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FULLTEXT01.Pdf ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS Studia Historica Upsaliensia 198 Utgivna av Historiska Institutionen vid Uppsala Universitet genom Torkel Jansson och Jan Lindegren Silke Neunsinger Die Arbeit der Frauen – die Krise der Männer Die Erwerbstätigkeit verheirateter Frauen in Deutschland und Schweden 1919–1939 Summary: Women’s work – men’s crisis UPPSALA 2001 Doktorsavhandling för filosofie doktorsexamen i historia framlagd vid Uppsala universitet 2001 ABSTRACT Neunsinger, Silke 2001: Die Arbeit der Frauen – die Krise der Männer. Die Erwerbstätigkeit verheirateter Frauen in Deutschland und Schweden 1919–1939. (Women’s work – men’s crisis - Married women’s employment in Germany and Sweden 1919–1939). Written in German with an English summary. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Studia historica Upsaliensia 198. 286pp. Uppsala. ISBN 91-554-5088-1. In 1939 a law was passed in Sweden which forbade employers to dismiss female employees becau- se of marriage or pregnancy. In Germany a law had been introduced already in 1932, which gave employers the right to dismiss a woman when she married. It also gave women right to end their employment for the same reason. The political decisions behind these legal changes were in both cases the result of an extended debate on the right of employment of married women. This debate occurred in most industrialised European countries in the interwar period. The increasing participation of women on the labour market was by some groups interpreted as a cause of mass unemployment. Economic crisis contributed to a crisis of masculinity, which then led to attacks on the rights of married women to paid employment. In Sweden there was a state commission set up in 1936 with the task of investigating women’s employment. This com- mission, kvinnoarbetskommittén, managed to demonstrate that dismissing women would not lead to a lowering of the unemployment figures for men, a task they accomplished through detailed studies of several labour market areas. The report of the commission guided the decision of par- liament, a decision taken when the economic depression had already turned to a boom period. The composition of the commission as well as its work was a consequence of the strong influence of the Swedish women’s movement. In Germany the rights of women to paid employment was limited already in 1923 as the re- sult of the financial crisis of the state. During the depression the attacks on married women’s right to employment became a political tool, which could be used both in foreign and domestic policy. Dismissing married women employed as civil servants was aimed to quash the demands of unemployed men. A prime target in the foreign policy was to convince the victors of World War I that reparations exceeded the ability of the German nation, a nation which had been badly stricken by economic crisis and unemployment. With this argument a solution of the unem- ployment issue was given second priority. Keywords: 20th century, Borås, economic depression, equality, framing, Freiburg, gender, Germany, Malmö, marital status, masculinity, Stuttgart, Sweden, tactics, teachers, trade unions, unemployment, women's employment, women's movement, women's rights Silke Neunsinger, Department of History, Uppsala University, S:t Larsgatan 2, SE-753 10 Uppsala, Sweden © Silke Neunsinger ISSN 0081-6531 ISBN 91-554-5088-1 Printed in Sweden by University Printers, Uppsala 2001 Distributor: Uppsala University Library, Box 510, SE-171 20 Uppsala Inhaltsverzeichnis Kapitel 1: Die Arbeit der Frauen – die Krise der Männer...............................11 Eine internationale Debatte ........................................................................14 Frauen arbeiten – zum Forschungsstand .....................................................16 Nachfrage und Geschlechterkonkurrenz .....................................................17 Frauenarbeit und Staat ...............................................................................20 Politische Gelegenheiten, Mobilisierung und Deutungsprozess...................24 Erklärungsansätze für die historische Veränderlichkeit bzw. Unveränderlichkeit von Männlichkeiten und Weiblichkeiten .....................27 Die Nicht-Einheit der Geschlechtergeschichte............................................28 Veränderte erkenntnistheoretische Ideale....................................................29 Erklärungsmodelle für das Verhältnis Männer–Frauen ...............................30 Geschlechterdefinitionen ............................................................................31 Historische Veränderung ............................................................................34 Möglichkeiten der vergleichenden Geschichtsforschung .............................35 Forschungsstrategie.....................................................................................39 Kapitel 2: Das rechtliche Szenario .................................................................43 Quellen ......................................................................................................44 Deutschland 1919 bis 1932 – Die Gleichberechtigung im Dauerausnahmezustand..............................................................................45 Staatsbürgerliche Rechte und das Privatrecht im Widerspruch....................45 Demobilmachungsverordnung – Gleichberechtigung im Ausnahmezustand.......................................................................................48 Die Personalabbauverordnung – Über die Staatsfinanzen und die Gleichberechtigung.....................................................................................53 Die Doppelverdienerkampagne – vom Ausnahmezustand zum Gesetz........56 Nach 1933: Ehestandsdarlehen – ein Ausblick............................................57 Schweden 1921 bis 1939............................................................................59 Das schwedische Eherecht ..........................................................................59 5 Die Rechtsstellung der Frauen im öffentlichen Dienst ............................... 60 Diskussion über die Doppelverdiener ........................................................ 62 Ehestandsdarlehen in Schweden ................................................................ 63 Gesetzliche Gleichstellung in Deutschland und Schweden......................... 64 Kapitel 3: Die luxuriöse Erwerbsbedürftigkeit der Frauen und der Erhalt der Nation – parlamentarische Argumentationslinien .......................................... 67 Die parteipolitische Situation in den Parlamenten ..................................... 67 Zur Vorgehensweise................................................................................... 72 Quellen ..................................................................................................... 75 Argumentationslinien ................................................................................ 76 Die "Erwerbsbedürftigkeit" – Wirtschaftliche Notwendigkeit contra Leistung.......................................................................................... 78 Die Kriegserfahrung als Teil der deutschen Lebenswelt.............................. 82 Die weibliche Leistung .............................................................................. 84 Familie - keine Garantie für eine dauerhafte Versorgung............................ 87 Rechtliche Argumente ............................................................................... 91 Gegner und Befürworter, Recht und Leistung ........................................... 94 Vom männlichen Einkommensbedarf zum Wohl der Nation – parlamentarische Thematisierung .............................................................. 94 Die Sprecher.............................................................................................. 97 Abstimmungsverhalten ............................................................................ 100 Parlamentsdiskussionen ........................................................................... 103 Kapitel 4: Die (un-)heimliche Macht der Statistik ...................................... 106 Quellen ................................................................................................... 107 Amtliche Statistik und Frauenerwerbstätigkeit......................................... 109 Definitionen von Erwerbstätigkeit ........................................................... 109 Bevölkerungsentwicklung und Ernährer .................................................. 112 Erwerbsstatistik........................................................................................ 116 Arbeitslosenstatistik ................................................................................. 121 Definitionen von Arbeitslosigkeit ............................................................ 124 Der Kampf um die „richtige“ Statistik ..................................................... 127 Der Erhalt der Nation – Alva Myrdals Beitrag ......................................... 128 Die Macht der Nachfrage auf dem schwedischen Arbeitsmarkt................ 130 Der Kampf um die Erwerbsbedürftigkeit in Deutschland ........................ 135 Bevölkerungsstatistik versus Erwerbsstatistik – ein Teil des Deutungsprozesses................................................................................... 137 6 Kapitel 5: Gesetz und regionale Variation....................................................140 Die Lehrerinnen .......................................................................................143
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