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Thesis American Studies Cover Page for Examination Assignment The Faculty of Humanities Thesis American Studies Cover page for examination assignment Examination period (please indicate) Summer __x__ Winter _____ Teacher: Jørn Brøndal Title of assignment: America First – The concept and its historical development analysed through the speeches of Charles Lindbergh and Donald Trump Min./Max. number of characters: Number of characters in assignment1: 60-80 standard pages, excluding cover page, XXXXXX table of contents, abstract, notes, and bibliography and appendices (1 norm page = 2400 characters incl. blank spaces) Please notice that in case your assignment does not meet the minimum/maximum requirements stipulated in the curriculum your assignment will be dismissed and you will have used up one examination attempt. (Please Yes, my assignment may in anonymized form be published on BlackBoard for mark) future students in this course ____ Solemn declaration I hereby declare that I have drawn up the assignment single-handed and independently. All quotes are marked as such and duly referenced. The full assignment or parts thereof have not been handed in as full or partial fulfilment of examination requirements in any other courses. Read more here: http://www.sdu.dk/en/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Eksamen.aspx Handed in by (indicate [Examination number/Birthdate and name]): xxxxxx/ 030891 Peter Tobias Juul Jørgensen 1 Characters are counted from the first character in the introduction until and including the last character in the conclusion. Footnotes are included. Charts are counted with theirs characters. The following is excluded from the total count: abstract, table of contents, bibliography, list of references, appendix. For more information, see the examination regulations of the course in the curriculum. Peter Jørgensen Master’s Thesis 2020 Abstract This thesis analyzed the differences and similarities between the America First of Aviator Charles Lindbergh, who opposed US intervention in the conflict that would grow into WW2, and the TV celebrity and President Donald Trump. The study of their America First was constructed around the analysis of speeches by the two men. Methodologically the analysis used a combination of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and a general historical method. A full CDA analysis was not conducted, but it added structure to the analysis. What spurred this analysis was that journalists were quick to point out the historical connotations the term carried when Trump introduced his slogan America First. These connotations were based on Lindbergh's best-known speech, the Des Moines Speech, in which Lindbergh singled out Jewish Americans because they supported US involvement in WW2. Because of this “othering” of Jewish Americans, Lindbergh was called anti-Semitic. Lindbergh did not use America First as Trump did, but he was a member of a group called the America First Committee, who, like Lindbergh, opposed US involvement in the war in Europe. The analysis of the two men's America First was conducted with CDA adding structure and general points for what could be analyzed, but as mentioned above, America First was not a term that was defined other than the already mentioned racist connotations. Some concepts/ elements were needed for the analysis; racism was obvious, as it bound the two men's America First together. Isolationism or non-intervention became a central term when reading Lindbergh's speeches. Finally, a third aspect, American Exceptionalism, became clear, as Lindbergh often referred to how the US was better than the rest of the world. The analysis of each speech was segmented into three categories, Text, Discursive Practice, and Social Practice, based on Fairclough’s three-dimensional model for Critical Discourse Analysis. Text and Discursive Practice followed more traditional CDA conventions while keeping the three theories in mind, where part three Social Practice departed somewhat from what is often seen as CDA, as it studied the three elements more deeply. Lindbergh was the first to be analyzed. The general theme of Lindbergh's speeches was that the US should not be dragged into another war against the will of the American people. The analysis of Lindbergh's speeches revealed that his racism was initially not directed at any group of people. He was much more concerned with maintaining the supremacy of white individuals and thought that it Peter Jørgensen Master’s Thesis 2020 was in everyone's best interest if the European conflict could handle itself, without US interference, so that stability could be achieved again. Lindbergh's wish for non-intervention was partially bound to maintaining the white race, but it was also what inclusion in the current conflict would cost the US, both in lives and money. Regarding exceptionalism, Lindbergh worried that what made the US special would be lost again if the country entered another European war. Lindbergh stayed relatively consistent in his, at times, eloquent argumentation. Trump's reasoning and argumentation changed through his speeches; in his first two included speeches, he was focused on how previous administrations had let down the American people and how he would be different by thinking of the people. While studying the time leading up to Trump running for president, it was discovered that he had stated that he did not believe the US was exceptional, but that he would like to make it exceptional again. This theme carried over into his speeches, where he argued that the international community had abused the US and stated that he would think of America First to make the US great again. The race aspect of Trump's early speeches revealed a general opposition to undocumented immigrants. That may not be racist as such, but he portrayed this group of people as criminals who were only in the US to exploit the system. Building a wall at the Mexican border to secure the US was his solution. Trump's UN speeches introduced a new relevant concept, sovereignty. Trump used the concept to argue that there should be less globalism and more patriotism. In the UN speeches, Trump did not express much racist sentiment, but he did believe that refugees should stay as close to their home country because it was cheaper than them coming to the US. Regarding exceptionalism, Trump bragged about how good things were going in the US since he had become president. The most evident difference between Lindbergh and Trump was why America First was relevant. Whereas Lindbergh wanted to maintain the US of the forefathers, as he believed what made the US unique could be lost, Trump believed that the US had fallen from grace and wanted to make America great again. Peter Jørgensen Master’s Thesis 2020 Table of Contents Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 Thesis Statement .......................................................................................................................... 1 Methodology................................................................................................................................ 1 Working Qualitatively................................................................................................................ 2 Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis ....................................................................................... 2 Historical method ..................................................................................................................... 4 The structure of the analysis ......................................................................................................... 4 Primary sources ............................................................................................................................ 4 Secondary Sources........................................................................................................................ 6 The Coronavirus and its consequences........................................................................................... 7 Theory: Central Concepts .............................................................................................................. 7 America First ............................................................................................................................ 7 Isolationism or non-interventionism .......................................................................................... 7 American Exceptionalism and The City upon a Hill ...................................................................... 8 Racism ..................................................................................................................................... 8 Charles Lindbergh‘s America First ................................................................................................ 10 Historical Background ............................................................................................................. 10 Background Lindbergh ............................................................................................................ 12 Lindbergh Speeches .................................................................................................................... 13 America and European Wars ..................................................................................................
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