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The Farmer-Labor Party in Minnesota Politics: 1918-1948

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The Farmer-Labor Party in Minnesota Politics: 1918-1948 University of North Dakota UND Scholarly Commons Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects January 2015 The aF rmer-Labor Party In Minnesota Politics: 1918-1948 Philip Lloyd Darg Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/theses Recommended Citation Darg, Philip Lloyd, "The aF rmer-Labor Party In Minnesota Politics: 1918-1948" (2015). Theses and Dissertations. 1886. https://commons.und.edu/theses/1886 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects at UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE FARMER-LABOR PARTY IN MINNESOTA POLITICS: 1918-1948 by Philip L. Darg Associate of Arts, 1983 Bachelor of Arts, University of Minnesota, 1986 Master of Arts, Minnesota State University, Mankato, 1992 Master of Arts, Minnesota State University, Mankato, 1993 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of North Dakota in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Grand Forks, North Dakota December 2015 Copyright 2015 Philip L. Darg ii This dissertation, submitted by Philip L. Darg in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the University of North Dakota, has been read by the Faculty Advisory Committee under whom the work has been done and is hereby approved. _______________________________________ Dr. Kimberly Porter, Chairperson _______________________________________ Dr. James Mochoruk, Committee Member _______________________________________ Dr. Hans Broedel, Committee Member _______________________________________ Dr. Mark Jendrysik, Committee Member _______________________________________ Dr. Larry Peterson, Committee Member This dissertation is being submitted by the appointed advisory committee as having met all of the requirements of the School of Graduate Studies at the University of North Dakota and is hereby approved. ____________________________________ Wayne Swisher Dean of the School of Graduate Studies ____________________________________ Date iii PERMISSION Title The Farmer-Labor Party in Minnesota Politics: 1918-1948 Department History Degree Doctor of Philosophy In presenting this dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a graduate degree from the University of North Dakota, I agree that the library of this University shall make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for extensive copying for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor who supervised my dissertation work or, in their absence, by the chairperson of the department or the dean of the School of Graduate Studies. It is understood that any copying or publication or other use of this dissertation or part thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of North Dakota in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my dissertation. Philip L. Darg December 17 2015 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................................................viii ABSTRACT ..........................................................................................................................ix CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ……………………….…………………………….....….…….1 II. THE PRAIRIE FIRE SPREADS: 1915-1918 …………….………….…....…….49 III. A VIABLE THIRD PARTY: 1919-1922 ………………………….….….……100 IV. THE OPPOSITION: 1923-1929 ……………………………….………..….….157 V. THE OLSON YEARS: 1930-1936 ………………………………........…..……217 VI. OPPORTUNITY-CRISIS: 1936-1940 …………………..………….…..…..….287 VII. INTO THE WILDERNESS: 1940-1948 ………………..…………….…...….345 VIII. CONCLUSIONS ………………..……………………….………..……....….400 REFERENCES ………………….........................................................................................418 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Arthur C. Townley ……….....………………………………………….…………………56 2. NPL cartoon……………………………………………..………………………………...58 3. Charles Lindbergh, Sr. ……….....……………………………..…………….……………65 4. Joseph A. A. Burnquist ……….....………………………………………….……….……81 5. Dr. Louis A. Fritsche ………....…………………………………….……….……………84 6. Oscar Keller ….…..………………………..………………………………….…………108 7. Thomas Van Lear ..………..……………….……………………………...........……..…118 8. William Mahoney ..……...………………….………………………………….…..……121 9. Jacob A. O. Preus …………..……………………..…………………..…………….…...127 10. Henrik Shipstead ………………..……..………………………………..…………...…133 11. Ole J. Kvale …………………………………..…………………………………..….…135 12. Frank Kellogg …………………...…………………..……………………...………….148 13. John McGee …………..………………………………..……………….…………...…149 14. Magnus Johnson ………...……………………………..…………….…………..….…150 15. Anna Dickie Olesen ……….....………………………………...…….……………...…153 16. Floyd B. Olson ………...…….………………………..……………….…………….…197 17. Thomas D. Schall ………...…………………………………..…………..………….…198 18. Theodore Christianson ………….…………………………..…………..…..……….…199 vi 19. Ernest Lundeen ……….……………………………………..……………..…….….…211 20. Floyd B. Olson …...…………………………………..…..…………………………….229 21. Vince Day and Floyd B. Olson ……..…………………………...……….………….…231 22. The Farmers’ Holiday Association ………..……………………….…….……….……238 23. Francis Henry Shoemaker .……...…………………………...……………..…….….…241 24. Floyd B. Olson ………….……………………………..…………………………….…250 25. Floyd B. Olson ….……………………………………..…………………………….…275 26. Elmer Benson ………….....………….…………………..……….……………….……281 27. Hjalmar Peterson ……....…………………………..……………..……………….……282 28. Elmer Benson ……..…………………………………..………….……………….……299 29. John T. Bernard ……..………………………………………..….……….……….……310 30. Henry G. Teigan ………...……………………………….………………………..……312 31. Ernest Lundeen …………………………………….……………….…………….……318 32. Elmer Benson ……………..…………………..…………………….…………….……325 33. Hjalmar Peterson …………….……………………..…………….……………….……328 34. Harold Stassen …………..……..…………………………………………...…….……336 35. Hubert H. Humphrey ………..………..………..…………..…….……………….……360 vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my advisor, Dr. Kimberly Porter, and my advisory committee (Dr. Hans Broedel, Dr. James Mochoruk, Dr. Larry Peterson, and Dr. Mark Jendrysik) for their guidance and support during my time in the doctoral program at the University of North Dakota and North Dakota State University. I would like to thank the staff of the Minnesota Historical Society, the Wilson Library at the University of Minnesota, and the Pope County Museum, as well as my wife, Jules, and the rest of my family. viii ABSTRACT This dissertation is an examination of the Farmer-Labor Party in Minnesota politics between 1918 and 1948. This movement represented an exceptional chapter in Minnesota history, since the Farmer-Labor Party was the only sustained successful third party movement in the state. This study focuses on the origins of the movement and the reasons for its emergence, its main figures, the goals of the party, its continued electoral success from 1922 through 1936, its decline beginning in 1938, its merger with the Democratic Party of Minnesota in 1944, and finally the subsequent battle for control of this newly-merged DFL (Democratic Farmer-Labor) Party between Democrats led by Hubert H. Humphrey and the former Farmer-Laborites between 1946 and 1948. The study uses an extensive collection of primary and secondary sources relating to the Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party and other issues and political events within the timeframe in question. The conclusions of the investigation include the claim that the movement emerged chiefly because there was no viable political opposition to the dominant Republican Party in Minnesota during this period, and that the Farmer-Labor Party was a long-term movement comprised of a fractious coalition of urban-labor and rural-agrarian constituents held together by a series of leaders. The party’s emergence and rise to power in the early 1920s was fueled by a number of factors, however the creation and the continuing governance of the party and ix its association was initiated and administered by a Twin Cities-based urban-labor leadership (and as such, the movement was not merely another chapter of agrarian protest politics). This urban-labor leadership nucleus effectively absorbed the state’s Nonpartisan League by 1922, joined that movement with its own emerging third party urban-labor movement, and then transformed this new coalition into the Farmer-Labor Party. The party’s demise was caused by a number of factors which coalesced in the late 1930s, including the implementation of federal farm and labor policies under Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal, corruption within the party, a decline in the party’s leadership, and increased factional conflict based on divisions of the rural-agrarian and urban-labor sectors of the party. x CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This work is a study of the Farmer-Labor Party in Minnesota in the period of 1918- 1948. The movement was both significant and unusual in nature, chiefly for two reasons. The first was that it was the only sustained successful third party movement in the state, achieving considerable electoral success from 1922 to 1936. The second was that this movement represented the only successful fusion of farmer and labor elements in a political third party that attained noteworthy
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