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The Linguistic Construction of Epistemological Difference

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The Linguistic Construction of Epistemological Difference The Linguistic Construction of Epistemological Difference John Weston Doctoral Dissertation Queen Mary, University of London April 2014 Abstract How are beliefs about the nature of knowledge reflected and reproduced in language use? It is clear that some linguistic resources, e.g. the modal verbs may and must, indicate one’s epistemic stance with respect to a proposition, i.e. one’s judgement of how likely it is to be true. What is less clear is how the use of such resources relates to speakers’ beliefs about the nature of knowledge per se, i.e. their epistemic policies (Teller 2004). To investigate the putative relationship between epistemological variation and linguistic variation, I examine samples of written and spoken English from a community that is particularly epistemologically diverse: academia. I synthesise research on social epistemology, sociolinguistics, linguistic anthropology, and Academic English (AE) to propose an explanatory model of variability in the expression of epistemic stance. Then, using AE as a case study, I evaluate the predictions of this model both quantitatively via corpus analysis of research articles and regression modelling of interview data, as well as qualitatively via analysis of discursive practices in terms of experience-organizing frames (Goffman 1974) and the semiotic notion of indexicality (e.g. Irvine 2001), whereby ideological differences produce, and are reproduced by, linguistic differences. This research makes contributions to a number of fields. It questions the analytic validity of disciplinarity, providing support for a unifying theory of variation in AE based instead on an epistemologically principled analysis of institutional language use. The indexical basis of sociolinguistic research on language and belief/identity is problematized by attending to epistemological context; the ramifications of this will be explored in future research. I develop a linguistic metric of epistemic belief, offering a means of developing a quantitative social epistemology to complement that field’s highly articulated theoretical work. Applications beyond academia are possible in areas concerned with knowledge management and transfer, such as public health. Keywords sociolinguistic variation; epistemic stance; Academic English Queen Mary’s OPAL #34 Occasional Papers Advancing Linguistics 2 Table of Contents List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... 5 List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... 6 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. 8 Chapter 0. Outline of Thesis ......................................................................................... 9 Chapter 1. Epistemological Difference ....................................................................... 19 1.1 Classical epistemology ...................................................................................... 21 1.2 Knowledge in a social world ............................................................................. 34 1.2.1 Epistemic policy ........................................................................................ 37 1.2.2 Epistemic policy range: The case of academia ......................................... 41 1.3 Epistemology and language: Methodological considerations ........................... 55 1.3.1 Epistemic policy and epistemic Stance (cf. frame and footing) ................ 56 1.3.2 Possible linguistic correlates of epistemic policy ..................................... 57 1.3.3 Measuring epistemic policy: Insights from experimental philosophy ...... 60 1.4 Summary ........................................................................................................... 62 Chapter 2. The Language of Epistemological Difference .......................................... 64 2.1 Style and belief ................................................................................................. 66 2.1.1 Classical variationist research on style ..................................................... 68 2.1.2 Linguistic anthropological research on style ............................................. 75 2.2 Indexicality, style and stance ............................................................................ 83 2.2.1 Style and stance ......................................................................................... 87 2.2.2 Epistemic stance ........................................................................................ 89 2.2.3 Indexicality ............................................................................................... 95 2.3 The case of Academic English ........................................................................ 100 2.3.1 Genre, register and style .......................................................................... 101 2.3.2 Linguistic variables in the construction of disciplinary difference ......... 104 2.3.3 Linguistic variation across disciplines .................................................... 113 2.4 Summary ......................................................................................................... 119 Chapter 3. Corpus study: Methods and Results ........................................................ 121 3.1 Corpus structure .............................................................................................. 125 3.2 Variables ......................................................................................................... 138 3.2.1 Epistemic policy ...................................................................................... 139 3.2.2 Other external variables .......................................................................... 140 3.2.3 Dependent variables ................................................................................ 143 3.3 Results ............................................................................................................. 153 3.3.1 Evidential verbs....................................................................................... 154 3.3.2 Verbal modality....................................................................................... 159 3 3.3.3 Adverbial modality ................................................................................. 163 3.4 Summary ......................................................................................................... 166 Chapter 4. Interview Methods and Results (Internal Factors) .................................. 169 4.1 Interview participants ...................................................................................... 170 4.2 Modified sociolinguistic interview ................................................................. 175 4.3 Variables: Operationalization and coding ....................................................... 182 4.3.1 A metric of epistemic stance ................................................................... 184 4.3.2 Main verb type ........................................................................................ 192 4.3.3 Main verb aspectual class ....................................................................... 195 4.3.4 Tense ....................................................................................................... 197 4.3.5 Subject type ............................................................................................. 199 4.3.6 Talk type ................................................................................................. 201 4.3.7 Voice ....................................................................................................... 203 4.3.8 Polarity .................................................................................................... 205 4.4 Results ............................................................................................................. 206 4.4.1 Main verb type: Mental verbs only ......................................................... 212 4.4.2 Main verb type: Mental versus non-mental Verbs .................................. 217 4.4.3 Main verb aspectual class ....................................................................... 218 4.4.4 Tense ....................................................................................................... 219 4.4.5 Subject type ............................................................................................. 221 4.4.6 Talk type, voice and polarity ................................................................... 221 4.5 Discussion ....................................................................................................... 222 Chapter 5. Interview Methods and Results (External Factors) ................................. 225 5.1 External variables: Operationalization and coding ......................................... 227 5.1.1 EPR ......................................................................................................... 227 5.1.2 Academic division................................................................................... 239 5.1.3 Topic ....................................................................................................... 244 5.1.4 Academic age .......................................................................................... 252 5.1.5 Sex..........................................................................................................
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