems 2003). Besides this, Centella asiatica is used to control fever and to reduce and these highly reactive free radicals oxidize major metabolites such as uric acid levels in patients (Devkota and Jha, 2008). Similarly, hydrodistilled nucleic acids, lipids and proteins and initiate degenerating diseases. Few oil isolated from the aerial parts of Bupleurum montanum and B. plantagineum phytochemicals such as phenolic acids flavonoids and polyphenols scavange showed antiplasmodial activity (Laouer et al., 2009). while methanolic ex- free radicals such as peroxidase, hydroperoxidase, superoxidase, lipid per- tract of Ferula oopoda showed activity against P. falciparum (Esmaeili et al., oxidase and inhibit major oxidative mechanisms. High antioxidant foods pos- 2009). Besides this, cynodon dactydon possesses various medicinal proper- sess very high TE/100 gm (Trotox units per 100 gm) and show greater ties such as antimicrobial and antiviral activity (Dhar et al., 1968), while potential to reduce free radicals in the body. Trotox is (s) - - (-) - 6 – hydroxyl ethanol leaf extract of Setaria megaphylla (Poaceae) is used to kill Plasmo- - 2, 5, 7, 8 tetramethylchroman - 2 – carboxylic acid. The antioxidant activity dium berghei berghei (Okokon et al., 2007). Similarly, Phyllanthus emblica of various foods can be determined by DPPH method (Bhandari et al., 2010). and Syzygium aromaticum Annona squamosa, Musa paradisiacal (Chianese Plant extracts from Mallotus japonicas leaf, ligostrum japonicum show hu- et al., 2010), Achyranthes aspera (Bagavan et al., 2008) expressed man LDL oxidation activity (Kalsube et al, 2004). Green Tea (Caellia sinesis antipaprasitic effects against chloroquine-sensitive chloroquine-resistant (L) decreases the chances of atherosclerosis (Kalsube et al, 2004). Similalrly strains of Plasmodium falciparum (Rakotomanga et al., 2004). flavanoid reduce LDL lipid per oxidation (Fuhrman and Aviram, 2001a) and reduce the chance of cardiovascular diseases like atherosclerosis (Fuhrman Moreover, plant esseantial oils possess anti-protozoan activityand work and Aviram 2001b). These also reduce macrophage oxidative stress by inhi- against leshmaniasis, Chagas disease and malaria (Essawi and Srour 2000; bition of cellular oxygenase and activate cellular anti-oxidants such as glu- Elvin-Lewis, 2001). Few important trypanosomatid protozoans are Crithidia, tathione system (Fuhrman and Aviram 2001a). Therefore, flavanoids act as Blastocrithidia and Herpetomonas and Monoxenous, which usually occur in potent natural anti-oxidants that protect against lipid peroxidation in arterial inect-hosts (Wallace, 1966). Crithidia deanei, in choanomastigote form, nor- cells (Fuhrman and Aviram 2001b). Similarly vitamins C, E and E beta caro- mally contains intracellular symbiotic bacteria. These insect trypanosomatids tene reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases (Gaziano, 1999). These act as

Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.5 Issue 4.April 2012 2162-2173 Ravi Kant Upadhyay et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2012,5(4),2162-2173 anti-oxidant supplements which prevent arterisclerotic diseases as well as nematicidal activity. Essential components were also found effective against cancer (Gaziano and Hennekens, 1996). Similarly presence of antioxidant levamisole, avermectin and milbemycin resistant helminthes. vitamins present in fruits and vegetables reduce the development of atherosclerosis, inhibit LDL oxidation, cellulat lipd peroxidation and cell mediated Plant extracts from Andographis paniculata, Anisomeles melabarica (L) oxidation of LDL and reduce blood cholesterol level (Fuhrman and Aviram Annona squamosa, Datura metel and Solanum torvum possess anthelmintic 2001a; Aviram et al , 2005). This activity is ound in groups of dietary anti- compounds such as Levamisole, Flubendazole and Thiobendazole that have oxidants vitamin E, caratenoids and polyphenolic flvanoids (Aviram et al, shown activity against sheep gastrointestinal nematode, Haemonchus 2005). Foods rich in anti-oxidant vitamins reduce the risk of epithelial cancer contortux (Kamraj et al., 2010). Similarly, Solvent extracts of the leaf and (Gaziano and Hennekens 1996). Similarly mitogen activity protein kinase seed of Annona squamosa, Eclipta prostrate, Solanum torvum, Terminalia make anti-oxidant defence in response to stress (Liu et al., 2010). chebula and Catharanthus roseus have shown in vitro ovicidal and larvicidal activity (Kamraj et al., 2010). Similarly, Buddleza crispa possess nonyl Root bark of Pongamia pinnate (Family-Fabaceae) contains benzoate, hexyl p-hydroxy cinnamate, ginipin, gardiol, 1-heptacosanol, ste- biflavonyloxymetahne Karanyabifalvone and pongapin, which have shown roidal galactoside (22R)-stigmesta 7,9(11) dien-22 beta-ol, 3beta-o-beta-D- antioxidant activity (Ghosh et al., 2010). Similarly, Salvia officinalis (L.) galactopyranosides, 3-mrthylbenzoic acid betasitosterol and ursolic acid, (Ceisla and Waksmundzka-Hajnos, 2010), Loranthus parasiticus, Polygonium which work against nematode juvenile of Meloidogyme incognita (Reis et al., aviculare, Pyrrosia sheaeri, Sinomenium acutum, Tripterygium wilfordii and 2010). Similarly, methonolic extract of B. aegyptica fruits have shown effec- Phragmenthera regalasis, Chrozophora oblongifolia (Oel) and Myrtus com- tiveness against Trichinella spiralis than albendazole, a drug (Shalaby et al., munis (L.) (Masuda et al., 2010) and Turnera diffura (Perez-Meseguer et al., 2010). Melia azedarach (L) has shown antihelmintic activity against Hae- 2010) possess very high antioxidant activity (Gan et al., 2010). Similarly, monchus contortus (Strongylida) (Kamraj et al., 2010). Similarly, root bark heme oxigenase enzyme act against oxidative stress (Jeong et at., 2010). of Maytenus retusa contains lapachol (prenyl hydroxynaphthoquinone) was Similarly, Grapes and grape products reduce the risk of cardio-vascular dis- found effective against trophozoite of Acanthamoeba castellani (Neff) (Mar- eases, mainly endothelial function, LDL oxidation, and reduce the oxidative tin-Navarro et al., 2010). Solvent extracts from the bark of Canthium mannii stress (Savage, 2009; Vislocky and Fernandez, 2010). A traditional Asian (Rubiaceae). were found active against Heligmosomoides polygyrusi and herb Aroectochilu formasanus is used to reduce the risk of hepatis inhibited embryonic development of H. polygyrusi (Wabo et al., 2010). hypertention, diabetes and cardio-vascular diseases (Santos et al., 2010). Similarly, gallic acid and gentisic acid have shown anthelmintic activity against Nutritional factor influence the nucleotide excusion repair and act as strong Caenorhabditis elegans (Smith et al., 2009). Solvent extract (acetone, antioxidant (Santos et al., 2010). Similarly, aliphatic (17)-polyacetylene oc- choloroform ethylacetate, hexane and methanol) of Achyranthus aspera (L), cur in common food plants of the Apiaceae family as carrot celeriac, parsnip Anisomeles malabaria (L) Gloriosa superb (L), Psidium guajava (L), Rici- and passley have shown antibacterial and antifungal activity (Christensen, nus communis (L), Solanum trilobatum (L) were found effective against 2011). Similarly, dry green pods of Phseolus vulgaris, leaves of Olea europaea, Sheep internal parasite Paramphistomum cervi (Bnouham et al., 2002). unripe fruits of Bitter melon and leaves of Moras nigra functions as antioxidant agent (El Khawaga and Abou Seif, 2010). ANTIVIRAL ACTIVTY Plant essential oils have also shown antiviral activity (Dhar et al., 1968). ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY Artimesia arborescence essential oil showed cytotoxicity against HSV-1 and Few plant species such as Coriander sativum, Oriental sweetgum (Liq- HSV-2 viruses at very low IC50 value i. e. 2.4 and 4.1 µg/ml. This plant is also uidambar oricutalis) and Valerian (Valeriana wallichi) work against pine used for the treatment of several diseases such as malaria, hepatitis, cancer, wood nematode (Bursaphenchus xylophilus), Lippa sidoides. However, Croton inflammation, and fungal and bacterial infections. Methenolic extract of A. zehtneri essential oils also showed antihelmintic activity against gastro-in- cardifolia was found to inhibit HIV-1 protease activity. It contains tri-p- testinal nematodes (Dwivedi and Aggarwal, 2009). Haemonchus sp. and coumaroylspermidine (Ma et al., 2001). Similarly, sandalwood oil (Santelum Trichostrongylins sp and Syphauia obvelat and Aspicutrus tetraptera Tricho album) moreffectively work against HSV-1 and HSV-2 (Benecia, 1999). Be- strongylus and Ostertagia cirumcincta Similarly, Pectis oligocephala and sides this, tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) was found effective against Pectis apodocephala (Baker) have shown antihelmintic activity (Table 1) TMV virus at a very low concentration. Similarly, Eucalyptus oil (Eucalyp- (Albuquerque et al., 2007). Besides this Artemisia absinthium (L.) essential tus gliovulus), Manuka oil (Leptospermum scoparium).and Pipermint oils oil is traditionally used as anti-helminthic, (Simth and Secoy, 1981) and were found highly effective against Herpes simplex virus-1 and 2 at a very antiseptic herbal drug. This oil also showed ovicidal activity against intesti- low concentration. Few natural products such as thyme was found to be nal nematodes of mice at 800mg/kg dose. A. absinthium essential oils and very effective against HSV type 1 virus. Similarly Ginger (Ginger officinalis) their constituents were successfully inactivated 98% of H. contortus eggs and Santolina (Santolina insulasis) were found effective against N HSV vi- and inhibit the hatching at a concentration of 1.25 µg/ml. These essential oils ruses. Essential oil from Houttuynia cordata was found active against HSV- also inhibited larval development at a concentration of 10 µg/ml. These 1, influenza and human immunodeficiency virus. Flavones were found in- essential oils were also found effective against Syphalia obrelata and Apiculturis hibitors of HIV-1 proteinase (Hayasi and Hayasi, 1999), while lectins and tetraptera nematodes. Besides this, few plant essential oils were also found tannins work aginst against HIV-1 virus (Corbeau, 1994). Maprounea effective against Haemonchus contortus, Trichostorongylus corlubriformus agricana and Atremisia arborescens potentially inhibted HIV-1 reverse tran- and Ostertagia circumcincta (Dobson et al., 1996). Besides this, few com- scriptase activity at a very low IC50 value (Dhar et al., 1968). mercial essential oils also showed nematicidal activity against pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Similarly essential oils like Corian- ANTI-CANCER AND ANTI-TUMOR ACTIVTY der (Coriandum sativum), oriental sweet gum (Liquidambar orientates), and Natural plant products and their active ingredients help to carcinoma in cells Valerian (Valeriana walliachi) were found effective against B. xylophilus. and tissues. Morespecifically, essential oils as a natural product help in cell From these essential oils few important compounds such as benzaldeyde, survival, proliferation and reduce the risk of cell invasion and inflammation transcinamyl alcohol, cis-asarone, octanol, nonanal, decanal, trans-2-decanal, (Hartwel., 1971). Extracts prepared from Hibiscus syriacus induces apoptosis undecanal and trans-2-decen-1-ol were isolated which have shown very strong in lung cancer cells (Cheng et al., 1996). Besides this, plant derived compo-

Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.5 Issue 4.April 2012 2162-2173 Ravi Kant Upadhyay et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2012,5(4),2162-2173 nents such as taxol (Heikaus et al., 2007), taxuyunnaine (Hasegawa et al., from Cassia obtusifolia (L) shows strong anti-allergic activity (Zhang and 2007), braisanins (Banerjee et al., 2007) hydroquinone (Haung et al., 2008) Yu, 2003). It is a non-toxic and systemic inhibitor of angiogenesis. Similarly, and xanthinosin (Ramirez-Erosa et al., 2007) have shown very high potential Polyacetylene glucosides, isolated form air dried whole plant of Bidens against cancer in humans. Few bioactive food components from essential oils parviflora inhibit histamine release from rat mast cells (Wang et al., 2001). (Stan et al., 2008) were also found highly effective against cancer that Moreover, Tert-butyl hydroperoxide shows anti-lipoperoxidant and anti- siginifcantly reduce the risk of cancer (Butler and Newman, 2008). Few hepatotoxic activity (Joyeux et al., 1990). natural products from garlic contain organosulphur compounds which also prevent cancer cell proliferation (Nagini, 2008). REFERENCES 1. Aderibigebe AO, Emudianughe Lawal BA. “Antihyperglycaemic Similarly anticancer constituents have also been isolated from Rubia cordifolia effect of Mangifera indica in rat”, Phytother. Res., 13, 1999, 504- (Son et al., 2008), citrus (Benavente-Garcia et al., 2008), Raphanu sativus 507. (Papi et al., 2008), Eupatorium betonical forme (Rocha et al., 2007), Xanthium 2. Agrawal P, Rai V, Singh RB. “Randomized placebocontrolled, single strumarium (Chen et al., 2008), Saxifaga stolonifera and Pimenta dioica blind trial of holy basil leaves in patients with noninsulin-depen- (Marzouk et al., 2007). These natural products not only protect the cancer dent diabetes mellitus”, Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 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Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.5 Issue 4.April 2012 2162-2173