Role of pilot projects... 4. PILOT PROJECTS TO STRENGTHEN REGIONAL IDENTITIES AND LOCAL ECONOMIES 4.1. ROLE OF PILOT PROJECTS AND PRINCIPLES 2)*22'35$&7,&(,1352&(66(62)$&7,9(/$1'6&$3( SHAPING AND MANAGEMENT OF CULTURAL AND NATURAL LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS AS WELL AS THEIR PROTECTION AND SPATIAL PLANNING .U]\V]WRI*DZURĔVNL 4.1.1. Principles of good practice and pilot projects The term ‘good practice’ can be found in numerous aspects of human activ- LW\DQGLWUHIHUVERWKWRHFRQRPLFDFWLYLW\WRFRQVFLHQWLRXVVFLHQWL¿FUHVHDUFKDQG WRDFWLYLWLHVZLWKLQSXEOLFDGPLQLVWUDWLRQ6XFKVHWVRISULQFLSOHVKDYHDFKDUDFWHU of norms accepted by the members of a particular community and, to a certain H[WHQWFRQFHUQDOVRHWKLFDOTXHVWLRQV 7KHEDVLFLVVXHFRQQHFWHGZLWKWKHWHUP³JRRGSUDFWLFH´LVWKHTXHVWLRQRI FULWHULDHYDOXDWLQJYDULRXVXQGHUWDNLQJVIURPWKLVSRLQWRIYLHZ,WVHHPVWKDWWKH basic principle here is the compatibility of planned and realized aims with an accu- UDWHQHHGVDQDO\VLV7KHUHIRUHWKHWHUP³JRRGSUDFWLFH´ZLOOUHIHUWRWKDWFULWHULRQ ZKLFKDSDUWLFXODUJURXSRIEHQH¿FLDULHVDFWXDOO\QHHGVZKLFKWULJJHUVRUHQDEOHV IXUWKHUGHYHORSPHQWRUZKLFKRYHUFRPHVPRVWVLJQL¿FDQWGLI¿FXOWLHV>)HQU\FK @$QRWKHUVLJQL¿FDQW³JRRGSUDFWLFH´FULWHULRQLQYROYHVWKHSDUWLFLSDWLRQRI WKHORFDOFRPPXQLW\ EHQH¿FLDULHV LQWKHSURFHVVRISUHSDUDWLRQLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ and utilization of practical results of conducted activities. ,W LV DOVR QHFHVVDU\ WR GH¿QH WKH WHUPV ³PDQDJHPHQW´ DQG ³VKDSLQJ´ $FFRUGLQJWR7DGHXV].RWDUELĔVNL³PDQDJHPHQW´FDQEHXQGHUVWRRGDVFRPLQJ WRDGHFLVLRQEDVHGRQWKHNQRZOHGJHRIDLPVDQGPHDQVDVWRWKHLQLWLDWLRQRU WHUPLQDWLRQRIDFWLYLWLHV>.RWDUELĔVNL@7KXVWKHHVVHQFHRIWKLVWHUPOLHVLQ GH¿QLQJWKHDLPDQGWKHURDGOHDGLQJWRLWVUHDOL]DWLRQ&RPLQJWRDGHFLVLRQLVD TXHVWLRQRIFKRLFHRIWKHPRVWVXLWDEOHDOWHUQDWLYHRXWRIPDQ\RWKHUV7KHWHUP ³PDQDJHPHQW´FDQEHH[DPLQHGIURPWZRSRLQWVRIYLHZDZLGHURQHZKHQLW LQYROYHVPDQDJLQJREMHFWVRUVLWXDWLRQVDQGDQDUURZHURQHXQGHUVWRRGDVVXSHU- 215 .U]\V]WRI*DZURĔVNL vising. In regards to cultural and natural landscape elements management, we deal with the wider approach. ³6KDSLQJ´RQWKHRWKHUKDQGLVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKIRUPLQJSUHSDULQJVSHFL- I\LQJRUPRGHOOLQJ/DQGVFDSHVKDSLQJLVXQGHUVWRRGDVWKHWRWDORIKXPDQPDWH- rial activities at a given point in time and space, having an impact on the physical VKDSHDQGELRWLFFRQWHQWRIKXPDQHQYLURQPHQW/DQGVFDSHVKDSLQJDLPVDWLQWUR- GXFLQJVXFKPRGL¿FDWLRQVLQQDWXUDOV\VWHPVZKLFKZRXOGLPSURYHWKHVWDQGDUG of living, increase the environment’s assimilative capacity, or in any other way LQFUHDVHWKHHFRV\VWHPV¶UHVLVWDQFHWRDQWKURSRSUHVVXUH>.RUHOHVNLHWDO@ &XOWXUDOODQGVFDSHKDVGHYHORSHGDVDUHVXOWRIORQJODVWLQJKXPDQLQÀX- ence on the natural environment, which was more often harmful than harmonized. 6XFKDFWLYLWLHVKDYHUHVXOWHGLQGLVWXUEHGQDWXUDOFXOWXUDOUHODWLRQVDQGODQGVFDSH degradation. That is why landscape protection needs to have a complex character and needs to involve both natural and cultural landscape. /HJDOUHJXODWLRQVFRQVWLWXWHEDVLFHOHPHQWVRIODQGVFDSHPDQDJHPHQWVKDS- LQJDQGSURWHFWLRQ,Q3RODQGWKHVHZLOOLQFOXGH – WKH$FWRQ6SDWLDO3ODQQLQJDQG6SDWLDO0DQDJHPHQW>8VWDZDD@ – WKH$FW RQ WKH 3URWHFWLRQ DQG *XDUGLDQVKLS RI +LVWRULFDO 0RQXPHQWV >8VWDZDF@ – WKH$FWRQ1DWXUH3URWHFWLRQ>8VWDZDD@ – WKH$FWRQ1DWXUH&RQVHUYDWLRQ>8VWDZD@ 0RUHRYHUQRQJRYHUQPHQWDORUJDQL]DWLRQVDQGYDULRXVHFRORJLFDODVVRFLD- WLRQVVXFKDV*UHHQ)HGHUDWLRQWKH3ROLVK(FRORJLFDO&OXE6RFLHW\IRUWKH(DUWK 1DWXUH 3URWHFWLRQ /HDJXH HWF SOD\ D VLJQL¿FDQW UROH LQ ODQGVFDSH SURWHFWLRQ These organizations mainly act within nature and environment protection. 6SDWLDOSODQQLQJLVRQHRIWKHIDFWRUVVKDSLQJFXOWXUDOODQGVFDSHLWLVDOVR DQLQVWUXPHQWRIODQGVFDSHSURWHFWLRQ6SDWLDOSODQQLQJLVHVVHQWLDOO\DSURFHVV of predicting future states, which refers to designating land for various purposes DQGIRUPXODWLQJGHYHORSPHQWFRQGLWLRQV6SDWLDOSODQQLQJLVDQLPSRUWDQWWRRO of landscape shaping and protection primarily because it shapes space according WRWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVRIWKHVRFDOOHGVSDWLDORUGHUWKDWLVLWPDNHVLWLPSRVVLEOHWR LQWURGXFH HOHPHQWV ZKLFK FDQ FUHDWH GLVKDUPRQ\ LQ ODQGVFDSH 6HFRQGO\ YDUL- RXVSURWHFWLYHSURYLVLRQVDUHEHLQJXQGHUWDNHQLQVSDWLDOSODQQLQJGRFXPHQWVDW various levels, which restrict the use of valuable elements of natural and cultural ODQGVFDSH>*DZURĔVNL@ 7KH LQWHUQDWLRQDO SURMHFW ³3URWHFWLQJ +LVWRULFDO &XOWXUDO /DQGVFDSHV WR VWUHQJWKHQ5HJLRQDO,GHQWLWLHVDQG/RFDO(FRQRPLHV´LPSOHPHQWHGZLWKLQWKH(X- URSHDQ8QLRQ,17(55(*,,,%&$'6(6SURJUDPPHLQYROYHVWZRSLORWSURMHFWV PHDQWDVSUDFWLFDOUHVXOWVRIWKHUHDOLVHGSURMHFW7KH¿UVWRQHLVORFDOL]HGLQWKH FRPPXQLW\RI0LHFKyZDQGLQYROYHVWKHFUHDWLRQRIDQHGXFDWLRQDQGWUDLQLQJ FHQWUHZLWKGHPRQVWUDWLYHSODQWVIRUSHOOHWDQGEULTXHWWHSURGXFWLRQ ELRPDVV 216 Role of pilot projects... 7KHRWKHURQHLVVLWXDWHGLQWKHYLOODJHRI:LĞQLRZD WKH0DáRSROVNLH9RLYRGH- VKLS DQGLQYROYHVWKHUHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIDKLVWRULFZDWHUEDVLQDVZHOODVWKHGHYHO- RSPHQWRIDGMRLQLQJDUHDVWKHFUHDWLRQRIVPDOOWRXULVWLQIUDVWUXFWXUHDQGJUHHQ areas. 7KLVSDSHUDLPVDWGH¿QLQJWKHUROHRISULQFLSOHVRIJRRGSUDFWLFHLQVKDSLQJ FXOWXUDODQGQDWXUDOODQGVFDSHHOHPHQWVLQWKHFRQWH[WRISLORWSURMHFWVUHDOL]HG ZLWKLQWKH,17(55(*,,,%&$'6(6(XURSHDQ8QLRQSURMHFW 4.1.2 Pilot projects and principles of good practice in cultural landscape SURWHFWLRQDQGVKDSLQJDVZHOODVVSDWLDOPDQDJHPHQW 'HSHQGLQJRQREMHFWLYHVVFLHQWL¿FUHVHDUFKDFWLYLWLHVFDQEHGLYLGHGLQWR two basic categories: basic studies and applied studies. Basic studies involve sci- HQWL¿FLQTXLULHVXQGHUWDNHQZLWKRXWDQ\SUDFWLFDOREMHFWLYHLQRUGHUWRFODULI\XQ- NQRZQSKHQRPHQDDQGGLVFRYHUQHZVFLHQWL¿FODZV7KDWLVZK\EDVLFVWXGLHVDUH also referred to as theoretical studies. Applied studies, on the other hand, aim at DSSO\LQJWKHUHVXOWVZRUNHGRXWE\EDVLFVWXGLHVLQSUDFWLFH7KH\UHVXOWLQPRG- HOVSURWRW\SHVWHFKQRORJLFDOVROXWLRQVHWF7KHREMHFWLYHRIDSSOLHGVWXGLHVLVWR VROYHVSHFL¿FSUREOHPV 6WXGLHV FRQGXFWHG ZLWK WKH ,17(55(* ,,,% &$'6(6 3URMHFW KDYH WKLV SUDFWLFDO DSSOLHG FKDUDFWHU3UDFWLFDO SLORW DFWLYLWLHVZHUHDLPHGDWSUHVHQWLQJ model relationships between activities for cultural landscape planning and spe- FL¿FHFRQRPLFXQGHUWDNLQJVH[HPSOL¿HGE\FKRVHQORFDODGPLQLVWUDWLYHXQLWVRI 3RODQG :KHQFRQVLGHULQJWKHSULQFLSOHVRIJRRGSUDFWLFHZLWKUHIHUHQFHWRVSHFL¿F SLORWSURMHFWVLWLVQHFHVVDU\DERYHDOOWRWDNHDVWDQFHWRZDUGVSODQQLQJDQGVSD- WLDODFWLYLWLHVFRQQHFWHGZLWKODQGVFDSHSURWHFWLRQDQGVKDSLQJ%RWKSLORWSURMHFWV DUHORFDWHGLQVSHFL¿FFRPPXQLWLHVDQGFDQH[HUWDVLJQL¿FDQWLQÀXHQFHRQVSDFH DQGODQGVFDSHVKDSHLQWKHVHDUHDV8QGHUWDNLQJWKHVHSLORWSURMHFWVUHTXLUHGD YHUL¿FDWLRQRIWKHLUORFDWLRQZLWKWKHUHJXODWLRQVRIWKHORFDOVSDWLDOPDQDJHPHQW SODQ WKH FRPPXQLW\ RI:LĞQLRZD DQG REWDLQLQJ DQ DGPLQLVWUDWLYH SHUPLW IRU EXLOGLQJXVHDOWHUDWLRQ WKHFRPPXQLW\RI0LHFKyZ /DQGVFDSHVKDSLQJDQGODQGVFDSHSURWHFWLRQLVVXHVDUHSUHVHQWDWDOOOHYHOV RIVSDWLDOSODQQLQJLQ3RODQG7KH1DWLRQDO6SDWLDO'HYHORSPHQW6FKHPH DWD VFDOH VXLWDEOH IRU WKLV W\SH RI GRFXPHQW GH¿QHV UHTXLUHPHQWV ZLWK UHJDUGV WR HQYLURQPHQWDQGPRQXPHQWSURWHFWLRQWDNLQJLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQSURWHFWHGDUHDV Therefore by default, this regulation also concerns landscape shaping. :LWKLQWKHQXPEHURIGRFXPHQWVZKLFKEXLOGXSWKHWKHPDWLFVFRSHRIWKH voivodeship spatial management plan, we could point out the following: the sys- tem of protected areas, including the areas of environment, nature and landscape 217 .U]\V]WRI*DZURĔVNL protection; health resort protection; natural heritage and monument protection; and the protection of goods of contemporary culture. The voivodeship spatial manage- PHQW SODQ DOZD\V GH¿QHV WKH VRFDOOHG DUHDV XQGHU D VSHFLDO SODQQLQJ UHJLPH These areas constitute the most valuable elements of space exposed to damage as DUHVXOWRILQWHQVLYHGHYHORSPHQWSURFHVVHV>1LHZLDGRPVNL@7KHVHDUHIRU example, ecologically protected areas and areas of restricted land use created on WKHEDVLVRIUHJXODWLRQVVHWRXWLQWKH$FWRQ1DWXUH3URWHFWLRQ>8VWDZDD@ 6SDWLDOSODQQLQJUHJXODWLRQVIRUWKHVWXGLHGFRPPXQLWLHVFRYHUDZLGHUDQJH of issues regarding landscape protection and shaping. A community study of the conditions and directions of the spatial man- DJHPHQWGHDOVZLWKODQGVFDSHVKDSLQJERWKLQWKHVHFWLRQGH¿QLQJGHYHORSPHQW determinants and in the one identifying spatial planning directions. Among the elements appearing in the context of development determinants, we can mention VSDWLDORUGHUDQGWKHVWDWHRIWKHHQYLURQPHQWDVZHOODVWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVZLWK regards to environment, nature, and landscape protection. On the other hand, the section dealing with directions of spatial development includes regulations, which DUHELQGLQJLQWKHSURFHVVRIORFDOSODQQLQJVXFKDVGH¿QLQJHQYLURQPHQWSUR- tection areas and the principles of environment protection, resources protection, QDWXUHFXOWXUDOODQGVFDSH &/ DQGKHDOWKUHVRUWVSURWHFWLRQ :LWKLQWKHWKHPDWLFDUHDVFRYHUHGE\WKHORFDOVSDWLDOGHYHORSPHQWSODQ ZHFDQ¿QGREOLJDWRU\UHJXODWLRQVFRQFHUQLQJWKHSULQFLSOHVRIVSDWLDORUGHUSUR- WHFWLRQDQGGHYHORSPHQWDQGWKHSULQFLSOHVRIHQYLURQPHQWQDWXUHDQG&/SUR- WHFWLRQ6HSDUDWHUHJXODWLRQVFRQFHUQLQJDUHDVFRYHUHGE\WKHORFDOGHYHORSPHQW SODQDQGUHIHUULQJWRODQGVFDSHFDQEHDOVRIRXQGLQWKH$FWRI-XO\RQ WKH3URWHFWLRQDQG*XDUGLDQVKLSRI+LVWRULFDO0RQXPHQWV>8VWDZDF@WKH $FWRQ1DWXUH3URWHFWLRQ>8VWDZD@WKH$FWRQ1DWXUH3URWHFWLRQ>8VWDZD D@DQGRWKHUV &XOWXUDOODQGVFDSHSURWHFWLRQDQGVKDSLQJFDQEHDOVRGHDOWZLWKLQYRLYRGH- ship and community development strategies. A strategy, in the most general sense, LVDPHWKRGRIDFKLHYLQJSUHYLRXVO\GH¿QHGREMHFWLYHVWKURXJKFRQWUROOLQJGH- YHORSPHQWDQGHQJDJLQJLQWKHUHDOL]DWLRQSURFHVV>3UXVHN@$VWUDWHJ\XQ- derstood in such a way consists of the following: an active relationship to reality HYDOXDWLRQDQGGH¿QLWLRQRIGHYHORSPHQWSRVVLELOLWLHVDQGPHWKRGVRIFRQGXFW 6WUDWHJLHVDUHGHYHORSHGLIDJLYHQXQLWH[SUHVVHVZLOOLQJQHVVWRDFWDQGPDQDJH development processes effectively. ,QWKHFRQGLWLRQVRIPDUNHWHFRQRP\HDFKUDWLRQDOO\DFWLQJXQLWLQFOXGLQJ a community, should implement strategic policies understood as a system of long- WHUPREMHFWLYHVWDVNVDQGSULQFLSOHVRILPSDFWDQGUHDOL]DWLRQRIGHYHORSPHQW