LIBRARY ^ University of California. GIFT OF GEORGE MOREY RICHARDSON. Received, ^August, i8g8. zAcc&ssion Class No. No. /; £ .»3 /^S" ..sS .../.^ ^ .^ AN ILLUSTRATED DICTIONARY XENOPHON'S ANABASIS, GBOUPS OF WORDS ETYMOLOGICALLY RELATED. JOHN WILLIAMS WHITE, Ph.D. (Harv.), Professor of Greek, AND MORRIS H. MORGAN, Ph.D. (Harv.), Assistant Professor of Greek and Latin, IN Harvard Univerbkcy. f university] Kal 07} KaPy'o^ve^i rwy ompCarwu ou fffJLLKpbv Tvyx^vei ov fiddrj/Ma. Plat. Crat. 384 b. BOSTON, U.S.A.: PUBLISHED BY GINN & COMPANY. 18 92. Copyright, 1891, !t JOHN WILLIAMS WHITE and MORRIS H. MORGAN. All Rights Reserved. Typography by J. S. Gushing & Co., Boston, U.S.A. Presswork by Ginn & Co., Boston, U.S.A. PREFACE. This Dictionary has not been compiled from other vocabularies and lexicons, but has been made from the Anabasis itself, on the basis of an independent collection and examination of all the places where each word occurs. The editors have aimed to give all words found in the principal editions of the Anabasis now in use, including Dindorf's fourth edition and Hug's recension of the Teubner text, as well as the editions of Kriiger, Vollbrecht, Rehdantz and Cobet, and Goodwin and White's edition of the first four books. In the definitions, they have intended to give all the meanings that each word has in the Anabasis, beginning, when possible, with the etymological meaning, and passing through the sirnpler varia- tions to the more remote. Each meaning or group of meanings is supported by at least one citation. The number of citations given, except in the case of conjunctions, particles, pronouns, and prepo- sitions, is determined by the importance of the word as shown by the frequency of its occurrence in the Anabasis. When a word is of common occurrence in all the books (as "EXXrjv and epxo- (lai), this is indicated by a row of one or more citations from each book. But a few words, like KaTa/catVco, though not common, are cited at length because their treatment in lexicons has been defective. Under each word the first passage in which it occurs is always cited. When but one citation is made for a word, that word is found only once in the Anabasis. In treating of the derivation of words, special attention has been given to their connexion with one another and with related words in Latin and English. Because of the importance of this subject, etymological explanations have for the most part been removed from the body of the Dictionary, and added at the end in the form of one hundred and twenty-four groups of related Greek, Latin, and English words. These groups include the greater number of the words in the Anabasis, presented in the natural order of their development from a common element. The groups are not complete for the entire language, since they contain in the main only words found in the Anabasis and selected Latin and English words. For a fuller treatment, Vanicek's GriecJnsch-Latehiisches Etymologisches Worterbuch may be consulted, as well as the books named on page 247. These groups should be specially and sepa- rately studied. Too little attention is given to the manner in which pupils acquire their Greek vocabulary. The result is often a confused half-knowledge of the meaning of words. The acquisi- tion of a vocabulary becomes both easy and interesting, if the method is used which recognizes the great advantage of grouping words that are related. At the end of many articles are placed phrases or idioms of special difficulty or interest in which the given word appears. Li selecting English equivalents for these phrases, as for the words themselves, the editors have been governed by a desire to keep the Greek ideas alive, and to avoid that strange dialect which seems to have been devised by the Adversary for the express use of schools, and which has done much to make Greek (and Latin also) a dead language indeed. Further, at the suggestion of a well-known teacher, Latin equivalents have been given for many Greek words and phrases, in the hope of encouraging the compara- tive 'study of the two languages in schools. Latin words, unlesw included within squar-e brackets, are of course not necessarily ety- mological equivalents. Simple constructions that follow a given verb, such as the 'dii'ect' or 'indirect object,' are not indicated unless some other construction also is found in the Anabasis w-ith this verb. When more than one construction is found, at least one citation is given for each. It may be thought that some articles are swelled beyond their due limits by the statement of constructions at length, but the editors have preferred to risk this criticism rather than to be too brief. They believe, too, that the fulness with which such words are treated will be found of real assistance by many teach- ers, especially by those who teach Greek composition by means of exercises based on the Anabasis. ' Among the principal parts ' of verbs, only those tenses have been admitted of which forms are actually found in Attic prose or poetry before Aristotle. To ascertain the facts has been a task of no little difficulty, since, except for the ' irregular verbs,' the present attempt has not before been made in a Greek dictionary. Yeitch's well-known work has been of great assistance, and so have various indexes to the most important authors. But there must still be many Attic forms not yet catalogued. No tense, however, is here given which is not represented by a form in some Attic author. Under geographical words, the modern name, when it differs from the ancient, is generally added in parenthesis (see e.g/'AXvi). As many of these names are Turkish, the following vocabulary may be of service. It is taken from Dr. Sterrett's preface to his Ejngraphical Journey in Asia Minor, in Vol. II. of the Papers of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. Ak, white. Kieni, village. Boy ilk, large. Kilisse, church. Dagh, mountain. Kizil, red. Hissar, castle. 8ii, water, large river. Irmak, large river. Tchai, small river. Kara, black. The Greek vowels a, i, and v, when long, and all long vowels in Latin words, are marked with the usual sign wherever they occur in the Dictionary. The same mark is placed on the penult of English transliterations of Greek and Latin proper substantives and adjectives in all cases where the pupil is in danger of giving the English word the wrong accent. The editors hope that the illustrations and the articles on man- ners and customs, on military organization and equipment, and on other topics relating to the objective side of old Greek life, may help to arouse the pupil's interest as he reads Xenophon's graphic account of the achievements of the Ten Thousand. As works of art, some of the illustrations leave much to be desired, but they may nevertheless serve to make Xenophon's narrative seem more real to the youthful reader. The sources of the illustrations are stated on page 243 ff. The publication of this book discharges an obligation which Mr. White rashly assumed many years ago. He would not be able VI to meet it now if his colleague, INIr. IVIorgan, had not come to his aid. Mr. White begs to acknowledge his obligations for assist- ance when the book was in the early stages of making, to Gardiner M. Lane, Esq., of Cambridge, to Dr. F. B. Goddard, of Columbia College, and to Professor F. L. Van Cleef, of the University of Wisconsin. Both editors would acknowledge their more recent indebtedness for valuable help to Mr. Charles B. Gulick and to Miss Lucy A. Paton. Cambkidge, Dec. 1, 1891. DIRECTIONS AND EXPLANATIONS. When a verb is 'regular' and all the six 'principal parts' are found in Attic Greek, only the present and future tenses are given, ' followed by etc. The parts of irregular verbs ' are given in full, so far as they occur in the authors, as well as all the existing parts of those 'regular' verbs of which some parts are not found in Attic. The theme is inserted among the 'principal parts,' just after the present tense, unless the verb is of the First or Variable-vowel class. A hyphen prefixed to a tense signifies that the tense occurs only in compounds. The parts of a compound verb are not given if the simple verb occui-s in its proper place in this Dictionary. The form of the genitive is given for substantives of the A- declension, the gender is indicated in the 0-declension, and both genitive and gender are given in the Consonant-declension. The derivation of the word is indicated in square brackets just before the definition. When the root or word given in these brackets is in heavy-face letter, refer to the Groups of Related Words alphabetically arranged (p. 247 if.). If a word is given in light-face type in these brackets, without further statement, refer to that word in its proper alphabetical place in the body of the Dictionary. If no square brackets occur, the derivation of the word is unknown or its etymological connexion is doubtful. Eng- lish cognate words are printed in small capitals, English borrowed words in heavy-face letter. (See p. 247.) For information in regard to the illustrations, see p. 243 ff. The following Abbreviations are used : — abs. — absolute, absolutely. adv. = adverb, adverbial, adverbi- acc. = accusative. ally. ace. to = according to. antec. = antecedent. act.