Thuringian Center for Renewable Resources Available potentials of straw in Germany (potentials, provision costs for straw) Results from the project: „Information on sustainable use of agricultural residues for bioenergy supply“ Christian Weiser, Dr. Armin Vetter, Thuringian State Institute for Agriculture, Dornburg-Camburg Frank Reinicke, Institut für Nachhaltige Landbewirtschaftung e.V., Halle Supported by: 2nd International Symposium 'Energy from Straw' Berlin, 29th-30th March 2012, Christian Weiser Thuringian Center for Renewable Resources Background – increasing pressure on croplands for bioenergy purposes • change from conventional to renewable energy sources • important role of biomass – the production of biomass is linked to the limited resource soil • bioenergy strategies and policy initiatives focus on the implementation of the agricultural residue potential (f.e. German Renewable Energy Source Act) • possible environmental and cost benefits of these resources 2nd International Symposium 'Energy from Straw' Berlin, 29th-30th March 2012, Christian Weiser Thuringian Center for Renewable Resources Background – recent occurence and utilization of agricultural residues and by-products Residue Quantity Current utilization [million tons dry [%] matter] Cereal Straw 25.8 ~ 17 % for straw based animal housing Cattle- and Pigslurry 12.2 ~ 12 % feedstock for biogas, organic fertilizer Rapeseed- and 9.5 100 % organic fertilizer maizestraw reproduction of soil organic matter Solid manure 7.5 ~ 3 % feedstock for biogas, organic fertilizer Sugar beet- and 3.1 100 % organic fertilizer potatoleaf reproduction of soil organic matter Rapeseed cake 2.7 fodder 2nd International Symposium 'Energy from Straw' Berlin, 29th-30th March 2012, Christian Weiser Thuringian Center for Renewable Resources Utilization of cereal straw without recirculation of carbon to the soil Photo: TLL Photo: TLL Straw-fired heating plant in Jena supplies heat to facilities of the Thuringian State Institute of Agriculture 2nd International Symposium 'Energy from Straw' Berlin, 29th-30th March 2012, Christian Weiser Thüringer Zentrum Nachwachsende Rohstoffe Definition - potentials ????? theoretical potential technical potential sustainable potential available ?? ??? potential 2nd International Symposium 'Energy from Straw' Berlin, 29th-30th March 2012, Christian Weiser Thuringian Center for Renewable Resources Humus balance as criteria for potential estimation • determination of the removeable residues (cereal straw) from agriculture cycle for bioenergy supply without recirculation of carbon to the soil • criteria for sustainability = remove only this amount of organic matter that does not disrupt the carbon balance • the ratio between input (manure, by-products) and loss (decay, harvest) of soil organic matter is a crucial criteria for the assessment of sustainable agricultural practice • site-specific reproduction of soil organic matter in agricultural farms is an important precondition to ensure high and stable yields 2nd International Symposium 'Energy from Straw' Berlin, 29th-30th March 2012, Christian Weiser Thuringian Center for Renewable Resources Humus balance • VDLUFA1 and the HE (dynamisch)2 balancing tools are used to calculate the humus balance on NUTS-3 level • the balance is calculated on the base of coefficients accounting for the demand of different crops and the compensation of humus by organic fertilizers • coefficients were derived from long term experiments • due to the empirical character a range between “lower” and “higher” values is given for the VDLUFA model 1 VDLUFA (Association of the German Agricultural Research Institutes) (2004) 2 dynamische Humuseinheitenmethode Hülsbergen (2003) 2nd International Symposium 'Energy from Straw' Berlin, 29th-30th March 2012, Christian Weiser Thuringian Center for Renewable Resources Input parameter – cultivation area by crop, by-products • humus- increasing • by-products and organic • minus 10 % for and decreasing fertilizers receive humus material crops increasing coefficients purposes • fallow land • catch crops • varying crop – coefficients for the HE -method 2nd International Symposium 'Energy from Straw' Berlin, 29th-30th March 2012, Christian Weiser Thuringian Center for Renewable Resources Input parameter input - parameter / district VDLUFA HE –dynamisch area cultivated per crop x X harvest - x by - products x x fallowland x x area cultivated with catch crops x x animal residues x x other organic fertilizer x x mineral nitrogen fertillizer - x nitrogen deposits - x precipitation - x soil fertility index - x 2nd International Symposium 'Energy from Straw' Berlin, 29th-30th March 2012, Christian Weiser Thuringian Center for Renewable Resources Results – humus balance VDLUFA lower values VDLUFA higher values HE - method / Cross Compliance 2 districts with 31 districts with 57 districts with negative balances negative balances negative balances balances limit balances limit balances limit potential in 9% potential in 38 % potential in 32 % 2nd International Symposium 'Energy from Straw' Berlin, 29th-30th March 2012, Christian Weiser Thuringian Center for Renewable Resources Results - regional straw potential VDLUFA VDLUFA HE – dyn. higher values lower values (CC) ~8 m. tFM ~10 m. tFM ~13 m. tFM 2nd International Symposium 'Energy from Straw' Berlin, 29th-30th March 2012, Christian Weiser Thuringian Center for Renewable Resources Conditions – calculation of scenarios • 1st Scenario „Business as usual“ increasing harvest 1 %, change in cattle housing types from straw to slurry based diminishing grazing period • 2nd Scenario „increasing straw demand“ technical limited recovery rate increases from 66 % to 90 % share of grassland increases up to 5% in each district instead of area cultivated with silomaize • 3rd Scenario „extensification of crop production“ decreasing harvest for all crops for 10 % 2nd International Symposium 'Energy from Straw' Berlin, 29th-30th March 2012, Christian Weiser cereal straw in m. t FM 10 15 20 25 0 5 2 nd International Symposium 'Energy from Straw' Berlin, 29 Baseline 1st Scenario 2nd Scenario 3rd Scenario Results - scenarios Thuringian Center for Renewable Resources th -30 th March 2012, Christian Weiser HE -method VDLUFA higher values VDLUFA lower values Thuringian Center for Renewable Resources Intermediate results – sustainable straw potential theoretical technical sustainable potential potential potential VDLUFA lower value CC-regulations VDLUFA higher value HE method 30 m. 15 m. 13 m. 10 m. 8 m. t FM t FM t FM t FM t FM • 8 – 13 million tons straw fresh matter are available for recovery according to the humus balance models and scenario calculations • 8 – 13 million tons fm is equal to 114 – 186 Petajoule • farmers should carry out balances at field scale • nutrient loss and erosion issues should be considered • a short term and method independent possibilty to improve the results are site specific grain-to-straw ratios 2nd International Symposium 'Energy from Straw' Berlin, 29th-30th March 2012, Christian Weiser Thuringian Center for Renewable Resources Available potential – price • the available potential depends highly on the attendance to pay a certain price • the price compensates the expenditures for the recovery, handling, transport, storage and should include a profit for the farmer • the following calculation includes baling, handling and short distance transport to the (intermediate) storage-/farm- or conversion facility • factors of influence: harvest, field area, machinery (acquisition costs, performance, economic life- time, recovery rate, distance between swaths), costs for fertilizers and other operating resources 2nd International Symposium 'Energy from Straw' Berlin, 29th-30th March 2012, Christian Weiser Thuringian Center for Renewable Resources Price for cereal straw (without storage, long distance transport) position Var. 1 Var. 2 harvest (dt/ha) 3 3 transport distance (km) 5 5 baling (wfh/ha) 0,4 0,4 handling/transport (wfh/ha) 0,99 nk. workforce for handling and transport 4 1 costs for baling (€/t) 19,80 19,80 costs for handling and transport (€/t) 14,60 7,90 nutrient value straw (€/t) 17,40 17,40 total (€/t) 51,80 45,10 2nd International Symposium 'Energy from Straw' Berlin, 29th-30th March 2012, Christian Weiser Impact of field area on time/cost for straw baling 2 nd International Symposium 'Energy from Straw' Berlin, 29 time wfh/ha 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0 1 ha 2 ha 10 ha 20 ha 40 ha 80 ha Thuringian Center for Renewable Resources machinery cost of time th -30 th March 2012, Christian Weiser 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 costs of machinery €/ha price incices of agricultural operating resources (without purchase tax) 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 90 price indices of agricultural operating resources 2 nd International Symposium 'Energy from Straw' Berlin, 29 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 machinery for recovery maintenance of machinery fertilizer fuel operating resources total Thuringian Center for Renewable Resources th -30 th March 2012, Christian Weiser Thuringian Center for Renewable Resources Comparison of different price calculations 70 handling and transport to the field/storage 60 baling 50 nutrient costs ] t / 40 € [ s t s o c 30 20 10 0 Hanff Degner Lorenz Schindler Wagner Var. 1 Var. 2 (2010) (2007) (2011) (2008) (2011) 2nd International Symposium 'Energy from Straw' Berlin, 29th-30th March 2012, Christian Weiser Thuringian Center for Renewable Resources Discussion price – „value“ for soil organic matter • according