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Source Rock Potential of Lower-Middle Miocene Lacustrine Deposits: Example of the Küçükkuyu Formation, Nw Turkey

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Source Rock Potential of Lower-Middle Miocene Lacustrine Deposits: Example of the Küçükkuyu Formation, Nw Turkey Oil Shale, 2015, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 313–334 ISSN 0208-189X doi: 10.3176/oil.2015.4.03 © 2015 Estonian Academy Publishers SOURCE ROCK POTENTIAL OF LOWER-MIDDLE MIOCENE LACUSTRINE DEPOSITS: EXAMPLE OF THE KÜÇÜKKUYU FORMATION, NW TURKEY AYŞE BOZCU* Department of Geological Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Terzioğlu Campus, 17100 Çanakkale, Turkey Abstract. The purpose of this study was to examine the geological, strati- graphic and organic geochemical features of the Küçükkuyu Formation out- cropping on Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey. The Lower-Middle Miocene forma- tion crops out around the Gulf of Edremit and near Bayramiç-Çan in the north of the Kazdağ Mountains. The unit is composed of shale, siltstone and sandstone intercalations. The shale is bituminous and represents a potential source rock in the region. Shale samples from the formation were investigated. Rock-Eval pyrolysis, vitrinite reflectance (Ro %), gas chromatography (GC), stable C isotope and total sulfur measurements were carried out. The shale is characterized by high total organic carbon (TOC) values (0.27 to 7.44 wt%, average 1.69 wt%), indicating a good potential source rock. The kerogen types are II and III, indicating the shale to be gas and oil-prone. Tmax values are between 352 and 453 °C, the average value suggesting early catagenesis. The pristane/ phytane (Pr/Ph) values reveal suboxic and anoxic environments. Carbon preference index (CPI) and C isotope values reveal terrestrial OM. Geological and stratigraphic evaluations and total sulfur (TS) figures indicate that the Küçükkuyu Formation was deposited in a suboxic-anoxic, freshwater environment (lacustrine), developing brackish water conditions from time to time. Keywords: Küçükkuyu Formation, Miocene, bituminous shale, source rock, Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey. 1. Introduction The study area is located north of the Gulf of Edremit, northwestern Anatolia (Fig. 1). The area of interest is southwest and north of the Kazdağ Massif on Biga Peninsula. The peninsula and surroundings are an important source region for industrial minerals, ore deposits and fossil fuel (especially * Corresponding author: e- mail [email protected] 314 Ayşe Bozcu Fig. 1. Location map of Biga Peninsula and generalized geological map of the Gulf of Edremit and surroundings, northwestern Turkey, with the location of the studied areas (revised from [36, 37]). lignite) in Turkey. The Küçükkuyu Formation is widely exposed on Biga Peninsula to the north and south of the Gulf of Edremit and represents a potential petroleum source rock in the region. In this study, stratigraphy and Source Rock Potential of Lower-Middle Miocene Lacustrine Deposits... 315 source rock characteristics of the formation outcropping on Biga Peninsula were investigated. The formation is composed of alternating shale, siltstone and sandstone and is Early-Middle Miocene age. The shale units are thin- bedded, laminated and bituminous. The hydrocarbon (HC) potential of the formation has been mentioned in previous studies [1–5]. Saka [1] refers to oil seepages in the Küçükkuyu Formation. Siyako et al. [2] indicate that the total organic carbon (TOC) values of the shale samples from the Küçükkuyu Formation ranged from 0.30– 1.17 wt% and volcanism in the region was negative in terms of organic matter maturity. According to Kesgin [3], TOC, S2, hydrogen index (HI), kerogen type, Tmax and vitrinite reflectance (Ro) values of the Küçükkuyu Formation show that the formation had source rock potential. Kerogen of the samples is Type III indicating gas prone. According to Çiftçi et al. [4], elements occurring in active hydrocarbon systems are present in the area surrounding the Gulf of Edremit. The hydro- carbon potential of the northern Aegean Sea and the adjacent Turkish land area is of particular interest. The Prinos oil field of Greece in the north- western part of the study area, gas fields in the Thrace Basin in the north and other hydrocarbon seeps in the region increase the potential of the region. In addition, the authors revealed TOC contents of the Küçükkuyu Formation were generally higher than 0.5% and HI values were up to 600 mg HC/g TOC. Kerogen has been characterized as Type II or Type III. A total of 275 outcrops and boreholes samples were analyzed by Çiftçi et al. [5] in the graben fill, all of western Anatolian graben basins, including the Edremit Graben. In this work, analysis values of all 275 samples are evaluated together. The total organic carbon (TOC) average was 2.34%, and 80% of the samples had more than 0.5% TOC. Organic matter is generally amorphous and herbaceous, with coaly material. The hydrogen index and kerogen type show a wide range of distribution. Most of the kerogen samples are Type II, indicating a good oil-generative potential of the lacustrine shales of the region. Type III kerogen also exists and suggests that the organic matter is both oil and gas generative at maturation. The pyrolysis Tmax values indicate that the outcrop samples are generally immature to mature for hydrocarbon generation whereas maturation is apparently increased in bore- hole samples, which are within the oil window. Investigation of outcrop area and source rock characteristics of bituminous shale of western and northwestern Anatolia is important. Well drilling by the Turkish Petroleum Corporation (TPAO) in Gömeç in the southern part of the Gulf of Edremit, Edremit-1 well (1988) in the Gulf of Edremit, petroleum exploration drilling in Alaşehir (1998 and 2008), and Anafartalar-1 well drilling for natural gas in the Gulf of Saros (2008) have all produced gas. Bituminous shales of Biga Peninsula may be an important source rock for these hydrocarbons. 316 Ayşe Bozcu 2. Geology and stratigraphy The basement of the Tertiary units on Biga Peninsula is comprised of tectono-stratigraphic units of different origin and age (Figs. 1, 2). These are: Fig. 2. Geological map showing outcrops of the Küçükkuyu Formation on Biga Peninsula and section locations (revised from [38]). Source Rock Potential of Lower-Middle Miocene Lacustrine Deposits... 317 (i) Kazdağ Group; (ii) Çamlıca Group (Çamlıca Metamorphics); (iii) Karakaya Complex; and (iv) Çetmi Ophiolitic Melange [6–10]. In the region, a very thick magmatic sequence (> 2500 m) with various chemical compositions formed in the Eocene-Pliocene interval. The sequence has an interfingering contact with sedimentary rocks in places [11]. In the region, terrestrial deposits also developed with volcanic rocks in the Early-Middle Miocene. These are bituminous shale, claystone with inter- calations of coal, siltstone, sandstone and tuff [1, 2]. The Küçükkuyu Formation was deposited during this period in the northern part of the Gulf of Edremit, around Küçükkuyu and north of the Kazdağ Massif around Kızılelma on Biga Peninsula. The Lower-Middle Miocene Küçükkuyu Formation [1] starts with a conglomerate level, continues through sandstone- shale alternations, with observed tuff levels above, and ends with sandstone. The bituminous shale of the formation has source rock potential. The forma- tion is divided into three members. The lowest is the Kızılyar Conglomerate, the tuffs are termed the Arıklı Tuff, and the upper sandstone forms the Adatepe Sandstone member. The formation is overlain unconformably by the İlyasbaşı Formation [1] (Fig. 3). In the Upper Miocene-Pliocene, conglomerate, sandstone, shale, lignite and volcano-clastic layers were deposited and reflect fluvial and lacustrine environments. These sediments show lateral and vertical transition to shallow marine sandstone, conglomerate, shale, marl and oolitic limestones [2]. At the end of the Late Miocene in the region, volcanic activity was renewed and alkali basalts crop out along the young faults formed by extensional tectonics [12]. 2.1. The Küçükkuyu Formation Alternating bituminous shale and sandstone crop out extensively around the Gulf of Edremit. Three different members are distinguished on the basis of lithological and stratigraphic characteristics [1]. These are: the Kızılyar Conglomerate, the Arıklı Tuff and the Adatepe Sandstone. The Kızılyar Conglomerate consists of reddish, weakly cemented conglomerate and sandstone. The conglomerate is reddish, dark purplish-red and purple coloured, well rounded but poorly sorted and consists of andesite, chert, alkaline lava pebbles and coarse-grained sandstone layers around Kızılyar village (Fig. 4a). The age of the conglomerate is Early Miocene [1, 2, 4]. The depositional environment of the unit was braided-river and/or steeply dipping alluvial fan [13]. Lateral thickness change and geometry of the unit reflect sedimentation of fan sediments in a section near Kızılyar village. Sedimentation conditions and lithological properties of the con- glomerate indicate that the formation formed in a fault-controlled basin. Volcanics (Doyran Volcanics) and volcaniclastics with terrestrial con- glomerates (Kızılyar Conglomerate) occur in the lower part of the formation. Above this, the main facies consist of shale, siltstone and sandstone inter- calations (Fig. 4b). The shale is greenish-brownish grey, dark grey and black 318 Ayşe Bozcu Fig. 3. Stratigraphic column of the Küçükkuyu Formation. (Abbreviations used: U. – Upper; Vol. – volcanics). Source Rock Potential of Lower-Middle Miocene Lacustrine Deposits... 319 Fig. 4. Field photographs of the Küçükkuyu Formation: a – close-up view of the Kızılyar Conglomerate, b – bituminous shale-sandstone alternation, c – Arıklı Tuff member, d – Adatepe Sandstone
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