Information on Sustainable Use of Agricultural Residues for Bioenergy Supply“

Thuringian Center for Renewable Resources Available potentials of straw in Germany (potentials, provision costs for straw)

Results from the project: „Information on sustainable use of agricultural residues for bioenergy supply“

Christian Weiser, Dr. Armin Vetter, Thuringian State Institute for Agriculture, Dornburg-Camburg

Frank Reinicke, Institut für Nachhaltige Landbewirtschaftung e.V., Halle

Supported by:

2nd International Symposium 'Energy from Straw' Berlin, 29th-30th March 2012, Christian Weiser Thuringian Center for Renewable Resources Background – increasing pressure on croplands for bioenergy purposes

• change from conventional to renewable energy sources

• important role of biomass – the production of biomass is linked to the limited resource soil

• bioenergy strategies and policy initiatives focus on the implementation of the agricultural residue potential (f.e. German Renewable Energy Source Act)

• possible environmental and cost benefits of these resources

2nd International Symposium 'Energy from Straw' Berlin, 29th-30th March 2012, Christian Weiser Thuringian Center for Renewable Resources Background – recent occurence and utilization of agricultural residues and by-products

Residue Quantity Current utilization [million tons dry [%] matter] Cereal Straw 25.8 ~ 17 % for straw based animal housing Cattle- and Pigslurry 12.2 ~ 12 % feedstock for biogas, organic fertilizer Rapeseed- and 9.5 100 % organic fertilizer maizestraw reproduction of soil organic matter Solid manure 7.5 ~ 3 % feedstock for biogas, organic fertilizer Sugar beet- and 3.1 100 % organic fertilizer potatoleaf reproduction of soil organic matter Rapeseed cake 2.7 fodder

2nd International Symposium 'Energy from Straw' Berlin, 29th-30th March 2012, Christian Weiser Thuringian Center for Renewable Resources Utilization of cereal straw without recirculation of carbon to the soil

Photo: TLL Photo: TLL Straw-fired heating plant in Jena supplies heat to facilities of the Thuringian State Institute of Agriculture

2nd International Symposium 'Energy from Straw' Berlin, 29th-30th March 2012, Christian Weiser Thüringer Zentrum Nachwachsende Rohstoffe Definition - potentials

?????

theoretical potential

technical potential sustainable potential available ?? ??? potential

2nd International Symposium 'Energy from Straw' Berlin, 29th-30th March 2012, Christian Weiser Thuringian Center for Renewable Resources

Humus balance as criteria for potential estimation • determination of the removeable residues (cereal straw) from agriculture cycle for bioenergy supply without recirculation of carbon to the soil • criteria for sustainability = remove only this amount of organic matter that does not disrupt the carbon balance • the ratio between input (manure, by-products) and loss (decay, harvest) of soil organic matter is a crucial criteria for the assessment of sustainable agricultural practice • site-specific reproduction of soil organic matter in agricultural farms is an important precondition to ensure high and stable yields

2nd International Symposium 'Energy from Straw' Berlin, 29th-30th March 2012, Christian Weiser Thuringian Center for Renewable Resources Humus balance

• VDLUFA1 and the HE (dynamisch)2 balancing tools are used to calculate the humus balance on NUTS-3 level • the balance is calculated on the base of coefficients accounting for the demand of different crops and the compensation of humus by organic fertilizers • coefficients were derived from long term experiments • due to the empirical character a range between “lower” and “higher” values is given for the VDLUFA model

1 VDLUFA (Association of the German Agricultural Research Institutes) (2004) 2 dynamische Humuseinheitenmethode Hülsbergen (2003)

2nd International Symposium 'Energy from Straw' Berlin, 29th-30th March 2012, Christian Weiser Thuringian Center for Renewable Resources Input parameter – cultivation area by crop, by-products

• humus- increasing • by-products and organic • minus 10 % for and decreasing fertilizers receive humus material crops increasing coefficients purposes • fallow land • catch crops • varying crop – coefficients for the HE -method

2nd International Symposium 'Energy from Straw' Berlin, 29th-30th March 2012, Christian Weiser Thuringian Center for Renewable Resources Input parameter

input - parameter / district VDLUFA HE –dynamisch area cultivated per crop x X harvest - x by - products x x fallowland x x area cultivated with catch crops x x animal residues x x other organic fertilizer x x mineral nitrogen fertillizer - x nitrogen deposits - x precipitation - x soil fertility index - x

2nd International Symposium 'Energy from Straw' Berlin, 29th-30th March 2012, Christian Weiser Thuringian Center for Renewable Resources Results – humus balance

VDLUFA lower values VDLUFA higher values HE - method / Cross Compliance

2 districts with 31 districts with 57 districts with negative balances negative balances negative balances

balances limit balances limit balances limit potential in 9% potential in 38 % potential in 32 %

2nd International Symposium 'Energy from Straw' Berlin, 29th-30th March 2012, Christian Weiser Thuringian Center for Renewable Resources Results - regional straw potential

VDLUFA VDLUFA HE – dyn. higher values lower values (CC) ~8 m. tFM ~10 m. tFM ~13 m. tFM

2nd International Symposium 'Energy from Straw' Berlin, 29th-30th March 2012, Christian Weiser Thuringian Center for Renewable Resources Conditions – calculation of scenarios

• 1st Scenario „Business as usual“  increasing harvest 1 %,  change in cattle housing types from straw to slurry based  diminishing grazing period

• 2nd Scenario „increasing straw demand“  technical limited recovery rate increases from 66 % to 90 %  share of grassland increases up to 5% in each district instead of area cultivated with silomaize

• 3rd Scenario „extensification of crop production“  decreasing harvest for all crops for 10 %

2nd International Symposium 'Energy from Straw' Berlin, 29th-30th March 2012, Christian Weiser Thuringian Center for Renewable Resources Results - scenarios

25 VDLUFA lower values VDLUFA higher values

M 20 HE -method F t

. m n i

w 15 a r t s l a e r e c 10

0 Baseline 1st Scenario 2nd Scenario 3rd Scenario

2nd International Symposium 'Energy from Straw' Berlin, 29th-30th March 2012, Christian Weiser Thuringian Center for Renewable Resources Intermediate results – sustainable straw potential theoretical technical sustainable potential potential potential VDLUFA lower value CC-regulations VDLUFA higher value HE method

30 m. 15 m. 13 m. 10 m. 8 m. t FM t FM t FM t FM t FM

• 8 – 13 million tons straw fresh matter are available for recovery according to the humus balance models and scenario calculations • 8 – 13 million tons fm is equal to 114 – 186 Petajoule • farmers should carry out balances at field scale • nutrient loss and erosion issues should be considered • a short term and method independent possibilty to improve the results are site specific grain-to-straw ratios

2nd International Symposium 'Energy from Straw' Berlin, 29th-30th March 2012, Christian Weiser Thuringian Center for Renewable Resources Available potential – price

• the available potential depends highly on the attendance to pay a certain price • the price compensates the expenditures for the recovery, handling, transport, storage and should include a profit for the farmer • the following calculation includes baling, handling and short distance transport to the (intermediate) storage-/farm- or conversion facility • factors of influence: harvest, field area, machinery (acquisition costs, performance, economic life- time, recovery rate, distance between swaths), costs for fertilizers and other operating resources

2nd International Symposium 'Energy from Straw' Berlin, 29th-30th March 2012, Christian Weiser Thuringian Center for Renewable Resources Price for cereal straw (without storage, long distance transport) position Var. 1 Var. 2 harvest (dt/ha) 3 3 transport distance (km) 5 5 baling (wfh/ha) 0,4 0,4 handling/transport (wfh/ha) 0,99 nk. workforce for handling and transport 4 1 costs for baling (€/t) 19,80 19,80 costs for handling and transport (€/t) 14,60 7,90 nutrient value straw (€/t) 17,40 17,40 total (€/t) 51,80 45,10

2nd International Symposium 'Energy from Straw' Berlin, 29th-30th March 2012, Christian Weiser Thuringian Center for Renewable Resources Impact of field area on time/cost for straw baling

0,7 60 time

0,6 cost of 50 machinery 0,5 40 a h /

0,4 €

a y h r / e

h 30 n f i h w

e 0,3 a m m i

t f o 20 s t

0,2 s o c

10 0,1

0 0 1 ha 2 ha 10 ha 20 ha 40 ha 80 ha

2nd International Symposium 'Energy from Straw' Berlin, 29th-30th March 2012, Christian Weiser Thuringian Center for Renewable Resources

price indices of agricultural operating resources

s e c

r 190 u operating resources total o s e 180

r fuel g n ) i fertilizer t x 170 a a r t

maintenance of machinery e e p s 160 o a machinery for recovery l h a c r r u

u 150 t l p u t c u i

r 140 o g h a t

i f w o 130

( s e c i

c 120 n i e c 110 i r p 100

90 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

2nd International Symposium 'Energy from Straw' Berlin, 29th-30th March 2012, Christian Weiser Thuringian Center for Renewable Resources Comparison of different price calculations

70 handling and transport to the field/storage 60 baling

50 nutrient costs ] t

/ 40 € [ s t s o c 30

0 Hanff Degner Lorenz Schindler Wagner Var. 1 Var. 2 (2010) (2007) (2011) (2008) (2011)

2nd International Symposium 'Energy from Straw' Berlin, 29th-30th March 2012, Christian Weiser Thuringian Center for Renewable Resources Discussion price – „value“ for soil organic matter

• according to Hanff (2010)³ the farm has several options to compensate a negative humus balance resulting from straw selling

• the monetary expenditures can be seen as the „value“ for soil organic matter

• resulting from the compensation measurements the following operating expenses must be covered  withcompost: upto39 €/t  with catch crops: 34 €/t  with fodder grass: 16 €/t

³ Hanff (2010): Was Stroh kosten muss, In: DLG Mitteilungen, 3, 22-25.

2nd International Symposium 'Energy from Straw' Berlin, 29th-30th March 2012, Christian Weiser Thuringian Center for Renewable Resources Summary and conclusion I

2nd International Symposium 'Energy from Straw' Berlin, 29th-30th March 2012, Christian Weiser Thuringian Center for Renewable Resources Summary and conclusion II

• the available potential depends highly on the attendance to pay a certain price • the price for cereal straw (without storage, long distance transport) is ~ 52 €/t straw • fertilizer prices show high variations • in case of negative balances compensation measurements can increase the price about 16 – 39 € / t

2nd International Symposium 'Energy from Straw' Berlin, 29th-30th March 2012, Christian Weiser Thuringian Center for Renewable Resources Questions, Discussion, ...

Thank you for your attention!

Christian Weiser Thuringian State Institute of Agriculture Apoldaer Str. 4 07774 Dornburg-Camburg Phone: +49 (0)36427 868-133 E-Mail: [email protected]

2nd International Symposium 'Energy from Straw' Berlin, 29th-30th March 2012, Christian Weiser