DOCSLIB.ORG

Research Report 2001-2003

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Research Report 2001-2003 Research Report 2001 - 2003 MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR HUMAN COGNITIVE AND BRAIN SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY, MUNICH Research Report 2001 - 2003 MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR HUMAN COGNITIVE AND BRAIN SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY, MUNICH (FROM JANUARY 1, 2004) MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH (UNTIL DECEMBER 31, 2003) This report covers the period from January 2001 to December 2003. © Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Department of Psychology Amalienstr. 33 D-80799 Munich Germany Phone +49 (0) 89 / 38 602-0 Fax +49 (0) 89 / 38 602-199 [email protected] www.cbs.mpg.de Editors: Dr. Monika Nißlein and Dr. Frank Halisch Assistance & Stylistic Revision: Heide John Design: ARTelier Munich, Daniel Schwarz DTP & Litho: Scherer, Druck & Kommunikation, Munich Table of Contents Editorial Section 4 Planning and Control of Actions and Events Department for Cognition & Action Introduction 32 Introduction 2 4.1. Endogenous Preparation 34 Section 1 in the Control of Task Set Perceiving Actions and Events 4.2. Control of Action Selection 36 Introduction 4 in Changing Task Contexts 1.1. Localizing Briefly Presented Stimuli 6 4.3. The Role of Episodic S-R Bindings 38 1.2. Representational Momentum – 8 in Task-Switch Costs A Case of Observer Action 4.4. Ideomotor Action 40 1.3. Temporal Priming of 10 4.5. Intentional and Reactive 41 Perceptual Events Components of Action Control 1.4. Perceived Timing of Events 11 4.6. Voluntary Actions: 42 1.5. Perception of Self and Other 12 Investigations into the Nature and Culture of Volition Section 2 Coordinating Actions and Events Section 5 Introduction 14 Expertise and Acquisition 2.1. Temporal Coordination of 16 of Action and Event Structures Actions and Events Introduction 46 2.2. Bimanual Coordination 19 5.1. Acquisition of Action-Event 2.3. Tool Transformation 20 Structures 48 2.4. Imitation 21 5.2. Compatibility of Actions and Events 49 2.5. Joint Action 22 5.3. Sequencing Actions and Events 50 5.4. Expertise and Action Activation 51 Section 3 Interference Between Actions and Events Research Units Introduction 24 1. Infant Cognition and Action 54 3.1. Effects of Action on Perception 26 2. Cognitive Psychophysiology of Action 60 3.2. Effects of Perception on Action 28 3. Cognitive Robotics 66 3.3. Concurrent Production 30 4. Sensorimotor Coordination 72 and Perception of Events 5. Moral Development 76 6. Differential Behavior Genetics 80 Appendix Scientific and Professional Activities 84 Service Units 133 Laboratory Facilities 135 Advisory Board and Staff 136 Continuity and change at the Institute in the period covered by the present report. Continuity is shown in the centre, with Edmund Wascher, Wolfgang Prinz and Gertrud Nunner-Winkler (back row) as well as Gisa Aschersleben and Ulrich Geppert (front row). Change is provided by Rafael Laboissière stepping in on the left and by Ralf Möller stepping out on the right. Dear Reader, The period covered by the present report is characterized Turning to matters of existence, the period covered by by a number of truly significant events. To put it in phi- this report has witnessed a number of deliberations and Department: losophical terms, some of them pertain to matters of discussions about options for the Institute’s future. Cognition & Action (Wolfgang Prinz) essence, while others touch upon matters of existence. Recently some of these discussions have flowed into By essence I refer to our research agenda as it becomes formal recommendations and decisions taken by the Research Units: reshaped with old groups leaving and new groups bodies of the Max Planck Society. As a result there is coming in. By existence I refer to the Institute’s long- now good news and bad news. The bad news is that the Infant Cognition and Action term perspectives as a research institution of its own. Institute will cease to exist in Munich. The good news is (Gisa Aschersleben) Let me first turn to matters of essence. that it will continue to exist in Leipzig as part of a Cognitive larger institute. These big changes are going to happen Psychophysiology • In fall 2001 Rafael Laboissière from Grenoble was ap- in two major steps: (Edmund Wascher) pointed as Head of an Independent Junior Scientist’s Cognitive Robotics Research Group. This group was established within the • In January 2004 a new Max Planck Institute will be (Ralf Möller) framework of a joint program of the Max-Planck-Gesell- founded, entitled Max Planck Institute for Human Cogni- Sensorimotor schaft (MPG) and the Centre National de la Recherche tive and Brain Sciences. This new institute is created by Coordination (Rafael Laboissière) Scientifique (CNRS). The focus of Dr. Laboissière’s group merging two old ones: the Max Planck Institute for Moral Development is on Sensorimotor Coordination. The Unit resumed its Cognitive Neuroscience (Leipzig) and the Max Planck (Gertrud work in 2002 and has since then started a novel research Institute for Psychological Research (Munich). Eventually Nunner-Winkler) program, including several collaborations with other the new institute will be fully located in Leipzig, but for Differential Behavior Units at the Institute. the next two to three years it will exist in two locations, Genetics Leipzig and Munich. (Ernst Hany and Ulrich Geppert) • In spring 2003 Ralf Möller accepted a position as full professor in Technical Informatics, offered to him by the • In the summer of 2006 the Munich group will move to University of Bielefeld. He left the Institute in July 2003 Leipzig, by which time it is expected that the Leipzig – at a time when the research program of his Unit was Institute will exhibit a novel scientific profile, consisting in full flight. Part of this program is still being pursued of five departments from various branches of the Human at the Institute, but most of it will now be continued in Cognitive and Brain Sciences. Bielefeld. As much as we congratulate Ralf Möller on his new position, we regret the inevitable fading out of Even if the good news makes us happy, the bad news Cognitive Robotics at the Institute. makes us sad. Yet, despite these mixed feelings we real- ize that the merger of the two institutes brings unique • In spring 2002 the Institute won a major grant for multi- opportunities for both of them. I am, in fact, convinced disciplinary studies on Voluntary Action (sponsored by the that this is by far the best and the most feasible move Volkswagen Foundation in the program on Key Issues in to make – in the interest of the two institutes and, what the Humanities). This project combines philosophical, is more, in the interest of long-term perspectives for sociological, and psychological studies on voluntary cognitive research. action, some of these studies being conducted at the Institute (including two projects in Philosophy of Mind). In any case this is the last issue from our series of bi- Further, we have established a number of collaborations annual research reports from the Max Planck Institute for with external scholars, including Thomas Goschke Psychological Research. From Munich we say goodbye to (Psychology/Dresden), Sabine Maasen (Sociology/Basel), everybody. See you next time in Leipzig. Wilhelm Vossenkuhl (Philosophy/Munich) and Bettina Walde (Philosophy/Mainz). Munich, December 2003 Wolfgang Prinz Cognition & Action Page Section 1: Perceiving Actions and Events 4 Section 2: Coordinating Actions and Events 14 Section 3: Interference Between Actions and Events 24 Section 4: Planning and Control of Actions and Events 32 Section 5: Expertise and Acquisition of Action and Event Structures 46 1 Cognition & Action Introduction ur research addresses relationships between cognition and action. The focus of our agenda is on the cognitive Oprocesses involved in action planning, action control, Common Coding and action perception as well as on mutual interactions between cognitive and action-related functions. One of our guiding ideas is Though separate coding has been the dominant view of that cognition and action are related to each other much more relationships between perception and action, it has occa- intimately than most theories of perception, cognition, and action sionally been challenged. The philosopher Ernst Mach believe. Notably, we hold that perception and action (or, perceived has provided us with another famous illustration on per- and intended events) share common representational resources. ception and action. In Mach's perspective, actions are represented in the same way as external events, the only Our research program can be seen from two perspectives. In one difference being that they can be controlled by will. perspective, we adopt a functionalist stance on cognition, that is, we Accordingly, since external events and actions are made view cognitive functions in the service of action and study them in of the same stuff, the planning of actions requires no relation to the planning, execution, and perception of actions. In translation between incommensurate entities. It rather the other perspective, we adopt a cognitivist stance on action, that implies interactions between certain events within a is, we view actions in the service of cognition and study their impact common representational domain for perception and on cognitive operations. action. Separate Coding The common-coding approach holds that this notion applies not only to phenomenal experience (as Mach The traditional way of conceptualizing relationships be- was claiming) but to functional mechanisms as well. Still, Wolfgang Prinz tween perception and action is in terms of two distinct common coding is not meant to replace separate coding, processing systems: one for input processing; another, for but rather to complement it. Accordingly we posit, output processing. On the input side, processing pro- beyond and on top of separate systems for input and ceeds in a bottom-up manner. It starts with stimulus output processing, a common system for both in which events in the world that lead to certain patterns of stimu- output coding is commensurate with input coding.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Implications of Action-Oriented Paradigm Shifts in Cognitive Science
    20 Implications of Action- Oriented Paradigm Shifts in Cognitive Science Peter F. Dominey, Tony J. Prescott, Jeannette Bohg, Andreas K. Engel, Shaun Gallagher, Tobias Heed, Matej Hoffmann, Günther Knoblich, Wolfgang Prinz, and Andrew Schwartz Abstract An action-oriented perspective changes the role of an individual from a passive ob- server to an actively engaged agent interacting in a closed loop with the world as well as with others. Cognition exists to serve action within a landscape that contains both. This chapter surveys this landscape and addresses the status of the pragmatic turn. Its potential infl uence on science and the study of cognition are considered (including per- ception, social cognition, social interaction, sensorimotor entrainment, and language acquisition) and its impact on how neuroscience is studied is also investigated (with the notion that brains do not passively build models, but instead support the guidance of action). A review of its implications in robotics and engineering includes a discussion of the application of enactive control principles to couple action and perception in robotics as well as the conceptualization of system design in a more holistic, less modular manner. Practical applications that can impact the human condition are reviewed (e.g., educa- tional applications, treatment possibilities for developmental and psychopathological disorders, the development of neural prostheses). All of this foreshadows the potential societal implications of the pragmatic turn. The chapter concludes that an action-orient- ed approach emphasizes a continuum of interaction between technical aspects of cogni- tive systems and robotics, biology, psychology, the social sciences, and the humanities, where the individual is part of a grounded cultural system.
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduction to the Imitative Mind and Brain
    Cambridge University Press 0521806852 - The Imitative Mind: Development, Evolution, and Brain Bases Edited by Andrew N. Meltzoff and Wolfgang Prinz Excerpt More information An introduction to the imitative mind and brain Wolfgang Prinz and Andrew N. Meltzoff Introduction Imitation guides the behavior of a range of species. Advances in the study of imitation, from brain to behavior, have profound implications for a variety of topics including consciousness, the neural underpinnings of perception-action coding, and the origins of theory of mind. Human beings are the most imitative creatures on the planet. We create but we also imitate, and this combination provides us with a special (though perhaps not unique) cognitive-social profile. This book provides insights into the imitative mind and brain, its evolution, development, and place in adult psychology. In so doing, it addresses a longstanding puzzle about how“self” and “other” are coded withinour brains. Scope Imitation has a long and rich history. From a historical perspective, the interest in imitation is much broader than the more focused treatment we give it in the present book. For example, in the past, the term imitation has been used in a number of different ways in domains as diverse as theory of art, theology, ethology, cultural anthropology, and psychology. Platonic and Aristotelian theories, drama, the visual arts, and music were conceived as using the imitation of nature (imitatio naturae) as a princi- ple of aesthetic performance. In medieval theology, the notion of imitatio christi stood for the way man could regain resemblance with God (lost through the Fall of Man), by leading a life in humility, hardship, and poverty.
    [Show full text]
  • Modeling Self on Others: an Import Theory of Subjectivity and Selfhood*
    submitted to C & C 10/28/16 Modeling Self on Others: An Import Theory of Subjectivity and Selfhood* Wolfgang Prinz Wolfgang Prinz Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Stephanstrasse 1 a 04103 Leipzig GERMANY Tel: 0049 341 9940-2270 mailto: [email protected] * Dedicated to the memory of Bruce Bridgeman, erudite scholar, inspiring scientist, constructive critic. 2 Abstract This paper outlines an Import Theory of subjectivity and selfhood. Import theory claims that subjectivity and selfhood are initially perceived as key features of other minds before they then become imported from other minds to own minds. Import theory builds on perception- production matching, which in turn draws on both representational mechanisms and social practices. Representational mechanisms rely on common coding of perception and production. Social practices rely on action mirroring in dyadic interactions. The interplay between mechanisms and practices gives rise to model self on others. Individuals become intentional agents in virtue of perceiving others mirroring themselves.—The outline of the theory is preceded by an introductory section that locates import theory in the broader context of competing approaches and followed by a concluding section that assesses import theory in terms of empirical evidence and explanatory power. Keywords common coding, consciousness, import theory, intentionality, other minds, perception- production matching, subjectivity, selfhood, social mirroring 3 1 Subjectivity and Selfhood 1.1 Conscious Experience 1.2 Mental Selfhood 1.2.1 Kinds of selves 1.2.2 Proper functions 1.3 Self and Others 1.3.1 Export Theory 1.3.2 Import Theory 2 Import Theory 2.1 Action Mirroring 2.1.1 Physical mirrors 2.1.2 Social mirrors 2.1.3 Modes of mirroring 2.2 Action Matching 2.2.1 Action perception 2.2.2 Perception/production matching 2.3 Empirical Evidence 3 Consciousness Demystified 3.1.1 Selfhood 3.1.2 Intersubjectivity 3.1.3 Intentionality words: 9,308 4 This paper outlines what I call an import theory of subjectivity and selfhood.
    [Show full text]
  • Theoretical Issues in Stimulus-Response Compatibility B
    Theoretical Issues in Stimulus-Response Compatibility B. Hommel and W. Prinz (Editors) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Theoretical Issues in Stimulus-Response Compatibility: Editors' Introduction Bernhard Hommel and Wolfgang Pfinz Max-Planck4nstitut far psychologische Forschung, Miinchen It all began in the mid-1950s. Although the term stimulus-response compatibility had been coined and already introduced by Small in 1951 (see Small, 1990), the real spark for compatibility research were the now classic papers by Fitts and Seeger (1953) and Fitts and Deininger (1954). The important f'mding of Fitts and colleagues was that human performance is not only affected by characteristics of the stimulus set and the response set used in a task, but by the combination of the sets as well. In particular, performance was shown to be systematically affected by (a) whether or not a set of stimuli shares one or more features with the response set and (b) the way in which the particular stimuli and responses are mapped onto each other (cf., AUuisi & Warm, 1990; Komblum, Hasbroucq, & Osman, 1990). Since then, the effect of stimulus-response (S-R) mapping with feature-overlapping stimulus and response sets has been called the S-R compat- ibility effect. During the late 1950s and 1960s, S-R compatibility research flourished, not least due to the increasing interest in human factors and the design of man- machine interfaces (for an overview see Kantowitz, Triggs, & Barnes, 1990; Wickens, 1992). Yet, there was little interest in theorizing about compatibility phenomena, at least not over and above attempts to rephrase empirical results in the language of information theory, which was at its heyday at this time.
    [Show full text]
  • Mpi Cbs 2006–2007 12.28 Mb
    Research Report 2006/2007 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig Editors: D. Yves von Cramon Angela D. Friederici Wolfgang Prinz Robert Turner Arno Villringer Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Stephanstrasse 1a · D-04103 Leipzig, Germany Phone +49 (0) 341 9940-00 Fax +49 (0) 341 9940-104 [email protected] · www.cbs.mpg.de Editing: Christina Schröder Layout: Andrea Gast-Sandmann Photographs: Nikolaus Brade, Berlin David Ausserhofer, Berlin (John-Dylan Haynes) Martin Jehnichen, Leipzig (Angela D. Friederici) Norbert Michalke, Berlin (Ina Bornkessel) Print: Druckerei - Werbezentrum Bechmann, Leipzig Leipzig, November 2007 Research Report 2006/2007 The photograph on this page was taken in summer 2007, During the past two years, the Institute has resembled a depicting the building works at our Institute. It makes the building site not only from the outside, but also with re- point that much of our work during the past two years gard to its research profile. On the one hand, D. Yves von has been conducted, quite literally, beside a building site. Cramon has shifted the focus of his work from Leipzig Happily, this essential work, laying the foundations for to the Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research in our future research, has not interfered with our scientific Cologne. On the other hand, we successfully concluded progress. two new appointments. Since October 2006, Robert Turner has been working at the Institute as Director There were two phases of construction. The first results of the newly founded Department of Neurophysics, from the merger of both Institutes and will accommo- which has already established itself at international lev- date two new Departments including offices and multi- el.
    [Show full text]
  • The Theory of Event Coding (TEC): a Framework for Perception and Action Planning
    BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES (2001) 24, 849–937 Printed in the United States of America The Theory of Event Coding (TEC): A framework for perception and action planning Bernhard Hommel,a,b Jochen Müsseler,b Gisa Aschersleben,b and Wolfgang Prinzb aSection of Experimental and Theoretical Psychology, University of Leiden, 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands; bMax Planck Institute for Psychological Research, D-80799 Munich, Germany {muesseler;aschersleben;prinz}@mpipf-muenchen.mpg.de www.mpipf-muenchen.mpg.de/~prinz [email protected] Abstract: Traditional approaches to human information processing tend to deal with perception and action planning in isolation, so that an adequate account of the perception-action interface is still missing. On the perceptual side, the dominant cognitive view largely un- derestimates, and thus fails to account for, the impact of action-related processes on both the processing of perceptual information and on perceptual learning. On the action side, most approaches conceive of action planning as a mere continuation of stimulus processing, thus failing to account for the goal-directedness of even the simplest reaction in an experimental task. We propose a new framework for a more adequate theoretical treatment of perception and action planning, in which perceptual contents and action plans are coded in a common representational medium by feature codes with distal reference. Perceived events (perceptions) and to-be-produced events (actions) are equally represented by integrated, task-tuned networks of feature codes – cognitive structures we call event codes. We give an overview of evidence from a wide variety of empirical domains, such as spatial stimulus-response compatibility, sensorimotor syn- chronization, and ideomotor action, showing that our main assumptions are well supported by the data.
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduction to the Imitative Mind and Brain
    Cambridge University Press 0521806852 - The Imitative Mind: Development, Evolution, and Brain Bases Edited by Andrew N. Meltzoff and Wolfgang Prinz Excerpt More information An introduction to the imitative mind and brain Wolfgang Prinz and Andrew N. Meltzoff Introduction Imitation guides the behavior of a range of species. Advances in the study of imitation, from brain to behavior, have profound implications for a variety of topics including consciousness, the neural underpinnings of perception-action coding, and the origins of theory of mind. Human beings are the most imitative creatures on the planet. We create but we also imitate, and this combination provides us with a special (though perhaps not unique) cognitive-social profile. This book provides insights into the imitative mind and brain, its evolution, development, and place in adult psychology. In so doing, it addresses a longstanding puzzle about how“self” and “other” are coded withinour brains. Scope Imitation has a long and rich history. From a historical perspective, the interest in imitation is much broader than the more focused treatment we give it in the present book. For example, in the past, the term imitation has been used in a number of different ways in domains as diverse as theory of art, theology, ethology, cultural anthropology, and psychology. Platonic and Aristotelian theories, drama, the visual arts, and music were conceived as using the imitation of nature (imitatio naturae) as a princi- ple of aesthetic performance. In medieval theology, the notion of imitatio christi stood for the way man could regain resemblance with God (lost through the Fall of Man), by leading a life in humility, hardship, and poverty.
    [Show full text]
  • Mpi Cbs 2004–2005 9.72 Mb
    Annual Report 2004 · 2005 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig · Munich Editors: D. Yves von Cramon Angela D. Friederici Wolfgang Prinz Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig · Munich Stephanstraße 1a · D-04103 Leipzig Phone +49 (0) 341 9940-00 Fax +49 (0) 341 9940-260 [email protected] · www.cbs.mpg.de A NNUAL R EPORT 2 0 0 4 · 2 0 0 5 The past two years have witnessed the merger of the two former Institutes, the Max Planck Institute for Psychological Research (Munich) and the Max Planck Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience in Leipzig into a new centre: the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences. In 2004, it was still a merger on paper, but in 2005 it turned into reality. The Munich group, headed by Wolfgang Prinz, moved to Leipzig and resumed its work at the Institute. A number of exciting new collaborations are starting. Research at the centre addresses human cognitive and brain processes with particular emphasis on language, music, action and executive functions. During the period covered by this report – 2004/2005 – research has been flourishing at both places, Leipzig and Munich, and is now flourishing even more after the Munich branch has moved to Leipzig. The new Leipzig centre provides unique conditions for joint interdisciplin- ary research into the behavioral and neurobiological bases of human cognition. The merger is the first link in a chain of major changes and extensions we anticipate to see in the near future. Most importantly, we will soon be implementing two novel departments, one in Imaging Science and another one in Behavioral Cognitive Science.
    [Show full text]
  • The Imitative Mind: Development, Evolution, and Brain Bases Edited by Andrew N
    Cambridge University Press 0521806852 - The Imitative Mind: Development, Evolution, and Brain Bases Edited by Andrew N. Meltzoff and Wolfgang Prinz Frontmatter More information The Imitative Mind Recent scientific breakthroughs in the study of imitation at multiple levels from cell to behavior have deep implications for cognitive sci- ence, neuroscience, and evolutionary and developmental psychology. This volume provides a state-of-the-art summary of the research on im- itation in both Europe and America, including work on infants, adults, and nonhuman primates, with speculations about robotics. A special feature of this book is that it provides a concrete instance of the bur- geoning link between developmental psychology, neuroscience, and cog- nitive science. The book showcases howan in-depth, interdisciplinar y approach to imitation can illuminate long-standing problems in the brain sciences, including consciousness, self, perception-action coding, theory of mind, and intersubjectivity. The book addresses what it means to be human and howweget that way. AndrewN. Meltzoff is Professor of Psychology and Co-Director of the Center for Mind, Brain and Learning at the University of Washington. He is co-author of Words, Thoughts, and Theories (1997) and The Scientist in the Crib: What Early Learning Tells Us About The Mind (1999). Wolfgang Prinz is Director at the Max Planck Institute for Psychologi- cal Research, Munich. He has published experimental, theoretical, and historical work on perception, action, attention and consciousness. © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521806852 - The Imitative Mind: Development, Evolution, and Brain Bases Edited by Andrew N. Meltzoff and Wolfgang Prinz Frontmatter More information Cambridge Studies in Cognitive Perceptual Development Series Editors Kurt W.
    [Show full text]
  • Territorial Attractiveness Monitoring Platform: a Handbook for Policy Planners
    TERRITORIAL ATTRACTIVENESS MONITORING PLATFORM: A HANDBOOK FOR POLICY PLANNERS Project co-funded by the European Union (ERDF, IPA II, ENI funds) TERRITORIAL ATTRACTIVENESS MONITORING PLATFORM A HANDBOOK FOR POLICY PLANNERS MAIN EDITOR: URBASOFIA SRL Editorial Board: Geodetic Institute of Slovenia, aiforia GmbH, Első Magyar Felelősségteljes Innováció Egyesület http://www.interreg-danube.eu/attractive-danube Bucharest, 2018 Project co-funded by European Union funds (ERDF, IPA) Handbook for policy planners on applying TAMP September 2018 Edited by URBASOFIA, Romania Pietro Elisei • Sabina Leopa • Denis Miruna Drăghia Co-authors • Editorial Board Geodetic Institute, Slovenia Blaž Barborič • Maja Baloh EMFIE, Hungary Bence Zuti • Krisztina Podani • Beata Udvari • Miklos Lukovics aiforia, Germany Andrea Burzacchini • Andrea Philipp • Myriam Winter Cover: Map of Central and Eastern Europe - Anton Balazh, Shutterstock Book Design: Oana Emilia Budău Print run: 1.000 copies ISBN CODE: 978-973-0-27980-1 FOREWORD Platform Monitoring Attractiveness Territorial Territorial attractiveness has been through centuries a powerful incentive to mankind for progress, innovation and development, for setting up new targets and horizons as well as ever more complex networks and connections. Because of the attractiveness of known and unknown territories, new ways were opened, new and priceless resources were discovered, and maybe above all, increased interaction among people and cultures all around the globe took place. Most of the ancient legends and myths are
    [Show full text]
  • Research Article
    PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Research Article PREDICTING THE EFFECTS OF ACTIONS: Interactions of Perception and Action Günther Knoblich and Rüdiger Flach Max Planck Institute for Psychological Research, Munich, Germany Abstract—Many theories in cognitive psychology assume that per- tween perception and action. In fact, some of these theories hold that ception and action systems are clearly separated from the cognitive many cognitive functions can only be appropriately described as aris- system. Other theories suggest that important cognitive functions re- ing from these interactions. side in the interactions between these systems. One consequence of the According to Gibson’s (1979) ecological approach, perception latter claim is that the action system may contribute to predicting the does not consist of a serial transformation of input. Rather, it is future consequences of currently perceived actions. In particular, such claimed that optical distributions entail different types of information predictions might be more accurate when one observes one’s own ac- that can be directly perceived. For instance, when an observer walks tions than when one observes another person’s actions, because in the through an otherwise static environment, optic flow patterns provide former case the system that plans the action is the same system that information about the direction of the movement or the distance from contributes to predicting the action’s effects. In the present study, par- a certain location. But as soon as the observer stops moving, motion- ticipants (N ϭ 104) watched video clips displaying either themselves based information cannot be derived anymore. Hence, perception and or somebody else throwing a dart at a target board and predicted the action are inseparable in the sense that action enriches the informa- dart’s landing position.
    [Show full text]
  • P 001 – F Front Inside & P001
    186 DAEGU 2011 ★ PAST RESULTS/WORLD CHAMPS WOMENʼS 100m WOMEN 4, Diane Williams USA 11.07 0.240 5, Aneliya Nuneva BUL 11.09 0.169 100 Metres Helsinki 1983 6, Angela Bailey CAN 11.18 0.191 7, Pam Marshall USA 11.19 0.242 Final (Aug 8) (-0.5) Angella Issajenko CAN DQ (11.09) 0.203 1, Marlies Göhr GDR 10.97 The semi-finals indicated that the GDR were likely to repeat their 2, Marita Koch GDR 11.02 Helsinki success. Gladisch won the first race in a windy 10.82, while 3, Diane Williams USA 11.06 the other went to Drechsler in a legal championship record of 10.95. 4, Merlene Ottey JAM 11.19 The standard was fierce, with clockings of 11.07w and 11.15 insuffi- 5, Angela Bailey CAN 11.20 cient for a place in the final. Defending Champion Göhr was among the 6, Helinä Marjamaa FIN 11.24 non-qualifiers. 7, Angella Taylor CAN 11.30 Following the exploits of Ben Johnson in the men’s 100m final 20 Evelyn Ashford USA DNF minutes earlier, there were hopes of a record in the women’s race. One of the most eagerly awaited women’s clashes in Helsinki ended These were blighted by a change in direction of the wind. shockingly when Evelyn Ashford tore her right hamstring halfway Gladisch dominated the final from start to finish. At halfway she through the final. led with 6.07 from Nuneva (6.10), Ottey and Issajenko (both 6.12). At Both Marlies Göhr (10.81) and Ashford (10.79) had set world this point Drechsler – who was clearly last out of the blocks – was sixth records in 1983, so it was a surprise to see them drawn together in the (6.18), but she produced the best finish to claim the silver.
    [Show full text]