Role of pilot projects... 4. PILOT PROJECTS TO STRENGTHEN REGIONAL IDENTITIES AND LOCAL ECONOMIES
4.1. ROLE OF PILOT PROJECTS AND PRINCIPLES 2)*22'35$&7,&(,1352&(66(62)$&7,9(/$1'6&$3( SHAPING AND MANAGEMENT OF CULTURAL AND NATURAL LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS AS WELL AS THEIR PROTECTION AND SPATIAL PLANNING
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4.1.1. Principles of good practice and pilot projects
The term ‘good practice’ can be found in numerous aspects of human activ- LW\DQGLWUHIHUVERWKWRHFRQRPLFDFWLYLW\WRFRQVFLHQWLRXVVFLHQWL¿FUHVHDUFKDQG WRDFWLYLWLHVZLWKLQSXEOLFDGPLQLVWUDWLRQ6XFKVHWVRISULQFLSOHVKDYHDFKDUDFWHU of norms accepted by the members of a particular community and, to a certain H[WHQWFRQFHUQDOVRHWKLFDOTXHVWLRQV 7KHEDVLFLVVXHFRQQHFWHGZLWKWKHWHUP³JRRGSUDFWLFH´LVWKHTXHVWLRQRI FULWHULDHYDOXDWLQJYDULRXVXQGHUWDNLQJVIURPWKLVSRLQWRIYLHZ,WVHHPVWKDWWKH basic principle here is the compatibility of planned and realized aims with an accu- UDWHQHHGVDQDO\VLV7KHUHIRUHWKHWHUP³JRRGSUDFWLFH´ZLOOUHIHUWRWKDWFULWHULRQ ZKLFKDSDUWLFXODUJURXSRIEHQH¿FLDULHVDFWXDOO\QHHGVZKLFKWULJJHUVRUHQDEOHV IXUWKHUGHYHORSPHQWRUZKLFKRYHUFRPHVPRVWVLJQL¿FDQWGLI¿FXOWLHV>)HQU\FK @$QRWKHUVLJQL¿FDQW³JRRGSUDFWLFH´FULWHULRQLQYROYHVWKHSDUWLFLSDWLRQRI WKHORFDOFRPPXQLW\ EHQH¿FLDULHV LQWKHSURFHVVRISUHSDUDWLRQLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ and utilization of practical results of conducted activities. ,W LV DOVR QHFHVVDU\ WR GH¿QH WKH WHUPV ³PDQDJHPHQW´ DQG ³VKDSLQJ´ $FFRUGLQJWR7DGHXV].RWDUELĔVNL³PDQDJHPHQW´FDQEHXQGHUVWRRGDVFRPLQJ WRDGHFLVLRQEDVHGRQWKHNQRZOHGJHRIDLPVDQGPHDQVDVWRWKHLQLWLDWLRQRU WHUPLQDWLRQRIDFWLYLWLHV>.RWDUELĔVNL @7KXVWKHHVVHQFHRIWKLVWHUPOLHVLQ GH¿QLQJWKHDLPDQGWKHURDGOHDGLQJWRLWVUHDOL]DWLRQ&RPLQJWRDGHFLVLRQLVD TXHVWLRQRIFKRLFHRIWKHPRVWVXLWDEOHDOWHUQDWLYHRXWRIPDQ\RWKHUV7KHWHUP ³PDQDJHPHQW´FDQEHH[DPLQHGIURPWZRSRLQWVRIYLHZ DZLGHURQHZKHQLW LQYROYHVPDQDJLQJREMHFWVRUVLWXDWLRQVDQGDQDUURZHURQHXQGHUVWRRGDVVXSHU-
215 .U]\V]WRI*DZURĔVNL vising. In regards to cultural and natural landscape elements management, we deal with the wider approach. ³6KDSLQJ´RQWKHRWKHUKDQGLVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKIRUPLQJSUHSDULQJVSHFL- I\LQJRUPRGHOOLQJ/DQGVFDSHVKDSLQJLVXQGHUVWRRGDVWKHWRWDORIKXPDQPDWH- rial activities at a given point in time and space, having an impact on the physical VKDSHDQGELRWLFFRQWHQWRIKXPDQHQYLURQPHQW/DQGVFDSHVKDSLQJDLPVDWLQWUR- GXFLQJVXFKPRGL¿FDWLRQVLQQDWXUDOV\VWHPVZKLFKZRXOGLPSURYHWKHVWDQGDUG of living, increase the environment’s assimilative capacity, or in any other way LQFUHDVHWKHHFRV\VWHPV¶UHVLVWDQFHWRDQWKURSRSUHVVXUH>.RUHOHVNLHWDO @ &XOWXUDOODQGVFDSHKDVGHYHORSHGDVDUHVXOWRIORQJODVWLQJKXPDQLQÀX- ence on the natural environment, which was more often harmful than harmonized. 6XFKDFWLYLWLHVKDYHUHVXOWHGLQGLVWXUEHGQDWXUDOFXOWXUDOUHODWLRQVDQGODQGVFDSH degradation. That is why landscape protection needs to have a complex character and needs to involve both natural and cultural landscape. /HJDOUHJXODWLRQVFRQVWLWXWHEDVLFHOHPHQWVRIODQGVFDSHPDQDJHPHQWVKDS- LQJDQGSURWHFWLRQ,Q3RODQGWKHVHZLOOLQFOXGH – WKH$FWRQ6SDWLDO3ODQQLQJDQG6SDWLDO0DQDJHPHQW>8VWDZDD@ – WKH$FW RQ WKH 3URWHFWLRQ DQG *XDUGLDQVKLS RI +LVWRULFDO 0RQXPHQWV >8VWDZDF@ – WKH$FWRQ1DWXUH3URWHFWLRQ>8VWDZDD@ – WKH$FWRQ1DWXUH&RQVHUYDWLRQ>8VWDZD@ 0RUHRYHUQRQJRYHUQPHQWDORUJDQL]DWLRQVDQGYDULRXVHFRORJLFDODVVRFLD- WLRQVVXFKDV*UHHQ)HGHUDWLRQWKH3ROLVK(FRORJLFDO&OXE6RFLHW\IRUWKH(DUWK 1DWXUH 3URWHFWLRQ /HDJXH HWF SOD\ D VLJQL¿FDQW UROH LQ ODQGVFDSH SURWHFWLRQ These organizations mainly act within nature and environment protection. 6SDWLDOSODQQLQJLVRQHRIWKHIDFWRUVVKDSLQJFXOWXUDOODQGVFDSH LWLVDOVR DQLQVWUXPHQWRIODQGVFDSHSURWHFWLRQ6SDWLDOSODQQLQJLVHVVHQWLDOO\DSURFHVV of predicting future states, which refers to designating land for various purposes DQGIRUPXODWLQJGHYHORSPHQWFRQGLWLRQV6SDWLDOSODQQLQJLVDQLPSRUWDQWWRRO of landscape shaping and protection primarily because it shapes space according WRWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVRIWKHVRFDOOHGVSDWLDORUGHUWKDWLVLWPDNHVLWLPSRVVLEOHWR LQWURGXFH HOHPHQWV ZKLFK FDQ FUHDWH GLVKDUPRQ\ LQ ODQGVFDSH 6HFRQGO\ YDUL- RXVSURWHFWLYHSURYLVLRQVDUHEHLQJXQGHUWDNHQLQVSDWLDOSODQQLQJGRFXPHQWVDW various levels, which restrict the use of valuable elements of natural and cultural ODQGVFDSH>*DZURĔVNL@ 7KH LQWHUQDWLRQDO SURMHFW ³3URWHFWLQJ +LVWRULFDO &XOWXUDO /DQGVFDSHV WR VWUHQJWKHQ5HJLRQDO,GHQWLWLHVDQG/RFDO(FRQRPLHV´LPSOHPHQWHGZLWKLQWKH(X- URSHDQ8QLRQ,17(55(*,,,%&$'6(6SURJUDPPHLQYROYHVWZRSLORWSURMHFWV PHDQWDVSUDFWLFDOUHVXOWVRIWKHUHDOLVHGSURMHFW7KH¿UVWRQHLVORFDOL]HGLQWKH FRPPXQLW\RI0LHFKyZDQGLQYROYHVWKHFUHDWLRQRIDQHGXFDWLRQDQGWUDLQLQJ FHQWUHZLWKGHPRQVWUDWLYHSODQWVIRUSHOOHWDQGEULTXHWWHSURGXFWLRQ ELRPDVV
216 Role of pilot projects...
7KHRWKHURQHLVVLWXDWHGLQWKHYLOODJHRI:LĞQLRZD WKH0DáRSROVNLH9RLYRGH- VKLS DQGLQYROYHVWKHUHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIDKLVWRULFZDWHUEDVLQDVZHOODVWKHGHYHO- RSPHQWRIDGMRLQLQJDUHDV WKHFUHDWLRQRIVPDOOWRXULVWLQIUDVWUXFWXUHDQGJUHHQ areas. 7KLVSDSHUDLPVDWGH¿QLQJWKHUROHRISULQFLSOHVRIJRRGSUDFWLFHLQVKDSLQJ FXOWXUDODQGQDWXUDOODQGVFDSHHOHPHQWVLQWKHFRQWH[WRISLORWSURMHFWVUHDOL]HG ZLWKLQWKH,17(55(*,,,%&$'6(6(XURSHDQ8QLRQSURMHFW
4.1.2 Pilot projects and principles of good practice in cultural landscape SURWHFWLRQDQGVKDSLQJDVZHOODVVSDWLDOPDQDJHPHQW
'HSHQGLQJRQREMHFWLYHVVFLHQWL¿FUHVHDUFKDFWLYLWLHVFDQEHGLYLGHGLQWR two basic categories: basic studies and applied studies. Basic studies involve sci- HQWL¿FLQTXLULHVXQGHUWDNHQZLWKRXWDQ\SUDFWLFDOREMHFWLYHLQRUGHUWRFODULI\XQ- NQRZQSKHQRPHQDDQGGLVFRYHUQHZVFLHQWL¿FODZV7KDWLVZK\EDVLFVWXGLHVDUH also referred to as theoretical studies. Applied studies, on the other hand, aim at DSSO\LQJWKHUHVXOWVZRUNHGRXWE\EDVLFVWXGLHVLQSUDFWLFH7KH\UHVXOWLQPRG- HOVSURWRW\SHVWHFKQRORJLFDOVROXWLRQVHWF7KHREMHFWLYHRIDSSOLHGVWXGLHVLVWR VROYHVSHFL¿FSUREOHPV 6WXGLHV FRQGXFWHG ZLWK WKH ,17(55(* ,,,% &$'6(6 3URMHFW KDYH WKLV SUDFWLFDO DSSOLHG FKDUDFWHU3UDFWLFDO SLORW DFWLYLWLHVZHUHDLPHGDWSUHVHQWLQJ model relationships between activities for cultural landscape planning and spe- FL¿FHFRQRPLFXQGHUWDNLQJVH[HPSOL¿HGE\FKRVHQORFDODGPLQLVWUDWLYHXQLWVRI 3RODQG :KHQFRQVLGHULQJWKHSULQFLSOHVRIJRRGSUDFWLFHZLWKUHIHUHQFHWRVSHFL¿F SLORWSURMHFWVLWLVQHFHVVDU\DERYHDOOWRWDNHDVWDQFHWRZDUGVSODQQLQJDQGVSD- WLDODFWLYLWLHVFRQQHFWHGZLWKODQGVFDSHSURWHFWLRQDQGVKDSLQJ%RWKSLORWSURMHFWV DUHORFDWHGLQVSHFL¿FFRPPXQLWLHVDQGFDQH[HUWDVLJQL¿FDQWLQÀXHQFHRQVSDFH DQGODQGVFDSHVKDSHLQWKHVHDUHDV8QGHUWDNLQJWKHVHSLORWSURMHFWVUHTXLUHGD YHUL¿FDWLRQRIWKHLUORFDWLRQZLWKWKHUHJXODWLRQVRIWKHORFDOVSDWLDOPDQDJHPHQW SODQ WKH FRPPXQLW\ RI:LĞQLRZD DQG REWDLQLQJ DQ DGPLQLVWUDWLYH SHUPLW IRU EXLOGLQJXVHDOWHUDWLRQ WKHFRPPXQLW\RI0LHFKyZ /DQGVFDSHVKDSLQJDQGODQGVFDSHSURWHFWLRQLVVXHVDUHSUHVHQWDWDOOOHYHOV RIVSDWLDOSODQQLQJLQ3RODQG7KH1DWLRQDO6SDWLDO'HYHORSPHQW6FKHPH DWD VFDOH VXLWDEOH IRU WKLV W\SH RI GRFXPHQW GH¿QHV UHTXLUHPHQWV ZLWK UHJDUGV WR HQYLURQPHQWDQGPRQXPHQWSURWHFWLRQWDNLQJLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQSURWHFWHGDUHDV Therefore by default, this regulation also concerns landscape shaping. :LWKLQWKHQXPEHURIGRFXPHQWVZKLFKEXLOGXSWKHWKHPDWLFVFRSHRIWKH voivodeship spatial management plan, we could point out the following: the sys- tem of protected areas, including the areas of environment, nature and landscape
217 .U]\V]WRI*DZURĔVNL protection; health resort protection; natural heritage and monument protection; and the protection of goods of contemporary culture. The voivodeship spatial manage- PHQW SODQ DOZD\V GH¿QHV WKH VRFDOOHG DUHDV XQGHU D VSHFLDO SODQQLQJ UHJLPH These areas constitute the most valuable elements of space exposed to damage as DUHVXOWRILQWHQVLYHGHYHORSPHQWSURFHVVHV>1LHZLDGRPVNL@7KHVHDUHIRU example, ecologically protected areas and areas of restricted land use created on WKHEDVLVRIUHJXODWLRQVVHWRXWLQWKH$FWRQ1DWXUH3URWHFWLRQ>8VWDZDD@ 6SDWLDOSODQQLQJUHJXODWLRQVIRUWKHVWXGLHGFRPPXQLWLHVFRYHUDZLGHUDQJH of issues regarding landscape protection and shaping. A community study of the conditions and directions of the spatial man- DJHPHQWGHDOVZLWKODQGVFDSHVKDSLQJERWKLQWKHVHFWLRQGH¿QLQJGHYHORSPHQW determinants and in the one identifying spatial planning directions. Among the elements appearing in the context of development determinants, we can mention VSDWLDORUGHUDQGWKHVWDWHRIWKHHQYLURQPHQWDVZHOODVWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVZLWK regards to environment, nature, and landscape protection. On the other hand, the section dealing with directions of spatial development includes regulations, which DUHELQGLQJLQWKHSURFHVVRIORFDOSODQQLQJVXFKDVGH¿QLQJHQYLURQPHQWSUR- tection areas and the principles of environment protection, resources protection, QDWXUHFXOWXUDOODQGVFDSH &/ DQGKHDOWKUHVRUWVSURWHFWLRQ :LWKLQWKHWKHPDWLFDUHDVFRYHUHGE\WKHORFDOVSDWLDOGHYHORSPHQWSODQ ZHFDQ¿QGREOLJDWRU\UHJXODWLRQVFRQFHUQLQJWKHSULQFLSOHVRIVSDWLDORUGHUSUR- WHFWLRQDQGGHYHORSPHQWDQGWKHSULQFLSOHVRIHQYLURQPHQWQDWXUHDQG&/SUR- WHFWLRQ6HSDUDWHUHJXODWLRQVFRQFHUQLQJDUHDVFRYHUHGE\WKHORFDOGHYHORSPHQW SODQDQGUHIHUULQJWRODQGVFDSHFDQEHDOVRIRXQGLQ WKH$FWRI-XO\RQ WKH3URWHFWLRQDQG*XDUGLDQVKLSRI+LVWRULFDO0RQXPHQWV>8VWDZDF@WKH $FWRQ1DWXUH3URWHFWLRQ>8VWDZD@WKH$FWRQ1DWXUH3URWHFWLRQ>8VWDZD D@DQGRWKHUV &XOWXUDOODQGVFDSHSURWHFWLRQDQGVKDSLQJFDQEHDOVRGHDOWZLWKLQYRLYRGH- ship and community development strategies. A strategy, in the most general sense, LVDPHWKRGRIDFKLHYLQJSUHYLRXVO\GH¿QHGREMHFWLYHVWKURXJKFRQWUROOLQJGH- YHORSPHQWDQGHQJDJLQJLQWKHUHDOL]DWLRQSURFHVV>3UXVHN @$VWUDWHJ\XQ- derstood in such a way consists of the following: an active relationship to reality HYDOXDWLRQDQGGH¿QLWLRQRIGHYHORSPHQWSRVVLELOLWLHVDQGPHWKRGVRIFRQGXFW 6WUDWHJLHVDUHGHYHORSHGLIDJLYHQXQLWH[SUHVVHVZLOOLQJQHVVWRDFWDQGPDQDJH development processes effectively. ,QWKHFRQGLWLRQVRIPDUNHWHFRQRP\HDFKUDWLRQDOO\DFWLQJXQLWLQFOXGLQJ a community, should implement strategic policies understood as a system of long- WHUPREMHFWLYHVWDVNVDQGSULQFLSOHVRILPSDFWDQGUHDOL]DWLRQRIGHYHORSPHQW SODQV2EMHFWLYHVDUHFRQFHLYHGKHUHDVGLUHFWLRQVRIDFWLYLW\ZKLFKJURZRXWRI the existing system of values and development missions. They are most often for- PXODWHGLQWHUPVRIVRFLDOQHHGVZKLFKQHHGWREHPHW%DVLFFKDQJHREMHFWLYHVLQ
218 Role of pilot projects...
VSDWLDOPDQDJHPHQWLQFOXGH LPSURYLQJWKHTXDOLW\RIOLIHRIORFDOSHRSOHLQFUHDV- ing management effectiveness, protecting the natural environment and landscape, DQGFUHDWLQJVSDWLDORUGHU>3LHFKDQG*DZURĔVNL @ The process of development of a community development strategy is com- posed of four fundamental stages. These stages include: diagnosing and evaluating WKHFXUUHQWVWDWHVHOHFWLQJIXQGDPHQWDOGHYHORSPHQWLVVXHVGH¿QLQJGHYHORSPHQW RSSRUWXQLWLHV DQG WKUHDWV GHYHORSPHQW VFHQDULRV DQG IRUPXODWLQJ DOWHUQDWLYH VWUDWHJLHV(FRORJ\DQGHQYLURQPHQWSURWHFWLRQLVVXHVDUHSUHVHQWERWKLQWKH¿UVW DQGWKHVHFRQGVWDJHRIDFRPPXQLW\GHYHORSPHQWVWUDWHJ\:LWKLQWKHVHVWDJHV the structuralization of problem issues as well as analysis of issues concerning the ecological sphere and environment protection are carried out. ,QRUGHUWRDFWLYDWHWKHUROHDQGVLJQL¿FDQFHRIODQGVFDSHSURWHFWLRQDQG VKDSLQJZHFRXOGSRVWXODWHWKDWWKHVHLVVXHVVKRXOGEHWDNHQLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQ LQDVXLWDEOHDQGLQTXLVLWLYHZD\LQWKHVWDJHVRIHYDOXDWLQJWKHFXUUHQWVWDWHDQG selecting fundamental development issues, particularly in communities character- ized by high variability of these phenomena. $JHQHUDOTXHVWLRQDSSHDUVDVDFRQFOXVLRQWRWKHDERYHGHOLEHUDWLRQV KRZ to strengthen the role of cultural landscape protection and shaping issues within WKHFXUUHQWV\VWHPRIVSDWLDOSODQQLQJ"7KHVHLVVXHVDUHXQGRXEWHGO\WDNHQLQWR consideration at all levels of spatial planning. Therefore, an amendment of legal UHJXODWLRQVRQVSDWLDOSODQQLQJLQ3RODQGVHHPVWREHWKHRQO\UDWLRQDOZD\LQWKLV UHVSHFW6FLHQWL¿FFLUFOHVFDQSRVWXODWHLQWURGXFLQJWKLVW\SHRIFKDQJHV It is also necessary to point out that regulations of local spatial manage- ment plans with regards to agricultural areas are characteristic for the fact that WKH\SUHVHUYHWKHSUHYLRXVODQGXVHV\VWHPEDVHGRQSULQFLSOHVGH¿QHGLQUHOHYDQW legal articles. Thus, agricultural production areas lie within the interest of spatial SODQQLQJLQWKHVHQVHWKDWORFDOSODQVGH¿QHDUHDVGHVLJQDWHGIRUDJULFXOWXUDOSXU- poses. Other investment activities in rural areas, such as land consolidation and exchange, hydromeliorations, building country roads are not correlated with the system of local spatial planning in the legal and organizational sense. 6SDWLDOSODQQLQJLQWKHVHQVHRIXUEDQSODQQLQJGH¿QHVWKHVFRSHDQGPHWK- ods of conduct in the processes of designating land for various purposes as well DVSULQFLSOHVRIWKHLUPDQDJHPHQW>8VWDZDD@$QXPEHURIDXWKRUVDGRSW DZLGHUDSSURDFKWRVSDWLDOSODQQLQJDQGXQGHUVWDQGLWDVDSURFHVVRIGH¿QLQJ DGHYHORSPHQWFRQFHSWIRUDUHDV LQFOXGLQJDJULFXOWXUDODUHDV WKXVGH¿QLQJWKH FRQFHSWRIWKHLUGHYHORSPHQWDQGSUHGLFWLQJIXWXUHVWDWHV:LWKLQWKLVDSSURDFKWR VSDWLDOSODQQLQJDJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWLRQVSDFHFDQEHDQREMHFWRIFRPSUHKHQVLYH PDQDJHPHQW5HDOL]LQJWKLVPLVVLRQUHTXLUHVWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRILQVWUXPHQWVVXFK as land consolidation and exchange, building country roads and technological in- frastructure, and hydromeliorations. For spatial planning understood in such a way, local spatial plans can be realized through property buyout or expropriation,
219 .U]\V]WRI*DZURĔVNL building permits, decisions about development conditions, pre-emptive right, or YDULRXVWD[FRQFHVVLRQV7KHVHDFWLYLWLHVXQGRXEWHGO\LQÀXHQFHWKHVKDSHRIUXUDO FXOWXUDOODQGVFDSHV+RZHYHU3ROLVKOHJDOUHJXODWLRQVUHJDUGLQJVSDWLDOSODQQLQJ do not envisage systematic activities connected with the so-called comprehen- VLYHPDQDJHPHQWRIUXUDODUHDV7KLVPDQDJHPHQWFDQ EXWGRHVQRWKDYHWR EH FRQGXFWHGRQWKHEDVLVRIRWKHUOHJDOUHJXODWLRQV WKH$FWRQ/DQG&RQVROLGDWLRQ >8VWDZD @DQGWKH$FWRQ:DWHU/DZ>8VWDZDF@:HFRXOGWKHUHIRUH postulate such changes in legislation regarding spatial management so that spatial SODQQLQJDQGPDQDJHPHQWLQ3RODQGZRXOGKDYHDFRPSUHKHQVLYH V\VWHPDWLF character including both the management of built-up and urbanized areas as well as the areas of agricultural production space. The participation of local communities and ecological organizations in the SURFHVVRIORFDOVSDWLDOSODQQLQJLVDOVRDVLJQL¿FDQWDVSHFWOHDGLQJWRFXOWXUDO landscape protection and shaping in the process of spatial planning and manage- ment. The participation of the social factor in the process of spatial planning is UHÀHFWHGERWKDWWKHVWDJHRIGHYHORSLQJDQGSDVVLQJWKHORFDOVSDWLDOSODQE\WKH community council as well as in administrative procedures leading to the decision on development conditions and land management conducted by the community H[HFXWLYHERG\ PD\RU $VIDUDVWKHVWDJHRIFUHDWLQJWKHORFDOSODQLVFRQFHUQHG OHJLVODWLRQLVVXHGZLWKLQWKH$FWRQ6SDWLDO3ODQQLQJDQG0DQDJHPHQWSURYLGHV IRUWKHSRVVLELOLW\RISUHVHQWLQJFRPPHQWVWRWKHSURMHFWRIWKHORFDOSODQ>8VWDZD D@7KHVHFDQEHSXWIRUZDUGE\DQ\RQHZKRTXHVWLRQVGHFLVLRQVXQGHUWDNHQ LQWKHSURMHFWRIWKHORFDOSODQZKLFKLVDYDLODEOHIRUSXEOLFLQVSHFWLRQ6LQFHHYH- U\ERG\LVJLYHQWKHULJKWWRSXWIRUZDUGWKHLUFRPPHQWVVRMXVWDVLQWKHFDVHRI SURWHVW DUWLFOHRIWKH$FWRQ6SDWLDO3ODQQLQJ SXWWLQJIRUZDUGFRPPHQWVKDV a universal character. By using the word “everybody’, the legislator gives all natu- ral persons, legal persons, organization units without legal entity, and groups of people the right to formulate critical statements regarding the proposed solutions LQFOXGHGLQWKHSURMHFWRIWKHORFDOVSDWLDOSODQ6XFKDFODLPFDQEHUHJDUGHGDVD FRPPHQWLILWTXHVWLRQVWKHGHFLVLRQVXQGHUWDNHQLQWKHSURMHFWRIWKHSODQ7KHUH LVKRZHYHUQRUHTXLUHPHQWWKDWWKHSHUVRQSXWWLQJIRUZDUGWKHFRPPHQWPXVW demonstrate the existence of legal interest, which can be violated by decisions RIWKHORFDOVSDWLDOPDQDJHPHQWSODQLQFOXGHGLQWKHSURMHFWRIWKHSODQ7KHUHLV therefore no doubt that this right is given not only to the owner of the property which the plan concerns but also to social organizations, such as ecological as- sociations. Thus, the mayor of the city or town is obliged to investigate comments WRWKHSURMHFWRIWKHORFDOSODQ In the case when there is no local spatial management plan, management di- UHFWLRQVDQGFRQGLWLRQVIRUDJLYHQDUHDDUHGH¿QHGRQWKHEDVLVRIGHFLVLRQVDERXW development and management conditions for this area. The localization of a pub- lic purpose investment is decided upon the basis of a decision on public purpose
220 Role of pilot projects... investments, whilst land management direction and development conditions for RWKHULQYHVWPHQWVDUHGH¿QHGWKURXJKGHFLVLRQVRQGHYHORSPHQWFRQGLWLRQV,WLV DOVRSRVVLEOHWRWDNHLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQWKHVRFLDOIDFWRUKHUHWKRXJKLWLVQHFHVVDU\ WRUHIHUWRDSSURSULDWHUHJXODWLRQVRIWKH.RGHNV3RVWĊSRZDQLD$GPLQLVWUDF\MQH- JR $GPLQLVWUDWLYH3URFHGXUH&RGH >8VWDZD @7KXVDVRFLDORUJDQL]DWLRQ FDQGHPDQGWKHLQLWLDWLRQRISURFHHGLQJVRUFDQDVNWREHDOORZHGWRSDUWLFLSDWHLQ VXFKSURFHHGLQJVRQEHKDOIRIDGLIIHUHQWSHUVRQLIWKLVLVMXVWL¿HGE\LWVVWDWXWRU\ REMHFWLYHVDQGLIWKLVLVVXSSRUWHGE\SXEOLFLQWHUHVW Therefore we might conclude that ecological organizations can demand par- ticipation in administrative proceedings which concern someone else, that is pro- ceedings in which this organization is not a side. The demand of a social organization to participate in administrative proceed- LQJVPXVWEHMXVWL¿HGE\LWVVWDWXWRU\REMHFWLYHV7KHUHPXVWEHWKHQDWKHPDWLF OLQNEHWZHHQWKHVXEMHFWRIWKHSURFHHGLQJVDQGWKHVFRSHRIWKLVRUJDQL]DWLRQ¶V DFWLYLWLHV$VDJHQHUDOUXOHWKHVXEMHFWDQGDLPRIDFWLYLWLHVRIDJLYHQRUJDQL- ]DWLRQ DUH GH¿QHG LQ WKHLU VWDWXWH7KH SXEOLF DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ ERG\ LV WKHUHIRUH REOLJHGWRHVWDEOLVKZKHWKHUWKHDLPVGH¿QHGLQWKHVWDWXWHRIWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQ MXVWLI\LWVSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQWKHSURFHHGLQJVFRQFHUQLQJDWKLUGSDUW\ :HFDQWKHUHIRUHFRQFOXGHWKDWWKHORFDOFRPPXQLW\DQGHFRORJLFDORUJDQL- zations are provided with a wide spectrum of possibilities of participating in ad- ministrative and legal proceedings connected with the development of the local plan and decisions on development conditions, including the decisions within en- vironment protection and landscape protection and shaping. &RQFOXGLQJWKHDERYHLQYHVWLJDWLRQVZHFDQVWDWHWKDWWKHSLORWDFWLYLWLHV ZLWKLQWKH,17(55(*,,,%&$'6(63URMHFWDLPHGDWSUHVHQWLQJWKHUHODWLRQ- VKLSEHWZHHQDFWLYLWLHVIRUFXOWXUDOODQGVFDSHSURWHFWLRQDQGVSHFL¿FHFRQRPLF XQGHUWDNLQJV WKURXJK PRGHO H[DPSOHV %RWK SURMHFWV DUH ORFDOL]HG LQ VSHFL¿F FRPPXQLWLHVDQGKDYHDVLJQL¿FDQWLQÀXHQFHRQWKHVKDSHRIVSDFHDQGODQGVFDSH in these areas. 5HVHDUFKDFWLYLWLHVWKDWKDYHEHHQFDUULHGRXWDOVRPDNHLWSRVVLEOHWRGUDZD few general conclusions. Firstly, the issues of landscape shaping and protection are SUHVHQWDWDOOOHYHOVRIVSDWLDOSODQQLQJLQ3RODQG,QDSDUWLFXODUO\GHWDLOHGZD\VXLW- ably to the size of the study, they are analysed at the level of local spatial planning. 6HFRQGO\WKHVHLVVXHVFDQDSSHDUDOVRZLWKLQSODQQLQJVWXGLHVVXFKDVD voivodeship development strategy and a community development strategy. The issues of ecology and environment protection, including landscape protection, ap- pear both at the stage of selecting basic development problems for each strategy DVZHOODVDWWKHVWDJHRIIRUPXODWLQJGHYHORSPHQWVFHQDULRV:HFRXOGWKHUHIRUH SRVWXODWHWKDWWKHVHLVVXHVVKRXOGEHVXLWDEO\HPSKDVL]HGDQGWDNHQLQWRFRQVLG- eration in communities characterized by high variability of cultural landscape and in communities where landscape protection is indispensable.
221 .U]\V]WRI*DZURĔVNL 7KLUGO\WKHIROORZLQJTXHVWLRQDSSHDUV KRZWRVWUHQJWKHQWKHUROHDQGVLJ- QL¿FDQFHRIFXOWXUDOODQGVFDSHSURWHFWLRQDQGVKDSLQJZLWKLQWKHH[LVWLQJV\VWHP RIVSDWLDOSODQQLQJ"7KHVHLVVXHVDUHFHUWDLQO\WDNHQLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQDWDOOOHYHOV RIVSDWLDOSODQQLQJLQ3RODQG7KHRQO\ZD\KHUHVHHPVWREHDQDWWHPSWDWDPHQG- ing legislation on spatial planning. Other activities within landscape protection and shaping include the partici- pation of local communities and ecological organizations in the spatial planning SURFHVV7KHVHRUJDQL]DWLRQVKDYHSDUWLFXODUO\VLJQL¿FDQWRSSRUWXQLWLHVRIWDNLQJ part in administrative and legal proceedings connected both with the procedures of creating and passing a local plan and with the process of deciding about devel- opment conditions and localizing public purpose investments.
222 Activities for the protection... $&7,9,7,(6)257+(3527(&7,212)&$53$7+,$1 CULTURAL LANDSCAPE IN MALOPOLSKA SHAPED %<,76<($52/'3$6725$/&8/785(
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The article presents examples of comprehensive regional activities aimed at protecting historical cultural landscapes. The chapter dwells upon the assump- tions and results of a programme developed for the enhancement of economic DFWLYLW\DQGSURWHFWLRQRIKHULWDJHLQWKH&DUSDWKLDQUHJLRQRI0DáRSROVNDFDOOHG ³3URJUDPDNW\ZL]DFMLJRVSRGDUF]HMLRFKURQ\G]LHG]LFWZDPDáRSROVNLFK.DUSDW ±2:&$´>3URJUDP@7KHDLPRIWKH3URJUDPPHZDVWRSURWHFWQDWXUDO DQGFXOWXUDOODQGVFDSHHOHPHQWVDVOHJDF\RIWKH\HDUROGSDVWRUDOWUDGLWLRQ DQGFXOWXUHLQWKH&DUSDWKLDQUHJLRQRI0DáRSROVND0RUHRYHUWKHFKDSWHUFRQ- WDLQVUHVXOWVRIDVWXG\RQWKHFXUUHQW3URJUDPPHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQVWDJHDVZHOODV discusses its actual and potential outputs. In terms of methodology, the chapter is based upon an iterative method, synthesis and example study. )RUWKH0DáRSROVNDYRLYRGHVKLSZLWKDQDUHDRINP and the popu- ODWLRQRIRYHUPLOOLRQLQKDELWDQWVKDOIRIZKRP DERXWPLOOLRQSHRSOH OLYHLQUXUDODUHDVDQGUHO\XSRQDJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWLRQWKH3URJUDPPHDFTXLUHV SDUWLFXODUVLJQL¿FDQFH,WLVHVSHFLDOO\LPSRUWDQWLQWKHFDVHRILQGLYLGXDOIDUPHUV DPRQJZKRPRYHU ZRUNVROHO\RQWKHLULQGLYLGXDOIDUPV)RUWKHUHPDLQ- LQJDJULFXOWXUHUHPDLQVWKHPDLQVRXUFHRILQFRPHZKLFKPHDQVWKDWWKH\ ZRUNDGGLWLRQDOO\RXWVLGHWKHLUIDUPV>.X]LDQLNDQG3LMDQRZVNL3LMDQRZVNL @)RUUXUDODUHDVVLWXDWHGPRUHWKDQP$06/WKLVUDWLRLVHYHQKLJKHU Thus, the economic situation and particularly sources of income in moun- WDLQRXV DQG VXEPRQWDQH DUHDV UHTXLUH VSHFLDO DFWLYLWLHV DLPHG DW FUHDWLQJ QHZ MREVRXWVLGHDJULFXOWXUH7KLVREMHFWLYHZDVPHWE\WKH2:&$3URJUDPPH,WLV JHQHUDOO\NQRZQWKDWDJULFXOWXUHLVXQDEOHWRSURYLGHHPSOR\PHQWIRUWKHODERXU VXUSOXVLQKDELWLQJUXUDODUHDV ZKLFKLQVRPHFRPPXQLWLHVLVDVKLJKDV HVSHFLDOO\WKDWFRPSDUHGZLWKWKHUHVWRIWKHFRXQWU\WKH0DORSROVNDYRLYRGHVKLS possesses the least favourable conditions for the development of agriculture as the leading economic function. This is the case mainly due to its lowest average farm VL]H KD IRU3RODQGLWLV KD DQGWKHORZHVWQXPEHURISHRSOHHPSOR\HGSHU KDDUDEOHODQG SHRSOH IRU3RODQGLWLVSHRSOH 7KLVUHVXOWVLQYHU\ORZ agricultural productivity, determined by farm structures, described as the worst in 3RODQGDQGDKLJKQXPEHURISHRSOHZRUNLQJLQDJULFXOWXUH)RUVXFKIDUPVWKH FRVWRIODERXUGH¿QHGDVWKHFRVWRIOLYLQJRIWKHHQWLUHIDPLO\FRQVWLWXWHV RISURGXFWLRQFRVWV6XFKDVLWXDWLRQPDNHVLWQHFHVVDU\WRVHDUFKIRUDOWHUQDWLYH
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)RUPDQ\FHQWXULHVWKH&DUSDWKLDQV±DQGQRWRQO\WKHLUSDUWO\LQJZLWK- LQWKHWHUULWRU\RI3RODQG±KDYHEHHQWKHUHJLRQRIGHYHORSLQJSDVWRUDOFXOWXUH ZKLFKIRUPHGWKHEDVLVRIHFRQRPLFH[LVWHQFHIRUORFDOLQKDELWDQWV3DVWRUDOWUD- GLWLRQDOVRJDYHULVHWRWKHXQLTXHDQGLQFUHGLEO\ULFKORFDOFXOWXUHDQGFXVWRPV (FRQRPLFWUDQVIRUPDWLRQVLQ3RODQGWXUQHGRXWWREHYHU\XQIDYRXUDEOHWRWKLV UHJLRQDVDIWHUWKH\HDU WKH\OHGWRWKHGHFOLQHRISDVWRUDOWUDGLWLRQDQGVKHHS EUHHGLQJ6LQFH VKHHSKHDGDJHKDVIDOOHQWZHQW\IROGWKDWLVIURPDERXW PLOOLRQKHDGRIVKHHSWRDERXW ZKLOHLQ0DORSROVNDWRDERXWKHDG RIVKHHS >-DEáRĔVNLHWDO@7KHGLVDSSHDUDQFHRIVKHHSEUHHGLQJFDXVHGMRE losses in grazing and processing of sheep products. The decrease in employment LQWKHVHFWRURIVKHHSEUHHGLQJLVGLI¿FXOWWRHVWLPDWHVLQFHWKLVZRUNIUHTXHQWO\ had a family character. %\WKHHQGRIDFWLYLWLHVDLPHGDWUHVWRULQJVKHHSJUD]LQJLQWKH&DU- SDWKLDQVRI0DORSROVNDXQGHUWDNHQZLWKLQWKH2:&$3URJUDPPHFDQSURYLGH employment for about 1 000 people in the sector of sheep breeding and for 9 000 people in sectors connected with breeding and in tourism. %HIRUHGZHOOLQJXSRQWKDWLVVXHLQVXEFKDSWHUZKLFKGHVFULEHVDF- tivities within the programme, it should be said that the development of tourism WKURXJKWKHUHVWRUDWLRQRIIRUPHURYHUYLHZSRLQWVRQVHOHFWHGPRXQWDLQSHDNVDQG ULGJHVFRQVWLWXWHVDVLJQL¿FDQWDVSHFWRIWKHVHDFWLYLWLHV7KLVFUHDWHVWKHQHFHV- sity of developing small tourist infrastructure or building observation platforms in selected spots in the mountains. The decline of sheep grazing also brought about negative phenomena in the QDWXUDOHQYLURQPHQWRIWKH&DUSDWKLDQV7KHVHDUHFDXVHGE\IRUHVWVXFFHVVLRQ into abandoned mountain meadows, natural habitats for numerous plant and ani- mal species, which results in their disappearance. This concerns endemic species, FRQWULEXWLQJWRWKHXQLTXHFKDUDFWHURIWKHVHDUHDVVXFKDVVDIIURQFURFXV Crocus scepusiensis ZKRVHH[LVWHQFHLVWLJKWO\FRQQHFWHGZLWKVKHHSJUD]LQJ>*ąVLRUHN @ (YHQLIPRXQWDLQPHDGRZVGRQRWGLVDSSHDUZLWKRXWVKHHSVDIIURQFURFXV will face extinction within the next 10-15 years. Research conducted by the Insti- WXWHRI%RWDQ\RIWKH3ROLVK$FDGHP\RI6FLHQFHVLQ.UDNRZUHYHDOHGWKDWIRUHVWV KDYHRYHUJURZQRYHURIPHDGRZVLQWKH7DWUDVDQG%HVNLGV)RUHVWVXFFHV- VLRQSURJUHVVHVDQGIXUWKHURIPHDGRZVDUHGRRPHGWRGLVDSSHDU>0LUHN @
224 Activities for the protection... Restoration of sheep grazing within the area of traditional pasture lands (his- WRULFDOPHDGRZVLQWKHWLPEHUEHOW FDQVDIHJXDUGWKHPRVWYDOXDEOHSODQWFRP- munities which are about to disappear, as well as protect cultural elements of the KLVWRULFDOFXOWXUDOODQGVFDSHLQWKH&DUSDWKLDQVJRLQJLQWRUXLQ
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225 -DFHN03LMDQRZVNL.U]\V]WRI-DEáRĔVNL 4.2.3 $QWKURSRJHQLFHOHPHQWVRIWKH&DUSDWKLDQFXOWXUDOODQGVFDSH LQWKHFRQWH[WRISDVWRUDOFXOWXUHGHYHORSPHQWDQGGHFOLQH
7RGD\¶VODQGVFDSHRIWKH&DUSDWKLDQVKDVEHHQVKDSHGWRDODUJHH[WHQWE\ SDVWRUDOFRPPXQLWLHVRI%DONDQRULJLQ :DOODFKLDQV :DOODFKLDQVHWWOHUVVLJQL¿- FDQWO\LQÀXHQFHGWKHPDWHULDODQGVSLULWXDOFXOWXUHRIFRQWHPSRUDU\&DUSDWKLDQ communities. Above all, they introduced and popularised highland grazing and shaped local music, art, and architecture. ,W LV EHOLHYHG WKDW:DOODFKLDQVDUULYHG WR WKH &DUSDWKLDQV LQ DW OHDVW WZR ZDYHV7KH¿UVWWRRNSODFHPRVWSUREDEO\LQWKHth century. It mainly consisted of VKHSKHUGVZDQGHULQJZLWKWKHLUÀRFNVDORQJWKH&DUSDWKLDQULGJH7KHQH[W PRUH LQWHQVLYH ZDYHRFFXUUHGLQWKHVHFRQGKDOIRIWKHth century and involved shep- herd and farmer communities searching for land under permanent settlement. The DUHDEHWZHHQWKH/RZHU%HVNLGDQGWKH%HVNLG6ąGHFNLZHUHFRORQLVHG¿UVW7KHQ WKHVHWWOHUVWUDYHOOHGPRUHWRWKHZHVWWRZDUGVWKH7DWUDV>'REURZROVNL @ 7KH\KDGFKRVHQ&DUSDWKLDQPRXQWDLQRXVDUHDVEHFDXVHIURPWKHth to the 15th centuries these areas had not been utilised by agriculture. Therefore, the incoming waves of pastoral communities could settle in higher ridge areas as well as on mountain slopes, useless in terms of their agricultural potential and worth- less for local inhabitants. First of all, shepherds grazed sheep on natural meadows VLWXDWHGKLJKLQWKH7DWUDVDQGDORQJWKHUDQJHRI%DELD*yUD7KURXJKVODVKDQG EXUQSUDFWLFHVWKH\FUHDWHGDUWL¿FLDOSDVWXUHVDQGFOHDULQJVRQPLOGHUVORSHVRI WKH%HVNLGVUDQJHVZKLFKEURXJKWWKHIDPRXVSDVWXUHVRIWKH*RUFHLQWRH[LVW- HQFH$VWLPHSDVVHGSDUWRIWKHVKHSKHUGVVHWWOHGLQWKHYDOOH\VDWWKHRXWVNLUWVRI villages and transferred to agricultural economy. 7KHPHHWLQJRIWZRVLJQL¿FDQWVHWWOHPHQWZDYHV±WKHHDUOLHUDJULFXOWXUDO DQGHWKQLFDOO\3ROLVKZDYHZLWKWKHODWWHUSDVWRUDOHWKQLFDOO\5XWKHQLDQ5RPD- QLDQ DQG %DONDQ ± LV SDUWLFXODUO\ UHÀHFWHG LQ WKH ULFK FXOWXUDO YDULHW\ RI ORFDO HWKQLFDO]RQHV7KLVFDQEHH[HPSOL¿HGE\KLJKODQGFRPPXQLWLHVRIWKH7DWUDV WKHUDQJHRI%DELD*yUD FXUUHQWO\LQWKHDUHDE\WKH6NDZLFD5LYHULQWKH6XFKD %HVNLG]NDGLVWULFW WKH3RGKDOHUHJLRQ FRPPXQLWLHVOLYLQJLQWKH3RGKDOHXSWR WKH*RUFHDQG6SLV] WKHSRSXODWLRQOLYLQJDURXQG6]F]DZQLFDDQG.URĞFLHQNR DVZHOODVKLJKODQGFRPPXQLWLHVRIWKH%HVNLG6ąGHFNLRU/HPNRV>'REURZROVNL @ 6KHHSJUD]LQJRQSDVWXUHODQGVFOHDULQJVDQGPHDGRZVZDVVHDVRQDODQG ODVWHGIURPVSULQJXQWLODXWXPQ6KHHSÀRFNVXVHGWREHGULYHQRXWWRSDVWXUHDIWHU WKHGD\RI6W$GDOEHUW rd$SULO DQGWXUQHGEDFNDURXQGWKHGD\RI6W0LFKDHO th6HSWHPEHU 7KHHYHQWRIGULYLQJVKHHSRXWWRSDVWXUH FDOOHGUHG\N DQGEDFN to the village was always an important celebration. $OOWKHVXPPHUWKHÀRFNZDVJXDUGHGE\DVHQLRUVKHSKHUG FDOOHGbaca and his helpers (juhasi $PRXQWDLQVKHOWHUVHUYHGDVWKHLUVXPPHUEDVH2QWKH
226 Activities for the protection...
Fig. 37. ([DPSOHVRIGHWHULRUDWLQJVKHOWHUV Phot. 123. A meadow in the lower timber and the disappearing population of saffron EHOW±WKH&KRFKRáRZVND9DOOH\ crocus on a mountain meadow SKRW-03LMDQRZVNL SKRWR-03LMDQRZVNL
Fig. 38. Driving sheep out to pasture - UHG\N ZZZZURWDPDORSROVNLSO
Fig. 39. (OHPHQWVRIWKHKLJKODQGIRONFRVWXPH SKRWR=0LUHN
227 -DFHN03LMDQRZVNL.U]\V]WRI-DEáRĔVNL other hand, in lower areas, the so-called ‘land economy’ (JRVSRGDUNDSRODQLDU- VND GHYHORSHGZKLFKFRPELQHGKD\KDUYHVWLQJDQGFDWWOHJUD]LQJ$WWKHVDPH WLPHIRUHVWVZHUHFOHDUHGDQGEXUQW7KXVSDVWRUDOHFRQRP\H[HUWHGVLJQL¿FDQW LQÀXHQFHRQWKHVKDSHRIORFDOODQGVFDSH 6KHHSJUD]LQJRQPRXQWDLQPHDGRZVDOVRHQULFKHGWKHODQGVFDSHZLWKHOH- ments of pastoral architecture, which included: – summer shelters for shepherds called NROLE\; – shelters (V]DáDV\ ZLWKDOLYLQJTXDUWHUIRUVKHSKHUGVDQGDVHSDUDWHURRP for cheese production; – numerous sheds (szopy used as a shelter for animals or for hay storage; – movable enclosures for sheep called NRV]DU\characteristic for pastoral economy. %XLOGLQJVIRUVKHSKHUGVZHUHPDGHRISLQHRU¿UORJVFDOOHGSáD]\cut lon- JLWXGLQDOO\DQGVTXDUHGRIIDWFRUQHUMRLQWV6WHHSURRIVZHUHFRYHUHGZLWKSODQHG SODQNVFDOOHGdranice. 8QLTXHREMHFWVRISDVWRUDODUFKLWHFWXUHDUHFXUUHQWO\WKUHDWHQHGZLWKGHVWUXF- tion, whilst the history of architecture and culture explicitly shows that it was actu- ally this architecture that became the prototype of regional mountain architecture LQ3RODQG7RWKLVGD\KRXVHVEXLOWLQWKHVRFDOOHG=DNRSDQHVW\OHDUHZRRGHQ and similarly to their pastoral prototypes built from logs cut longitudinally. They DOVRKDYHVWHHSURRIVFRYHUHGZLWKVKLQJOH7KH&DUSDWKLDQVRI0DORSROVNDFRQ- WDLQRQO\UHPDLQVRIXQLTXHSDVWRUDODUFKLWHFWXUDOREMHFWVPDLQO\RQWKHVRXWKHUQ VORSHVRI%DELD*yUDRURQVRPHPHDGRZVRIWKH7DWUDGLVWULFW :DOODFKLDQVHWWOHUVDOVROHIWSHUPDQHQWWUDFHVLQWKHODQJXDJHZKLFKFRQ- WUDU\WRPDQ\DUWHIDFWVRIWUDGLWLRQDOFXOWXUHDUHQRWGLVDSSHDULQJ:RUGVRI:DOOD- chian origin include: maczuga FOXE fujara SLSH baca VHQLRUVKHSKHUG ĪĊW\FD ZKH\RIHZH¶VPLON RUSODFHQDPHVVXFKDVSU]\VáRS SDVV NLF]RUD SHDN magura SHDN JLYHQ WR PDQ\ PRXQWDLQV DQG PRXQWDLQ ULGJHV HJ 0DJXUD 0DáDVWRZVND %DONDQ WUDFHV FDQ EH DOVR IRXQG LQ WUDGLWLRQDO FRVWXPHV LQ WKHLU JHQHUDO shape and particular elements, such as white cloth trousers, wide belt, a cape (called cucha PRFFDVLQVFRQVWUXFWHGIURPDVLQJOHSLHFHRIOHDWKHURUKDWV$W WKHPRPHQWKLJKODQGHUIRONFRVWXPHVDUHWUHDWHGE\PDQ\LQKDELWDQWVRIWKH3RG- KDOHDVREOLJDWRU\IRUIRUPDORFFDVLRQV VHH)LJ &XOWXUDO HOHPHQWV LQWURGXFHG E\ SDVWRUDO FRPPXQLWLHV JHQHUDOO\ LQFOXGH DUFKLWHFWXUHXQLTXHRQD(XURSHDQVFDOHWUDGLWLRQVFRVWXPHVRUIRUH[DPSOH PHWKRGVRISURFHVVLQJHZH¶VPLONWRROVDQGHTXLSPHQW6KHHSFKHHVH SUHYLRXVO\ referred to as RVF\SLRUHNnow as RVF\SHN EHORQJVWRWKHPRVWFKDUDFWHULVWLFSURG- ucts connected with the pastoral tradition. 2VF\SNLZHUHFRYHUHGZLWKGLYHUVL¿HG JHRPHWULFDORUÀRUDORUQDPHQWVDQGKDYHEHFRPHDYHU\SRSXODUDQGPXFKORYHG SURGXFWDOORYHU3RODQG
228 Activities for the protection...
6WLOOE\WKHHQGRIWKH VVKHHSDQGFDWWOHEUHHGLQJWKULYHGLQWKH3ROLVK SDUWRIWKH&DUSDWKLDQV%HWZHHQ DQG RYHUVKHHSZHUHJUD]HGRQ the Tatras’ meadows. However, pastoral practices were most intensive towards the HQGRIWKH6HFRQG:RUOG:DUDQGMXVWDIWHULW7KHQXPEHURIVKHHSDWWKDWWLPH UHDFKHGKHDG $IWHUWKHFUHDWLRQRIWKH7DWUD1DWLRQDO3DUNLQ VKHHSJUD]LQJZDV JUDGXDOO\HOLPLQDWHGDQGLQWKH VVKHHSZHUHFRPSOHWHO\UHPRYHGIURPWKH Tatras. In return for lost pasture lands, shepherds received the right to graze ani- PDOV LQ -DZRUNL *UD]LQJ ZDV DOVR UHPRYHG WR WKH %HVNLG 6ąGHFNL7KDQNV WR these activities, in certain parts of the region sheep population reached record QXPEHUVLQWKH V$WWKHVDPHWLPHJUD]LQJZDVDOVRLQGLVFULPLQDWHO\WUDQV- IHUUHGWRWKH%LHV]F]DG\ZLWKVKHHSÀRFNVWUDQVSRUWHGWKHUHIURPWKH3RGKDOH,W PXVWEHRSHQO\VDLGWKDWHOLPLQDWLQJVKHHSIURPWKH7DWUDVZDVDPLVWDNHDQGUH- vealed unsuitable approach to nature and culture protection issues in mountainous DUHDV$WWKHPRPHQWERWKSUDFWLFDOH[SHULHQFHVDQGUHVHDUFKUHVXOWVFRQ¿UPWKDW normative approach to nature protection can lead to the violation of natural coex- istence processes between human beings and nature. However it was the serious DJULFXOWXUDOFULVLVDIWHUWKH\HDU WKDWH[HUWHGWKHPRVWQHJDWLYHLQÀXHQFHRQ WKH&DUSDWKLDQVRI0DORSROVND,WZDVWKHWLPHZKHQDJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWLRQZDV OLPLWHGRUHYHQJLYHQXSRQ¿HOGVDQGPHDGRZVVLWXDWHGKLJKHULQWKHPRXQWDLQV This led to the disappearance of grazing even on land situated close to villages.
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As people gave up grazing sheep, mountain meadows started to disappear overgrown with young stands of spruce and willow, which endangers most valua- ble semi-natural plant communities, characterized by wide variety of plant species FUHDWLQJÀRZHU\PHDGRZVIRUH[DPSOH[HURWKHUPLFJUDVVODQGVRUZHWPHDGRZV with abundant purple moor grass. This can bring about the extinction of numerous species endemic on mountain meadows and pastures, mainly the saffron crocus. $FFRUGLQJWRUHVHDUFKFRQGXFWHGE\:ĊĪ\NDQG3\UNRV]> @DQGEDVHGRQDHU- LDOSKRWRJUDSKVXVDEOHDUHDRIWKH*RUFH¶VPHDGRZVKDVGLPLQLVKHGWHQIROG7KH DUHDRIPHDGRZVHQFORVHGE\WKHZDOORIWUHHVKDVIDOOHQE\ZKLOHWKHDUHD FRYHUHGE\PHDGRZYHJHWDWLRQE\7KHDEDQGRQPHQWRIDJULFXOWXUDODFWLYL- WLHV PRZLQJDQGJUD]LQJ LQFUHDVHGWKHRFFXUUHQFHRIKLJKJUDVVDQGDVDFRQVH- TXHQFHWKHPHDGRZVRI%DELD*yUDDUHRYHUJURZQZLWKFRFNVIRRWJUDVV Dactylis glomerata DQGIHVFXHV Festuca ZKLOHDWWKHVDPHWLPHFORYHU Trifolium DQG orchid (Orchis SRSXODWLRQVDUHGLVDSSHDULQJ>.D]LPLHUF]DNRZD @ :KLOHLQWKHSDVWPRZHGDQGJUD]HGPHDGRZVRIWKH%HVNLGVDQG*RUFH were covered with mat grass (Nardus stricta , at the moment, abandoned lands DUH YHU\ TXLFNO\ LQYDGHG E\ WXVVRFN JUDVV Deschampsia caespitosa LQHGLEOH
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to sheep. The plant grows in large clusters and cannot be fought by fertilizing or mowing since it is a nitrogenophilic grass and develops even better after moving. Tall grass also limits the amount of light, which inhibits the growth of low grass. 7KLVOHDGVWRWKHDERYHPHQWLRQHGH[WLQFWLRQRIVDIIURQFURFXVZKLFKUHTXLUHV OLJKWLQLWVHDUO\JURZWKSKDVHV>*URG]LĔVND @
4.2.3.2 The role of grazing
:HUHLWQRWIRUDJULFXOWXUDODQGSDVWRUDOSUDFWLFHVRYHU RIWKHDUHDRI 0DORSROVNDZRXOGEHFRYHUHGE\IRUHVWV7KHODQGVFDSHRIWKHVRXWKHUQSDUWRI the voivodeship would therefore miss dozens of biotopes and hundreds of species JURZLQJRQJUD]LQJRUPRZDEOHPHDGRZVZKLFKFRQVWLWXWHDERXWRILWVHQ- WLUHDUHD)URPWKHSRLQWRIYLHZRIELRORJLFDOGLYHUVLW\0DORSROVNDWKXVEHFRPHV WKHULFKHVWUHJLRQLQ3RODQG The role of saffron crocus should be also pointed out, as far as the tourist DWWUDFWLYHQHVVRI&DUSDWKLDQPHDGRZVLVFRQFHUQHG*UD]LQJWXUQVRXWWREHWKH most effective method of protecting this species as well as preventing mountain
230 Activities for the protection... meadows from forest succession. At the same time, grazing itself boosts tourist attractiveness of the area. 6KHHSJRDWRUFDWWOHJUD]LQJSUHYHQWVIRUHVWDQGEXVKVXFFHVVLRQDVZHOODV naturally fertilizes meadows, thus safeguarding ecological stability of plant com- munities and improving pasture sward. Nowadays, in the context of sustainable development promotion, the so- FDOOHGHFRORJLFDOVLJQL¿FDQFHRIVKHHSJUD]LQJLVPRUHDQGPRUHIUHTXHQWO\PHQ- WLRQHG3ULPDULO\LWLVVXSSRVHGWRSUHVHUYHXQLTXHIHDWXUHVRIWKHWLPEHUEHOWDV ZHOODVPDLQWDLQWUDGLWLRQDQGIRONFXOWXUHFRQQHFWHGZLWKSDVWRUDOSUDFWLFHV It should be underlined that preventing forest succession into mountain PHDGRZVLVDOVRYHU\VLJQL¿FDQWLQWHUPVRIWKHLUDWWUDFWLYHQHVVDVKLNLQJWUDLOV 7KHPDMRULW\RIPHDGRZVDUHVLWXDWHGDORQJSRSXODUWUDLOV VXFKDV:LHOND3RODQD .XĨQLFND RU .DODWyZNL 3UHYHQWLQJ IRUHVW VXFFHVVLRQ WKHQ PHDQV PDLQWDLQLQJ ¿QHVWREVHUYDWLRQSRLQWVZKLFKKDYHJDLQHGSRSXODULW\DPRQJWRXULVWV ,QPDQ\(XURSHDQFRXQWULHVVKHHSÀRFNVKHOSWRPDLQWDLQ\RXQJVWDQGVDQG IRUHVWIDUPV7KDQNVWRJUD]LQJIRUHVWHUVGRQRWQHHGWRDSSO\KHUELFLGHVVLQFH sheep fertilize the crop speeding up nitrogen circulation within the grazed area. 7KHPDQDJHPHQWRIVXFKSURFHVVHVUHTXLUHVFHUWDLQNQRZOHGJHDERXWQXWULWLRQDO preferences of sheep in the context of protected saplings. Research conducted at DJUD]LQJPHDGRZFDOOHG3U]\VáRSLQWKH%HVNLGĩ\ZLHFNLUHYHDOHGWKDWZLWKWKH DSSURSULDWHQXPEHURIVKHHSGDPDJHVWRVSUXFHEHHFKDQG¿UVDSOLQJVZHUHLQ- VLJQL¿FDQW>'URĪGĪ@
4.2.4 7KH2:&$3URJUDPPHDVDQH[DPSOHRISUDFWLFDODFWLYLWLHV IRUWKH&DUSDWKLDQFXOWXUDOODQGVFDSHSURWHFWLRQLQ0DORSROVND
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3ULPDU\ 0DLQREMHFWLYHV 3DUWLDOREMHFWLYHV 2SHUDWLRQDOREMHFWLYHV REMHFWLYH 3XUFKDVHRIVKHHSÀRFNV ,QFUHDVHRIVKHHSÀRFNV 1.1 Increase of sheep headage ,QFHQWLYHVWRVKHHSEUHHGLQJ 3ROLVK PRXQWDLQVKHHS )DUPHUWUDLQLQJV 6HOHFWLRQDQGH[SRVXUHRIREVHUYDWLRQ SRLQWVLQWKH%HVNLGVRYHUJURZQDVD result of forest succession &UHDWLRQRIWRXULVWLQIUDVWUXFWXUH REVHUYDWLRQSRLQWV 6XVWDLQDEOH &UHDWLRQRIDWRZHURUREVHUYDWLRQGHFN development LQDVHOHFWHGVSRWRIWKH%HVNLGV (FRQRPLF of tourism activation &UHDWLRQRUUHQRYDWLRQRIVKHSKHUG of rural shelters mountainous 6DQLWDWLRQRIWRXULVWWUDLOV areas &UHDWLRQDQGPDLQWHQDQFHRIFURVV FRXQWU\VNLLQJDQGVNLWRXULQJWUDLOV 3URJUDPPHSURPRWLRQWDUJHWHGDW SRWHQWLDOEHQH¿FLDULHV 6XVWDLQDEOH 3URPRWLRQRIQDWXUDODQGODQGVFDSH development 3URPRWLRQDV DVVHWVRIWKH&DUSDWKLDQV and heritage an important 3URPRWLRQRIWRXULVWDVVHWVRIWKH protection in element &DUSDWKLDQV mountainous supporting the areas based 3URJUDPPH 0DUNHWGHYHORSPHQWFRQFHSWIRUVKHHS on pastoral products practices 3URPRWLRQRIVKHHSSURGXFWV ([SHUWUHSRUWVDQGVRFLDOFRQVXOWDWLRQ $FWLYDWLRQ 7HPSRUDU\MREVIRUXQHPSOR\HG of local 3URPRWLRQRIPRXQWDLQFXOWXUHDPRQJ communities children 6RFLDO ,QYROYHPHQWRIMREFHQWUHVLQWR activation 3URJUDPPHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ and increased ,QWHJUDWLRQRI &RRUGLQDWLRQRIDFWLYLWLHVFDUULHGRXWE\ involvement local government local government units of institutions units and other institutions ,QYROYHPHQWRILQVWLWXWLRQVSURYLGLQJ DJULFXOWXUDOFRQVXOWDQF\LQWR3URJUDPPH implementation 3URWHFWLRQRIORFDODQLPDOEUHHGV 3URWHFWLRQRI &UHDWLRQRIWKHLQFHQWLYHV\VWHP encouraging shepherds to graze sheep ÀRUDDQGIDXQD 1DWXUHDQG in places of particular natural and landscape landscape assets protection 3URWHFWLRQRIPRXQWDLQPHDGRZV 3URWHFWLRQRI &DUSDWKLDQ $FWLYLWLHVIRUWKHSURWHFWLRQDQG landscape maintenance of traditional submontane landscapes
232 Activities for the protection...
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FKDQJHGWKHFRQFHSWRILPSOHPHQWLQJREMHFWLYHVHQYLVLRQHGLQWKH3URJUDPPH they could not be realised in accordance with the principles of the Act on Develop- PHQW3ROLF\ 7KLVVHULRXVOHJLVODWLYHFKDQJHPDGHLWQHFHVVDU\WRVXVSHQGWKH2:&$ 3URJUDPPHRQ0DUFK ,QWKHREMHFWLYHVRIWKH3URJUDPPHZHUHLQFRUSRUDWHGLQWRWKHSUR- JUDPPHRIFRRSHUDWLRQZLWK1*2VDQGRWKHUVXEMHFWVFRQGXFWLQJSXEOLFEHQH¿W activities, whereas the investments connected with observation towers were includ- HGLQWRWKHSURMHFW³3URJUDP2FKURQ\ĝURGRZLVND:RMHZyG]WZD0DáRSROVNLHJR´ (QYLURQPHQW3URWHFWLRQ3URJUDPPHIRUWKH0DORSROVND9RLYRGHVKLS 7KLVSUR- gramme is supposed to provide additional legal and contentwise foundations for WKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKH2:&$3URJUDPPH $FRPSHWLWLRQRSHQWR0DORSROVND¶VFRPPXQLWLHVUHJDUGLQJWKHFUHDWLRQRI REVHUYDWLRQWRZHUVLQVHOHFWHG&DUSDWKLDQVSRWVZDVDQQRXQFHGRQ-XO\ $SSOLFDWLRQVZHUHDFFHSWHGXQWLO$XJXVW 0RUHRYHULQDVDUHVXOWRIDQRWKHUFRPSHWLWLRQ1*2VZHUHHQWUXVWHG ZLWK UHDOL]LQJ DFWLYLWLHV RI WKH IRUPHU 2:&$ 3URJUDPPH7KH ¿UVW RI WKHVH involves training sheep breeders so as to create a group of agricultural producers ZKRZRXOGLPSURYHWKHHIIHFWLYHQHVVRIIDUPHUVRQWKH3ROLVKDQG(XURSHDQPDU- NHWV2WKHUDFWLYLWLHVLQYROYHPDLQWDLQLQJKLNLQJWUDLOVLQWKHPRXQWDLQVRUSUR- PRWLQJWRXULVWDVVHWVRIWKH&DUSDWKLDQVE\SXEOLVKLQJDQDWODVRIWKH&DUSDWKLDQV RIWKH0DORSROVNDYRLYRGHVKLS7KHDWODVZLOOEHLQWHQGHGIRUWRXULVWVSUDFWLFLQJ FURVVFRXQWU\VNLLQJRUVNLWRXULQJLQFOXGLQJZLQWHUKLNLQJDOVRZLWKWKHXVHRI snowshoes. There are also plans to issue a publication devoted to the culture of mountainous areas mainly indented for children. It should be assumed that in the following years the local government of 0DORSROVNDZLOOQRWDEDQGRQIXUWKHUDFWLYLWLHVIRUVXVWDLQDEOHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKH &DUSDWKLDQV
235 :ROIUDP6WRFN7LP+RIPDQQ,QJR4XDDV '(9(/230(17&21&(37Ä0,''/(6$$/(9$//(< AROUND JENA“ AN IMPORTANT EUROPEAN CULTURAL LANDSCAPE
:ROIUDP6WRFN7LP+RIPDQQ,QJR4XDDV
2QWKHLQLWLDWLYHRIWKHUHJLRQDOSODQQLQJDXWKRULW\(DVW7KXULQJLDLQWKH \HDUWKH(UIXUW8QLYHUVLW\RI$SSOLHG6FLHQFHFDUULHGRXWDUHVHDUFKUHSRUW RQKLVWRULFDOO\LQÀXHQFHGFXOWXUDOODQGVFDSHVDQGVSHFL¿FQDWXUDOVFHQHU\LQ(DVW 7KXULQJLD,QLWVFRQFOXGLQJSDUWWKHUHVHDUFKUHSRUWGH¿QHVWKH0LGGOH6DDOH9DO- ley as a cultural landscape of national importance due to its particular density of natural and cultural characteristics. This induced the regional planning authority (DVW7KXULQJLDWRFRPPLVVLRQDGHYHORSPHQWFRQFHSWIRUWKH0LGGOH6DDOH9DOOH\ around Jena as an important cultural landscape. 7KHFRQFHSWZDVGHYHORSHGDVDSDUWRIDQLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\SURMHFW&8/- 785$//$1'6&$3( ZLWKLQWKH,17(55(*,,,%&$'6(63UR- JUDPPHRIWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQDQGLWZDVFRQGXFWHGLQFRRSHUDWLRQZLWKWKHUH- JLRQDOSODQQLQJDXWKRULW\-HQDDVZHOODVWKH6DDOH+RO]ODQG'LVWULFW7KHSURMHFW DLPHGDWSURPRWLQJWUDQVQDWLRQDOFRRSHUDWLRQLQWKH¿HOGRI(XURSHDQFXOWXUDO landscape development. 7KHREMHFWLYHRIWKHFXOWXUDOODQGVFDSHSURMHFW³0LGGOH6DDOH9DOOH\´ZDV the development of a dynamic model which would contribute to saving and devel- oping the functioning of local cultural landscape in a sustainable way. The plan- QLQJDUHDIRUWKHGHYHORSPHQWFRQFHSWFRPSULVHGWKH6DDOH9DOOH\EHWZHHQ.DKOD DQG&DPEXUJDQGWKHVLGHYDOOH\VZKLFKDUHYLVLEOHIURPWKHYDOOH\SODLQ %\0D\ODQGVFDSHDUFKLWHFWVXUEDQSODQQHUVDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQH[- SHUWVDQDO\VHGWKLVDUHDDQGQDPHGLWVIXQGDPHQWDOVWUHQJWKVZHDNQHVVHVDQG FRQÀLFWV%DVHGRQWKHVHUHVXOWVPRGHOVUHJDUGLQJ³0LGGOH6DDOH9DOOH\´FXOWXUDO landscape were drafted including recommendations for its future development. Additionally, a communication concept was drafted aimed at initiating a pub- OLFGLDORJXH PHGLDDXWKRULWLHVRUJDQLVDWLRQVHWF REWDLQLQJSURMHFWDSSURYDO PDNLQJYDULRXVDFWRUVLQWHUHVWHGLQLWVLPSOHPHQWDWLRQDQGVXJJHVWLQJPRGL¿DEOH means of communication for its implementation.
236 Development concept...
PROJECT PROCEDURE SCHEME DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT „MIDDLE SAALE VALLEY“
resea business, politics, authorities, from representatives Quaas stock+partner Design Studio Urban planner Landscape architect Papenfuss rjc copnigdaou ihlcladregional and local with dialogue accompanying Project Urban planning-spatial investigations - Analysis strengths and weaknesses - Project accompanying in settlements along the perception (evaluation of existing planning communication lines documents land use concept map/Landscape - Moderation of the plan/Cultural landscape project planning process East Thuringia) - Draft of a public relations concept
Spatial investigations along the perception lines
Saale-Railway A-road B 88 Saale Bicycle Saale Waterway Trail Trail
Assesment of the cultural landscape c n public. and rch
Model development for the cultural landscape Middle Saale Valley guidelines, objectives, principles
Fields of action and catalogue of measures Selected pilot projects along the perception lines
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4.3.1.1 Planning area
)LUVWRIDOOWKHSODQQLQJDUHDZDVLGHQWL¿HG,WFRQVLVWHGRIWKH6DDOH9DO- OH\EHWZHHQ.DKODDQG&DPEXUJ7KXVDOO7KXULQJLDQFRTXLQDIRUPDWLRQVRIWKH 0LGGOH 6DDOH 9DOOH\DUH VLWXDWHG ZLWKLQ the study area. Furthermore, the border of the planning area was drawn along the horizontal line that can be observed E\ RYHUORRNLQJ WKH YDOOH\ IURP WKH 6DDOH ÀRRGSODLQ 7KLV OLQH UXQV DORQJ slope sides on both sides of the river DQGUHDFKHVLQWRWKH6DDOHVLGHYDOOH\V of various depths. The map chosen as a basis for graphical presentation shows land use patterns and topography on a scale of 1: Phot. 125. 9LHZRIWKH0LGGOH6DDOH 9DOOH\
237 :ROIUDP6WRFN7LP+RIPDQQ,QJR4XDDV
4.3.1.2 &RPPXQLFDWLRQFRQFHSW
Besides the analysis of urban and landscape planning, a communication FRQFHSWKDGWREHGHYHORSHGDVDSDUWRIWKHGHYHORSPHQWFRQFHSW³0LGGOH6DDOH 9DOOH\DURXQG-HQD³ – :LWKUHVSHFWWRWKHSURJUHVVRIWKHGHYHORSPHQWFRQFHSWFRPPXQLFDWLRQ FRQFHSWLQYROYHGWKHIROORZLQJREMHFWLYHV WRPDNHWKHSURMHFWSXEOLFDQGLPSOHPHQWPHDVXUHVIRUVXVWDLQDEOHGH- velopment of the cultural landscape, WRPDNHLQVWLWXWLRQVDQGVSRQVRUVLQYROYHGLQWKHSODQQLQJSURFHVV WRLQLWLDWHDGLDORJXHZLWKUHJLRQDODFWRUV SXEOLFUHODWLRQVDQGRXWVLGH UHSUHVHQWDWLRQRILQWHUHVWV DLPLQJDWDFKLHYLQJWKHLUFROODERUDWLRQRU DFFHSWDQFHIRUWKHSURMHFW – :LWKUHVSHFWWRWKHPHWKRGRORJLFDODSSURDFKWKHREMHFWLYHVZHUH WR LPSDUW LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW SDUWLFXODU TXDOLWLHV RI WKH 0LGGOH 6DDOH 9DOOH\ WRSRVLWLRQDQGUHYHDOWKHFRQWH[WUHJDUGLQJWKHFRQWHQWIRUPDQGPHDV- ures in the overall concept, WRDGDSWYDULDELOLW\DQGPRGL¿DELOLW\RIWKHGLIIHUHQWPHDVXUHV
&RQQHFWLQJFRPPXQLFDWLRQPHDQV&RPPXQLFDWLRQFRQFHSWXVHGYDULRXV PHDQV RI FRPPXQLFDWLRQ ZKLFK ZHUH FRPSLOHG E\ WKH SURMHFW JURXS DQG VXJ- JHVWHGWRDOOLQLWLDWLYHVLQYROYHGLQWKH0LGGOH6DDOH9DOOH\GHYHORSPHQWFRQFHSW 7KXVD³JHQHUDO³ZHEVLWHFRXOGEHLPSOHPHQWHGDQGOLQNHGZLWKVHYHUDOPRUH VSHFL¿FZHEVLWHV&RPPXQLFDWLRQPHDQVZHUHFRQQHFWHGZLWKHDFKRWKHUGHSHQG- LQJRQSDUWLFXODUWDVNV$OVRVRPHLQLWLDWLYHVZHUHXVLQJWKHVDPHFRPPXQLFDWLRQ PHDQVVLPXOWDQHRXVO\OLNHMRLQWZRUNVKRSVIHVWLYLWLHVHWF
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7KH DQDO\VLV RI VWUHQJWKV DQG ZHDNQHVVHV ZDV FDUULHG RXW RQ D VFDOH RI IRUWKHFRPSOHWHSODQQLQJDUHDEDVHGRQWKHH[LVWLQJODQGXVHPDSV ODQGVFDSHSODQVDQGWKHFXOWXUDOODQGVFDSHSURMHFW(DVW7KXULQJLD$WWKHVDPH WLPHIXQGDPHQWDOVWUHQJWKVSRWHQWLDOVDQGZHDNQHVVHVFRQÀLFWVLQWKHSODQQLQJ DUHDZHUHGH¿QHG)RUEHWWHUSUHVHQWDWLRQWKHSODQQLQJDUHDZDVGLYLGHGLQWR VHJPHQWV .DKOD-HQD6RXWK-HQD'RUQEXUJDQG&DPEXUJ ,QRUGHUWRGHVFULEHIXQGDPHQWDOVWUHQJWKVDQGZHDNQHVVHVSODQQLQJVHF- tions were created, which allowed better visualisation of individual focal points.
238 Development concept...
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Strenghts / potentials Cultural landscape with particular characteristics (according to cultural landscape study for East Thuringia ) Rocks
Historical land use
Weaknesses / utilisation conflicts
Residential area
Fig. 42. $QDO\VLVRIVWUHQJWKVDQGZHDNQHVVHV3ODQQLQJVHFWLRQVHJPHQW.DKOD
239 :ROIUDP6WRFN7LP+RIPDQQ,QJR4XDDV 7KHUHVXOWVRIVWUHQJWKVDQGZHDNQHVVHVDQDO\VLVIRUPHGWKHEDVLVIRUDVVHVVLQJ perception lines and designing a cultural landscape model. 7KH¿UVWVWHSLQYROYHGWKHFRPSLODWLRQDQGDQDO\VLVRIDYDLODEOHGRFXPHQWV UHJDUGLQJVWUHQJWKVDQGSRWHQWLDOVDVZHOODVZHDNQHVVHVDQGFRQÀLFWVZKLFKLQ- volved: – &XOWXUDO/DQGVFDSH3URMHFW(DVW7KXULQJLD8$6(UIXUW>6FKPLGWHWDO @ – ODQGVFDSHSODQ-HQD>%URVWRFNSDUWQHU@ODQGVFDSHSODQ-HQD³LQ- FRUSRUDWHGFRPPXQLWLHV´>%üURVWRFNSDUWQHU D@DQGODQGVFDSHSODQ-HQD VHFWLRQ³VXUURXQGLQJDUHD´>%üURVWRFNSDUWQHU E@ – VRXWKHUQDUHDRIWKH6DDOH+RO]ODQG'LVWULFW>%üUR3URI'U.UDXVH @ – conservation and development plan of the large scale nature reserve “Orchid UHJLRQ0LGGOH6DDOH9DOOH\QHDU-HQD³>%UR+LUVFKHWDO@ – VWXG\ ³([SHULHQFLQJ WKH 6DDOH³ LQ WKH XUEDQ DUHD RI -HQD >%UR %RRFN @ – VWXG\³:DWHUZD\WRXULQJRQWKH6DDOHLQ7KXULQJLD³>,38,QJHQLHEUR@ Additionally, the following planning documents were used: – 5HJLRQDOODQGXVHSODQ(DVW7KXULQJLD – /DQGXVHPDSIRUWKHFLW\RI-HQD – 0DVWHUSODQ-HQD6DDOH+RO]ODQG'LVWULFW ³-HQ$UHD´ – Aerial photographs. The results were documented in writing and presented graphically on a scale RI
4.3.2.2 Results
6XEVHTXHQWO\WKHUHVXOWVRIWKHDQDO\VLVRIVWUHQJWKVDQGZHDNQHVVHVZHUH compiled for the overall planning area.
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1DWXUHUHODWHGHOHPHQWV2YHUWKRXVDQGVRI\HDUVWKHULYHU6DDOHDQGLWV WULEXWDULHVKDYHVKDSHGWKHODQGVFDSHWKURXJKHURVLRQSURFHVVHV7KHXQLTXHODQG- scape has developed as a result of an interaction between various characteristics RIWKHRFFXUULQJURFNVDQGWKHSRZHURIZDWHU6LQFHPRVWRI&HQWUDO(XURSHDQ ODQGVFDSHVKDYHEHHQPRGL¿HGE\DQWKURSRJHQLFLQÀXHQFHVQDWXUDOHOHPHQWVDUH especially important.
Relief. 7KHFDQ\RQOLNHYDOOH\LVDGLVWLQFWLYHQDWXUDOIHDWXUHRIWKH0LGGOH 6DDOH9DOOH\3DUWO\URFN\SDUWO\IRUHVWHGWKHVWHHSVORSHVFRQWUDVWZLWKWKHRSHQ ODQGVFDSHRIWKH6DDOHÀRRGSODLQ
240 Development concept...
6WHHSHUSDUWVRIWKHVORSHVLQWKHVRXWKHUQSODQQLQJDUHDDUHPDLQO\FRYHUHG by mixed forests. In the municipal area of Jena, the valley extends and offers YLHZVWKDWLQVRPHSDUWVUHDFKIDULQWRWKHVLGHYDOOH\V WKH/HXWUD9DOOH\WKH 5RGD9DOOH\WKH3HQQLFNHQ9DOOH\DQGWKH*HPEGHQ9DOOH\ $OVRQRUWKRIWKH FLW\WKHYDOOH\RSHQVWRZDUGVWKHHDVWLQWRWKH*OHLV9DOOH\XQWLODIWHUDGLVWDQFH RINPWKH³$OWHU*OHLVEHUJ´UHVWULFWVWKHYLHZ,QWKH'RUQEXUJDUHDWKHYDOOH\ EHFRPHVFORVHUDJDLQ,QVWHDGWKHÀRRGSODLQH[WHQGVWRNPEHLQJWZLFHDVZLGH DVDURXQG.DKOD(DVWRI:LFKPDUWKHVORSHVLGHLVOHVVFOLII\7KHFDQ\RQRSHQV DQQRXQFLQJWKHHQWU\RIWKHULYHULQWRÀDWWHUODQGVFDSHVQRUWKRI&DPEXUJ 7KHPRXQWDLQVRI-HQ]LJ+HLOLJHQDQG3IDIIHQEHUJRIIHUHVSHFLDOO\QRWLFH- able mountain silhouettes.
5RFNV5RFNIRUPDWLRQVSOD\DVSHFLDOUROHLQWKHSHUFHSWLRQRIWKLVODQG- VFDSH ,Q WKH SODQQLQJ DUHD WKH\ RFFXU DV VWHHS VORSHV XQGHUFXW EDQNV DQG slumps. ,QWKHVRXWK%XQWHU6DQGVWRQHIRUPDWLRQVDUHGRPLQDQW,QWKLVDUHD'RK- OHQVWHLQDQG/HXFKWHQEXUJDUHWKHRQO\DQG¿UVWGLVWLQFWLYHFRTXLQDHQVHPEOHV DORQJWKHFRXUVHRIWKH6DDOH7KLVLQGLFDWHVWKHEHJLQQLQJRIDW\SHRIURFNZKLFK IRUWKHQH[WNLORPHWUHVLVJRLQJWREHW\SLFDOIRUWKHYDOOH\DORQJWKH6DDOH UHDFKLQJIDULQWR6D[RQ\$QKDOW,QWKHPXQLFLSDODUHDRI-HQDFRTXLQDIRUPD- WLRQVRIVWHHSVORSHVFUHDWHDXELTXLWRXVEDFNJURXQGLQWKHFLW\VFDSH &RTXLQDDQG%XQWHU6DQGVWRQHRFFXUDVIDUDV'RUQEXUJXQWLO¿QDOO\LQWKH QRUWKHUQSODQQLQJDUHDJHRORJLFDOH[SRVXUHVUHYHDOH[FOXVLYHO\FRTXLQDURFNV
7KHULYHU7KHVWUHDPVGLYLGHWKHODQGVFDSH:KLOHWKH6DDOHIRUPVDVSLQH in the north-south direction, its tributaries structure the landscape in the east- west direction. Despite the man-made development of the river, large sections still maintain their natural features, especially outside populated areas. In the mu- nicipal area of Jena, several near-natural areas still exist at many sections of the 6DDOH Also, three natural bodies of standing water occur in the planning area, situ- DWHGLQWKHÀRRGSODLQRIWKH6DDOH WKHED\RXVVRXWKRI.DKODDQG3RUVWHQGRUIDV ZHOODVWKHJURXQGZDWHUSRRO 4XHOOWRSI QRUWKRI6WHXGQLW]EHWZHHQWKH$URDG DQGWKH6DDOH
&XOWXUHUHODWHGHOHPHQWV 3ULPDULO\DGLVWLQFWLRQFDQEHPDGHEHWZHHQPDQPDGHDQGQDWXUDOHOH- PHQWVRIWKHFXOWXUDOODQGVFDSH6LQFHWKH¿UVWW\SHRIHOHPHQWVLVDSURRIRIDQ- thropogenic construction and settlement activities and therefore mostly situated in cities and villages, the latter type rather exists in the countryside.
241 :ROIUDP6WRFN7LP+RIPDQQ,QJR4XDDV ,WLVRQHRIWKHVSHFL¿FODQGVFDSHIHDWXUHVRIWKH0LGGOH6DDOH9DOOH\WKDW man-made and vegetative elements occur together within a small area. Due to the narrowness of the valley, only very limited space for settlements was available. )RUFHQWXULHVWKHVWHHSVORSHVRQWKHRQHVLGHDQGÀRRGHGSODLQVRQWKHRWKHU PDGHLWLPSRVVLEOHWRGHYHORSVHWWOHPHQWDFWLYLWLHVLQWKHVHDUHDV(YHQZLWKQHZ technologies being invented, settlement activities were still restricted. Thus, set- tlements were established at the bottom and along the less steep slopes which, HVSHFLDOO\LQ-HQDEXWEDVLFDOO\DOVRLQ'RUQGRUI6WHXGQLW]DQG.DKODOHGWRWKH GHYHORSPHQWRI³EDQGVKDSHG´VHWWOHPHQWVWUXFWXUHVLQWKH6DDOH9DOOH\DQGSDUWO\ in the side valleys. Because of the way the settlements were embedded in the land- scape, a high number of border lines as well as a high concentration of man-made and natural elements emerged within a small area. Deep integration of settlement and natural areas can be perceived as one of WKHUHJLRQ¶VHVVHQWLDOVWUHQJWKV$WDQ\SRLQWZLWKLQWKHVHWWOHPHQWDUHDZDONLQJ GLVWDQFHWRWKHFRXQWU\VLGHLVQRWORQJHUWKDQPLQXWHV0DQ\KRXVLQJVLWHVEHQ- H¿WIURPWKHLUFOLPDWLFDOO\EHQH¿FLDOVRXWKHUQH[SRVXUHDQGLQWHUHVWLQJYLHZV
Historical land use. Because land use forms persisted over a long period RIWLPHWKHDUHDFRXOGÀRXULVKZLWKW\SHVRIYHJHWDWLRQWKDWGXHWRWKHLUVFDUFLW\ and sensibility are especially valuable, such as aesthetically precious and vital bi- otopes for animal and plant species. On the other hand, their value arises from the way they document the past ways of living and former economic methods. The most widespread natural elements of the cultural landscape in the plan- ning area involve arid and semi-arid grassland, followed by meadow orchards that mainly concentrate on southerly exposed slopes. The arid and semi-arid grassland predominantly occurs in the upper while the meadow orchards in the lower parts RIWKHVORSHV1XPHURXVPHDGRZRUFKDUGVDOVRH[LVWRQWKHRXWVNLUWVRIWRZQVDQG villages. All over the planning area, some historical forms of forest use occur on forested slopes. Juniper heaths can only be found as local relicts, while vineyards DUHQHZO\SODQWHGHOHPHQWV+LVWRULFTXDUULHVDUHVLWXDWHGDWPDQ\VLWHVLQWKHDUHD VXUURXQGLQJVHWWOHPHQWVHVSHFLDOO\DURXQGFRTXLQDIRUPDWLRQV 2YHUWKHSDVW\HDUVWKHQXPEHURISRQGVKDVGHFOLQHGVLJQL¿FDQWO\LQ WKHSODQQLQJDUHDDVZHOODVLQPDQ\RWKHUUHJLRQV3RQGVRIWKHKLJKHVWGHQVLW\ FDQEHVWLOOIRXQGLQWKH3HQQLFNHQ9DOOH\DQGWKH*HPEGHQ9DOOH\'XHWRJUDYHO PLQLQJLQWKH6DDOHÀRRGSODLQDOVRQHZERGLHVRIZDWHUKDYHEHHQIRUPHG6LQFH PLQLQJDFWLYLWLHV¿QLVKHGPDQ\GHFDGHVDJRPRVWRIWKHPLQLQJUHOLFWVKDYHGH- YHORSHGLQWRDHVWKHWLFODQGVFDSHHOHPHQWVRIKLJKYDOXH/DNH6FKOHLFKHUVHHDQG 3RUVWHQGRUIJUDYHOSLWDUHWKHODUJHVWERGLHVRIVWDQGLQJZDWHULQWKHSODQQLQJDUHD 6HYHUDORWKHUIRUPHUJUDYHOSLWVFRQFHQWUDWHEHWZHHQ5RWKHQVWHLQDQG0DXDDV ZHOODVQHDU3RUVWHQGRUI
242 Development concept...
Phot. 126. 5RFNIRUPDWLRQ5RWKHQVWHLQ Phot. 127. The Käutzchensberg - the last vineyard in Jena
0RQXPHQWVDue to a wide range of individual elements under legal protec- tion, only a few can be enumerated here. At the same time, the examples below include several buildings that are not listed as monuments according to the Thur- LQJLDQ0RQXPHQW$FW\HWWKH\SRVVHVVVSHFLDOTXDOLWLHVDVORQJGLVWDQFHODQG- PDUNVVHUYHDVUHIHUHQFHSRLQWVRUUHYHDOXQLTXHDUFKLWHFWXUDOIHDWXUHV7KHVH DUHIRULQVWDQFHWKH³-HQWRZHU´LQWKHFLW\FHQWUHRI-HQDRUYDULRXVIRUPHUZDWHU PLOOV:KHQSRVVLEOHPRQXPHQWFRPSOH[HVKDYHEHHQGHVFULEHGRQDVFDOHRI 7KH6DDOH9DOOH\ERDVWVKLJKGHQVLW\RIEXLOGLQJPRQXPHQWVZKLFKDUHOR- FDWHGLQ.DKOD/|EVFKW]5RWKHQVWHLQgONQLW]%XUJDX/REHGD-HQD3DUDGLHV 'RUQEXUJRU&DPEXUJ,WFDQEHQRWLFHGWKDWWKH\DUHVLWXDWHGLQWKHYLFLQLW\RI WKHULYHUDQGRQERWKLWVVLGHV0DQ\RIWKHKLVWRULFDOO\LPSRUWDQWEXLOGLQJVEHDU DGLUHFWUHODWLRQVKLSWRWKHULYHU7KLVDSSOLHVWRWKHEULGJHVLQ%UFNHQ.DKOD /REHGD%XUJDX'RUQGRUIDQG&DPEXUJ WKHPLOOVDQGWKHPLOOVWUHDPLQ.DKOD -lJHUVGRUI %XUJDX 3RUVWHQGRUI 'RUQGRUI '|EULWVFKHQ DQG &DPEXUJ 7KUHH PLOOVVWLOOH[LVWLQWKH/HXWUD9DOOH\DORQJDNLORPHWUHVHFWLRQRIWKHVWUHDP7KH 3RUVWHQGRUIHUPLOOVWUHDPLVPRUHWKDQNPORQJDQGWKHUHIRUHLWLVDQHVSHFLDOO\ impressive evidence for anthropogenic construction activities at water bodies. 7KHVWXG\DUHDLVDOVRSDUWLFXODUO\ULFKLQVXUIDFHHDUWKPRQXPHQWV0RUH WKDQVHWWOHPHQWVLWHVDQGIRUWL¿FDWLRQVDUHYLVLEOHLQWKHWHUUDLQUHOLHIEHWZHHQ .DKODDQG&DPEXUJ7KH\DUHPDLQO\VLWXDWHGRQWKHKLOOWRSVDQGSURYLGHHYL- GHQFHRIDQWKURSRJHQLFVHWWOHPHQWDFWLYLWLHVDORQJWKHULYHU,QDVSHFL¿FDOO\RE- YLRXVZD\WKHHDUWKPRQXPHQWVOLQNWKHUHJLRQDOKLVWRU\RIVHWWOHPHQWZLWKWKH landscape. &DVWOHVFDVWOHUXLQVDQGWRZHUVDUHDOVRGLVWLQFWLYHIHDWXUHVRIWKHODQG- scape. There are very few sites within the planning area where none of the distinc- tive buildings on the mountain range can be seen. /HXFKWHQEXUJFDVWOHLVRQHRIWKHPRVWVWULNLQJEXLOGLQJPRQXPHQWVYLVLEOH from a long distance. A good view towards the castle stretches even from the top
243 :ROIUDP6WRFN7LP+RIPDQQ,QJR4XDDV RI/DQGJUDIHQEHUJQHDU-HQD*HQHUDOO\WKLVODQGPDUNFDQEHHVHHQIURPWKHDUHD RIDERXWNPLQWKH0LGGOH6DDOH9DOOH\2QWKHRWKHUKDQGWKH³-HQWRZHU´ E\IDUWKHKLJKHVWEXLOGLQJLQWKHDUHDPDUNVWKHFLW\FHQWUHRI-HQDIURPDORQJ GLVWDQFH&KXUFKWRZHUVDUHSDUWLFXODUO\VLJQL¿FDQWODQGPDUNVQRWRQO\IRUWRZQ or village districts but also for landscapes. Together with numerous graveyards, FKXUFKHVIRUPDNLQGRIUHOLJLRXVFXOWXUDOODQGVFDSH 0DQ\ EXLOGLQJ PRQXPHQWV UHÀHFW WKH JHRORJ\ RI WKH DUHD ,Q WKH VRXWK- ern part of the planning area, between Kleineutersdorf and Rothenstein, Bunter sandstone predominates and is still the preferred building material. Further north, FRTXLQDLVZLGHO\SRSXODU,Q-HQDERWKW\SHVRIURFNVKDYHEHHQXVHGDVEXLOGLQJ PDWHULDO HJFRTXLQDIRUWKHPDLQXQLYHUVLW\EXLOGLQJDQG%XQWHUVDQGVWRQHIRU the city hall. ,WLVVSHFL¿FIRUWKHFXOWXUDOODQGVFDSHRIWKH0LGGOH6DDOH9DOOH\WKDWPDQ\ direct interrelations can be seen between the buildings made of natural stone and URFNIRUPDWLRQVZKHUHWKHPDWHULDOZDVJDWKHUHGIURP7KLVFRQQHFWLRQLVPRVW REYLRXVIRUWKHFDVWOHVEXLOWIURPFRTXLQDDQGURFNVWKH\DUHVWDQGLQJRQ+RZ- ever, such relationships can be also found over greater distances, e.g. between the %XUJDXHU%ULGJHDQGWKHURFNVRIWKHPRXQWDLQRI-RKDQQLVEHUJRUWKHFLW\FKXUFK LQ-HQDDQGWKHURFNVDWWKHVORSHVRI-HQ]LJKDQJ
:HDNQHVVHVDQGXWLOLVDWLRQFRQÀLFWV Regional landscape plans provide detailed descriptions of disadvantages of various forms of use and their impact on natural scenery. Below, the main ZHDNQHVVHVDQGXVHFRQÀLFWVZLOOEHFRPSLOHGIURPWKHVRXUFHVQDPHGLQFKDSWHU 7KLVGDWDZLOOEHVXSSOHPHQWHGZLWKLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWGH¿FLHQFLHVUH- FRUGHGLQWKHIUDPHRIWKHSURMHFWZRUN
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7KHFXOWXUDOODQGVFDSHRIWKH0LGGOH6DDOH9DOOH\KDVEHHQDOWHUHGUDSLGO\ LQVHYHUDOVWHSVGXULQJWKHSDVW\HDUV7KHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIUDLOZD\OLQHVLQ DQGPDUNHGWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHLQGXVWULDOLVDWLRQSURFHVVLQWKLVUH- JLRQ8QWLO:RUOG:DU,ODUJHVFDOHLQGXVWULHVKDGWKHLUVWUXFWXUDOEUHDNWKURXJK LQ-HQD&RQVHTXHQWO\WKHSRSXODWLRQLQFUHDVHGGUDVWLFDOO\DQGWKHSRSXODWHGDUHD tripled mainly due to extensive building development westwards and southwards from the city centre. The settlement area doubled again after another construc- WLRQLPSXOVHLQWKH V6HWWOHPHQWGHYHORSPHQWZDVDFFRPSDQLHGE\YDULRXV DOWHUDWLRQVDIIHFWLQJWKHFRXUVHRIWKH6DDOH5LYHULQYROYLQJVWUDLJKWHQLQJRIWKH ULYHUEDQNUHLQIRUFHPHQWDQGSDUWLDOSLSLQJLQVWDOODWLRQV :LWKWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKHPRWRUZD\LQ DQRWKHULQIUDVWUXFWXUDOD[LV UHDFKHGWKHSODQQLQJDUHD%HWZHHQ DQG QHZUHVLGHQWLDODUHDVZHUH
244 Development concept... built from precast concrete slabs not only north and south of the municipal area of -HQDEXWDOVRLQ.DKODDQG&DPEXUJ In the 1990s, further extensive settlement activities begun. In Jena, relative- O\ODUJHUHVLGHQWLDODUHDVDURVHLQ'UDFNHQGRUILQWKH*HPEGHQ9DOOH\DQGRQWKH QRUWKHUQRXWVNLUWVRIWKHFLW\$OVRLQWKH6DDOH+RO]ODQGGLVWULFWODUJHUHVLGHQWLDO DUHDVZHUHGHYHORSHG LQgONQLW]DQG'RUQGRUI6WHXGQLW] At the same time, numerous new industrial estates appeared. Therefore, some areas that had been already characterised by dense settlement, became more compact or were covered with new buildings (the industrial estate of Unteraue, $P(JHOVHH=ZlW]HQ$P)HOVHQNHOOHU7DW]HQGSURPHQDGHRU*|VFKZLW] 2Q WKHRWKHUKDQGVRPHODUJHVFDOHLQGXVWULDOHVWDWHVZHUHEXLOWRQWKHRXWVNLUWVRI WRZQVZKHUHWKHUHZHUHQREXLOGLQJVEHIRUH HJ/REHGD6RXWK0DXDDQG.DK- OD RUZLWKLQDOUHDG\H[LVWLQJVHWWOHPHQWVLWHVZKLFKZHUHFRQVLGHUDEO\H[WHQGHG HJ&OLQLFDOFHQWUHDQG%HXWHQEHUJFDPSXVLQ-HQD 7KHUHDOLVDWLRQRIQXPHURXVLQGLYLGXDOSURMHFWVLQFUHDVHGVHWWOHPHQWFRP- SDFWQHVVERWKLQWKHFLW\RI-HQDEXWDOVRDWPDQ\VWHHSHUVORSHV HJ6RSKLHQ- K|KH3KLORVRSKHQZHJDQG6FKLOOEDFKVWUDH $OVRWKHJUHHQEHOWRIWKH6DDOH ÀRRGSODLQ ZLWKLQ WKH PXQLFLSDO DUHD RI -HQD LQFOXGLQJ ÀRRGLQJ DUHDV RU QHDU WKHULYHUEDQNVZDVIXUWKHUUHGXFHGE\EXLOGLQJGHYHORSPHQW HJLQGXVWULDOHV- WDWH6DDOHSDUN:LHVHQVWUDHVWDGLXP6FKLOOHUSDVVDJH ,QVRPHSDUWVDOORWPHQWV have been established. $V IDU DV WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI WUDI¿F LQIUDVWUXFWXUH LV FRQFHUQHG HJ WKH H[WHQVLRQRIWKH$URDGDQGWKHWUDPOLQH-HQD&HQWUH/REHGD1RUGEUFNH WKH landscape has been seriously altered. For example, several constructions sharply contrasting with neighbouring buildings as well as surrounding landscape in terms RISURSRUWLRQVVW\OHPDWHULDODQGFRORXUVDSSHDUHGLQ5RWKHQVWHLQDQG/REHGD 6RXWK7KHSLFWXUHVTXHYLHZWRZDUGV/HXFKWHQEXUJ&DVWOHQRUWKRIWKHWRZQRI 5RWKHQVWHLQWKHPRVWVLJQL¿FDQWUHJLRQDOHOHPHQWRIWKLVFXOWXUDOODQGVFDSHKDV EHHQREVWUXFWHGE\QHZLQGXVWULDOEXLOGLQJV7KHYLHZIURP'RUQEXUJ&DVWOHV SDUWRIWKHQDWLRQDOFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHZHOONQRZQIURPGUDZLQJVDQGODQGVFDSH GHVFULSWLRQVFUHDWHGE\*RHWKHKDVEHHQGUDVWLFDOO\FKDQJHGE\QHZEXLOGLQJV 6HYHUHLQWHUIHUHQFHVLQWRODQGVFDSHVFHQHU\KDYHEHHQFDXVHGE\WKHEXLOG- ings that: – GXHWRWKHLUKHLJKWVL]HRUH[SRVHGSRVLWLRQH[HUWDVLJQL¿FDQWORQJGLV- WDQFHHIIHFW HJ,QGXVWULDOHVWDWHVRI0DXD6FKLOOHUSDVVDJH-HQDRUFKLPQH\VRI WKHSRZHUVWDWLRQDW%XUJDX – have their front walls painted with bright colours or colours that are not W\SLFDOIRUWKLVODQGVFDSH HJLQ6WHXGQLW]0DXD/REHGD6RXWK6WDGWURGDHU6WU DWWKHOHYHORI1HXH6FKHQNH
245 :ROIUDP6WRFN7LP+RIPDQQ,QJR4XDDV – are situated in the vicinity or within the view of famous cultural monu- PHQWVOLNH/HXFKWHQEXUJ&DVWOHRU'RUQEXUJ&DVWOHV HJWKHUHVLGHQWLDODUHDDW 'RUQGRUI6WHXGQLW]DQGWKHLQGXVWULDOHVWDWHDW0DXD – DUHQRWVXI¿FLHQWO\VXUURXQGHGE\WKHJUHHQEHOWRQWKHRXWVNLUWVRIWRZQV YLOODJHV RQWKHRXWVNLUWVRIQXPHURXVXUEDQDQGUXUDOSODFHVZLWKLQWKHRYHUDOO SODQQLQJDUHD – FRQVLVWRIPRYLQJHOHPHQWVRUKDYHÀLFNHULQJOLJKWV HJZLQGWXUELQHV QHDU&RSSDQ]DQG)UDXHQSULHQLW]
Building proposals
Besides the already existing disturbances, further severe changes to the cul- tural landscape have to be expected in the future because of intended building proposals. These include: – WKHH[WHQVLRQRI$URDG%VRXWKRIWKHPRWRUZD\MXQFWLRQ*|VFKZLW] – WKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRI$URDG%QRUWKRI:LHVHQVWUDHLQ-HQD 3RVLWLYHLPSDFWRQWKHFXOWXUDOODQGVFDSHLVWREHH[SHFWHGZLWKGLVPDQWOLQJ WKHPRWRUZD\LQWKH/HXWUD9DOOH\DIWHUWKHFRPSOHWLRQRIWKHWXQQHO 6PDOOHU EXLOGLQJ SURMHFWV FDQ EH DOVR GLVDGYDQWDJHRXV WR WKH VHWWOHPHQW scenery if they are carried out in sensitive urban spaces. The extension of urban settlement spaces – in principle, a positive tendency – threatens valuable green areas which become built up. An example for Jena is the building development of WKHFHQWUDOJUHHQLQWKHDUHDRI5LQJZLHVH $VSHQZHJ+RSIHQZHJ $VDUHVXOW an open space disappeared, which typically for that period, was related to the sur- URXQGLQJKRXVLQJGHYHORSPHQWIURPWKH V
Resource extraction
Opencast mining is a precondition for using regional building material. +RZHYHUWKLVKDVVHYHUHLPSDFWRQWKHODQGVFDSHDVURFNPLQLQJFKDQJHVLWV FKDUDFWHULVWLFUHOLHI,IPLQLQJWDNHVSODFHRQVORSHVRURQWRSRIDQDUHDOLNHLQ 6WHXGQLW]WKLVKDVDSDUWLFXODUORQJGLVWDQFHHIIHFW Regarding regional development, there are two lower-priority areas for RSHQFDVWURFNPLQLQJZLWKLQWKHRYHUDOOSODQQLQJDUHD HDVWRI6WHXGQLW]DQGZHVW RI3RUVWHQGRUI
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:LWKUHJDUGWRWKHLQVHPLQDWLRQRIV\VWHPDWLFDOO\UHFRUGHGDQGGRFXPHQW- ed natural, structural, historical, architectural, and other elements of the cultural
246 Development concept...
ODQGVFDSHLQWKH0LGGOH6DDOH9DOOH\WKH³GD\WRGD\³ UHDO SHUFHSWLRQIURPWKH perspective of the “users“ was reconstructed and analysed. The basic assumption RIWKLVPHWKRGGHYHORSHGE\.HYLQ/\QFK> @LVWKDWWKHSHUFHSWLRQRIWKHFLW\ ±DQGWKHODQGVFDSHUHVSHFWLYHO\±KDSSHQVDORQJVLGHIUHTXHQWO\XVHGSHUFHSWLRQ OLQHV URDGVSDWKV ZKLFKDUHOLNHZLVHVLJQL¿FDQWHOHPHQWVRIWKHFLW\QDWXUDO scenery. %HWZHHQ2FWREHUDQG-DQXDU\WKHSHUFHSWLRQRIWKHFXOWXUDOODQG- scape was recorded alongside four main arteries: – WKH6DDOHZDWHUZD\WUDLO ERDW – WKH6DDOHELF\FOHWUDLO ELF\FOH – WKHWUDLQOLQH WUDLQ – WKH$URDG% FDU %DVHGRQWKHGLIIHUHQWSHUVSHFWLYHVQRWLFHDEOH YLVLEOH DUHDVDUHGLIIHUHQWL- DWHGIURPXQQRWLFHDEOH KLGGHQ DUHDVDQGVLJQL¿FDQWDVSHFWVFKDUDFWHULVLQJWKH cultural landscape are determined. Thereby, the following elements were distin- guished and documented: – ERUGHUOLQHVPDUJLQV HJ EHWZHHQVHWWOHPHQWVDQGWKHFRXQWU\VLGH – DUHDV HJ VSHFLDOXUEDQDUFKLWHFWXUDOVW\OH – IRFDOSRLQWV HJ FURVVURDGVDWUDLQVWDWLRQDPDUNHWVTXDUHHWF – ODQGPDUNV HJ DFDVWOHDPXOWLVWRUH\EXLOGLQJDFKLPQH\HWF
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247 :ROIUDP6WRFN7LP+RIPDQQ,QJR4XDDV Thereby, these elements were differentiated with regard to their meaning for the cultural landscape scenery as well as their perception (regional, local, and SXQFWXDO &RQÀLFWVLWXDWLRQVZHUHPDUNHGDVSRLQWVDQGGHVFULEHG7KH\PDUN areas with need for action or where certain measures have already been imple- mented. In combination with the models that need to be carried out, all points repre- sent planning aids regarding the section “measures for sustainable upgrading and GHYHORSPHQWRIWKHDUHD´ On the one hand, assessment was important in order to restrict certain struc- tural and spatial aspects, especially in the municipal area of Jena. On the other hand, it enabled a “popular“ description as a basis for a broad dialogue with vari- ous actors. Focussing on important perception lines enabled the creation of a commu- nicable, practice-oriented concept development at a regional level. In the course RIIXUWKHUSURFHVVLQJWKHGHYHORSPHQWFRQFHSWIRUWKHFXOWXUDODUHD0LGGOH6DDOH 9DOOH\ LW LV SRVVLEOH DQG UHFRPPHQGHG WR JHW WKH PXQLFLSDO OHYHO LQYROYHG A compiling chapter shows the individual segments and provides assessment in- dications. The results are presented in writing and on a map. 5HJDUGLQJWKHSHUFHSWLRQOLQH6DDOH ERDW LQIRUPDWLRQIURPWKHVWXG\RQ ZDWHUZD\WRXULQJRQWKH6DDOH>@ZDVLQFOXGHGLQWKHDVVHVVPHQW6RPH RIWKHGH¿FLHQFLHVWKDWPDLQO\FRQFHUQDFFHVVDQGIDFLOLWLHVDWGLIIHUHQWVLWHVKDYH already been eradicated or will be in the near future. The assessment was con- ducted in a verbal-argumentative way. The results of the perception study were documented in four perception maps and will be implemented in approximately SURSRVHGPHDVXUHV
4.3.4 0RGHOGHYHORSPHQWIRUWKHFXOWXUDOODQGVFDSH0LGGOH6DDOH9DOOH\
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7KHPRGHOKDVKROLVWLFREMHFWLYHVZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKHHQWLUHVRFLHW\7KHFRQ- WHQWRIWKHREMHFWLYHVIRUWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHFXOWXUDOODQGVFDSH0LGGOH6DDOH 9DOOH\LVEDVHGRQUHVHDUFKGDWDDQGUHVXOWV7KHPRGHOUHSUHVHQWVDFRPSLOHG presentation of the condition that is intended to be achieved in the planning area within 15 years. 7KHKLHUDUFKLFDOOHYHOVRIWKHIROORZLQJ¿JXUHSURYLGHDQRYHUYLHZRIWKH PHWKRGLFDODSSURDFK7KHFODVVL¿FDWLRQKDVEHHQPDGHDFFRUGLQJWRWKHFRQWHQWV RIWKHFXOWXUDOODQGVFDSHSURMHFW(DVW7KXULQJLDE\8$6(UIXUW The model will be discussed and agreed on by the advisory board and local actors.
248 Development concept...
VISION 2020 MODEL FOR THE CULTUR AL LANDSCAPE MIDDLE SAALE VALLEY
PRESERVATION, PRESERVATION, SUSTAINABLE PROTECTION AND PROTECTION AND REGIONAL - DEVELOPMENT OF DEVELOPMENT OF AND SETTLEMENT NATURAL CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
GUIDELINES
GEOLOGY RELIGION ECONOMY RELIEF REPRESENTATION SCIENE AND BUSINESS
FLORA AGRICULTURE RECREATION FAUNA FORESTRY AND TOURISM
WATER BODIES SETTLEMENTS URBAN LANDSCAPE DEVELOPMENT TRAFFIC
OBJECTIVES AND PRINCIPLES
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1RZDGD\VWKHXQLTXHEHDXW\DQGGLYHUVLW\RIWKH0LGGOH6DDOH9DOOH\ZLWK LWV FDQ\RQOLNH SODLQV DQG GHWDLOHG ODQGVFDSH PRVDLF FRQVLVWLQJ RI URFN FOLIIV tree-covered slopes, vineyards, orchards, arid grassland, and one of the most im- SRUWDQWRUFKLGVLWHVLQ&HQWUDO*HUPDQ\DUHVWLOODVVWULNLQJDVLQWKHSUHYLRXV century. The visitors centre, situated in the central area of the large-scale nature re- VHUYH³2UFKLGUHJLRQ-HQDFRTXLQDVORSHVLQWKH0LGGOH6DDOH9DOOH\³KDVEH- come one of the most popular attractions for local people and visitors to the region DVLWSURYLGHVDORWRILQIRUPDWLRQDERXWORFDOÀRUDDQGIDXQDDVZHOODVWKHRULJLQ of this cultural landscape. :KLOVWFDVWOHVDQGFKXUFKHVDVZHOODVKLVWRULFIRUPVRIVHWWOHPHQWDQGWKH division of land symbolise ancient cultural traditions, the so called “bio region“ -HQDKDVGHYHORSHGLQWRDOHDGLQJVFLHQWL¿FWHFKQRORJLFDODQGOHLVXUHVLWHLQ*HU- many, based on historically developed competences in optics and precision en- JLQHHULQJLQFORVHFRRSHUDWLRQZLWKUHVHDUFKLQVWLWXWHVDWWKH³6FLHQFH&DPSXV -HQD%HXWHQEHUJ´DQGLPEHGGHGLQWKHDWWUDFWLYHFRXQWU\VLGHRIWKH0LGGOH6DDOH 9DOOH\ The sustainable and regionally co-ordinated land use management of the ³-HQ$UHD³XQGHUFXWVWKH³1DWLRQDO6XVWDLQDELOLW\6WUDWHJ\³E\WKHIHGHUDOJRYHUQ- 249 :ROIUDP6WRFN7LP+RIPDQQ,QJR4XDDV ment, despite a population increase of 10 000 inhabitants. Nevertheless, today’s character of Jena as a “green city“ can be experienced to a greater extent than in WKH\HDU 3RVLWLYHVLWXDWLRQUHJDUGLQJWKHMREPDUNHWPDQLIROGFXOWXUDODFWLYLWLHVDQG excellent leisure time facilities in the proximate residential environment are the reasons why the region of Jena has now reached a top position in internation- DOUDQNLQJ%HVLGHVWUDGLWLRQDOWUDLOVDORQJWKH³+RUL]RQWDO´ZLWKD³YLHZIURP DERYH³LQWRWKH0LGGOH6DDOH9DOOH\WKHQHZ³6DDOHDXHQSDUN³RIIHUVKLNHUVF\- clists, and paddlers a new continuous connecting path in close proximity to the ULYHUEHWZHHQ.DKODDQG&DPEXUJ&RQVWUXFWLRQDQGXUEDQEXLOGLQJVLJKWVDORQJ this path are well signposted while restaurants invite people to rest “on the bright EHDFKHVRIWKH6DDOH³DQGRIIHUQHZYLHZSRLQWVRQWKH0LGGOH6DDOH9DOOH\DWWKH water line level. Jena has regained its good reputation as a “city on the river“. Numerous re- JLRQDOSXEOLFWUDQVSRUWFRQQHFWLRQVRIWKH³6DDOHWDOEDKQ³ZKLFKDWWKHZHHNHQG has a luggage carrier for boats and bicycles, have, despite an increase in popula- WLRQFDXVHGDVLJQL¿FDQWGHFUHDVHLQWKHQXPEHURISULYDWHFDUVGULYLQJDORQJWKH URDGV$OVRFDUVKDULQJFRPSDQLHVDUHÀRXULVKLQJ /DPEDSSOHMXLFHVIURPORFDORUFKDUGVJRDWFKHHVHDQGRWKHUUHJLRQDORU organic products have become very popular in regional households. 6XFKDVWURQJVRFLDOFRPPLWPHQWUHÀHFWVWKHJUHDWLGHQWL¿FDWLRQRIFLWL]HQV DQGORFDOHQWHUSULVHVZLWKWKHLUOLYLQJDQGZRUNLQJHQYLURQPHQWDQGSOD\VDQLP- SRUWDQWUROHLQVXVWDLQLQJWKLVSUHFLRXVFXOWXUDOODQGVFDSHEH\RQGWKH\HDU
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Natural characteristics *XLGHOLQH: 7KH0LGGOH6DDOH9DOOH\DURXQG-HQD DJHRPRUSKRORJLFUDULW\QDWXUDOO\ unique! – 7KHRXWVWDQGLQJJHRPRUSKRORJLFVLWXDWLRQRIWKHFDQ\RQOLNHYDOOH\ZLWK LWVVWHHSRSHQURFNFOLIIVDQGGHHSO\FXWVLGHYDOOH\VLVWKHPRVWVWULNLQJORFDO feature. – 7KH ODQGVFDSH VFHQHU\ LV DQ LPSRUWDQW ORFDWLRQ IDFWRU IRU WKH 0LGGOH 6DDOH9DOOH\$OOLPSDFWVDQGFKDQJHVPXVWEHUHYLHZHGLQUHODWLRQWRWKHLUVSHFLDO implications and compensated if necessary. – 7KH VSHFL¿F WRSRJUDSKLFDO JHRORJLFDO DQG FOLPDWLF FRQGLWLRQV RI WKH FRTXLQDODQGVFDSHEULQJDERXWDGLYHUVLW\RIYDULRXVDQLPDODQGSODQWELRWRSHV LQFOXGLQJWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWRUFKLGVLWHVLQ&HQWUDO*HUPDQ\
250 Development concept... – The balanced relationship between nature and wildlife conservation, rec- reational function and economic utilisation is a precondition for sustainable pres- HUYDWLRQDQGGHYHORSPHQWRIWKH0LGGOH6DDOH9DOOH\FXOWXUDOODQGVFDSH – 7KHVXEGLYLGLQJULYHUFRXUVHDVZHOODVLWVWULEXWDULHVDQGÀRRGSODLQVFRQ- VWLWXWHGRPLQDWLQJDQGFRQQHFWLQJODQGVFDSHHOHPHQWVLQWKH6DDOH9DOOH\ – 1DWXUDOZDWHUG\QDPLFVKLJKZDWHUTXDOLW\DQGH[WHQVLYHÀRRGLQJDUHDV DUHQRWRQO\LPSRUWDQWIRUWKHHI¿FLHQF\DQGXVDELOLW\RIWKHÀRRGSODLQEXWIRUP WKHEDVLVIRUWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIDQHDUQDWXUDOSDUNOLNHODQGVFDSHEHWZHHQ.DKOD DQG&DPEXUJ
2EMHFWLYHVDQGSULQFLSOHV *HRORJ\DQGUHOLHI – conservation of the distinctive relief, especially the upper slopes and pla- teaus from dominating visual “overforming“ by forests or building development; – preservation and development of the well-structured cultural landscape mosaic; – cubature, height, and colour of new buildings matching the local land- scape; – conservation of slope sides that function as blinds and protection against QRLVHDQGGXVWLQURFNPLQLQJDUHDVRIKLJKDQGORZHUSULRULW\ – no more declarations of land for resource extraction in regional spatial planning; – installation of new wind energy farms only outside the horizontal line of the valley plain in selected high priority areas; – application of impact regulations also for impacts regarding the landscape scenery.
Flora und Fauna – promoting extensive grazing management and mowing of areas that are not suitable for grazing in order to retain areas for rough grazing with their arid and semi-arid grassland that is typical for this region; establishment of an arid biotope connectivity; – preservation and development of linear landscape structures (e.g. hedges, for- HVWHGJHVVDXPVWUXFWXUHV DQGODQGVFDSHHOHPHQWV VROLWDU\WUHHV¿HOGKHGJHVJURXSV RIWUHHV IRUVWUXFWXUDOGLYHUVLW\DQGDVMRLQLQJHOHPHQWVIRUELRWRSHFRQQHFWLYLW\ – preservation, protection, and optimisation of water habitats and connect- ing them in terms of wetland habitat connectivity; – WUDQVIRUPDWLRQRIIDUPODQGLQULYHUDQGVWUHDPÀRRGSODLQVZLWKÀRRGLQJ KD]DUGLQWRÀRRGSODLQPHDGRZVDQGIRUHVWV GHYHORSPHQWRIZDWHUORJJHG]RQHV LQWKH6DDOHÀRRGSODLQ
251 :ROIUDP6WRFN7LP+RIPDQQ,QJR4XDDV – compilation of a long-term development concept to continue the large- VFDOHFRQVHUYDWLRQSURMHFWLQFRQQHFWLRQZLWKWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIPDUNHWLQJ strategies for products from cultural landscapes.
:DWHUERGLHV – SURPRWLRQDQGVWUHQJWKHQLQJRIWKHQDWXUDOZDWHUG\QDPLFVRIWKH6DDOH DQGLWVWULEXWDULHVE\NHHSLQJWKHÀRRGLQJDUHDFOHDUDQGH[WHQGLQJLWDVZHOODV renaturation of sealed land; – UHQDWXUDWLRQRIEXLOGLQJVDQGDOORWPHQWVLQWKHÀRRGSODLQVRIWKH6DDOH YDOOH\ HJLQ-HQDQHDUWKHIRUPHU5DVHQPKOH – UHQDWXUDWLRQDQGFRQQHFWLRQRI³ÀRRGWKURXJKV´DQGEDFNZDWHUVZLWKWKH 6DDOH – LPSURYHPHQWRIZDWHUTXDOLW\E\PHDQVRIDYRLGLQJQXWULHQWFRQWDPLQD- tion due to intensive farming practices in the rivershed or development of a buffer ]RQHE\WKHLQWHQVL¿FDWLRQRIDJULFXOWXUHDQGGHYHORSPHQWRIEXIIHU]RQHVQH[WWR DGMDFHQWLQWHQVLYHO\XVHGDJULFXOWXUDODUHDVRQERWKVLGHVRIWKHULYHU – GHYHORSLQJWKH6DDOHLQWRD¿VKELRWRSHZLWKRXWREVWUXFWLRQVE\PHDQVRI FRQVWUXFWLQJ¿VKODGGHUVDWZHLUV – maintenance and development of water bodies by applying environmen- tally friendly hydro-engineering methods of construction.
4.3.4.4 Cultural characteristics
*XLGHOLQH 7KH 0LGGOH 6DDOH9DOOH\DURXQG -HQD &XOWXUDO KHULWDJH RI JUHDW IRUPDW Historically valuable! – 7KHGLVWLQFWLYHFKDUDFWHULVWLFRIWKH0LGGOH6DDOH9DOOH\LVWKHKLVWRUL- cally grown diverse mosaic of different land uses patterns consisting of exten- sively structured vine and fruit growing, arable farming, grazing management and forestry. 3UHFRQGLWLRQIRUVXVWDLQDEOHSUHVHUYDWLRQDQGGHYHORSPHQWRIWKLVXQLTXH cultural landscape is the combination of ecological, economic, and cultural as- pects for the protection, maintenance and utilisation of natural resources. – Besides the autochthonic characteristics of the regional architecture, es- SHFLDOO\WKHVLOKRXHWWHV³URRIODQGVFDSHV³DQGYLOODJHRUWRZQRXWVNLUWVFUHDWH WKHSLFWXUHRIWKLVVHWWOHPHQWODQGVFDSHLQWKH0LGGOH6DDOH9DOOH\DVSDUWRID larger regional unit. – The reason for this particularity of the cultural landscape with its numer- ous architectural monuments is the fascinating heterogeneity of its monuments:
252 Development concept...
UHOLJLRQUHSUHVHQWDWLRQDQGLQGXVWULDOSURGXFWLRQ:KLOVWFDVWOHVRQKLOOWRSVDQG slope sides as well as churches in villages and small towns constitute landscapes ODQGPDUNVZLWKORQJGLVWDQFHYLVLELOLW\7KHVFHQHU\RIWKHFLW\RI-HQDLVSDUWLFX- ODUO\PDUNHGE\LQGXVWULDODUFKLWHFWXUHDQGVHWWOHPHQWVRIWKHPRGHUQVSLULW Architecture and monument conservation are therefore of special importance as distinctive elements in villages and towns as well as the landscape. Therefore, WKHLPSDFWRIDOOEXLOGLQJSURMHFWVKDVWREHFKHFNHGDGDSWHGDQGLIQHFHVVDU\ DOWHUHG7KLVUHTXLUHVWKHFUHDWLRQRIVXSUDUHJLRQDOHIIHFWLYHPHFKDQLVPV
2EMHFWLYHVDQGSULQFLSOHV Religion and representation: – preservation, maintenance, and restoration of historical architectural PRQXPHQWV FDVWOHVFDVWOHUXLQVFKXUFKHVSDUNVDQGJDUGHQV LISRVVLEOHZLWK QHZIRUPVRIXWLOLVDWLRQDVRULHQWDWLRQDQGLGHQWL¿FDWLRQSRLQWVLQWKHODQGVFDSH – SUHVHUYDWLRQDQGUHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIPDMRULQWHUYLVLELOLWLHV – reviewing the effects of all planning and building permissions regarding the protection status of the surrounding architectural monuments.
Agriculture and forestry: – preservation and utilisation of remaining regionally typical vineyards, PHDGRZRUFKDUGVDVZHOODVDULGDQGVHPLDULGJUDVVODQGE\GLUHFWPDUNHWLQJRI respective agricultural products; – conversion of arable land into grassland on erosion-prone slopes and in ÀRRGSODLQVDVZHOODVRQODQGZLWKQDWXUDOO\ORZSURGXFWLYLW\ – FRQVHUYDWLRQRIKLVWRULFIRUPVRIIRUHVWXWLOLVDWLRQWKHVRFDOOHG³0LW- telwald“ and coppice forest, and promotion of landscape perception lines (forest RXWVNLUWVQHDUQDWXUHIRUHVWVVDXPVRUFOHDULQJV – exclusively near-nature forestry by planting native tree species as well as protecting and developing mixed hardwood forests and establishing staged forest RXWVNLUWVZLWKKHUEDQGVKUXEOD\HUV – reviewing the effects of all planning and building permissions regarding their impact on the scenery of the cultural landscape.
6HWWOHPHQWODQGVFDSH – restoration of historic towns and villages with their typical elements (a YLOODJHVTXDUHDYLOODJHJUHHQSRQGV DQGUHJLRQDOO\W\SLFDOEXLOGLQJPDWHULDOV – SUHVHUYDWLRQUHVWRUDWLRQDQGFRQYHUVLRQRIFKDUDFWHULVWLFEXLOGLQJVOLNH old barns;
253 :ROIUDP6WRFN7LP+RIPDQQ,QJR4XDDV – restoration and conversion of historic industrial and commercial build- LQJV ROGWUDLQVWDWLRQVEULGJHVKLVWRULFZDWHUPLOOVHWF – analysis and reconstruction of historic crossroads as well as former stream courses and trenches.
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*XLGHOLQHV 7KH0LGGOH6DDOH9DOOH\DURXQG-HQD NQRZOHGJHEDVHGHFRQRP\ZLWKVR- cial, ecological, and cultural perspectives sustainable attractive! – The existing and historically developed competences in research and in- GXVWULDOSURGXFWLRQHVSHFLDOO\LQWKH¿HOGRIRSWLFDQGSUHFLVLRQHQJLQHHULQJFRQ- stitute the economic basis for sustainable regional and urban development in the 0LGGOH6DDOH9DOOH\ – At the same time, the region strengthens its technological and science assets on the basis of inter-municipal land management, according to the criteria RIWKH³-HQ$UHD´DVZHOODVWKHLQWHQVL¿FDWLRQRIWKHFROODERUDWLRQEHWZHHQ economy, science and culture within technology and innovation centres. – 7KHDWWUDFWLYHQHVVRIWKH0LGGOH6DDOH9DOOH\DVDFHQWUDOSODFHIRUOLYLQJ DQGDVDWRXULVWDWWUDFWLRQRULJLQDWHVIURPWKH³H[SHULHQFHTXDOLW\´RILWVFXOWXUDO landscape, which is a unit of manifold nature- and culture-related characteristics in combination with attractive infrastructure. – &RPSDUHGZLWKRWKHUSDUWVRI7KXULQJLDWKH0LGGOH6DDOH9DOOH\FKDQJHV PRUHUDSLGO\GXHWRWKHH[WHQVLRQRIVHWWOHPHQWDQGWUDI¿FVSDFH)XUWKHUXUEDQ VSUDZORIVHWWOHPHQWVZRXOGSXWQDWXUHUHODWHGFKDUDFWHULVWLFDWULVN – The essential precondition for the conservation and development of the cultural landscape is sensible handling of land natural resource by means of con- VHTXHQW³LQQHUGHYHORSPHQW´UHF\FOLQJRIGHUHOLFWODQGDVZHOOH[WHQGLQJ WUDI¿F infrastructure in a way that uses land and landscape very economically. – 7KHRXWVNLUWVDQGHQWUDQFHVRIWRZQVDQGYLOODJHVERXQGDULHVDQGODQG- PDUNVDUHHVVHQWLDOHOHPHQWVIRUWKHLPDJHRIDSODFH&RQVHTXHQWO\WKHLUSHFXOLDU- LW\LVLPSRUWDQWHVSHFLDOO\DORQJPDMRUSHUFHSWLRQOLQHV – (YHU\LPSDFWRQWKHVFHQHU\RIWRZQVYLOODJHVDQGODQGVFDSHKDVWREH UHYLHZHGIRULWVVXVWDLQDEOHHIIHFWV FXOWXUDOODQGVFDSHFKHFN
2EMHFWLYHVDQGSULQFLSOHV
(FRQRP\VFLHQFHDQGEXVLQHVV – enhancement of historically developed competences in optics and preci- VLRQHQJLQHHULQJOLQNLQJWKHPZLWKQHZVFLHQWL¿FFRPSHWHQFHVGHYHORSPHQWDQG
254 Development concept... production of innovative instruments and solutions for life-science applications ³%LRUHJLRQ³ – UHJLRQDOO\FRRUGLQDWHGDOORFDWLRQRIODQGWDLORUHGWRPHHWWKHUHTXLUHPHQWV DVZHOODVWHFKQRORJ\RULHQWHGLQIUDVWUXFWXUH RI¿FHVODERUDWRU\FHQWUHVHWF – GH¿QLWLRQRIWKHTXDOLWLHVDQGVSHFLDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIGLIIHUHQWLQGXVWULDO estates; – SURPRWLRQDQGGHYHORSPHQWRIUHJLRQDOPDUNHWVDQGMREVE\PHDQVRI VWUHQJWKHQLQJUHJLRQDOQHWZRUNLQJDQGYHUL¿HGUHJLRQDOODQGPDQDJHPHQW – GLUHFWPDUNHWLQJRIUHJLRQDOO\W\SLFDOLQGXVWULDODQGDJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWV – GHYHORSPHQWRIMRLQWUHJLRQDOPDUNHWLQJVWUDWHJLHV – co-ordination of regional land management for sustainable site develop- PHQWDQGH[WHQVLRQZLWKWKHWHFKQRORJ\DQGEXVLQHVVVLWHRIWKH6DDOH9DOOH\DF- cording to the criteria of the “JenArea“; – promotion of alternative sources of income in agriculture or forestry (e.g. development and extension of renewable energies in compliance with environ- PHQWDOSURWHFWLRQDQGQDWXUHFRQVHUYDWLRQ
Recreation and Tourism – HVWDEOLVKPHQWRIDQHDUQDWXUDO6DDOHYDOOH\SDUNZLWKYDU\LQJGHYHORS- PHQWOHYHOVEHWZHHQ.DKODDQG&DPEXUJRIIHULQJFRQWLQXRXVDQGDWWUDFWLYHLQIUD- VWUXFWXUHIRUKLNHUVF\FOLVWVSDGGOHUVHWF – SURYLVLRQRIWKH6DDOHYDOOH\UDLOZD\ZLWKVHSDUDWHFDUULHUVIRUERDWVDQG ELNHVDWZHHNHQGVDQGGXULQJWKHKROLGD\VHDVRQ – NHHSLQJLQWHUYLVLELOLWLHVDQGYLHZVWRZDUGVDUFKLWHFWXUDOODQGPDUNVFOHDU – SUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKHXQLTXHODQGVFDSHVFHQHU\LQLPDJHEURFKXUHVDQG,Q- ternet presentations for visitors, guests, and newly establishing companies; – compilation of integrative development strategies and co-ordination of leisure facilities in close co-operation with representative bodies from economy, tourism, nature conservation as well as agriculture and forestry. – utilisation of synergy effects between eco tourism, extensive farming, DQGHQYLURQPHQWDOHGXFDWLRQLQWKHSURMHFWDUHDRIWKHODUJHVFDOHFRQVHUYDWLRQ SURMHFW – FRPELQDWLRQ RI YDULRXV ZHDWKHULQGHSHQGHQW DQG WDUJHW JURXSVSHFL¿F IDFLOLWLHVLQWKH¿HOGRIVSRUWVFXOWXUHDQGHGXFDWLRQ HJJXLGHGZDONVYLVLWRU SDUNVH[KLELWLRQVHQYLURQPHQWDOOHDUQLQJDFWLYLWLHVHWF – promotion and conservation of regional traditions (e.g. municipal and YLOODJHFKURQLFOHVKLVWRU\ZRUNVKRSVFOXEVDQGVRFLHWLHVIHVWLYLWLHVORFDOPX- VHXPVHWF – education activities regarding regional history; – initiation of literature competitions (short stories, essays, etc. themati- FDOO\UHODWHGWRWKHODQGVFDSHRIWKH0LGGOH6DDOH9DOOH\
255 :ROIUDP6WRFN7LP+RIPDQQ,QJR4XDDV 8UEDQSODQQLQJDQGWUDI¿F – utilisation of developed sites in reserve within the inner area; – NHHSLQJWKHXSSHUKLOOVLGHVIUHHIURPKRXVLQJDOORWPHQWVDQGZHHNHQG homes; – DYRLGDQFHRI³FRQWLQXRXVVHWWOHPHQWV´ Siedlungsbändern GHYHORSPHQW of green spaces between districts; – restoration of historic architectural and spatial structures; – SURPRWLRQRIXWLOLVDWLRQRIUHJLRQDOEXLOGLQJPDWHULDOV FRTXLQD%XQWHU 6DQGVWRQH – UHQRYDWLRQRIWKHSDUNV³3DUDGLHV³³/DQGYHVWH³DQG³2EHUDXH³LQ-HQD – HVWDEOLVKPHQWRIJUHHQDUHDVDORQJWKHRXWVNLUWVRIYLOODJHVDQGWRZQVDV well as next to disturbing buildings and building sites; – PDLQWHQDQFHRIVWLOOIXQFWLRQLQJDQGGHYHORSPHQWRIQHZJUHHQRXWVNLUWV of towns; – protection and development of open public and private spaces in town districts; – selection of suitable front colours for buildings with landscape impact; – PHGLXPWHUPUHQDWXUDWLRQRILQGXVWULDOVLWHVLQWKH6DDOHÀRRGSODLQ – FOHDUDQFHRIGHUHOLFWLQGXVWULDOVLWHV HJFKLPQH\V LQUXUDODUHDV – UHVWRUDWLRQRIKLVWRULFEULGJHVRYHUWKH6DDOH – DOWHUQDWLYHWUDI¿FGHYHORSPHQWE\HVWDEOLVKLQJDZLGHF\FOHSDWKQHWZRUN between settlements that are directly related to distinctive characteristics in the FXOWXUDOODQGVFDSH0LGGOH6DDOH9DOOH\ – LQFUHDVHLQWKHIUHTXHQF\RIWKH6DDOHUDLOZD\DQGLQWURGXFWLRQRIFDUULHUV IRUERDWVDQGELF\FOHVDWZHHNHQGVDQGGXULQJKROLGD\VHDVRQV – construction of new train stops for commuters; – analysis, preservation, and signposting of historic relationships between roads and paths; – utilisation and design concepts for derelict land, especially neglected train stations and their surroundings.
4.3.5 )LHOGVRIDFWLRQDQGFDWDORJXHRIPHDVXUHV
4.3.5.1 Fields of action along the perception lines
Apart from subordinate and abstract statements regarding models and guide- OLQHVLWLVQHFHVVDU\WRVXEVWDQWLDWHGHYHORSPHQWREMHFWLYHVIRUWKH0LGGOH6DDOH 9DOOH\7KLVZLOOEHUHDOLVHGE\GLYLGLQJWKHPLQWR¿HOGVRIDFWLRQZLWKGH¿QLWH spatial relations alongside the four perception lines: – WKH6DDOHZDWHUZD\WUDLO ERDW – WKH6DDOHELF\FOHWUDLO ELF\FOH – WKHWUDLQOLQH WUDLQ – WKH$URDG% FDU
256 Development concept...
7KH GHYHORSPHQW REMHFWLYHV IRU WKH IRXU ¿HOGV RI DFWLRQ WKDW FRQVWLWXWH JXLGHOLQHVIRUWKHFUHDWLRQRIDFDWDORJXHRIPHDVXUHVDUHEULHÀ\GHVFULEHGEHORZ 7KHFRQWLQXRXVODUJHO\XQGHYHORSHG6DDOHÀRRGSODLQLQWKHQRUWKVRXWKGL- UHFWLRQIRUPVWKH³EDFNERQH´RIWKH0LGGOH6DDOH9DOOH\SHUFHSWLRQOLQHV0HDV- ures with respect to leisure- and tourism-related infrastructure must be sustainable improved and extended. This includes new public greens, picnic areas, paddling IDFLOLWLHVRUVLPSOHDFWLRQVOLNHSXWWLQJXSEHQFKHVQHDUSDUWLFXODUO\QLFHVSRWVLQ WKHODQGVFDSH0RUHLPSRUWDQWO\LQWHUYLVLELOLW\LQWRWKHODQGVFDSHDQGWRZDUGV historic buildings should be given more emphasis by creating viewing windows.
'HYHORSPHQWREMHFWLYHV6DDOHZDWHUWRXULQJWUDLO – SURPRWLRQRIWKH6DDOHDVDQDWWUDFWLYHZDWHUWUDLOIRUSDGGOHUVHWFE\ building additional facilities for them and constructing sluices at weirs; – LQIUDVWUXFWXUHGHYHORSPHQWE\FRQVWUXFWLQJVXI¿FLHQWHPEDUNDWLRQSRLQWV and picnic areas, including facilities for protecting boats; – creation of signposts pointing out surrounding places of interest; – LPSURYHPHQWRIDFFHVVWRWKH6DDOHDQGLWVIHZVWDQGLQJZDWHUVHVSH- FLDOO\LQPXQLFLSDODUHDVDQGFRQVLGHULQJFRQÀLFWVRILQWHUHVWUHJDUGLQJUHFUHDWLRQ and conservation; – UHWHQWLRQRILQGLYLVLELOLW\WRZDUGVVLJQL¿FDQWODQGVFDSHUHODWHGVWUXFWXUHV such as the silhouettes of castles, distinctive hilltops, and slope sides by creating YLHZLQJZLQGRZVRUFXWWLQJGRZQZRRGVQHDUWKHULYHUEDQN – FRRSHUDWLRQZLWK6D[RQ\$QKDOWDFURVVIHGHUDOVWDWHVWRHQFRXUDJHZDWHU WRXULQJDFWLYLWLHV WRXULVPSURMHFW³%ODXHV%DQG³ IURPWKH0LGGOH6DDOH9DOOH\ WRWKH%XUJHQODQGNUHLVGLVWULFW
'HYHORSPHQWREMHFWLYHV6DDOHELF\FOHWRXULQJWUDLO FUHDWLRQRIDFRQWLQXRXV6DDOHELF\FOHWUDLOZLWKWKHURXWHSDVVLQJFORVHWR the river in towns and rural districts and mostly off roads; FUHDWLRQRIEULGJHXQGHUSDVVHVDORQJWKH6DDOH LPSURYHPHQWRIDFFHVVWRH[LVWLQJZDONLQJWUDLOVFRQVWUXFWLRQRIQHZDO- ternative cycling trails and improvement of access to the centres of towns and villages; transformation of the paths along the railway line into a continuous path by XVLQJDQGUHVWRULQJH[LVWLQJSDVVDJHUDLOURDGHPEDQNPHQWVDQGRSHQLQJXSWKH closed railway underpass; HVWDEOLVKPHQWRIKLVWRU\UHODWHGPDUNVLQWKHODQGVFDSH HJQHDUWKH6DDOH IRUWVFRPPHPRUDWLQJHYHQWVRIWKH7KLUW\ 257 :ROIUDP6WRFN7LP+RIPDQQ,QJR4XDDV establishment of uniform and continuous signposting for distinctive cultural landscape features in towns and rural districts (e.g., peonies, special buildings, DQGHDUWKPRQXPHQWV maintenance of intervisibilities towards culture- or history-related sites of interest; TXDOLWDWLYHDQGTXDQWLWDWLYHGHYHORSPHQWRILQIUDVWUXFWXUHIRUF\FOLVWV UHV- WDXUDQWVSLFQLFDUHDVHWF 'HYHORSPHQWREMHFWLYHVUDLOZD\ – preservation and improvement of intervisibilities towards culture- or his- tory-related sites of interest by cutting viewing windows, if necessary; – establishment of uniform information boards in towns and rural districts about local places of interest at each train stop; – HVWDEOLVKPHQWRIDGGLWLRQDOWUDLQVWRSVLQ*URHXWHUVGRUI – creation of development concepts for neglected train stations and utilisa- WLRQRIEXLOGLQJODQGLQUHVHUYHE\EX\LQJLWIURPWKH'HXWVFKH%DKQ '% – strengthening of the position of public transport and promotion of special railway offers for paddlers, cyclists, etc. 'HYHORSPHQWREMHFWLYHV$URDG% – preservation and improvement of visibility towards distinctive buildings DQGODQGVFDSHUHODWHGVWUXFWXUHVOLNHFDVWOHVLOKRXHWWHVVLJQL¿FDQWKLOOWRSVDQG slope sides; – TXDOLWDWLYHLQIUDVWUXFWXUHGHYHORSPHQWE\PHDQVRISXWWLQJXSVLJQSRVWV for towns and villages and other perception lines; – uniform, clear signposting and provision of information about places of interest and special features of the cultural landscape; – HQKDQFHPHQWRIJUHHQURDGEDQNVE\SODQWLQJWUHHDYHQXHVDORQJPDLQ roads and superordinated side roads as well as planting shrubs and trees at pro- SRVHGRUH[LVWLQJSDUNLQJSODFHV – HVWDEOLVKPHQWRIWKHVRFDOOHG³SDUNKLNH³LQIUDVWUXFWXUH SDUNLQJSODFHV IRUKLNHUVRQWKHRXWVNLUWVRIWRZQVDQGYLOODJHVDQGLQWKHYLFLQLW\RISDUWLFXODUO\ scenic areas. 4.3.5.2 :RUNLQJPHWKRGRORJ\RIWKHFDWDORJXHRIPHDVXUHV $W¿UVWWKH,67VWDWHRIVLWHVXQGHUFRQVLGHUDWLRQLVSUHVHQWHGDVDUHVXOWRI the survey. For each site, planning instructions and suggestions for measures are VSHFL¿HG 258 Development concept... 7KHLGHQWL¿FDWLRQ³SODQQLQJLQVWUXFWLRQ³ +LVIRUVLWHVWKDWDUHDOUHDG\SDUW of existing investigations, studies, or plans or are in the process of completion. 7KLVLQYROYHVHJLQIRUPDWLRQIURPWKH::VWXG\Ä:DWHUWRXULQJRQWKH6DDOHLQ 7KXULQJLD³>,38@ZKLFKLVLQWHQGHGWREHFRQGXFWHGLQWKH¿UVWVL[PRQWKV RI Individual measures Selected pilot projects Kahla Jena Dornburg/ Overall valley Camburg space Saale -Waterway Saale -Bicycle Railway line A-road B 88 trail trail objectives objectives objective objectives Fig. 45. 6FKHPDWLFSUHVHQWDWLRQRI¿HOGVRIDFWLRQDQGFDWDORJXHRIPHDVXUHV Those sites that are not focused on by other investigations and plans, come XQGHUGLUHFWPHDVXUHSURSRVDOV 0ZKLFKUHVXOWIURPWKHFRPSDULVRQRIWKH,67 VLWXDWLRQDQGWKHWDUJHWHGREMHFWLYHVDQGSULQFLSOHVRIWKHPRGHO 62//VWDWH It is possible that some measures will be mentioned more than once, if they are important along different perception lines. The cartographic presentation of the measure sites relates to the respective sites of the pre-run DVVHVVPHQW7KHQXPHUDWLRQRIWKHWRWDORIPHDVXUHVLVFDU- ried out continuously from north to south for each perception line, whereas the 6DDOH+RO]ODQGGLVWULFW 6+. LVGHVFULEHGZLWKQXPEHUVDQGWKHPXQLFLSDODUHD of Jena alphabetically. In addition, an abbreviation is used for each perception line, to guarantee an XQPLVWDNDEOHLGHQWL¿FDWLRQQXPEHUIRUHDFKLQGLYLGXDOPHDVXUH 6DDOHZDWHUZD\WUDLO % ERDW 6DDOHELF\FOHWUDLO 5 ELF\FOH 6DDOHUDLOZD\ ( WUDLQ $URDG% $ FDU All planning instructions and measure proposals are given a priority that LQGLFDWHVLQZKLFKRUGHUWKH\VKRXOGEHFDUULHGRXW+HUHE\OHYHOVDUHGLVWLQ- JXLVKHGKHUH SLORWSURMHFWVKLJKSULRULW\DQGPHGLXPSULRULW\ 259 :ROIUDP6WRFN7LP+RIPDQQ,QJR4XDDV Fig. 46. 3UHVHQWDWLRQRILQGLYLGXDOPHDVXUHV SHK North … 4, 5, 6 Jena A, B, C … SHK South 1, 2, 3 … Fig. 47. 3HUFHSWLRQOLQH6DDOH %RDW 7KHUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVRIWKHIHGHUDOVWDWH6+.WKHFLW\RI-HQDFRPPXQLWLHV and private initiatives are presented in the form of an overview of the respective contact persons for the implementation of the proposed measure. 260 Development concept... 4.3.5.3 Selected pilot projects ,QWKHFRXUVHRIWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKHLQGLYLGXDOPHDVXUHVSLORWSURMHFWV will be chosen later on as regional focal points for the sub-areas of Kahla, Jena, 'RUQEXUJ&DPEXUJDQGWKHRYHUDOOÀRRGSODLQVSDFH Pilot projects in the Middle Saale Valley Kahla Townscape - Historic townscape From the river, railway and A -road - Jena Indusrial estate - from the burgauer bridge to the watertower and Göschwitz - from the railway to the saale floodplain City on the river - Bridge underpasses - new restaurants at the river - Volkspark Oberaue, Paradies and Uferpromenade - New Park „auf der Hinteren Insel“ Dornburg/ castles north of Jena - Marketing concept for castles Camburg - Restoration of carl alexander experience bridge townscape Camburg - greening of ‘Schiessplatz’ - river bank promenade with access to the camburg overall valley space saale auenpark - ‘saaleAuenpark’ from kahla to camburg - carrier for bicycles and Boats on the saale-valley railway (saalfeld – großheringen) Fig. 48. 2YHUYLHZRISLORWSURMHFWV The implementation of models and measures developed in the frame of WKHSURMHFWFXOWXUDOODQGVFDSH³0LGGOH6DDOH9DOOH\³LVJRLQJWREHVXSSRUWHGE\ different groups of regional actors (e.g. associations of administrations, mayors, SURMHFWUHVSRQVLEOHSDUWLHVIURPHFRQRP\UHVHDUFKWRXULVPDQGORFDORUJDQLVD- WLRQV IRUDORQJHUSHULRGRIWLPH )RUWKLVSXUSRVHDSURMHFWDGYLVRU\ERDUGZDVIRXQGHGWRGLVFXVVWKHGUDIWHG models and to discuss and complement the proposed measures as well as to initi- DWHWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIVHOHFWHGSLORWSURMHFWV 7KH¿UVWPHHWLQJRIWKHDGYLVRU\ERDUGZDVKHOGLQ.DKODWKHVHFRQGWRRN SODFHLQ-HQDDQGWKHWKLUG±DWWKHFDVWOHRI7PSOLQJZKHUHWKHUHDOLVDWLRQSUR- SRVDOVRIVRPHSLORWSURMHFWVDQGWKHVRFDOOHG&KDUWHURI&DPEXUJIRUWKHSURWHF- WLRQDQGVXVWDLQDEOHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHFXOWXUDOODQGVFDSH³0LGGOH6DDOH9DOOH\´ will be discussed. $IWHUZDUGVWKH&KDUWHULVWREHDJUHHGRQE\DOOORFDOFRXQFLOVDQGUHJLRQDO DXWKRULWLHVIURPWKHDUHDEHWZHHQ.DKODDQG&DPEXUJEHIRUHIROORZLQJDELF\FOHWRXU LWZLOOEHVLJQHGGXULQJD6DDOH1HLJKERXU&RQIHUHQFHDWWKHFDVWOHRI&DPEXUJ 261 :ROIUDP6WRFN7LP+RIPDQQ,QJR4XDDV Fig. 49. 2YHUYLHZRIUHJLRQDODFWRUVLQWKH0LGGOH6DDOH9DOOH\ 262 Development concept... 4.3.6 &KDUWHURI&DPEXUJ – 7KHXQLTXHODQGVFDSHVFHQHU\RIWKHFDQ\RQOLNHYDOOH\VSDFHZLWKLWV VWHHSRSHQURFNIDFHVDQGGHHSO\FXWVLGHYDOOH\VLVDQLPSRUWDQWµVRIW¶VLWHIDFWRU $OOLQWHUIHUHQFHVFKDQJHVPXVWEHFKHFNHGIRUWKHLUVSDWLDOLPSDFWRUFRPSHQ- sated respectively. – The valley space offers a great diversity of different habitats for animals DQGSODQWV±LHWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWRUFKLGVLWHVLQ&HQWUDO*HUPDQ\$EDODQFHG relation between conservation, recreation and farming is the precondition for a sustainable preservation and development of the small-structured cultural land- VFDSHRIWKH0LGGOH6DDOH9DOOH\ – 7KHGLYLGLQJULYHUFRXUVHLWVWULEXWDULHVDQGÀRRGSODLQVDUHGRPLQDWLQJ DQGMRLQLQJODQGVFDSHHOHPHQWVRIWKH6DDOHYDOOH\1DWXUDOZDWHUG\QDPLFVKLJK ZDWHU TXDOLW\ DQG ZLGH ÀRRGLQJ VSDFHV DUH QRW RQO\ IXQFWLRQDO DQG XWLOLVDWLRQ IHDWXUHVRIWKHÀRRGSODLQEXWDOVRWKHEDVLVIRUWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIDQHDUQDWXUDO 6DDOHYDOOH\SDUNEHWZHHQ.DKODDQG&DPEXUJ – 2QHRIWKHGLVWLQJXLVKLQJIHDWXUHVRIWKH0LGGOH6DDOH9DOOH\LVWKHKLV- torically developed, diverse mosaic of small-structured wine and fruit growing, DUDEOHIDUPLQJJUD]LQJPDQDJHPHQWDQGIRUHVWU\3UHFRQGLWLRQIRUDVXVWDLQDEOH SUHVHUYDWLRQDQGGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHFXOWXUDOODQGVFDSHLVWKHFORVHOLQNDJHRI ecological, economic and cultural aspects of the conservation and utilisation of QDWXUDOUHVRXUFHV HJE\PHDQVRIUHJLRQDOPDUNHWLQJ – 7KHVSHFLDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHFXOWXUDOODQGVFDSH0LGGOH6DDOH9DO- ley with its numerous architectural monuments is based on the diversity of the PRQXPHQWV:KLOVWFDVWOHVRQWKHKLOOWRSVDQGVORSHVLGHVDVZHOODVFKXUFKHV LQWKHYLOODJHVDQGVPDOOWRZQVDUHODQGPDUNVZLWKORQJGLVWDQFHYLVLELOLW\WKH cityscape of Jena is especially characterised by industrial architecture and modern settlements. Therefore, architecture and monument conservation are an important IDFWRU LQÀXHQFLQJ YLOODJHVWRZQV DQG WKH ODQGVFDSH$OO FRQVWUXFWLRQ PHDVXUHV KDYHWREHFKHFNHGIRUWKHLULPSDFWDQGDGDSWHGLIQHFHVVDU\$OOYLVLELOLW\OLQHV PXVWEHNHSWFOHDU – The economic basis for a sustainable regional and settlement develop- PHQWLQWKH0LGGOH6DDOH9DOOH\LVWKHKLVWRULFDOO\JURZQFRPSHWHQFHLQUHVHDUFK and industrial production, especially optics and precision engineering. The basis for further promotion as technology and science region is an inter- FRPPXQDOODQGPDQDJHPHQWDFFRUGLQJWRWKHFULWHULDRIWKH-HQ$UHDDVZHOODV an enhanced collaboration between economy, science and culture within technol- ogy and innovation centres. 7KHDWWUDFWLYHQHVVRIWKH0LGGOH6DDOH9DOOH\IRUOLYLQJZRUNLQJDQGUHFUHD- WLRQGHSHQGVGHFLVLYHO\RQWKHTXDOLW\RIWKHFXOWXUDOODQGVFDSHZKLFKFRPELQHV 263 :ROIUDP6WRFN7LP+RIPDQQ,QJR4XDDV Fig. 50. 3RVWHUÄ7KH0LGGOH6DDOH9DOOH\IURP.DKODWR&DPEXUJE\WUDLQELF\FOH DQGERDW´ 264 Development concept... manifold natural and cultural characteristics with an attractive infrastructure along URDGVWUDLQOLQHVELF\FOHKLNLQJDQGZDWHUZD\WUDLOV $7KXULQJLDQFRPSDULVRQVKRZVWKDWLQWKH0LGGOH6DDOH9DOOH\WKHVFDOHRI H[WHQGLQJVHWWOHPHQWDQGWUDI¿FDUHDVLVDERYHDYHUDJH7KHIXUWKHUXUEDQVSUDZO RIVHWWOHPHQWVSXWVWKHXQLTXHQDWXUHDWULVN$QHVVHQWLDOSUHFRQGLWLRQIRUWKH conservation and development of the cultural landscape is the prudential handling RIWKHUHVRXUFHVRLOE\PHDQVRIDFRQVHTXHQWµLQQHUGHYHORSPHQW¶UHF\FOLQJRI GHUHOLFWODQGDQGWKHH[WHQVLRQRIWUDI¿FLQIUDVWUXFWXUHWKDWVDYHVWKHXVHRIODQG and landscape. 7KHRXWVNLUWVDQGHQWUDQFHVRIWRZQVYLOODJHVERXQGDULHVZLWKLQDVHWWOH- PHQWDQGODQGPDUNVDUHHVVHQWLDOHOHPHQWVIRUWKHLPDJHRIDORFDWLRQ&RQVH- TXHQWO\WKHLUSHFXOLDULW\LVLPSRUWDQWHVSHFLDOO\LQWKHDUHDRIGLVWLQFWLYHSHUFHS- tion lines. All future interferences effecting the scenery of towns/villages or the land- scape, have to be reviewed with respect to their sustainability to save the precious FXOWXUDOODQGVFDSH0LGGOH6DDOH9DOOH\IRUWKHIXWXUHJHQHUDWLRQVRIRXUFKLOGUHQ and grandchildren. 265 Oleksandr Dorozhynskyy, Igor Kolb, Olenka Dorozhynska 4.4. ROLE OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY, GEOINFORMATICS AND REMOTE SENSING IN RESEARCHING CULTURAL LANDSCAPE Oleksandr Dorozhynskyy, Igor Kolb, Olenka Dorozhynska Since 1992, when the notion of “cultural landscape” appeared in the text of Operational Guideline for the Implementation of the World Heritage Conven- tion, Western European countries have taken a great deal of effort to implement the Convention. The situation in the countries of Eastern Europe, particularly the post-Soviet ones, which regained their independence in those years, was quite different. Despite being truly advanced in theoretical research and university edu- cation, these countries were backward in the sphere of practical implementation RIWKH&RQYHQWLRQ6XIIHULQJIURPXQVWDEOHHFRQRP\K\SHULQÀDWLRQDQGSROLWLFDO reforms characteristic for initial stages of the state-shaping process, Ukraine had QHLWKHU¿QDQFHQRUSRWHQWLDOVWRSUHVHUYHQDWLRQDOFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHDWWKHEHJLQ- ning of the 1990s. :LWKJUDGXDOHFRQRPLFJURZWKWKHFLWL]HQVRI8NUDLQHEHFDPHPRUHFRQ¿- GHQWDERXWWKHLUIXWXUH'HVSLWHYHU\ORZ¿QDQFLQJFXOWXUHDQGDUWVWDUWHGWRÀRXULVK Ukraine witnesses rapid construction of sacral buildings, erects new monuments to SURPLQHQW¿JXUHVDQGUHFRQVWUXFWVPRQXPHQWVRIKLVWRULFDODQGFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH Hopefully, the participation in the Project 5D 106 CULTURAL LAND- SCAPE “Protecting Historical Cultural Landscapes to Strengthen Regional Iden- tities and Local Economies” will help to implement new European cultural prin- ciples and concepts. The Ukrainian partner of the Project (a group of researches from Lviv Poly- technic National University) aims at studying European experiences on cultural landscape and using these experiences as well as national sci-tech achievements to develop so-called deprived areas. 7KRXJKDFRPELQDWLRQRIKXPDQLWLHVDQGWHFKQLFDO¿HOGV SKRWRJUDPPH- try, geoinformatics, and remote sensing) might seem unnatural, it is necessary to admit that aerospace and mathematical methods have been successfully used for a long time in physical geography and landscape studies particularly to plan land- scape as a geosystem that includes natural, social, and economic spheres as well as historical and cultural heritage. 7RSUHVHQWWKHWDVNVPRUHGLVWLQFWO\LWLVDGYLVDEOHWRSURYLGHDFODVVLFGH¿- nition of cultural landscape: it is a geographic area that uniquely represents the combination of cultural and natural resources associated with historic events and human activity. People evaluate it visually, relying on their experience, knowl- edge, or moral and spiritual values. 266 Role of photogrammetry... There are several approaches to the notion of “cultural landscape”, its con- tent and purposes. We prefer the one stressing intellectual activity as a main factor LQÀXHQFLQJWKHHQYLURQPHQW7KLVLPSDFW SDUWLFXODUO\HFRQRPLF PXVWEHEDVHG on unconditioned protection of cultural and intellectual achievements, that being passed down through generations are fundamental for human development. Nowadays, in the epoch of powerful industrial development, the crucial task is to monitor landscape environment and protect cultural landscape from thought- OHVV DQG VKRUWVLJKWHG HFRQRPLF DFWLYLW\ VHDUFKLQJ IRU VXSHUSUR¿W DQG VHOIHQ- ULFKPHQW6LPXOWDQHRXVO\WKHUHDUHDUHDVGH¿QHGLQWKH&$'6(6SURJUDPPHDV “deprived”. These areas need urgent support. One of the tasks of the project is to strengthen regional economy and improve the quality of life in these areas avoid- ing damaging the environment. Thus, the basic statements RI WKH SUHVHQW FKDSWHU PD\ GH GH¿QHG DV IRO- lows: – Photogrammetry possesses powerful means of researching and monitor- ing landscape environment and consequently of protecting cultural landscapes from undesirable interference and destruction. – Remote sensing, primarily satellite images, is an indispensable source of data on the state of environment. When combined with photogrammetry and geoinformatics, remote sensing helps to evaluate the state of an area quickly and HI¿FLHQWO\DQGWRWDNHVXLWDEOHGHFLVLRQV – Geoinformatic systems and technologies are perfect instruments for ana- lysing territories. They provide communities with objective information as well DVLQÀXHQFHWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIUHFUHDWLRQDODFWLYLWLHVWRXULVPDQGUHJLRQDOSODQ- ning. These basic statements are applicable to the following three types of cul- tural landscapes: intentionally created, organically evolving (or continuing landscapes), and associative landscapes. The typology is comprehensively characterized in the Convention mentioned above. To explain the important connection of cultural landscapes with photo- JUDPPHWU\DQGUHPRWHVHQVLQJLWLVQHFHVVDU\WRGHVFULEHWKHVHW\SHVEULHÀ\ ,QWHQWLRQDOO\FUHDWHGODQGVFDSHVLQFOXGH¿UVWRIDOOREMHFWVRIODQGVFDSHDU- chitecture. They are usually very rich in anthropogenic elements and have a cer- tain planning composition. Aesthetic qualities and values are taken into considera- tion while planning this type of landscape. Organically evolving landscapes are shaped within a long period of time. 7KH\XQGHUJRFKDQJHVXQGHUWKHLQÀXHQFHRIQDWXUHDQGKXPDQDFWLYLW\%HLQJ WKHODUJHVWSDUWRIWKHHQYLURQPHQWVXFKODQGVFDSHVDUHWKHREMHFWRIVFLHQWL¿F research and need constant protection. Associative cultural landscapes are primarily areas associated with historic events, creative and religious activity, or cultural achievements. 267 Oleksandr Dorozhynskyy, Igor Kolb, Olenka Dorozhynska All three landscape types must rely on images as a source of objective infor- mation about the environment. (These might be various kinds of images including ¿UVWRIDOOSKRWRJUDSKV ,PDJHLVDGRFXPHQWZKLFK – is a source of information on the actual state of the object, – immediately records all the changes in space and time, – provides metric data on size, distance, spatial location of the whole object as well as its elements. In order to take and process images, it is necessary to have photogrammetry and remote sensing instruments. Nowadays, geoinformation approaches are indispensable in the research of HFRV\VWHPVZKLFKLQFOXGHFXOWXUDOODQGVFDSHV%DVHGRQLQIRUPDWLRQSURYLGHGE\ geoinformation analysis, it is possible to take optimal administrative steps aiming at preserving the environment. It is also important to creating specialized geoin- formation systems (GIS), in particular tourist GIS. Thus, cultural landscape is a complicated system requiring a complex study and a thorough analysis. This approach is generalized in the following scheme (Fig. 51). Actual landscape Influence of decisions Model of cultural landscape (object of research) State of model In the past Actual state Prognoses (monitoring ) for future Sources of data for the Ways of presenting data 1. descriptive data 1. text Specification, improvement, suplementation or substitution of Analysis of the object (the model of cultural landscape) 1. thematic researches in one scientific field Systems of communication 1. passing data to regional basesof cultural landscapes Decisions 1. administrative Fig. 51. Cultural landscape as a research model 268 Role of photogrammetry... Cultural landscape research is a comprehensive task that should be con- ducted by a great number of experts. The ideas presented here do not claim to be an absolute novelty; they rather sum up the results achieved through applying SKRWRJUDPPHWU\UHPRWHVHQVLQJDQGJHRLQIRUPDWLFVWRWKLV¿HOG 4.4.1 Photogrammetry as applied to cultural landscape research Modern photogrammetry uses digital images taken from the ground, air- crafts (plane, helicopter, aerostat, etc.), and pilot or automatic spacecrafts. The image may be received in a certain electromagnetic band (visible light, infrared band, radio band, etc.). It may be black and white, colour, or spectrozonal. De- pending on the length of a radio wave, various equipment may be used to receive the image: – photograph 0.4-0.9µm – multispectral scanners 0.45-20.0 µm – ground and air scanners 0.7 µm – scanners. infrared imager 3.0 -20.0 µm – radar 0.7-10.0 mm – microwave sensor 0.5 mm-1.0 m Visible electromagnetic band can be: – violet 0.40-0.45 µm. – dark blue 0.45-0.48 µm – blue 0.48-0.50 µm – green 0.50-0.56 µm – yellow 0.56-0.59 µm – orange 0.59-0.62 µm – red 0.62-0.75 µm Infrared band is divided into three zones: – short-range infrared 0.75-1.30 µm – middle-range infrared 1.3-3.0 µm – long-range infrared > 1.3-3.0 µm. Depending on the wavelength, radio band is divided into four zones: mil- limetre, centimetre, decimetre and meter. The type of photograph (ground, air, or space) is usually chosen depending on the research tasks. It depends on the type of the object and precision require- ments. The resolution on the surface of the object is the most universal character- istics that may be measured in millimetres, meters or even in kilometres. The most comprehensive information is presented in Table 25. 269 Oleksandr Dorozhynskyy, Igor Kolb, Olenka Dorozhynska Table 25. Type of survey methods recommended for cultural landscape modelling Object Resolution Recommended survey Architectural construction 1-5 cm Terrestrial digital camera Details of architectural constructions, Terrestrial digital camera, terrestrial 1-10 cm historical monuments. laser scanning Topography of the intentionally created 5-10 cm Colour aerial survey landscape (parks, gardens) Topography of the natural cultural land- %ODFNDQGZKLWHFRORXURUVSHFWUR- 10-50 cm scapes of small size zonal aerial survey Topography of the natural objects of large 1-5 m Aerial or space survey size Topography of the natural cultural land- 5-20 m Space survey scapes of extra large size Engineering structures on the cultural land- 10-20 cm Laser scanning from airplane scapes While choosing survey instruments it is necessary to consult a photogram- metry expert or a specialist experienced in doing similar works. Images are processed by means of a digital photogrammertric station, that is a high-capacity computer providing stereoscopic examination and measurements with the help of a special manipulator-“mouse” and stereo-spectacles. The soft- ware allows measuring, calculating, digital processing of images, and performing PDQ\RWKHUVSHFL¿FIXQFWLRQV Thus, photogrammetric methods offer the following products to research cultural landscape: – digital and raster orthophotomaps, – digital terrain model (with the possibility of visualization), – digital models of surface covering (with the possibility of visualization), – VSDWLDOLPDJHVFRPSRVHGRIVWHUHRSDLUVRULHQWHGLQVSDFHZLWKGH¿QHG metrics, – virtual images composed of images of different origins, – catalogues of coordinates, distances, azimuths, etc. ,WLVVLJQL¿FDQWWKDWUHVXOWVUHFHLYHGIURPSURFHVVLQJLPDJHVDWDGLJLWDOSKR- togrammetric station may be transferred into geoinformatic systems where the data are analysed and it is possible to elaborate recommendations for administra- tive decisions. Some samples of photogrammetric products are presented in Fig. 52, Fig. 53, and in Fig. 54. 270 Role of photogrammetry... Fig. 52. Image of the relief in horizontal Fig. 53. Orthophotograph with horizontal lines (a sample) lines (a sample) Fig. 54. Fragment of orthophotomap with indicated roads 6SDFH3KRWRJUDPPHWU\ FODVVL¿FDWLRQDQG'HVFULSWLRQ of satellite systems 6DWHOOLWHV\VWHPV 66 DUHDJJUHJDWHVRIDUWL¿FLDO(DUWKVDWHOOLWHVXVHGIRU VFLHQWL¿FRUSUDFWLFDOSXUSRVHV'HSHQGLQJRQWKHLUSXUSRVHDQGXVHVDWHOOLWHV\V- tems are subdivided into the following: –Research and observation SS - observing and measuring the Earth and environment, monitoring resources important for humans. They are frequently used for cartographic purposes. 271 Oleksandr Dorozhynskyy, Igor Kolb, Olenka Dorozhynska –Military SS - are used to provide intelligence information on military activities, launch rockets, make nuclear tests, pick up and record radio and radar WUDQVPLVVLRQVVS\GHWHFWXQNQRZQREMHFWVHWF%HLQJDSDUWRIWKHVHFUHWSURJUDP &RURQDWKH¿UVWUHFRQQDLVVDQFHVDWHOOLWH'LVFRYHUHUZDVODXQFKHGRQ)HEUXDU\ 28th, 1959 in the USA. – Navigation SSPDNHLWSRVVLEOHWR¿QGRXWWKHORFDWLRQ FRRUGLQDWHV RI aircrafts, vessels, cars, or any other object equipped with a receiver that can pick XSUDGLRVLJQDOVIURPWKHVDWHOOLWH%HLQJLQLWLDOO\PHDQWIRUPLOLWDU\SXUSRVHV*36 (described further) has been functioning since 1978. Nowadays, besides military WDVNV*36DUHZLGHO\XVHGLQVFLHQWL¿FFRPPHUFLDODQGLQGXVWULDOVSKHUHV –Weather SS - used to make weather forecast on the basis of data about cloudiness, wind, and atmosphere temperature. They are also used to detect and UHVHDUFKFOLPDWHFKDQJHVDQGJOREDOZDUPLQJ7KH¿UVWZHDWKHUVDWHOOLWH([SORUHU 7 was launched in the USA on October 13th, 1959. –Communications SS - provide a worldwide linkup of the radio, telephone, WHOHYLVLRQDQGFRPSXWHUQHW,WPD\FDUU\WUDQVSRQGHUV7KH¿UVWJHRVWDWLRQDU\ orbit satellite SYNCOM 3 has been functioning since August 19th, 1964. GPS (Global Position System) has revolutionized geodesy. It provides navi- gation and timing information to users worldwide. Nowadays there are tree Glo- bal Position Systems known in the world: – GPS NAVSTAR (USA) - 24-satellite constellation with Earth orbits arranged in the way that makes it possible to receive signals from a minimum of 4 satellites at any place and at any time. – *36ȽɅɈɇȺɋɋ 5XVVLD */21$66GHYHORSHGE\WKHIRUPHU6RYLHW Union. Theoretically, it is a constellation of 24-satellites. As the system gradually IHOOLQWRGLVUHSDLUQRZDGD\VWKHUHDUHRQO\IHZIXQFWLRQLQJVDWHOOLWHV%HJLQQLQJ in 2006, Russia committed to restoring the system. – GPS Galileo (European Union) - 30-satellite constellation, is being built by the EU member-countries. In Decem- EHU WKH ¿UVW H[SHULPHQWDO VDWHOOLWH was launched. The whole system is cur- rently projected to be operational in 2008. Regardless its purpose, each satel- lite is brought by a launch rocket to the certain orbit. There are several types of orbits. They are shown in Fig. 55. A geostationary orbit GEO (known also as a geosynchronous orbit) circles the Earth above the equator at an altitude RIDERXW NP3UHVHUYLQJLWV¿[HG position above the Earth, stationary sat- Fig. 55. Types of satellite orbits ellites make one rotation every 24 hours. Signals from this orbit cover a large por- 272 Role of photogrammetry... tion of the Earth except for polar regions and therefore it is an ideal orbit for tel- ecommunications, observation, and monitoring. $JHRV\QFKURQRXVLQWHUPHGLDWHRUELWɆȿɈ NQRZQDVPLGGOHRUHOOLSWLFDO is located at a the height of about 20 000 km. Travelling in this oval orbit these satellites cover polar regions. A low Earth orbit LEO is at the lowest altitude above the Earth. Satellites in this orbit must travel at a high speed to avoid loosing the orbit or colliding with the Earth. This orbit is used for monitoring, research, and meteorology purposes. The list of some Earth satellites is presented in Table 26; the dates of launch are given in Table 27. Table 26. List of several Earth satellites Orbit Out of Name Orbit types altitude Launched Institution service (km) NASDA ADEOS Sun synchronous 797 1996 1997 Aqua Sun synchronous 705 2002 NASA %,/6$7 Sun synchronous 686 2003 78%,7$.%,/7(1 &%(56 Sun synchronous 778 1999 INPE The Russian Federal Space ɄɈɋɆɈɋ Sun synchronous 1987 Agency Near polar the US Department of De- DMSP-16 830 2003 fence Sun synchronous ENVISAT Sun synchronous 800 2002 ESA EROSA Sun synchronous 480 2000 ImageSat International GEOS-10 Geostationary 1997 NOAA Ikonos Sun synchronous 681 1999 Space Imaging INSAT Geostationary 1993 ISRO IRS-1C Sun synchronous 817 1995 ISRO IRS-P3 Sun synchronous 817 1996 ISRO .RUHD$HURVSDFH5HVHDUFK .RPSVDW Sun synchronous 685 1999 Institute LANDSAT 1 Sun synchronous 907 1972 1978 NASA LANDSAT 7 Sun synchronous 705 1999 NASA Meteosat 7 geostationary 1997 EUMETSAT Near polar NOAA-17 833 2002 NOAA Sun synchronous Quickbird Sun synchronous 450 2001 DigitalGlobe QuikSCAT Sun synchronous 803 1999 NASA RadarSat-1 Sun synchronous 798 1995 RadarSAT international Seasat Sun synchronous 800 1978 1978 NASA SPOT 1 Sun synchronous 832 1986 2002 CNES %ULWLVK1DWLRQDO6SDFH 8.'0& Sun synchronous 2003 Centre 273 Oleksandr Dorozhynskyy, Igor Kolb, Olenka Dorozhynska Table 27. Prognosis and plans for launching new satellites since the year 2005 Name Source of information Planned date of launch 2007 ADM-Aeolus ESA ADM Aeolus 2007 MSG-4 EUMETSAT 2007 COSMO-SkyMed 3 Italian Space Agency (ASI) 2007 RapidEye RapidEye AG 2007 GOES-0 *2(6DW%RHLQJ 2007 CASSIOPE Canadian Space Agency 2007 NOAA-N POES launch table 2007 2008 GOES-P *2(6DW%RHLQJ 2007 OCO Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2008 OSTM (Jason-2) Ocean Surface Topography Mission 2008 EROS C ImageSat Internationsl 2008 &%(56 2%7&%(56 2008 World View II Digital Globe 2008 2009 MSG-3 EUMETSAT 2009 EROS C ImageSat Internationsl 2009 Pleiades-2 CNES 2009 2010 METOP-2 POES launch tadle 2010 2011 &%(56 2%7&%(56 2011 2012 GOERS-P NOAA 2012 NPOESS-Cl NPOESS 2012 &RPSDQLHVRUFRXQWULHVSRVVHVVLQJVDWHOOLWHVOHDVHWKHPWRJDLQSUR¿W,QIRU- mation and images received by satellites help to improve communication networks inside the country as well as throughout the world. In terms of income, potential space communication market can rival with the market of launching service. Remote sensing market offers high potentials for space commercialisation. Depending on technical characteristics of remote sensing equipment (particularly high precision and resolution), information received from satellites is divided as to its purposes and functions. 5HVROXWLRQGRPLQDQWFKDUDFWHULVWLFWKDWGH¿QHVWKHFKRLFHRIVXUYH\VFDOH ZKLOHGHWDLOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHSKRWRVDUH¿[HG. As to their details, (resolution) photos are divided into the following: – low-resolution photos (kilometres), – medium-resolution photos (hundreds of meters), 274 Role of photogrammetry... – high-resolution photos, which in turn are subdivided into: YHU\KLJKUHVROXWLRQSKRWRV P XOWUDKLJKUHVROXWLRQSKRWRV P Low-resolution photos are frequently used in cases of vast areas to control WHPSHUDWXUHRIVHDVXUIDFHDQGÀRUD FRQGLWLRQVRU WRDQDO\VHQDWXUDOGLVDVWHUV High-resolution photos (10-30 m) are used for monitoring, differentiating details on the surface and mapping (scales 1:50 000, 1:25 000). Each resolution is used in a certain type of applications. The highest demands for data precision and details are posed by the town-planning cadastre. Unlike the land cadastre, the town-plan- ning cadastre needs data on the height of buildings as well as digital data on relief. High-resolution photos serve best for analysing city development, engineering works, specifying details of remote sensing with lower resolution. Such images are provided by space systems SPOT 5 (sensor PAN, resolution 5 m), IRS (sensor 3$1P ,QWHJUDWHGZLWKORZHUUHVROXWLRQGDWDVXFKSKRWRVDOORZ¿QGLQJRXW object structure on zonal and synthesized photos. Though polluted zones are hard to differentiate by direct indication, spectrozonal photos allow identifying various objects: forests or other vegetation components to study grassy phytocenosis, city agglomerations, and different violations. Content precision of this level (1-10 m) corresponds to map scales 1:10 000-1:50 000. Space survey with the resolution 1-10 m is used to build digital model of relief and to make object maps which when superposed with the maps of zoning give more precise details on area pe- culiarities, landscape, etc. Such a detailed information is received from satellite V\VWHPV4XLFN%LUGDQG,NRQRVZLWKWKHUHVROXWLRQRIP What follows is a description of most suitable, in terms of precision, space VDWHOOLWHVSURYLGLQJLPDJHVRIKLJKUHVROXWLRQ7KHVHDUH4XLFN%LUG6327,NRQRV and IRS. 4.4.2.1 QuickBird 2 Spatial resolution 0.61 m panchromatic at nadir 2.44 m multispectral at nadir Speed NPVHF Single scene ɯNP VTNP Depth of colour 11 bit Spectral band panchromatic 0.45-0.90 µm %OXH 0.45-0.52 µm Green 0.52-0.60 µm Red 0.63-0.69 µm Near infrared (IR) 0.76-0.90 µm In one year the satellite may produce images of surface area equal to 75 million sq km. 275 Oleksandr Dorozhynskyy, Igor Kolb, Olenka Dorozhynska 4.4.2.2 SPOT 5 5 m (2 m) panchromatic at nadir Spatial resolution 10 m multispectral at nadir Speed NPVHF Single scene ɯNP VTNP Depth of colour 8 bit Spectral band panchromatic 0.48-0.71 µm Green 0.50-0.59 µm Red 0.61-0.68 µm Near infrared (IR) 0.78-0.89 µm The satellite is equipped with a high-precision stereoscopic sensor to take stereogram that may be used in topography and for generating relief models. There is also a camera Vegetation 2 that allows daily reception of photos of all Earth surface at the resolution of 1 km. 4.4.2.3 IRS-1C 5.8 m panchromatic Spatial resolution 23.5 m multispectral Single scene ɯNPRUɯNP Depth of colour 6 bit Spectral band panchromatic 0.50-0.75 µm Green 0.52-0.59 µm Red 0.62-0.68 µm Near infrared (IR) 0.77-0.86 µm IRS (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite) is a type of remote sensing satellite (mass > 1000 kg) meant to research natural Earth resources. India has been one of the leaders on the market of remote sensing data since 2005. More than 12% of global remote sensing data are received from IRS-type satellites. 276 Role of photogrammetry... 4.4.2.4 Ikonos 1 m panchromatic Spatial resolution 4 m multispectral Depth of colour 11 bit Spectral band panchromatic 0.45-0.90 µm %OXH 0.45-0.53 µm Green 0.52-0.61 µm Red 0.64-0.72 µm Near infrared (IR) 0.77-0.88 µm 7KLVW\SHRILPDJHVPD\EHXVHGIRUYDULRXVSXUSRVHVDQGLQGLIIHUHQW¿HOGV research of landscape environment, telecommunications, land monitoring and management, mapping, tourism, etc. The price of photograph depends on its spatial resolution: the higher the resolution, the higher the price. 4.4.3 Space photogrammetry in area cartography Since cartographic materials are indispensable sources of information for landscape researches, it is important to discuss the role of space photogrammetry in area cartography. Not long ago, a topographic map was considered the main product of cartog- raphy where photogrammetric methods and technologies were dominant. Owing to rapid development of technology, the scope of cartographic products expanded. Nowadays it includes: – topographic maps with graphic presentations of contours and relief, – digital maps with contours and relief, – digital orthophotomaps with photographs of contours and graphic pres- entations of relief, – digital terrain models. Each of the products should meet certain technical demands. A traditional WRSRJUDSKLFPDSLVJHQHUDWHGLQD¿[HGVFDOHDQGIROORZVWKHGHPDQGRIFRQWRXU lines accurateness (0.2-0.3 mm in the map scale) and relief presentation accurate- 1 ness (½- 4 contour interval depending on relief type). Another important point is cartographic content, that is what must be shown on the map and what may be omitted. In the case of digital maps, the scale does not matter as all the elements of contours are displayed naturally in absolute coordinate system. Still, it is impor- 277 Oleksandr Dorozhynskyy, Igor Kolb, Olenka Dorozhynska tant to know the accuracy of received contours and relief, which depends on the map scale. As it is saved in the computer memory in pixels, digital orthophotomap does not have a scale. Its most important characteristics are spatial resolution and the error of determining the elements of contours in nature. When a digital orthopho- tomap is printed, it will have a scale. Data obtained through space survey may be used to produce a cartographic product, depending on its purpose. Therefore, it is necessary to study real capabili- ties of various space survey systems carefully and independently of information provided by manufacturers, as it may be just advertising. Two basic characteristics are needed to evaluate image adequacy for cartog- raphy: resolution (another very frequent term “spatial resolution”) and radiomet- ric characteristics (amplitude resolution, that is ability to differentiate the degree of grey or colour). Geometric characteristics of space system precision do not bring about par- ticular problems. Since the graphic accuracy of the map is p = 0.2 mm (in the map scale), the requirements as to the accuracy of contour will be as follows: 1:10 000 - 2 m; 1:25 000 - 5 m; 1:50 000 - 10 m; 1:100 000 - 20 m; 1:200 000 - 40 m (where WKH¿UVWXQLWUHIHUVWRVFDOHDQGWKHVHFRQGWRDFFXUDF\ Spatial resolution (P) depends on the quality of the survey system and the ÀLJKWKHLJKWRIWKHVSDFHFUDIW7KHVHGDWDDUHDYDLODEOHLQYDULRXVSXEOLFDWLRQV some of them are provided in Table 28. Taking into account the accuracy of con- WRXUGLVSOD\LQJLWLVSRVVLEOHWRJHWWKHPD[LPDOYDOXHRIPDSVFDOH 0 S3 Table 28. Adequacy of space images for mapping Spacecraft Scale %DQGP Resolution P, m Landsat 7 multispectral 30.0 1:150 000 IRS-1C multispectral 23.5 1:117 000 SPOT 1-4 multispectral 20.0 1:100 000 SPOT 4 panchromatic 10.0 1:50 000 IRS-1C panchromatic 5.8 1:29 000 SPOT 5 panchromatic 5.0 1:25 000 ,.2126 multispectral 4.0 1:20 000 EROS A panchromatic 2.4 1:12 000 ,.2126 panchromatic 1.0 1:5 000 (526% panchromatic 0.7 1:3 500 4XLFN%LUG panchromatic 0.6 1:3 000 Thus depending on their geometric characteristics, some space systems may be used for large-scale mapping. Still, it must be noted that the process of image LGHQWL¿FDWLRQSRVHVPRUHSUREOHPV7KHH[SHULPHQWVSURYHGWKDWWRJHQHUDWHPDS 278 Role of photogrammetry... with a scale of 1:10 000, spatial resolution should not exceed 0.65 m; for a map with a scale of 1:25 000, it should not be higher than 1m; and for a map with a scale of 1:50 000, resolution should be less than 1,75 m. Obviously modern survey systems, even with the best characteristics, may be used to generate maps with a scale of 1:25 000 the largest. The main technological peculiarities of space photogrammetry that are sig- QL¿FDQWIRUDUHDPDSSLQJZLOOEHGLVFXVVHGEHORZ 4.4.3.1 Forming stereopairs To generate a topographic map or digital terrain model DTM, it is necessary to have a stereoscopic model. Space survey differs from aerial survey. There are WKUHHPHWKRGVRIVSDFHVXUYH\ 7KH¿UVWLVVLPLODUWRDHULDOVXUYH\ )LJ WKH VXUIDFHLVSURMHFWHGRQWZRVHQVRUOLQHV7KH¿UVWVHQVRUOLQH¿[HVLPDJHDWQDGLU ZKLOHWKHVHFRQGRQH¿[HVLPDJHZLWKIRUZDUGGHYLDWLRQ These two images make a stereopair. 4.4.3.2 Stereo-survey with changed orientation The second method (Fig. 57) suggests surveying the same surface with changed angular sensor orientation. Gradual move of the satellite from position 1 to position 2 provides a surface image without the change in orientation. When the satellite stays in position n, n + 1, the sensor is redirected to the area of survey. These two differently oriented images make a stereopair. Fig. 57. Geometry of stereo-survey with changed orientation Fig. 56. Geometry of stereo-survey on two sensor lines. 279 Oleksandr Dorozhynskyy, Igor Kolb, Olenka Dorozhynska 4.4.3.3 Survey from two different satellites The third method (Fig. 58) consists in surveying from two different orbits or from two different satellites. The scheme shows the swath for satellite A and for satellite B at the same period of time. While surveying uninterruptedly, it is possible to receive stere- oscopic model of the surface. 7RDFKLHYHDGHTXDWHJHRPHWULFTXDOLW\RIWKH¿QDOSURGXFWLWLVQHFHVVDU\WR perform digital photogrammetric processing. Fig. 58. Surveying an area from two different satellites The process of improving interpretation qualities of the image is often termed as radiometric correction. Preliminary radiometric correction is done by the owner of the image. It is possible to receive synthesized colour image of high quality if the system worked in panchromatic and multispectral bands and the quality of the panchromatic image is 3-4 times higher than the quality of the multispectral one. Accurate choice of software is an important technological aspect of area mapping. The matter is that the space survey data may be presented in various for- mats, in different combinations and with different characteristics. The user should be absolutely aware of how they are going to use the image and how they will process it. There is a great choice of software on the information and remote sensing PDUNHW7KHEHVWNQRZQSURGXFWVLQFOXGH (5'$6=,,PDJLQJ3&,*HRPDWLFV %$(6\VWHPV3KRWRPRGHWF Modern software is oriented at solving a wide scope of tasks and processing various cartographic materials and spatial images. 280 Role of photogrammetry... Space mapping will inevitably develop its potentials. Fundamental military DFKLHYHPHQWVLQWKLV¿HOGJUDGXDOO\HQWHUWKHVSKHUHRIFLYLOVWUXFWXUHVDFWLYLW\ 0DQ\ SXEOLFDWLRQV PHQWLRQ WKH PLOLWDU\ UHFRQQDLVVDQFH VDWHOOLWH ɄɇɆ with VSDWLDOUHVROXWLRQFP GHSHQGLQJRQZHDWKHUFRQGLWLRQV ,WLVWLPHVEHWWHU WKDQ,NRQRVUHVROXWLRQ7KLVFRQ¿UPVKLJKSRWHQWLDOVRIVSDFHSKRWRJUDPPHWU\DV a method of topographical mapping and high-precision evaluation of landscape environment. 4.4.4 Geoinformation Systems (GIS) and Technologies. Interrelation and Complementation of GIS and Remote Sensing In landscape studies, GIS methods are primarily used for state object evalu- ation by means of geoinformation analysis, which determines the location, struc- ture, and interrelations of the objects and phenomena on the basis of methods of space analysis and geomodelling. In professional GIS, the modules of space analysis comprise nearly 20-30 IXQFWLRQVLQSDUWLFXODUYLVLELOLW\LQYLVLELOLW\DUHDGLVSOD\URXWHRSWLPLVDWLRQFHQWUH GLVWDQFHDUHDIRUPDWLRQDUHDRI³LQÀXHQFH´IRUPDWLRQDURXQGWKHDSSRLQWHGFHQWUH etc. A separate set of tasks in spatial analysis is connected with the digital terrain model. It includes the generation of three-dimensional (3D) surfaces, calculation of WKHLUYROXPHVDQGDUHDVFRQVWUXFWLRQRIUDQGRPVHFWLRQVDQGSUR¿OHVFDOFXODWLRQRI VORSHSDUDPHWHUVH[SRVLWLRQVXQOLJKWXQL¿FDWLRQRIUDVWHUDQGYHFWRUGDWDHWF The latest high-quality GIS contain modules for image analysis. In this re- spect, the above-mentioned system ERDAS IMAGINE can serve a model, as it is meant to be directly used in data analysis of the Earth remote sensing, which is presented in raster formats. The 8.7 Version includes three basic sets, such as IM- AGINE Essentials, IMAGINE Advantage, IMAGINE Professional and every set IXO¿OVFHUWDLQIXQFWLRQVLQLPDJHSURFHVVLQJDVZHOODVFRPSOHPHQWVWKHIXQFWLRQV and potentialities of its forerunner. Data visualization and import, geometric cor- UHFWLRQLPDJHLPSURYHPHQW*,6DQDO\VLVLPDJHLGHQWL¿FDWLRQPDSSLQJWKUHH dimensional graphics, virtual space images and many others belong here. 7KHUDGDUPHWKRGGHVHUYHVVLJQL¿FDQWFRQVLGHUDWLRQLQWKHUHVHDUFKDQGPDS- ping of landscape surroundings. On 15th June 2007, a German radar of super high- resolution capacity (1-3 m) was successfully launched on the orbit, and started send- ing space images which are received by the German Aerospace Research Centre DLR. In order to process such images (which needs to be done through special programmes), professional GIS, for instance ERDAS IMAGINE 8.7, has four modules (developed in cooperation of Leice Geosystems and Mapping, Switzer- land; Vexcel Corporation, Austria; and SIE Mashynistroyeniye, Russia). These 281 Oleksandr Dorozhynskyy, Igor Kolb, Olenka Dorozhynska modules make it possible to improve image quality, carry out geometrical correc- tion and orthotransformation, and generate a digital terrain model on the basis of stereopairs and radar interferometry. Undoubtedly, the radar method will be applied in landscape studies since the clouds do not present any obstacles in radar surveying and it broadens the pos- sibilities for remote area sensing. 7KHYLHZRIWKHODQGLQXQGDWHGDIWHUWKHÀRRGLQ*UHDW%ULWDLQLQVXPPHU 2007 will serve as an example. It is presented in Fig. 59. Fig. 59. 3KRWRJUDSKRILQXQGDWHGODQGDIWHUWKHÀRRGLQ*UHDW%ULWDLQ (German radar TERRASAR) Geoinformation technologies are successfully used for generating applied GIS. A great deal of international experience has been gained in this respect, and WKLV¿HOGLVEHLQJFRQWLQXRXVO\GHYHORSHG,QWKHIUDPHZRUNRIRXUSURMHFWDQHZ tourist GIS of recreational area Skhidnytsya (Ukraine, Lviv region) was set up. The following section provides more details on GIS use in this region. 4.4.5 Role of Geoinformation Technologies in the implementation of the objectives of municipal authorities and recreational business Tourist industry is a vital and well-developed business domain in eco- IULHQGO\UHJLRQVDWWUDFWLYHIRUYLVLWRUV7RXULVPDVDG\QDPLFDQGKLJKO\SUR¿WDEOH EUDQFK RI UHJLRQDO HFRQRP\ FRQVWLWXWHV D VLJQL¿FDQW VSKHUH RI LQWHUHVW IRU WKH state, regional and local governments. However, not every territory can demon- 282 Role of photogrammetry... strate great success in informational and advertising activities which indisputably JUHDWO\LQÀXHQFHVWKHV\VWHPRIYDOXHVLQWKHFRQVFLRXVQHVVRIWKHVRFLHW\LQJHQ- HUDO7KHUHIRUHWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIDXQL¿HGLQIRUPDWLRQSODWIRUPZLWKLQKHUHQW temporal and spatial linkage becomes an important aspect of development of this ¿HOGWRGD\,QWKLVUHVSHFWJHRLQIRUPDWLRQPDSSLQJLVWKHRQO\SRVVLEOHZRUNLQJ DQGH[SHULPHQWDOLQVWUXPHQWZKLOH*,6EHFRPHDVSHFL¿FSUDFWLFDOSURGXFW There are numerous examples of GIS application in the sphere of tourism. One of the most interesting information products for Ukrainian Carpathians is the project “Information system of regional development of tourism in Transcar- pathian area”. Currently, research is being conducted on local tourist GIS for sepa- rate recreational areas, national nature protection parks, reserve zones, and oth- ers. On the basis of practical experience in creating tourist GIS (“Tourist GIS for +DVKHPLWH.LQJGRPRI-RUGDQ´ZDVPDGHXQGHUWKHVXSHUYLVLRQRI3URI'RUR- zhynskyy) and the above-formulated theoretical and practical statements, tourist GIS for one of the sites in Ukrainian Carpathians was set up. %DVHGRQHDUOLHUUHVHDUFKQHZWKHRUHWLFDODSSURDFKHVJURXQGHGWKHUROHRI GIS-tourism in problematic mapping, which provides general theoretical basis for the study of geographic environment and objects as well as for the use of geoinfor- mation mapping instruments. The practical aim is to elaborate GIS cartographic components, to apply the materials of aerospace surveying and also to combine the purpose and functioning of municipal and tourist GIS. Municipal institutions, which have recreational resources in their disposition, as a rule are the most inter- ested in tourism development (green tourism, agrotourism, sport tourism, thera- SHXWLFWRXULVPKHDOWKLPSURYLQJSURJUDPVHWF WKDWXQGRXEWHGO\LQÀXHQFHVWKH state of regional economy. The object of the study is the village of Skhidnytsya (Lviv region) which belongs to the category of balneological health resorts. It is abundant in pictur- esque views; it is ecologically safe and has a wealth of mineral water springs, the same type as Naphtusya, which are not inferior in their medicinal properties to the waters of more well-known resorts. However, the resorts’ economy is not devel- oped well enough. All these facts suggest an idea that the district of Skhidnytsya has a long-term potential and attracts tourist business; hence it serves a reasonable JURXQGWRGHPRQVWUDWHWKHVLJQL¿FDQFHRIPXQLFLSDODQGWRXULVWJHRLQIRUPDWLRQ systems integration as it was previously mentioned. Such a standpoint allows for- mulating the following principles of GIS purposes that grant: – information support for authorities and local governments (at regional, district, and village levels) as well as state departments (of public safety, bor- der guards, search and rescue teams, sanitary and epidemiological teams, and others); 283 Oleksandr Dorozhynskyy, Igor Kolb, Olenka Dorozhynska – information support for business tourist institutions (tourist operators, trade, transport, etc.) as well as for owners of private businesses that offer tourist services; – information support for potential clients of tourist services and products. The main components of GIS are: structure, information resources, and main purposes. The structure of GIS is shown on Fig. 60. This structure does not limit the purposes of GIS solely to tourism. On the contrary, GIS is determined as a system of municipal management of territories where tourism constitutes only one of the branches. The exact content of the information system relies on image and graphic data (maps, photographs, etc.) as well as on the descriptive data shown in Fig. 61. The list of main objectives to be solved by GIS includes 5 sets shown in Fig. 62. 1. Subsystem of mapping support 2. Subsystem of land and engineering cadastre of the 5. Subsystem of tourist and Integrated village recreational -resort branch GIS Interface 4. Subsystem of agricultural and forest 3. Regional reference and information industry branch subsystem of administrative, transport and tourist branch"СХІДНИЦ Я" Fig. 60. Structure of GIS-Skhidnytsya Fig. 61. Information resources of GIS-Skhidnytsya 284 Role of photogrammetry... Fig. 62. Main purposes of GIS-Skhidnytsya 7KLVOLVWLVRSHQWRHQODUJHPHQWDVWKHV\VWHPDFKLHYHVJUHDWHUVLJQL¿FDQFH nationally and internationally (one of the aspects of such international cooperation is the integration of GIS-Skhidnytsya within our project in the framework of In- WHUQDWLRQDO5HVHDUFK3URJUDP,17(55(*,,,%&$'6(6³3URWHFWLQJ+LVWRULFDO Cultural Landscape to strengthen Regional Identities and Local Economies”, CUL- TURAL LANDSCAPE, Ukrainian project coordinator: Prof. O. Dorozhynskyy). 4.4.6 Archive maps as a source of data for evaluating cultural landscape FKDQJHV DVH[HPSOL¿HGE\6NKLGQ\WV\D Over the centuries of civilization evolution, cartography has been develop- ing as a theoretical study as well as an applied branch aiming at displaying the territory on a map, which might be both a science document and a piece of art. Nowadays, archive maps make perfect material for researching various PRGL¿FDWLRQVRIODQGVFDSHHQYLURQPHQWWKDWDSSHDUHGZLWKLQDFHUWDLQSHULRG $PDSDVDQLPDJHRIVSDFHPD\¿UVWRIDOOSURYLGHDUHVHDUFKHUZLWKGDWD on changes in surface topography and cultural environment in which certain social structure existed. Changes in topography include: – PRGL¿FDWLRQVRIDUHDVDQGERUGHUVRILQKDELWHGDUHDVIRUHVWVLQGXVWULDO and agricultural lands; 285 Oleksandr Dorozhynskyy, Igor Kolb, Olenka Dorozhynska – changes in river beds and drainage basins caused by economic activity; – development of transport infrastructure; – climate changes. In the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th centuries, the territory of Skhid- nytsya was a part of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Later, it belonged to the terri- tories under Poland (1919-1939), the USSR (1939-1941), Germany (1941-1944), the USSR again (1944-1991), and today it is situated in the territory of Ukraine. Every state authority generated cartographical products according to techni- cal possibilities, needs, certain standards, coordinate systems, conventional signs, cartographical content, etc. Today, the topographic maps of Galicia (Austro-Hun- gary, 1889), Poland (1935), Soviet Union (1984), aerophotographs (1999), and space images of medium and high resolution (2001-2007) are at our disposal. All these cartographic materials included in GIS-Skhidnytsya are available for use and extensive study. The collection of such data is supplemented by land management and land administration cartographic materials. For example, the general plan of the bor- ders in health resort Skhidnytsya will be included in GIS-Skhidnytsya. Illustrative material that demonstrates landscape change in Skhidnytsya over the last century is provided in Fig. 63 and Fig. 64, which precisely show fragments of the topographic maps at the scale of 1:100 000 at the times of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (Fig. 63) and the USSR (Fig. 64). %\PHDQVRIPRGHUQHTXLSPHQWWKHPDSLVVFDQQHGDQGLQSXWWHGZKLFK VLPSOL¿HVWKHDQDO\VLVRIVXFKDKHWHURJHQHRXVPDWHULDO7KHPRVWLPSRUWDQWHOH- ments of the image are vectorised to enable analytical operations. Since the math- ematic base (coordinate system, projection, mathematic model of the Earth, etc.) is not known for the most of old maps, the easiest way of superpose two different maps is by means of projective transformations or with the use of various types of polynomials. These constitute well-known methods of mathematical cartography. In Skhidnytsya, this research is planned to be done at the end of 2008. 4.4.7 Tourist GIS for health resort Skhidnytsya Tourist GIS (Fig. 65) is an autonomous program product aiming at expand- ing informational capacities of traditional informational and referential systems by means of extensive use of modern cartographic materials, aerial and space images, and archive maps. The interface of the program is designed as a multi-window system compat- ible with OS Windows XP standards. It includes the following chapters: – topographic maps; – WKHPDWLFPDSV HFRORJ\ÀRUDDQGIDXQDKLVWRU\HWF 286 Role of photogrammetry... – maps for GPS navigators and portable computers; – information on planned sporting hikes (based on topographic maps, aerial and space images, etc.); – information on the balneological health resort; – transport system of the region; – description of landscape environment and evaluation of its development. The system is open to both supplementation and development in the use of descriptive geographic data. It is also possible to expand the system of requests and analytical operations. The following functions are very important and useful for wide circles of users: – virtual model that is created by a combination of the map and spatial model; – virtual model that is created by a combination of the map, aerophoto- graph, orthophotomap, and spatial model; – animation and virtual model. These and other functions are realized in the presented system. Fig. 66 shows how topographic maps can be operated. The user may change thematic layers displayed on the map as well as the VFDOHRILPDJH PDJQL¿HUVLPXODWRULQFOXGHG VKHPD\DOVRORRNWKURXJKVSD- tial images (Fig. 67), receive information on metric parameters (coordinates, azi- muths, and distances) and content characteristics of displayed objects. The map GLVSOD\VLQKDELWHGORFDOLWLHVZLWKURDGVÀRUDK\GURJUDSK\DQGDORWRIRWKHULQ- formation useful for a tourist. The system offers the possibility of viewing space images, received from WKHVDWHOOLWH(526% VXUYH\HGLQ DQGRUWKRSKRWRPDSV,WLVDOVRSRVVLEOH to combine the image with cartographic layers (Fig. 68). Fig. 69 shows a fragment of an orthophotomap generated on the basis of space survey materials. Under modern conditions of rapid technical development, the use of GPS navigators becomes another interesting and useful direction. Therefore, digital maps for GPS navigators GARMIN have been also generated. Moreover, route SRLQWVWKDWZLOOKHOSDWRXULVWWRRULHQWKLPKHUVHOILQWKHDUHDDQG¿QGLQWHUHVWLQJ REMHFWVKDYHEHHQFROOHFWHG,QWKHFRXUVHRI¿HOGUHVHDUFK*36UHFHLYHUUHJLV- tered the location of mineral water springs, the petrol station, hotels, shops, the building of municipal authorities and many others (Fig. 70). With the help of Navigator, a tourist receives on-line extensive information on location, route, probable obstacles, and dangerous places, nearest springs of drinking water, suitable camping sites, and distance to the nearest road, store, pharmacy, or petrol station. 287 Oleksandr Dorozhynskyy, Igor Kolb, Olenka Dorozhynska Fig. 64. District of Skhidnytsya in the topographic map at the times of the USSR Fig. 63. District of Skhidnytsya in the map at the times of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy Fig. 66. Work with an electronic map Fig. 65. Main page of the system Fig. 67. Spatial (3D) model of Skhidnytsya Fig. 68. Example of combining space image with the layers of an electronic map 288 Role of photogrammetry... Fig. 69. Orthophotomap of Skhidnytsya Fig. 70. Navigation electronic chart (fragment) for GPS navigators GARMIN with the collection of route points Phot. 128. Town hall in Skhidnytsya The next stage will be a compilation of a photograph library of interesting sights (Phot. 128) may serve as an example) and to establish reciprocal references between this library and the objects on the map in the framework of GIS. It is also planned to compile a collection of photograph for three-dimensional viewing by means of macyscope The collection of information has been arranged to generate thematic maps HFRORJ\ÀRUDDQGIDXQDKLVWRU\ :LWKWKHFROOHFWLRQRILQIRUPDWLRQPDSVDQG databases describing the recreation potential of the region related to them will be created. Such maps will display realistic situation and will make objective start- ing points for evaluating landscape permanence and planning recreation load for separate areas and objects. Modern methods and technologies combined with intellectual potential of H[SHUWVRIGLIIHUHQW¿HOGVPDNHDSHUIHFWEDVHIRUFRPSOH[UHVHDUFKRQSUHVHUYLQJ and development of landscape environment. 289 Hans-Joachim Petzold 4.5. REGIONAL MARKETING - THEMATIC RURAL MARKETS IN REINSTÄDT Hans-Joachim Petzold 4.5.1 Rural market in the countryside Reinstädt is an idyllic little village situated in a side valley of the Saale in the centre of Thuringia. Surrounded by shell limestone hills, on which dozens of rare orchids blossom, a series of eight villages lie one behind the other along the Reinstädt area. Jena and Weimar are half-an-hour drive away. The Reinstädt rural market is a market in the countryside. Unlike “green markets” in cities, with cobble or tarmac underfoot, in Reinstädt the market stands in the middle of a village green. The marketplace is an old square next to the .HPHQDWHDKLVWRULFWRZHUZLWKVOHHSLQJTXDUWHUVIURPWKHHDUO\th century; the village church as well as the vicarage and forester’s lodge are in the immediate vi- cinity. The wide square is surrounded by stone walls and, in 1997, a stone baking RYHQZDVDGGHG,WLVDVSHFLDOSODFHZLWKDXQLTXHÀDLUZHOOVXLWHGIRUKROGLQJD market whether rain or shine. 4.5.2 ³5HJLRQDOLV¿UVWFKRLFH´ The rural market was set up to promote regional products, crafts, and serv- ices. An important aspect for the initiators was the use of raw materials from the region, particularly with regard to products, in order to support sustainable conservation of the cultural landscape. The rural market aims to develop regional markets and relationships and provide a platform for small producers and their products. They should present their goods in person, as only they themselves can extol their products’ virtues and uniqueness or stand by them in the face of criti- cism. Only they are in a position to trade, negotiate, and barter. The result is some- WKLQJWKDWHYHU\RQHEHQH¿WVIURP±DUHODWLRQVKLSRIWUXVWEHWZHHQWKHSURGXFHU and the consumer. The main priority of the rural market is to give regional products, alongside ecological products, a permanent platform. It makes more sense to develop prod- ucts in the region than to present ecological products that may have come from thousands of miles away. The spectrum of products offered by small traders rang- 290 Regional marketing... es from fruit, apple juice, apple wine, bread from a stone oven, potato-dippers, cheese from goats, sheep and cows, and smoked trout, to various sorts of sausages from local producers, lamb and turkey meat, herbs, herb products, honey, honey products, mustard, mustard oils, cigars and many more. Regional products can be tasted, compared, and savoured. The possibility of tasting, exchanging a few words with the producer serves more than simply satisfying one’s taste buds or hunger. It also appeals to: – the mind: the visitor can see by whom, where and how something is pro- duced; – one’s need to communicate: the visitor can chat with the producer; – the eye: the visitor can see uplifting colours and forms of products and packaging; – the nose: the visitor can experience different bouquets of wines and brandies; The combination of these creates a feeling of trust and satisfaction. One learns to cherish a product because its purchase was the result of a human interac- tion, a recommendation, a personal exchange. In addition to products, there are a number of different skilled tradesmen. These include manufacturers of kitchen and garden wooden utensils, ecological building materials, historical windows, blueprints, naturally dyed wool, materials, and much more. Tradesmen allow the visitor to touch and try out their wares. The Reinstädter Rural Market is not only for buying and selling. The organ- isers arrange various cultural attractions to extend, liven up, and complement the HQWLUHSURJUDPPH([KLELWLRQV¿OPSUHVHQWDWLRQVPXVLFSURJUDPPHVRUVWRU\- telling sessions take place in the village green or guided tours of the 600 year old .HPHQDWHDUHJLYHQ7KHVHDUHMXVWVRPHRIWKHYDULRXVFXOWXUDOHOHPHQWVRQRIIHU in Reinstädt. 4.5.3 )RVWHULQJPXWXDOEHQH¿W A basic principle of the rural market and activities connected with it is to ³IRVWHU PXWXDO EHQH¿W´7KLV LV H[HPSOL¿HG E\ D QHWZRUN RI SHRSOH DQG VPDOO businesses who know each other personally or from business and have something in common. The network was founded in 1997 as an “Interest Group for the Rein- VWlGW5XUDO0DUNHW´DQGVLQFHLWKDVEHHQNQRZQDVWKH³/$1'0$5.WUDGH VRFLHW\´WRUHÀHFWQHZDUHDVRIDFWLYLW\ :KHWKHUVPDOOIDUPHUVDJUDULDQVRFLHWLHV¿VKIDUPHUVEHHNHHSHUVDVVRFLD- tions, planners, authors, schools, teachers, or private persons, all are equal part- ners in the network and represent a variety of possible interactions. The network operates according to economic criteria. Its aims are: – to access the economic market in a decentralised manner, – to open up the possibilities of combining products and services, 291 Hans-Joachim Petzold – to foster the internal market between the participants in the network, – to enhance the status of own products through the network, – to present the strength of the region through the network, – to leverage the location of the network between the towns of Jena, Wei- mar and Rudolstadt. 4.5.4 The valorisation of historical cultural landscapes As a result of cooperation with the Heimatbund Thüringen e.V., a long-time partner for various projects, in 2006 two special thematic markets were organised DQGKHOGDVSDUWRIWKH,17(55(*,,,%&8/785$//$1'6&$3(63URMHFW Through the choice of a particular thematic focus, the visitor’s attention was GUDZQWRVSHFL¿FSURGXFWJURXSVLQFOXGLQJWKHLUSURGXFWLRQPHWKRGVDQGSURGXF- tion conditions. The visitors learnt what happens before the product reaches the consumer. This makes it easier for the consumer to make more informed decisions about what they buy, the hope being that consumers would favour regional prod- ucts and services for their proximity. The markets were complemented by guided WRXUVRIVSHFL¿FFXOWXUDOODQGVFDSHHOHPHQWVRIWKHYLOODJHV,QDGGLWLRQWRWKH thematic markets, a project week was organised for children entitled “Discovering Cultural Landscapes”. 4.5.5 7KHPDWLFPDUNHW ³(YHU\WKLQJDERXWEUHDG´ The rural market held in May 2006 was inspired by the motto “Everything about bread”. The visitors were able to learn more about the relationship between the cultivation of cereal crops, the work of the miller and the baker, and the quali- WLHVRIÀRXUDQGEUHDG DOOZLWKDYLHZWRVWLPXODWLQJJUHDWHULQWHUHVWLQKDQGEDNLQJ and hobby bakers. The market provided an opportunity to present the advantages of skilled trades, regional economic cycles, and the consequences of industrial SURGXFWLRQDVZHOODVWKHLUUHVSHFWLYHLQÀXHQFHRQWKHFXOWXUDOODQGVFDSH&RQ- sumers could gain greater knowledge of sensory feelings for bread. This would help them to make more environmentally sound and healthy choices before any future purchase or would stimulate them to bake at home by themselves. More than 45 exhibitors took part in the market with an additional infor- mation stand in which farmers from the Reinstädter Grund eG agrarian society, a miller, and a baker demonstrated the work of their respective trades and the UHVXOWLQJSURGXFWV&HUHDOVDQGJUDLQVPHWKRGVRIFXOWLYDWLRQW\SHVRIÀRXUDQG the resulting variety of breads occupied the central stage. 292 Regional marketing... Prior to the market, hobby bakers were invited to submit their own home- made bread for assessment by a jury. The samples provided on the day were then professionally tasted and judged. The bakers of the three best breads won prizes in WKHIRUPRIEDNLQJJRRGV U\HDQGZKHDWÀRXUVXQÀRZHUVHHGVHWF 7KHYLVLWRUV were, of course, invited to taste too. On the day of the market, the bread informa- tion stand was inundated with over 1 000 visitors conducting numerous stimulat- ing discussions with producers. The thematic market was a resounding success. 4.5.6 7KHPDWLFPDUNHW ³&XOWXUDOODQGVFDSHVIRUWKHVHQVHV´ For the rural market in December 2006, a special “Rural Specialities Menu” with 7-courses consisting of delicacies made from regional products was devised in cooperation with the organisation “Slow Food”. The disadvantage of fast food and the fast-food society are well known and described in detail elsewhere. Slow Food’s promotion of slow and appreciative consumption of food complements the philosophy of the Reinstädt Rural Markets and represents an ideal marketing part- ner for its regional products. The focus is on the quality and enjoyment of regional specialities. With some quite considerable logistic effort, the “Rural Specialities Menu” was prepared and served in two servings for 25 persons each. It consisted of products solely from the Reinstädt Rural Market. The specialities menu was a great success with many visitors, so much so that the idea has been repeated in later rural markets. All in all, more than 1 400 people visited the rural market. The selection of products on offer was again complemented by a cultural programme including music from the renaissance and baroque as well as folk music, a shadow WKHDWUHIRUFKLOGUHQDOLJKWGDQFHDQGDUWLVWLF¿UHSHUIRUPDQFH 6FKRROSURMHFWZHHN³'LVFRYHULQJFXOWXUDOODQGVFDSHV´ The school project was conducted in cooperation with the Jenaplan school in Jena. 28 children between 13 and 15 years old, almost all from Jena, camped for DZHHNQH[WWRWKH.HPHQDWHLQ5HLQVWlGWWRJHWKHUZLWKWKHLUWHDFKHUVDQGPHP- bers of the organisation “Grund Genug”. The central topics of the week were: A cultural historical orienteering trail: Schoolchildren and teachers took part in a 5 km orienteering walk with 16 different stations and were asked to solve questions about local historical cultural landscape. The aim was to learn how to “read landscape”, in particular how to identify and understand elements such as DULGJUDVVODQGFRSSLFLQJTXDUU\LQJROGSDWKVRUFKDUGVDQGPHGLHYDOIRUWL¿FD- tions. The best group was awarded a prize. 293 Hans-Joachim Petzold Phot. 129. %UHDGLQIRUPDWLRQVWDQG Phot. 130. View of the Reinstädt Rural Market Phot. 131. Orienteering in the cultural Phot. 132. %DNLQJEUHDGDWWKH.HPHQDWH landscape in Reinstädt Baking bread and a visit to the mill: Over the course of three days, around 20 loaves of bread were baked in the stone oven in Reinstädt by different groups of children. In combination with a visit to a mill, the children could learn about W\SHVRIJUDLQWKHLUKDUYHVWLQJDQGSURFHVVLQJWKHUHVXOWLQJW\SHVRIÀRXUDQG forms of bread as well as experience the entire process of making bread from raw material to the end result. Traditional means of conserving: The schoolchildren were asked to col- lect apples and plums from both older and more recently cultivated orchards. The fruit that was collected was then made into jam and marmalade using traditional PHWKRGV(QRXJKZDVPDGHWR¿OOMDPMDUV Fruit pressing: Using an old fruit chopping machine and fruit press, fresh apple juice was made with the children for their own consumption from apples collected in the orchards. 294 Regional marketing... Dying materials using organic plant dyes: Cloths and scarves were dyed using natural methods and plant extracts from madder, yellow camomile, and oth- er plants from the region. 2Q WKH ¿QDO GD\ WKH VFKRROFKLOGUHQ SUHVHQWHG WKH UHVXOWV RI WKH ZHHN WR their parents and members of Grund Genug e.V. located in the Reinstädt area. At school, presentation boards were made documenting their experience and impres- sions of the project. Good weather during the entire project week made it possible to complete all parts of the planned project. The action-oriented approach to learn- ing more about cultural landscape was received well by the children, their parents, and the teachers. %RWKHGXFDWLRQDODFWLYLWLHVZLWKFKLOGUHQDQG\RXQJSHRSOHDVZHOODVWKH- matic markets with their respective product specialities contribute to raising pub- lic awareness of what “cultural landscape” is and how much it is worth. Many regional producers contribute to maintaining and cultivating the small-scale vari- ety of landscape sustainable. Sheep graze on meadows, bees fertilize fruit trees, and herbs grow in the local microclimate. Regional markets such as the Reinstädt Rural markets are a good way of communicating the relationship between prod- ucts and producers and teaching about the need to conserve and valorise historical cultural landscape. 295