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Research Report 2001 - 2003 MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR HUMAN COGNITIVE AND BRAIN SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY, MUNICH Research Report 2001 - 2003 MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR HUMAN COGNITIVE AND BRAIN SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY, MUNICH (FROM JANUARY 1, 2004) MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH (UNTIL DECEMBER 31, 2003) This report covers the period from January 2001 to December 2003. © Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Department of Psychology Amalienstr. 33 D-80799 Munich Germany Phone +49 (0) 89 / 38 602-0 Fax +49 (0) 89 / 38 602-199 [email protected] www.cbs.mpg.de Editors: Dr. Monika Nißlein and Dr. Frank Halisch Assistance & Stylistic Revision: Heide John Design: ARTelier Munich, Daniel Schwarz DTP & Litho: Scherer, Druck & Kommunikation, Munich Table of Contents Editorial Section 4 Planning and Control of Actions and Events Department for Cognition & Action Introduction 32 Introduction 2 4.1. Endogenous Preparation 34 Section 1 in the Control of Task Set Perceiving Actions and Events 4.2. Control of Action Selection 36 Introduction 4 in Changing Task Contexts 1.1. Localizing Briefly Presented Stimuli 6 4.3. The Role of Episodic S-R Bindings 38 1.2. Representational Momentum – 8 in Task-Switch Costs A Case of Observer Action 4.4. Ideomotor Action 40 1.3. Temporal Priming of 10 4.5. Intentional and Reactive 41 Perceptual Events Components of Action Control 1.4. Perceived Timing of Events 11 4.6. Voluntary Actions: 42 1.5. Perception of Self and Other 12 Investigations into the Nature and Culture of Volition Section 2 Coordinating Actions and Events Section 5 Introduction 14 Expertise and Acquisition 2.1. Temporal Coordination of 16 of Action and Event Structures Actions and Events Introduction 46 2.2. Bimanual Coordination 19 5.1. Acquisition of Action-Event 2.3. Tool Transformation 20 Structures 48 2.4. Imitation 21 5.2. Compatibility of Actions and Events 49 2.5. Joint Action 22 5.3. Sequencing Actions and Events 50 5.4. Expertise and Action Activation 51 Section 3 Interference Between Actions and Events Research Units Introduction 24 1. Infant Cognition and Action 54 3.1. Effects of Action on Perception 26 2. Cognitive Psychophysiology of Action 60 3.2. Effects of Perception on Action 28 3. Cognitive Robotics 66 3.3. Concurrent Production 30 4. Sensorimotor Coordination 72 and Perception of Events 5. Moral Development 76 6. Differential Behavior Genetics 80 Appendix Scientific and Professional Activities 84 Service Units 133 Laboratory Facilities 135 Advisory Board and Staff 136 Continuity and change at the Institute in the period covered by the present report. Continuity is shown in the centre, with Edmund Wascher, Wolfgang Prinz and Gertrud Nunner-Winkler (back row) as well as Gisa Aschersleben and Ulrich Geppert (front row). Change is provided by Rafael Laboissière stepping in on the left and by Ralf Möller stepping out on the right. Dear Reader, The period covered by the present report is characterized Turning to matters of existence, the period covered by by a number of truly significant events. To put it in phi- this report has witnessed a number of deliberations and Department: losophical terms, some of them pertain to matters of discussions about options for the Institute’s future. Cognition & Action (Wolfgang Prinz) essence, while others touch upon matters of existence. Recently some of these discussions have flowed into By essence I refer to our research agenda as it becomes formal recommendations and decisions taken by the Research Units: reshaped with old groups leaving and new groups bodies of the Max Planck Society. As a result there is coming in. By existence I refer to the Institute’s long- now good news and bad news. The bad news is that the Infant Cognition and Action term perspectives as a research institution of its own. Institute will cease to exist in Munich. The good news is (Gisa Aschersleben) Let me first turn to matters of essence. that it will continue to exist in Leipzig as part of a Cognitive larger institute. These big changes are going to happen Psychophysiology • In fall 2001 Rafael Laboissière from Grenoble was ap- in two major steps: (Edmund Wascher) pointed as Head of an Independent Junior Scientist’s Cognitive Robotics Research Group. This group was established within the • In January 2004 a new Max Planck Institute will be (Ralf Möller) framework of a joint program of the Max-Planck-Gesell- founded, entitled Max Planck Institute for Human Cogni- Sensorimotor schaft (MPG) and the Centre National de la Recherche tive and Brain Sciences. This new institute is created by Coordination (Rafael Laboissière) Scientifique (CNRS). The focus of Dr. Laboissière’s group merging two old ones: the Max Planck Institute for Moral Development is on Sensorimotor Coordination. The Unit resumed its Cognitive Neuroscience (Leipzig) and the Max Planck (Gertrud work in 2002 and has since then started a novel research Institute for Psychological Research (Munich). Eventually Nunner-Winkler) program, including several collaborations with other the new institute will be fully located in Leipzig, but for Differential Behavior Units at the Institute. the next two to three years it will exist in two locations, Genetics Leipzig and Munich. (Ernst Hany and Ulrich Geppert) • In spring 2003 Ralf Möller accepted a position as full professor in Technical Informatics, offered to him by the • In the summer of 2006 the Munich group will move to University of Bielefeld. He left the Institute in July 2003 Leipzig, by which time it is expected that the Leipzig – at a time when the research program of his Unit was Institute will exhibit a novel scientific profile, consisting in full flight. Part of this program is still being pursued of five departments from various branches of the Human at the Institute, but most of it will now be continued in Cognitive and Brain Sciences. Bielefeld. As much as we congratulate Ralf Möller on his new position, we regret the inevitable fading out of Even if the good news makes us happy, the bad news Cognitive Robotics at the Institute. makes us sad. Yet, despite these mixed feelings we real- ize that the merger of the two institutes brings unique • In spring 2002 the Institute won a major grant for multi- opportunities for both of them. I am, in fact, convinced disciplinary studies on Voluntary Action (sponsored by the that this is by far the best and the most feasible move Volkswagen Foundation in the program on Key Issues in to make – in the interest of the two institutes and, what the Humanities). This project combines philosophical, is more, in the interest of long-term perspectives for sociological, and psychological studies on voluntary cognitive research. action, some of these studies being conducted at the Institute (including two projects in Philosophy of Mind). In any case this is the last issue from our series of bi- Further, we have established a number of collaborations annual research reports from the Max Planck Institute for with external scholars, including Thomas Goschke Psychological Research. From Munich we say goodbye to (Psychology/Dresden), Sabine Maasen (Sociology/Basel), everybody. See you next time in Leipzig. Wilhelm Vossenkuhl (Philosophy/Munich) and Bettina Walde (Philosophy/Mainz). Munich, December 2003 Wolfgang Prinz Cognition & Action Page Section 1: Perceiving Actions and Events 4 Section 2: Coordinating Actions and Events 14 Section 3: Interference Between Actions and Events 24 Section 4: Planning and Control of Actions and Events 32 Section 5: Expertise and Acquisition of Action and Event Structures 46 1 Cognition & Action Introduction ur research addresses relationships between cognition and action. The focus of our agenda is on the cognitive Oprocesses involved in action planning, action control, Common Coding and action perception as well as on mutual interactions between cognitive and action-related functions. One of our guiding ideas is Though separate coding has been the dominant view of that cognition and action are related to each other much more relationships between perception and action, it has occa- intimately than most theories of perception, cognition, and action sionally been challenged. The philosopher Ernst Mach believe. Notably, we hold that perception and action (or, perceived has provided us with another famous illustration on per- and intended events) share common representational resources. ception and action. In Mach's perspective, actions are represented in the same way as external events, the only Our research program can be seen from two perspectives. In one difference being that they can be controlled by will. perspective, we adopt a functionalist stance on cognition, that is, we Accordingly, since external events and actions are made view cognitive functions in the service of action and study them in of the same stuff, the planning of actions requires no relation to the planning, execution, and perception of actions. In translation between incommensurate entities. It rather the other perspective, we adopt a cognitivist stance on action, that implies interactions between certain events within a is, we view actions in the service of cognition and study their impact common representational domain for perception and on cognitive operations. action. Separate Coding The common-coding approach holds that this notion applies not only to phenomenal experience (as Mach The traditional way of conceptualizing relationships be- was claiming) but to functional mechanisms as well. Still, Wolfgang Prinz tween perception and action is in terms of two distinct common coding is not meant to replace separate coding, processing systems: one for input processing; another, for but rather to complement it. Accordingly we posit, output processing. On the input side, processing pro- beyond and on top of separate systems for input and ceeds in a bottom-up manner. It starts with stimulus output processing, a common system for both in which events in the world that lead to certain patterns of stimu- output coding is commensurate with input coding.
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