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Xix. Yüzyildan Xx. Yüzyila Ankara Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dalı XIX. YÜZYILDAN XX. YÜZYILA ANKARA’DA GÖÇ VE ĠSKÂN (1856-1918) Yunus PUSTU Doktora Tezi Ankara, 2020 XIX. YÜZYILDAN XX. YÜZYILA ANKARA’DA GÖÇ VE ĠSKÂN (1856-1918) Yunus PUSTU Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dalı Doktora Tezi Ankara, 2020 viii TEġEKKÜR Bu çalıĢmanın belirlenmesinde ve tamamlanmasında değerli görüĢ, destek ve teĢvikleri ile yardımlarını esirgemeyen tez danıĢmanım Prof. Dr. Emine ERDOĞAN ÖZÜNLÜ‟ye teĢekkürlerimi sunarım. Tez sürecinde ve savunma esnasında verdikleri öneriler ve yaptıkları yönlendirmelerle çalıĢmanın olgunlaĢmasına katkı sağlayan Prof. Dr. Mehmet ÖZ, Prof. Dr. Yunus KOÇ, Prof. Dr. Hülya TAġ ve Prof. Dr. Jülide AKYÜZ ORAT‟a minnettarlığımı ifade etmek isterim. AraĢtırma sürecinde daima destek ve yardımlarını gördüğüm Yusuf Turan GÜNAYDIN, Yüksek Kurum Uzmanları Birkan SOYKAN ve Uğur Cenk Deniz ĠMAMOĞLU‟na teĢekkür ederim. Tablo ve grafiklerin düzenlenmesinde desteklerini esirgemeyen bilgisayar öğretmeni Murat Ceyhan NAS ve grafik tasarımcı Emine ÇAKIR‟a Ģükranlarımı sunarım. Kaynak temini konusunda sağladığı katkılardan dolayı ArĢ. Gör. Fatih ÇĠL‟e minnettarlığımı ifade etmek isterim. Çerkeslerin Kafkasya‟daki yerleĢim alanları ve bazı Çerkes ailelere ulaĢmam hususunda Kafkas AraĢtırma, Kültür ve DayanıĢma Vakfı (KAF-DAV) BaĢkanı Sayın Muhittin ÜNAL‟ın ve Sayın Sefer BERZEG‟in katkıları olmuĢtur. Yine Nogay Türkleri Eğitim Kültür ve ĠĢbirliği Derneği BaĢkanı Sayın Celaleddin ERBAY‟ın Nogay sahası ile ilgili verdiği bilgilerden yararlanılmıĢtır. Bunun yanında saha araĢtırmaları esnasında görüĢülen ve çalıĢmaya katkı sağlayan kaynak kiĢilerin gösterdiği ilgi de araĢtırmamızın geliĢiminde rol oynamıĢtır. Necdet SEYFELĠ ise Hacettepe (ġükriye) Mahallesi‟nde iskân edilen BoĢnak ailelere ulaĢmamı sağlamıĢtır. Her birine teĢekkürü bir borç bilirim. ÇalıĢma esnasında Türk Tarih Kurumu Kütüphanesi ve ArĢivi, Devlet ArĢivleri BaĢkanlığı, Ġstanbul Üniversitesi Nadir Eserler Kütüphanesi, Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü ArĢivi Milli Kütüphane ve Türk Kızılayı ArĢivindeki görevliler de her türlü kolaylığı sağlamıĢlardır. Eğitim hayatım boyunca her türlü fedakârlığı göstermekten çekinmeyen annem Emsal PUSTU‟ya, abim Mustafa PUSTU‟ya ve babaannem Asiye PUSTU‟ya sonsuz minnet borcu taĢıdığımı ifade etmek isterim. Yine saha araĢtırmaları esnasında bana eĢlik eden dayım Ali PUSTU‟ya ve tez sürecinde gösterdikleri sabır ve anlayıĢtan dolayı eĢim Ayten, oğullarım Ömer Asaf ve Muhammed Yakup‟a da minnettarım. ix ÖZET PUSTU, Yunus. XIX. Yüzyıldan XX. Yüzyıla Ankara’da Göç ve İskân (1856-1918), Doktora Tezi, Ankara, 2020. XIX. yüzyıldan günümüze kadar yaĢanan siyasî geliĢmelerle doğru orantılı olarak dünyanın pek çok farklı yerinde olduğu gibi Anadolu coğrafyasında da demografik açıdan önemli hadiselerin meydana geldiği yadsınamaz bir gerçektir. Osmanlı Devleti‟nde içe dönük göç olgusu XVIII. yüzyılın son çeyreğinden itibaren baĢ göstermiĢ olsa da, asıl yoğunluğun Kırım Harbi‟nin (1856) ardından gerçekleĢtiği bilinmektedir. 1877-78 Osmanlı Rus Harbi ise göçler konusunda en önemli kırılma noktasıdır. 1877-78 Osmanlı Rus Harbi‟nden sonra birçok farklı muhacir grubu, kitleler halinde Anadolu‟ya göç etmiĢtir. Balkan SavaĢlarının da meydana gelen göç hadiselerinde önemli bir etkisinin olduğu muhakkaktır. Osmanlı Devleti‟nin tarih sahnesinden çekilmesinden sonra da -Cumhuriyet devrinde- Anadolu coğrafyasına göçlerin devam ettiği oldukça maruftur. Cumhuriyetin ilk yıllarından itibaren meydana gelen göçler aralıklarla ve çeĢitli yoğunluklarla günümüze kadar süregelmiĢtir. XVIII. yüzyılın son çeyreğinden itibaren baĢlayıp günümüze kadar devam eden göç hadiselerinde Anadolu‟nun pek çok vilayeti gibi Ankara da önemli bir iskân sahası olmuĢtur. Bu süreçte Ankara‟ya, Kırım ve Kafkaslar‟dan Tatar ve Nogaylar; Kafkaslar‟dan bunların (Tatar ve Nogay) yanında Karaçay-Malkar, Abaza (Abhaz), Çerkes (Adige) ve Çeçenler; Rumeli‟den ise BoĢnak ve Arnavutlar‟ın yanında Romanya, Kosova, Bulgaristan ve Yunanistan‟dan Türkler/Müslümanlar göç etmiĢtir. Romanya‟dan (özellikle de Dobruca‟dan) gelen muhacirlerin önemli bir kısmı Kırım kökenli Tatarlardır. Bunun yanında Ankara‟ya Rusya‟nın Ufa, Kazan ve Kuban vilayetlerinden gelen Tatar ve Nogay muhacirler de iskân olunmuĢtur. Bu süreçte gelen muhacirler Ankara‟da daha çok bugünkü Haymana, GölbaĢı, Polatlı, Balâ, Sincan (Zir), Çubuk, ġereflikoçhisar, Kahramankazan (Murtazaâbâd), AyaĢ ve Akyurt kazalarına yerleĢtirilmiĢtir. Ankara‟nın merkezinde de bir kısım muhacirin iskân edildiği anlaĢılmaktadır. Bahsi geçen mahallerde muhacirler için teĢkil edilen yerleĢim alanlarının önemli bir kısmı mevcut demografik yapılarını koruyarak günümüze kadar ulaĢmıĢtır. Bu yaĢam sahalarından bir kısmının nüfusu oldukça azalsa da hâlen Ankara‟da 50‟ye yakın muhacir yerleĢim alanı varlığını korumaktadır. GiriĢ ve üç bölümden oluĢan bu çalıĢmada göçlere neden olan geliĢmelere kısaca değinildikten sonra, Ankara‟ya muhacir iskânının sebepleri, Ankara‟da iskân olunan muhacir grupları, iskân sırasında karĢılaĢılan sorunlar, muhacirlere yapılan yardımlar ve sağlanan ayrıcalıklar ile muhacir iskânının Ankara‟ya etkileri/katkıları arĢiv kayıtlarına ve saha araĢtırmalarına dayalı olarak ele alınacaktır. Anahtar Sözcükler: Ankara, muhacir, iskân, Tatar, Nogay, BoĢnak, Çerkes, Karaçay. x ABSTRACT Pustu, Yunus. Migration and Resettlement in Ankara from the XIXth to XXth Centuries (1856- 1918), Ph.D. Dissertation, Ankara, 2020. Depending on the political developments from the XIXth century, like many places of the world, Anatolia witnessed significant demographic movements. Though internal migration emerged within the Ottoman Empire during the last quarter of the XVIIIth century, the intensity of the migration ocured after the Crimean War (1856). 1877-78 Ottoman-Russian War was a breaking point regarding the migration. After this war, numerous immigrant groups migrated to Anatolia in masses. The Balkan Wars also played role in the migrations. It is also known that, after the Ottoman Empire, the period of Turkish Republic experienced the examples of migrations to Anatolia. The migrations have been going on from the early years of the Turkish Republic till today. Like many provinces of Anatolia, Ankara was an important center for settlement during the migrations which started in the last part of the XVIIIth century and are still continuing. Accordingly, Tatars and Nogais from Crimea and the Caucasus; Karachay-Malkar, Abkhaz, Circassian and Chechen communities from the Caucasus; Bosnians and Albanians from the Balkans and Rumelia, along with Turkish/Muslims from Romania, Kosovo, Bulgaria, Greece migrated to Ankara. Most of the immigrants from Romania (especially from Dobruja) were Tatars with Crimea origins. In addition to those, Tatars and Nogais from the cities of Ufa, Kazan and Kuban of Russia were settled in Ankara. The aforementioned immigrants were mostly settled in Haymana, GölbaĢı, Balâ, Sincan (Zir), Çubuk, ġereflikoçhisar, Kahramankazan (Murtazaâbâd), AyaĢ and Akyurt districts of Ankara. There are also evidences for the settlement of some immigrants in the center of Ankara. Most of the settlements built for the immigrants conserve their demographic structure and survive today. Although the population of some of these settlements decreased in time, there are still approximately 50 immigrant settlements in Ankara. In this study, which consists of an introduction and three chapters, the factors bringing about the migration will be evaluated. Then, the reasons of immigrant settlements and the immigrant communities resettled in Ankara, the problems faced during the resettlement, aid and priviliges provided to resettled immigrants and the effects and contributions of the immigrants to Ankara will be discussed based on archival sources and field researches. Key Words: Ankara, immigrant, resettlement, Tatar, Nogais, Bosnians, Circassians, Karachay. xi ĠÇĠNDEKĠLER KABUL VE ONAY ......................................................................................................... v YAYIMLAMA VE FĠKRĠ MÜLKĠYET HAKLARI BEYANI................................. vi ETĠK BEYAN ................................................................................................................ vii TEġEKKÜR ................................................................................................................. viii ÖZET ............................................................................................................................... ix ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... x ĠÇĠNDEKĠLER .............................................................................................................. xi KISALTMALAR .......................................................................................................... xv TABLOLAR ................................................................................................................. xix HARĠTALAR .............................................................................................................. xxii PLANLAR .................................................................................................................. xxiii FOTOĞRAFLAR ....................................................................................................... xxiv GĠRĠġ ..............................................................................................................................
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