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Downloaded for Personal Non-Commercial Research Or Study, Without Prior Permission Or Charge https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ Theses Digitisation: https://www.gla.ac.uk/myglasgow/research/enlighten/theses/digitisation/ This is a digitised version of the original print thesis. Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Enlighten: Theses https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] A Gender Analysis of Post-Conflict Reconstruction in Kosovo: Women’s Access to Decision-Making by Kirii Sharapov M.A. This thesis is submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Politics, Faculty of Law, Business and Social Sciences, University of Glasgow May 2006 © Kiril Sharapov 2007 ProQuest Number: 10390690 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10390690 Published by ProQuest LLO (2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLO. ProQuest LLO. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.Q. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ^GLASGOW I U N IV E R SIT Y 1 l L ' î î R A R Y : A bstract This study examines in detail the complexities of mainstreaming gender within the context of United Nations Interim Administration in Kosovo (UNMIK). By examining how gender has been incorporated within the context of the UN-managed post-conflict reconstruction in Kosovo, this research draws upon cuiTcnt feminist theories in political participation, militarism, peace and violence, and the emerging framework of gender mainstreaming within the context of peace-support operations. In particular, this research investigates how gender and ethnic identities intersect to foiin a web of power relations in post-conflict Kosovo, studying the evolving forms of political participation experienced by Kosovo Albanian women at various levels of regional decision-making. This research examines (a) how, and to what extent, the United Nations Mission in Kosovo was able to take advantage of the post-conflict ‘window of opportunity’ to engender the processes of post-conflict reconstruction in Kosovo; (b) to what extent politically active Kosovo Albanian women exploited this opportunity to gain access to political decision-making in the region by means of formal and infonnal participation; and (c) to what extent this participation was beneficial towards political and economic empowerment of various groups of Kosovo Albanian women. In doing so it examines: (a) legal and institutional frameworks for gender mainstreaming established by UNMIK as a foundation for the post-conflict policies of gender mainstreaming; (b) the origins of these frameworks, including the unique ‘nation-building’ mandate of UNMIK, and unique cultural and political contexts in Kosovo within which these frameworks were established. This research examines the factors, which define the nature of Kosovo Albanian women’s political activism, exploring connections between gender, militarisation and ethnicisation of day-to-day life in Kosovo. Contents Contents 2 List of Tables 4 List of Figures 5 Abbreviations 6 Acknowledgments 8 Technical Reservations 9 Focus of Analysis 9 Statistical Data 9 Kosovo/Kosova 9 Chapter 1 : Introduction 11 Research Context 11 Research Question 15 Originality and Value of the Research 15 Organisation of the Manuscript 18 Chapter 2: Review of Literature: The Gendered Nature of the Changes in Modern Conflict and Peacekeeping 20 Introduction 20 The changing nature of conflict 21 The continuum of violence against women 26 Women and girls: changing roles and identities 29 Women organising in war 31 The changing nature of peacekeeping 35 United Nations’ nation-building: peacekeepers vs. ‘the locals’ 39 UN peacekeepers: one image - many groups 44 Women and Peacekeeping: local martyrs and international goddesses 50 Conclusion 54 Chapter 3: Methodological Framework 56 Introduction 56 Methodological Framework: Qualitative Research Supplemented by Quantitative Data 57 Methodological de-composing of gender-mainstreaming policies: structural and institutional levels 60 Methodological segments: qualitative and quantitative dimensions 63 Pilot studies and questionnaire/interview schedules 65 Pristina: finding a new ‘home’ 68 Facing up to the Challenges: Language Barrier and Security 71 Sampling and access to respondents 73 Men Conducting Research Focusing on Women: Methodological Dilemmas 75 Researcher and Research Participants: Dynamics of Power Relations 76 Research Fatigue 81 ‘Being Here’: Analysis - analytical framework 83 Data analysis and analytical procedures 86 Conclusion 88 Chapter 4: Women’s Access to Decision-Making in post-1999 Kosovo: Historical, Anthropological and Legal Backgrounds 90 Introduction 90 Historical Background: 1913-early 1990s 91 Kosovo Crisis: NATO-bombing and the establishment of UNMIK 96 Kosovo Albanian women’s activism in civil resistance 99 Kosovo Albanians: Contours of the Cultural and Social Landscape 104 Kosovo Albanians’ Civil Society: Before and After UNMIK 111 3 UNMIK, Gender Equality and Gender Mainstreaming in Kosovo; Legal Foundations 116 Applicable law in Kosovo 117 Applicability of International Human Rights Standards in Kosovo 120 The immunity of the UN and its persoimel 124 International law vs. UNMIK: the limits of enforceability 126 UNMIK: lack of accountability and institutional checks 129 Gender equality and ‘social welfare’ legislation in Kosovo 130 Gender equality and ‘security’ legislation in Kosovo 135 Support-législation for gender mainstreaming 139 ‘Statutory’ mechanisms for gender equality 141 Conclusion 144 Chapter 5: Institutional Framework for Gender Mainstreaming in Kosovo 147 Introduction 147 Institutional framework for gender mainstreaming: international context 147 Institutional framework for gender mainstreaming: theoretical foundations 149 Gender mainstreaming institutions in Kosovo: Resolution 1244 and Constitutional Framework for Provisional Self-Govermnent 155 Delegation of authority and political participation in Kosovo 158 UNMIK: Gender Mainstreaming Profile 161 Provisional Institutions of Self-Government: Background 166 The Inter-Ministerial Group (Council) for Achieving Gender Equality and the Ministerial Gender Affairs Officers 166 Advisory Office for Good Governance, Human Rights, Equal Opportunities and Gender Equality 170 UNMIK Office of Gender Affairs 174 Gender Mainstreaming Machinery within the Municipal System of Self-Governance 179 Conclusion 185 Chapter 6: Participation of Kosovo Albanian Women in Fonnal Political Institutions 187 Introduction 187 Democracy and representation: feminist perspectives 187 Why women need to be included: arguments 188 Women’s political inclusion: economic factors 193 Women’s political inclusion: the influence of Kosovo Albanian ‘traditionalism’ 196 Women’s political inclusion: political factors 199 The concept of ‘Critical mass’ 200 Gender-based electoral quotas 203 Electoral system in Kosovo: overview 206 Electoral system in Kosovo: ‘getting women in’ 210 Women’s representation: the Assembly of Kosovo and the central level of self- governance in Kosovo 221 Women’s representation: municipal assemblies and municipal level of self- governance in Kosovo 229 Conclusion 237 Chapter 7: Kosovo Albanian women’s movement 241 Introduction 241 Kosovo Albanian men and women: ‘levels’ of identity 242 Hierarchies of belonging and oppression within the women’s movement in Kosovo 246 Identity politics and Women’s Representation in Kosovo 250 Tradition: Limits and Constraints 253 The Impact of Um esolved Political Status and Militarisation of Kosovo 260 Kosovo: broadening ‘gender’ to include men 272 4 Post-1999 Women’s groups in Kosovo: factors and obstacles 275 Kosovo Women groups: divisions within and between 281 Intersections between gender, ethnicity and class in Kosovo Albanian society 286 Conclusion 290 Chapter 8: Conclusion 292 Introduction 292 UN Peacekeeping 293 Legal Framework 294 Institutional Framework for Gender Mainstreaming 296 Gender Mainstreaming in Kosovo: The Way Forward 297 Women’s Participation and Representation in Official Decision-Making 301 Women’s political inclusion: the influence of Kosovo Albanians’ ‘traditionalism’ 304 Kosovo Albanian Women’s Movement Politics of Identity and Inclusion 305 Conclusion 307 References 309 Appendix 1 : Map of Kosovo 344 Appendix 2: Post-1999 Kosovo: Key Socio-Economic Indicators 345 Appendix 3: Election Results 347 Appendix 4: Kosovo Field Study Questionnaire: Women’s Groups (in English) 348 Appendix 5: Kosovo Field Study Questionnaire: Women’s Groups (in Albanian) 350 Appendix 6: Kosovo Field Study Questionnaire: Municipal Assemblies and Municipal Gender Officers (in English) 352 v Appendix 7: Kosovo Field Study Questionnaire: UNMIK
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