Ogden and Richards' the Meaning of Meaning and Early Analytic
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Chapter Five Meaning
1. The Study of Meaning Semantics: The meaning of words: Lexical semantics Chapter Five The meaning of sentences: Propositional meaning, compositional meaning Meaning Linguistic semantics vs. Logical Meaning semantics/philosophical semantics Pragmatics: The meaning of utterances 1 2 2. Semantic Meaning Logicians and philosophers have tended to concentrate on a restricted range of sentences (typically, statements, or ‘propositions’) within Semantics is the study of meaning in language. a single language. Meaning has been studied for thousands of The linguistic approach aims to study the years by philosophers, logicians and linguists. properties of meaning in a systematic and E.g. Plato & Aristotle. objective way, with reference to as wide a range of utterances and languages as possible, ∴ broader in scope. 3 4 3. The meaning of meaning Geoffrey Leech (1974, 1981). Semantics: The 3. The meaning of meaning Study of Meaning. Seven types of meaning: C. K. Ogden & I. A. Richards (1923). The Meaning of Meaning. Conceptual meaning John means to write. Connotative meaning A green light means to go. Social meaning Health means everything. Associative Affective meaning His look was full of meaning. Meaning What is the meaning of life? Reflected and meaning What does ‘capitalist’ mean to you? Collocative meaning What does ‘cornea’ mean? Thematic meaning 5 6 1 3.2 Connotative meaning 3.1 Conceptual meaning The communicative value an expression has by ‘ ’ ‘ ’ Also called ‘denotative’ or ‘cognitive’ meaning. virtue of what it refers to, over and above its Refers to logical, cognitive or denotative purely conceptual content. content. A multitude of additional, non-criterial Concerned with the relationship between a properties, including not only physical word and the thing it denotes, or refers to. -
The Meaning of Language
01:615:201 Introduction to Linguistic Theory Adam Szczegielniak The Meaning of Language Copyright in part: Cengage learning The Meaning of Language • When you know a language you know: • When a word is meaningful or meaningless, when a word has two meanings, when two words have the same meaning, and what words refer to (in the real world or imagination) • When a sentence is meaningful or meaningless, when a sentence has two meanings, when two sentences have the same meaning, and whether a sentence is true or false (the truth conditions of the sentence) • Semantics is the study of the meaning of morphemes, words, phrases, and sentences – Lexical semantics: the meaning of words and the relationships among words – Phrasal or sentential semantics: the meaning of syntactic units larger than one word Truth • Compositional semantics: formulating semantic rules that build the meaning of a sentence based on the meaning of the words and how they combine – Also known as truth-conditional semantics because the speaker’ s knowledge of truth conditions is central Truth • If you know the meaning of a sentence, you can determine under what conditions it is true or false – You don’ t need to know whether or not a sentence is true or false to understand it, so knowing the meaning of a sentence means knowing under what circumstances it would be true or false • Most sentences are true or false depending on the situation – But some sentences are always true (tautologies) – And some are always false (contradictions) Entailment and Related Notions • Entailment: one sentence entails another if whenever the first sentence is true the second one must be true also Jack swims beautifully. -
Operational Semantics Page 1
Operational Semantics Page 1 Operational Semantics Class notes for a lecture given by Mooly Sagiv Tel Aviv University 24/5/2007 By Roy Ganor and Uri Juhasz Reference Semantics with Applications, H. Nielson and F. Nielson, Chapter 2. http://www.daimi.au.dk/~bra8130/Wiley_book/wiley.html Introduction Semantics is the study of meaning of languages. Formal semantics for programming languages is the study of formalization of the practice of computer programming. A computer language consists of a (formal) syntax – describing the actual structure of programs and the semantics – which describes the meaning of programs. Many tools exist for programming languages (compilers, interpreters, verification tools, … ), the basis on which these tools can cooperate is the formal semantics of the language. Formal Semantics When designing a programming language, formal semantics gives an (hopefully) unambiguous definition of what a program written in the language should do. This definition has several uses: • People learning the language can understand the subtleties of its use • The model over which the semantics is defined (the semantic domain) can indicate what the requirements are for implementing the language (as a compiler/interpreter/…) • Global properties of any program written in the language, and any state occurring in such a program, can be understood from the formal semantics • Implementers of tools for the language (parsers, compilers, interpreters, debuggers etc) have a formal reference for their tool and a formal definition of its correctness/completeness -
Extensible Transition System Semantics
Extensible Transition System Semantics Casper Bach Poulsen Submitted to Swansea University in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Computer Science Swansea University 2015 Declaration This work has not been previously accepted in substance for any degree and is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Signed ............................................................ (candidate) Date ............................................................ Statement 1 This thesis is the result of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by footnotes giving explicit references. A bibliography is appended. Signed ............................................................ (candidate) Date ............................................................ Statement 2 I hereby give my consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed ............................................................ (candidate) Date ............................................................ Abstract Structural operational semantics (SOS) come in two main styles: big-step and small- step. Each style has its merits and drawbacks, and it is sometimes useful to maintain specifications in both styles. But it is both tedious and error-prone to maintain multiple specifications of the same language. Additionally, big-step SOS has poor support for -
A. Detailed Course Structure of MA (Linguistics)
A. Detailed Course Structure of M.A. (Linguistics) Semester I Course Course Title Status Module & Marks Credits Code LIN 101 Introduction to Core 20(M1)+20(M2)+10(IA) 4 Linguistics LIN 102 Levels of Language Core 20(M1)+20(M2)+10(IA) 4 Study LIN 103 Phonetics Core 20(M1)+20(M2)+10(IA) 4 LIN 104 Basic Morphology & Core 20(M1)+20(M2)+10(IA) 4 Basic Syntax LIN 105 Indo-European Core 20(M1)+20(M2)+10(IA) 4 Linguistics & Schools of Linguistics Semester II LIN 201 Phonology Core 20(M1)+20(M2)+10(IA) 4 LIN 202 Introduction to Core 20(M1)+20(M2)+10(IA) 4 Semantics & Pragmatics LIN 203 Historical Linguistics Core 20(M1)+20(M2)+10(IA) 4 LIN 204 Indo-Aryan Core 20(M1)+20(M2)+10(IA) 4 Linguistics LIN 205 Lexicography Core 20(M1)+20(M2)+10(IA) 4 Semester III LIN 301 Sociolinguistics Core 20(M1)+20(M2)+10(IA) 4 LIN 302 Psycholinguistics Core 20(M1)+20(M2)+10(IA) 4 LIN 303 Old Indo-Aryan Discipline 20(M1)+20(M2)+10(IA) 4 Specific Elective Lin 304 Middle Indo-Aryan Discipline 20(M1)+20(M2)+10(IA) 4 Specific Elective LIN 305 Bengali Linguistics Discipline 20(M1)+20(M2)+10(IA) 4 1 Specific Elective LIN 306 Stylistics Discipline 20(M1)+20(M2)+10(IA) 4 Specific Elective LIN 307 Discourse Analysis Generic 20(M1)+20(M2)+10(IA) 4 Elective Semester IV LIN 401 Advanced Core 20(M1)+20(M2)+10(IA) 4 Morphology & Advanced Syntax LIN 402 Field Methods Core 20(M1)+20(M2)+10(IA) 4 LIN 403 New Indo-Aryan Discipline 20(M1)+20(M2)+10(IA) 4 Specific Elective LIN 404 Language & the Discipline 20(M1)+20(M2)+10(IA) 4 Nation Specific Elective LIN 405 Language Teaching Discipline 20(M1)+20(M2)+10(IA) 4 Specific Elective LIN 406 Term Paper Discipline 50 6 Specific Elective LIN 407 Language Generic 20(M1)+20(M2)+10(IA) 4 Classification & Elective Typology B. -
Howard J. Garber Letter Collection This Collection Was the Gift of Howard J
Howard J. Garber Letter Collection This collection was the gift of Howard J. Garber to Case Western Reserve University from 1979 to 1993. Dr. Howard Garber, who donated the materials in the Howard J. Garber Manuscript Collection, is a former Clevelander and alumnus of Case Western Reserve University. Between 1979 and 1993, Dr. Garber donated over 2,000 autograph letters, documents and books to the Department of Special Collections. Dr. Garber's interest in history, particularly British royalty led to his affinity for collecting manuscripts. The collection focuses primarily on political, historical and literary figures in Great Britain and includes signatures of all the Prime Ministers and First Lords of the Treasury. Many interesting items can be found in the collection, including letters from Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Robert Browning Thomas Hardy, Queen Victoria, Prince Albert, King George III, and Virginia Woolf. Descriptions of the Garber Collection books containing autographs and tipped-in letters can be found in the online catalog. Box 1 [oversize location noted in description] Abbott, Charles (1762-1832) English Jurist. • ALS, 1 p., n.d., n.p., to ? A'Beckett, Gilbert A. (1811-1856) Comic Writer. • ALS, 3p., April 7, 1848, Mount Temple, to Morris Barnett. Abercrombie, Lascelles. (1881-1938) Poet and Literary Critic. • A.L.S., 1 p., March 5, n.y., Sheffield, to M----? & Hughes. Aberdeen, George Hamilton Gordon (1784-1860) British Prime Minister. • ALS, 1 p., June 8, 1827, n.p., to Augustous John Fischer. • ANS, 1 p., August 9, 1839, n.p., to Mr. Wright. • ALS, 1 p., January 10, 1853, London, to Cosmos Innes. -
Up for Discussion
A forum for members and member organizations to share ideas and concerns. Up for Discussion Send your comments by e-mail to <[email protected]>. both admire a sunset reflected on a lake of water. Is wa- The Use of IUPAC ter ‘water’ on Twin Earth? Is ‘water’ water to Oscar? We will return to this idea below when asking what the con- Names in Glossaries sequences would be of naming an incorrect structure by Doug Templeton that has become embedded in chemical science and in broader human experience. n a series of Glossaries related to terminology In his 1972 Princeton lectures [4], Saul Kripke elabo- in toxicology and published in Pure and Applied rates upon the concept of naming, and poses a thought IChemistry (see commentary [1]), common names experiment that can be referred to as “Is Schmidt of substances were used, accompanied to varying Gödel?”. Most of us may know little of Kurt Gödel, ex- degrees with the systematic IUPAC chemical name. In cept perhaps that he discovered the incompleteness of the most recent Glossary of Terms in Neurotoxicology arithmetic (I think I know what he looked like, because [2], however, it was mandated that all substances I have seen pictures, and I have read some biographi- referred to in the glossary should be accompanied, cal details, but I have no first hand knowledge of Gödel, at some point, by the IUPAC name. While use of and little opinion beyond a well-founded belief that he IUPAC names should be obligatory in original research discovered the incompleteness theorem). -
Opposition a Linguistic and Psychological Analysis
Theoretical Backup Two for the Lexicon of Finnegans Wake: Volume Fifty-Six C. K. Ogden The only professional British linguist who succeeded to provide a recording of the voice of James Joyce, and the very first translator of Ludwig Wittgenstein into English. Opposition A Linguistic and Psychological Analysis. Edited by C. George Sandulescu Recommended Reading: C. K. Ogden: The Meaning of Meaning C. K. Ogden: Opposition C. K. Ogden: Basic English Bucureşti 2013 This “theoretical insert”, Volume 55, Volume 56, and Volume 57, is dedicated to Professor CARLA MARENGO— a most remarkable teacher of English Literature, and thorough researcher of Joyce. Monte Carlo, Noël 2013 George Sandulescu The Turin Shroud Press Release Noël 2013 Theoretical Backup for the Lexicon of Finnegans Wake Edited by C. George Sandulescu Charles Ogden (1889-1957) was Charles Ogden (1889-1957) este a linguist and a language philosopher: cunoscut ca lingvist şi filosof al to him the word was as real as any other limbajului: cuvântul, pentru el, era o object in his hands. He demonstrated realitate concretă. Acest lucru l-a this by recording the very voice of demonstrat atunci când a înregistrat pe James Joyce himself. The reading was disc vocea lui James Joyce însuşi. made in August 1929 at King’s College, Înregistrarea a fost făcută în august London. By mentioning the year of that 1929 la King’s College, Londra. Tot în recording, we inevitably notice that the primul sfert al secolului XX s-au mai first quarter of the twentieth century petrecut o sumă de evenimente grouped together quite a number of importante. -
1 Reference 1. the Phenomenon Of
1 Reference 1. The phenomenon of reference In a paper evaluating animal communication systems, Hockett and Altmann (1968) presented a list of what they found to be the distinctive characteristics which, collectively, define what it is to be a human language. Among the characteristics is the phenomenon of "aboutness", that is, in using a human language we talk about things that are external to ourselves. This not only includes things that we find in our immediate environment, but also things that are displaced in time and space. For example, at this moment I can just as easily talk about Tahiti or the planet Pluto, neither of which are in my immediate environment nor ever have been, as I can about this telephone before me or the computer I am using at this moment. Temporal displacement is similar: it would seem I can as easily talk about Abraham Lincoln or Julius Caesar, neither a contemporary of mine, as I can of former president Bill Clinton, or my good friend John, who are contemporaries of mine. This notion of aboutness is, intuitively, lacking in some contrasting instances. For example, it is easy to think that animal communication systems lack this characteristic—that the mating call of the male cardinal may be caused by a certain biological urge, and may serve as a signal that attracts mates, but the call itself is (putatively) not about either of those things. Or, consider an example from human behavior. I hit my thumb with a hammer while attempting to drive in a nail. I say, "Ouch!" In so doing I am saying this because of the pain, and I am communicating to anyone within earshot that I am in pain, but the word ouch itself is not about the pain I feel. -
Inalienable Possession in Swedish and Danish – a Diachronic Perspective 27
FOLIA SCANDINAVICA VOL. 23 POZNAŃ 20 17 DOI: 10.1515/fsp - 2017 - 000 5 INALIENABLE POSSESSI ON IN SWEDISH AND DANISH – A DIACHRONIC PERSP ECTIVE 1 A LICJA P IOTROWSKA D OMINIKA S KRZYPEK Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań A BSTRACT . In this paper we discuss the alienability splits in two Mainland Scandinavian language s, Swedish and Danish, in a diachronic context. Although it is not universally acknowledged that such splits exist in modern Scandinavian languages, many nouns typically included in inalienable structures such as kinship terms, body part nouns and nouns de scribing culturally important items show different behaviour from those considered alienable. The differences involve the use of (reflexive) possessive pronouns vs. the definite article, which differentiates the Scandinavian languages from e.g. English. As the definite article is a relatively new arrival in the Scandinavian languages, we look at when the modern pattern could have evolved by a close examination of possessive structures with potential inalienables in Old Swedish and Old Danish. Our results re veal that to begin with, inalienables are usually bare nouns and come to be marked with the definite article in the course of its grammaticalization. 1. INTRODUCTION One of the striking differences between the North Germanic languages Swedish and Danish on the one hand and English on the other is the possibility to use definite forms of nouns without a realized possessive in inalienable possession constructions. Consider the following examples: 1 The work on this paper was funded by the grant Diachrony of article systems in Scandi - navian languages , UMO - 2015/19/B/HS2/00143, from the National Science Centre, Poland. -
CK Ogden Basic English
Theoretical Backup Three for the Lexicon of Finnegans Wake: Volume Fifty-Seven C. K. Ogden The only professional British linguist who succeeded to provide a recording of the voice of James Joyce, and the very first translator of Ludwig Wittgenstein into English. Basic English Edited by C. George Sandulescu Recommended Reading: C. K. Ogden: The Meaning of Meaning C. K. Ogden: Opposition C. K. Ogden: Basic English Bucureşti 2013 This “theoretical insert”, Volume 55, Volume 56, and Volume 57, is dedicated to Professor CARLA MARENGO— a most remarkable teacher of English Literature, and thorough researcher of Joyce. Monte Carlo, Noël 2013 George Sandulescu The Turin Shroud Press Release Noël 2013 Theoretical Backup for the Lexicon of Finnegans Wake Edited by C. George Sandulescu Charles Ogden (1889-1957) was Charles Ogden (1889-1957) este a linguist and a language philosopher: cunoscut ca lingvist şi filosof al to him the word was as real as any other limbajului: cuvântul, pentru el, era o object in his hands. He demonstrated realitate concretă. Acest lucru l-a this by recording the very voice of demonstrat atunci când a înregistrat pe James Joyce himself. The reading was disc vocea lui James Joyce însuşi. made in August 1929 at King’s College, Înregistrarea a fost făcută în august London. By mentioning the year of that 1929 la King’s College, Londra. Tot în recording, we inevitably notice that the primul sfert al secolului XX s-au mai first quarter of the twentieth century petrecut o sumă de evenimente grouped together quite a number of importante. 1. -
Axiomatic Semantics I
Spring 2016 Program Analysis and Verification Lecture 3: Axiomatic Semantics I Roman Manevich Ben-Gurion University Warm-up exercises 1. Define program state: 2. Define structural semantics configurations: 3. Define the form of structural semantics transitions: 2 Tentative syllabus Abstract Program Program Analysis Interpretation Verification Analysis Basics Techniques fundamentals Operational Control Flow Numerical Lattices semantics Graphs Domains Axiomatic Equation Fixed-Points Alias analysis Verification Systems Collecting Chaotic Interprocedural Semantics Iteration Analysis Galois Shape Using Soot Connections Analysis Domain CEGAR constructors Widening/ Narrowing 3 Agenda • Basic concepts of correctness • Axiomatic semantics (pages 175-183) – Motivation – First-order logic reminder – Hoare Logic 4 program correctness 5 Program correctness concepts • Specification = a certain relationship between initial state and final state Main focus of this course • Partial correctness = specifications that hold if the program terminates • Termination = program always terminates – i.e., for every input state partial correctness + termination = total correctness Other correctness concepts exist: liveness, resource usage, … 6 Verifying factorial with structural semantics 7 Structural semantics for While [asssos] x := a, 1 [x Aa] [skipsos] skip, 1 1 S1, 1 S1’, ’ [comp sos] S1; S2, 1 S1’; S2, 2 S1, 1 ’ [comp sos] S1; S2, 1 S2, ’ tt [if sos] if b then S1 else S2, 1 S1, if B b = tt ff [if sos] if b then S1 else S2, 1 S2, if B b = ff while