DOCSLIB.ORG

Legal Analysis of the Measures Adopted by Mediterranean Coastal States to Minimize the Impact of Fishing Activities on Marine Ecosystems and Non-Target Species

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Legal Analysis of the Measures Adopted by Mediterranean Coastal States to Minimize the Impact of Fishing Activities on Marine Ecosystems and Non-Target Species Project for the preparation of a Strategic Action Plan for the conservation of biological Diversity in the Mediterranean Region (SAP BIO) LEGALLEGAL ANALYSISANALYSIS OFOF THETHE MEASURESMEASURES ADOPTEDADOPTED BYBY MEDITERRANEANMEDITERRANEAN COASTALCOASTAL STATESSTATES TOTO MINIMIZEMINIMIZE THETHE IMPACTIMPACT OFOF FISHINGFISHING ACTIVITIESACTIVITIES ONON MARINEMARINE ECOSYSTEMSECOSYSTEMS ANDAND NONNON--TARGETTARGET SPECIESSPECIES Project for the Preparation of a Strategic Action Plan for the Conservation of Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean Region (SAP BIO) LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE MEASURES ADOPTED BY MEDITERRANEAN COASTAL STATES TO MINIMIZE THE IMPACT OF FISHING ACTIVITIES ON MARINE ECOSYSTEMS AND NON-TARGET SPECIES RAC/SPA - Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas 2003 Note: The designation employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of RAC/SPA and UNEP concerning the legal status of any State, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of their frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in the document are those of the author and not necessarily represented the views of RAC/SPA and UNEP. This document was prepared within the framework of a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) concluded between the Regional Activity Center for Specially Protected Areas (RAC/SPA), and the Fisheries department of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the role to be played by FAO within the framework of SAP BIO project. prepared by Philippe Cacaud Legal Consultant FAO September 2000 Cover photos Guido Gerosa Fulvio Garibaldi Contents INTRODUCTION 1 PART ONE: REGIONAL COOPERATION IN THE FIELDS OF THE 3 ENVIRONMENT AND FISHERIES 1. General background: Regional cooperation for the protection of Mediterranean 4 biological diversity 1.1. Protocol concerning specially protected areas and biological diversity 4 in the Mediterranean (the 1995 Protocol) 1.2. The Monaco Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans 6 1.3. Marine mammals sanctuary 6 2. Regional cooperation for the conservation and management of Mediterranean 7 fisheries 2.1. General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean General Fisheries 7 Commission for the Mediterranean 2.2. In ternational Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas 8 PART TWO: REVIEW OF NATIONAL FISHERIES LEGISLATION 11 1. Albania 13 2. Algeria 22 3. Bosnia Herzegovina 29 4. Croatia 30 5. Cyprus 33 6. Egypt 37 7. European Union 41 8. France 51 9. Greece 63 10. Israel 68 11. Italia 73 12. Lebanon 81 13. Libya 83 14. Malta 84 15. Monaco 96 16. Morocco 98 17. Slovenia 106 18. Spain 108 19. Syria 117 20. Tunisia 119 21. Turkey 122 PART THREE: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 131 1. Conclusions 132 2. Recommendations 134 Annex 1 135 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION In 1999, a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was concluded between FAO and the Regional Activity Center for Specially Protected Areas. This MoU consists of an agreement on the basis of which FAO is required to prepare studies that will serve as an input to the Mediterranean Sea Action Plan (MAP). In this context, the present study was undertaken to help formulate regional guidelines aimed at facilitating the national processes for the elaboration of national strategic action plans to face up to the impact of fishing activities on biological diversity. This study, which is principally based on the information available in the legal database kept by the FAO Legal Office (FAOLEX), analyzes the measures provided for by the Mediterranean coastal states’ national legislation to minimize the impact of fishing activities on marine ecosystems as well as on non-target species and threatened or endangered species. In particular, it examines national laws and regulations with regard to licensing of fishing operations, fishing gear, fishing capacity, marine protected areas, time and area restrictions, incidental catch, data collection and reporting requirements. The FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (hereinafter the Code)1, which is a voluntary instrument, is now widely recognized as the key instrument of reference for fisheries managers throughout the world. The Code provides principles and standards applicable to the conservation, management and development of the world’s fisheries. It calls on states to ensure that an effective legal and administrative framework at local and national level is established for fisheries resource conservation and fisheries management. It is therefore the duty of the states to adopt appropriate legal mechanisms to carry out the objectives set out in fisheries policy or fisheries management plans. The contribution made by legal mechanisms on the topics mentioned above to the protection of biological diversity is best understood in the light of the general principles laid out in the Code. Licensing the fishing operations of national or foreign fishing vessels within waters under national jurisdiction enables coastal states to control access to the fisheries therein and regulate their level of exploitation. The Code puts special emphasis on flag states’ responsibility with regard to fishing operations undertaken by vessels flying their flag on the high seas. Flag states should not only authorize fishing vessels flying their flag to fish on the high seas but also exercise control over those vessels so as to ensure proper application of the Code. In particular, they should ensure that their activities do not undermine the effectiveness of conservation and management measures taken in accordance with international law and adopted at national, subregional, regional or global level (Article 6.11 of the Code). The Code encourages the development and application of selective and environmentally safe fishing gear and practices in order to maintain biological diversity and to conserve the population structure and aquatic ecosystems and protect fish quality. In addition, states and users of aquatic ecosystems are required to minimize waste, catch of non-target species and impacts on associated or dependent species (Article 6.6 of the Code). Consequently, coastal states must obligatorily adopt 1 The Code was unanimously adopted on 31 October 1995 by the FAO Conference. 1 INTRODUCTION appropriate measures regulating fishing gear characteristics and the conditions of their use as well as fishing methods. Recognizing the need to prevent overfishing, the Code urges states to take all necessary measures to eliminate excessive fishing capacity in order to ensure that the fishing effort is commensurate with the productive capacity of the fishery resources and their sustainable utilization (Article 6.4 of the Code). Therefore, states must exercise control over fishing capacity and, where appropriate, implement measures designed to reduce excess fishing capacity. States are required to provide adequate protection of critical fisheries habitats in both marine and fresh water ecosystems so as to ensure the health and viability of the fishery resources (Article 6.8 of the Code). This can be done by establishing marine protected areas or proclaiming temporary or permanent fishing prohibited areas. Since conservation and management measures should be based on the best scientific evidence available, states should assign priority to undertaking research and data collection in order to improve scientific and technical knowledge of fisheries (Article 6.4 of the Code). It is therefore crucial that they devise and implement mechanisms designed to collect information on the fishing activities undertaken by both foreign and national fishing vessels operating within waters under their jurisdiction and by national fishing vessels authorized to fish on the high seas. This study reviews the various arrangements and organizations that have been established to promote regional cooperation in the fields of the environment and fisheries in the Mediterranean (Part 1). It analyses the national fisheries legislation2 enacted by each of the twenty-two coastal states3 surrounding the Mediterranean Basin in order to determine whether the issues mentioned above, that aim at minimizing the impact of fishing on biological diversity, have been adequately addressed within the national legal frameworks (Part 2). Finally, it provides general recommendations designed to improve fisheries legislation with respect to the protection of biological diversity (Part 3). 2 For the purpose of this study, fisheries legislation should be construed as including laws (law, act) and regulations (decrees, orders etc.). 3 This study also includes a review of the European Union fisheries regulations. 2 PART ONE REGIONAL COOPERATION IN THE FIELDS OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND FISHERIES 3 Regional cooperation in the fields of the environment and fisheries 1. Regional cooperation for the protection of Mediterranean biological diversity In 1975, the Mediterranean states adopted the Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP) within the framework of the UNEP regional sea programme. One of the main objectives of this plan was to establish a framework convention for the protection of the Mediterranean environment. The Barcelona Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution, which was adopted on 16 February 1976, entered into force on 12 February 1978. This framework convention is supplemented by a series of 6 implementing protocols dealing with specific aspects of environmental protection4. Of interest for our study is
Load more

Recommended publications
  • References Please Help Making This Preliminary List As Complete As Possible!
    Cypraeidae - important references Please help making this preliminary list as complete as possible! ABBOTT, R.T. (1965) Cypraea arenosa Gray, 1825. Hawaiian Shell News 14(2):8 ABREA, N.S. (1980) Strange goings on among the Cypraea ziczac. Hawaiian Shell News 28 (5):4 ADEGOKE, O.S. (1973) Paleocene mollusks from Ewekoro, southern Nigeria. Malacologia 14:19-27, figs. 1-2, pls. 1-2. ADEGOKE, O.S. (1977) Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Ewekoro Formation (Paleocene) of southeastern Nigeria. Bulletins of American Paleontology 71(295):1-379, figs. 1-6, pls. 1-50. AIKEN, R. P. (2016) Description of two undescribed subspecies and one fossil species of the Genus Cypraeovula Gray, 1824 from South Africa. Beautifulcowries Magazine 8: 14-22 AIKEN, R., JOOSTE, P. & ELS, M. (2010) Cypraeovula capensis - A specie of Diversity and Beauty. Strandloper 287 p. 16 ff AIKEN, R., JOOSTE, P. & ELS, M. (2014) Cypraeovula capensis. A species of diversity and beauty. Beautifulcowries Magazine 5: 38–44 ALLAN, J. (1956) Cowry Shells of World Seas. Georgian House, Melbourne, Australia, 170 p., pls. 1-15. AMANO, K. (1992) Cypraea ohiroi and its associated molluscan species from the Miocene Kadonosawa Formation, northeast Japan. Bulletin of the Mizunami Fossil Museum 19:405-411, figs. 1-2, pl. 57. ANCEY, C.F. (1901) Cypraea citrina Gray. The Nautilus 15(7):83. ANONOMOUS. (1971) Malacological news. La Conchiglia 13(146-147):19-20, 5 unnumbered figs. ANONYMOUS. (1925) Index and errata. The Zoological Journal. 1: [593]-[603] January. ANONYMOUS. (1889) Cypraea venusta Sowb. The Nautilus 3(5):60. ANONYMOUS. (1893) Remarks on a new species of Cypraea.
    [Show full text]
  • SPC Beche-De-Mer Information Bulletin #39 – March 2019
    ISSN 1025-4943 Issue 39 – March 2019 BECHE-DE-MER information bulletin v Inside this issue Editorial Towards producing a standard grade identification guide for bêche-de-mer in This issue of the Beche-de-mer Information Bulletin is well supplied with Solomon Islands 15 articles that address various aspects of the biology, fisheries and S. Lee et al. p. 3 aquaculture of sea cucumbers from three major oceans. An assessment of commercial sea cu- cumber populations in French Polynesia Lee and colleagues propose a procedure for writing guidelines for just after the 2012 moratorium the standard identification of beche-de-mer in Solomon Islands. S. Andréfouët et al. p. 8 Andréfouët and colleagues assess commercial sea cucumber Size at sexual maturity of the flower populations in French Polynesia and discuss several recommendations teatfish Holothuria (Microthele) sp. in the specific to the different archipelagos and islands, in the view of new Seychelles management decisions. Cahuzac and others studied the reproductive S. Cahuzac et al. p. 19 biology of Holothuria species on the Mahé and Amirantes plateaux Contribution to the knowledge of holo- in the Seychelles during the 2018 northwest monsoon season. thurian biodiversity at Reunion Island: Two previously unrecorded dendrochi- Bourjon and Quod provide a new contribution to the knowledge of rotid sea cucumbers species (Echinoder- holothurian biodiversity on La Réunion, with observations on two mata: Holothuroidea). species that are previously undescribed. Eeckhaut and colleagues P. Bourjon and J.-P. Quod p. 27 show that skin ulcerations of sea cucumbers in Madagascar are one Skin ulcerations in Holothuria scabra can symptom of different diseases induced by various abiotic or biotic be induced by various types of food agents.
    [Show full text]
  • Red Tunadishes of Red Tuna from Our Almadraba
    GLUTEN CRUSTACEAN EGGS FISH PEANUTS MUSTARD MILK CELERY FRUIT PEELS SOYA SESAME SULPHUR DIOXIDE LUPINE SHELLFISH OurEntrees olive oil, possibly the best in the world SignatureRed Tunadishes of red tuna from our Almadraba Classic salad Tomato, lettuce, carrots, onions, eggs, olives 5,50 Warm salad of tuna fish 10,00 Tarifa salad Tomates from Conil, bullet tuna from the Almadraba, tender onions 8,00 Carpaccio of tuna loin and monkfish 10,00 King prawn salad Sauted prawns with chicory and green leaves 10,00 Rice with tuna sirloin [min. 2 pers.] [pers.] 12,00 Prawns carpaccio 11,00 Tuna loin tataki 14,00 Roasted octopus in its own juice 14,00 Tuna tartar 14,00 Grilled tiger king prawns 16,00 Tuna loin sashimi 18,00 La Pescadería style clams 16,00 Tuna loin fillet 20,50 White prawns 18,00 Grilled ventresca 23,00 Vegetables cream [consult] 6,00 Tuna tasting menu 4 varieties — Grilled low loin — Ventresca 29,00 — Cheeks — Tataki Fish soup 8,00 TheFish best ofof our thetwo seas Estrecho Fried fish Cooked with the best oil Chickpeas with small cuttlefish, prawns and seaweed 9,00 Fish croquettes 7,00 Spaghetti with clams and king prawns 13,00 Fried anchovies 8,00 Squid in black ink sauce with boiled rice 13,00 Marinated dogfish 8,50 Stuffed fresh pasta of the sea [consult] 12,00 Cuttlefish 10,00 Grilled squid with fresh vegetables 13,00 Special baby squid 14,00 Sea bass au gratin with alioli and blank ink rice 16,00 Fresh monkfish mozarabe style with couscous 17,00 18,00 Min.Rices 2 persons Grilled fresh fish from Tarifa Seafood rice dish [pers.]
    [Show full text]
  • Club Conchylia Mitteilungen Heft 24, Juni 2015 Titelblatt Impressum
    Club Conchylia Mitteilungen Heft 24, Juni 2015 Titelblatt Impressum Verantwortlich i.S.d.P.: Dr. MANFRED HERRMANN, Rosdorf und die Redaktion Herausgegeben vom Club Conchylia e.V., Öhringen, Deutschland Vorstand des Club Conchylia: 1. Vorsitzender 2. Vorsitzender Schatzmeister Dr. MANFRED HERRMANN, Ulmenstrasse 14 ROLAND GÜNTHER, Blücherstrasse 15 STEFFEN FRANKE, Geistenstraße 24 D-37124 Rosdorf D-40477 Düsseldorf D-40476 Düsseldorf Tel.: 0049-(0)551-72055; Fax. -72099 Tel.: 0049-(0)211-6007827 Tel 0049-(0)211 - 514 20 81 E-Mail: [email protected] E-Mail: [email protected] E-Mail: [email protected] Regionale Vorstände: Norddeutschland: Westdeutschland: Süddeutschland: Dr. VOLLRATH WIESE, Hinter dem Kloster 42 HUBERT HENKEL, Elly-Heuss-Knapp-Weg 35 INGO KURTZ, Prof.-Kneib-Str. 10 D-23743 Cismar D-50374 Erftstadt-Lechenich D-55270 Zornheim Tel. / Fax: 0049-(0 )4366-1288 Tel. 0049-(0)2235-680238 Tel.: 0049-(0)6136-758750 E-Mail: [email protected] E-Mail: [email protected] E-Mail: [email protected] Ostdeutschland: Schweiz: ANDREA POHL, Grüner Weg 30 PEER SCHEPANSKI, Am Grünen Hang 23 FRANZ GIOVANOLI, Gstaadmattstr. 13 D-01109 Dresden D-09577 Niederwiesa CH-4452 Itingen Tel.: 0049 (0)351-889 37 77 Tel.: 0049 (0)1577-517 44 03 Tel.: 0041- 61- 971 15 48 E-Mail: [email protected] E-Mail: [email protected] E-Mail: [email protected] Redaktion Conchylia + Acta Conchyliorum: Redaktion Club Conchylia Mitteilungen: KLAUS GROH ROLAND HOFFMANN Hinterbergstr. 15 Eichkoppelweg 14a D-67098 Bad Dürkheim D-24119 Kronshagen Tel.: 0049-(0)6322-988 70 68 Tel.: 0049-(0)431-583 68 81 E-Mail: [email protected] E-Mail: [email protected] Bank-Konto des Club Conchylia e.V.: Volksbank Mitte eG, Konto Nr.
    [Show full text]
  • The Story of Atlantic Bluefin Tuna Is One of Intrigue, Filled with International Drama, Mafia Connections, and Plot Twists Worthy of a Movie
    A brief from Sept 2017 Richard Herrmann The Story of Atlantic Bluefin Science-based management will ensure a healthy future Overview The story of Atlantic bluefin tuna is one of intrigue, filled with international drama, mafia connections, and plot twists worthy of a movie. The main character—Thunnus thynnus—is the largest and most athletic tuna, which can grow to the size of a small car and travel nearly as fast as one too. An Atlantic bluefin starts out no bigger than an eyelash and grows to several hundred pounds and more than 6 feet in length in less than a decade. Unlike most fish species, Atlantic bluefin are warm-blooded; the heat created in their huge swimming muscles enables bursting speed, sharp vision, and thought processing second to none in the fish world. They are among the Atlantic’s top predators, with few species they won’t eat—and even fewer that eat them. The fleets of fishing vessels plying the Atlantic—and hoping to cash in on the value that the species has in sushi markets in Japan and high-end restaurants around the world—present the greatest threat to the Atlantic bluefin. Fishermen are often paid more than $10,000 for a single Atlantic bluefin right at the dock. The value of a high- quality fish at the final point of sale can be tens of thousands of dollars. These transactions add up to be big business. A recent estimate set the value of Atlantic bluefin fishing at nearly $200 million at the dock in 2014— and over $800 million at the final point of sale.1 Experts estimate that, pound for pound, this species is the most valuable tuna in the world and likely the most valuable fish in the Atlantic Ocean or the Mediterranean Sea.
    [Show full text]
  • (Sdf) for National Inventories of Natural Sites of Conservation Interest
    UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME MEDITERRANEAN ACTION PLAN REGIONAL ACTIVITY CENTRE FOR SPECIALLY PROTECTED AREAS (RAC/SPA) STANDARD DATA-ENTRY FORM (SDF) FOR NATIONAL INVENTORIES OF NATURAL SITES OF CONSERVATION INTEREST UNEP RAC/SPA-TUNIS, 2002 page 1 INTRODUCTION The Protocol concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean and the Action plan for the Protection of the Marine Environment and the Sustainable Development of the Coastal Areas of the Mediterranean (MAP Phase II), adopted by the Contracting Parties to the Barcelona Convention in 1995, contain provisions for the preparation of inventories at national as well as regional level. Central to the success of Barcelona Convention and its protocols is the level of information on habitats and species of Mediterranean interest which will be assembled during the coming years. In this regard, the quantitative and qualitative improvement of the level of information attained within the implementation of these instruments will have to be regarded as an indicator of their performance. In this context, and following a specific provision of MAP Phase II to prepare inventories according to common criteria, the Contracting Parties adopted at their 10th Ordinary Meeting (Tunis, 18-21 November 1997) criteria for the establishment of national inventories of natural sites of conservation interest. The criteria provide that "Information concerning each inventoried site will be compiled according to a standard format, which will have to be agreed by the Parties upon a proposal from the Centre. Such information will include, but will not necessarily be limited to, the fields detailed in Appendix I to these criteria." (Art.
    [Show full text]
  • Peces Marinos De Valor Comercial Del Estado De Nayarit, México
    PECES MARINOS DE VALOR COMERCIAL DEL ESTADO DE NAYARIT, MÉXICO INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE PESCA CENTRO REGIONAL DE INVESTIGACIÓN PESQUERA BAHÍA DE BANDERAS, NAYARIT PEDRO ANTONIO ULLOA RAMÍREZ JOSÉ LUIS PATIÑO VALENCIA MARÍA DE LOURDES GUEVARA RASCADO SHERMAN HERNÁNDEZ VENTURA RAMÓN SÁNCHEZ REGALADO ALEJANDRO PÉREZ VELÁZQUEZ 2008 PECES MARINOS DE VALOR COMERCIAL DEL ESTADO DE NAYARIT, MÉXICO MÉXICO, 2008 PECES MARINOS DE VALOR COMERCIAL DEL ESTADO DE NAYARIT, MÉXICO PEDRO ANTONIO ULLOA RAMÍREZ JOSÉ LUIS PATIÑO VALENCIA MARÍA DE LOURDES GUEVARA RASCADO SHERMAN HERNÁNDEZ VENTURA RAMÓN SÁNCHEZ REGALADO ALEJANDRO PÉREZ VELÁZQUEZ INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE PESCA CENTRO REGIONAL DE INVESTIGACIÓN PESQUERA BAHÍA DE BANDERAS, NAYARIT 2008 Primera edición, 2008 © Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería, Desarrollo Rural, Pesca y Alimentación © Instituto Nacional de Pesca Centro Regional de Investigación Pesquera de Bahía de Banderas, Nayarit ISBN 978-968-800-731-0 D. R. Derechos reservados conforme a la ley. Impreso en México. DIRECTORIO ALBERTO CÁRDENAS JIMÉNEZ Secretario de Agricultura, Ganadería, Desarrollo Rural, Pesca y Alimentación MIGUEL ÁNGEL CISNEROS MATA Director en Jefe del Instituto Nacional de Pesca LUIS FRANCISCO BELÉNDEZ MORENO Director General de Investigación Pesquera en el Pacífico Norte IGNACIO MÉNDEZ GÓMEZ-HUMARÁN Director General de Investigación Pesquera en el Pacífico Sur JESÚS JURADO MOLINA Director General de Investigación Pesquera en el Atlántico MARCO LINNÉ UNZUETA BUSTAMANTE Director General de Investigación en Acuacultura Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería, Desarrollo Rural, Pesca y Alimentación Municipio Libre No. 377. Col. Santa Cruz Atoyac. Delegación Benito Juárez, C.P. 03310. México, D. F. Instituto Nacional de Pesca Pitágoras No. 1320. Col. Santa Cruz Atoyac. Delegación Benito Juárez, C.P.
    [Show full text]
  • Trebeurden Bay Sport Fishery, Described by Fonteneau and Le Person (BFT SYMP/017)
    BFT SYMPOSIUM – SANTANDER 2008 REPORT OF THE WORLD SYMPOSIUM FOR THE STUDY INTO THE STOCK FLUCTUATION OF NORTHERN BLUEFIN TUNAS (THUNNUS THYNNUS AND THUNNUS ORIENTALIS), INCLUDING THE HISTORIC PERIODS (Santander, Spain – April 22 to 24, 2008) 1. Background The aim of the Symposium was to provide a deeper investigation of events that took place decades ago and to improve the understanding of these intriguing past events. This information should further help in improving current management and conservation measures for bluefin tuna fisheries. The Symposium was a response to a recommendation of the Standing Committee on Research and Statistics (SCRS) in 2006. Previous studies carried out within the framework of ICCAT have stressed the disappearance of some past fisheries or the drastic fall in the yields of others that generate changes in the spatial distribution of the catches. Although these events occurred in past decades, they have marked the future of the fisheries. In the Atlantic, these events occurred in the 1960s, whereas in the Pacific, during the late 1800s and early 1900s, several fisheries that occurred in northern Japan suddenly disappeared, while more recently, several new fisheries have started in the Sea of Japan and coastal areas of northern Japan. The Symposium was jointly organized by ICCAT and the Instituto Español de Oceanografía-IEO (Spanish Institute of Oceanography). 2. Opening The Symposium was open on April 22, 2008 with an official opening ceremony presided by Dr. Fabio Hazin, ICCAT Chair. Dr. Hazin thanked the Government of Cantabria and the city of Santander for hosting the meeting. The ICCAT Chair emphasized the opportunity of the Symposium in a time when the stock of North Atlantic bluefin tuna, particularly in the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea, is facing one of the worst crises in the history of the fishery.
    [Show full text]
  • Reproduction, Development, Processes of Feeding and Notes on the Early Life History of the Commercial Sea Cucumber Parastichopus Californicus (Stimpson)
    REPRODUCTION, DEVELOPMENT, PROCESSES OF FEEDING AND NOTES ON THE EARLY LIFE HISTORY OF THE COMMERCIAL SEA CUCUMBER PARASTICHOPUS CALIFORNICUS (STIMPSON) J. Lane Cameron B.Sc., Brigham Young University, 1978 M.Sc., Brigham Young University, 1980 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Department of Biological Sciences @ J. Lane Cameron 1985 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY July 1985 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL Name: J. Lane Cameron Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Title of Thesis: Reproduction, Development, Early Life History and Processes of Feeding in a Commercial Sea Cucumber Paras~ichopus alifornicus (Stimpson) Examining Committee: Chairman: Dr. L.M. Srivastava .. .- - - .----.---- -- . / Dr. P.V. Fankboner, Senior Supervisor , " Dr. M.J.V Smith, Public Examiner Dr. E.B. Hartwick - .. -- - f7 Dr. R.D. Burke, University of Victoria, External Examiner Dr. N.A. Sloan, Biological Station, Nanimo - - \ lit Examiner Date Approved: PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENSE I hereby grant to Simon Fraser University the right to lend my thesis, proJect or extended essay (the title of which is shown below) to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. I further agree that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by me or the Dean of Graduate Studies.
    [Show full text]
  • An Annotated Checklist of the Marine Macroinvertebrates of Alaska David T
    NOAA Professional Paper NMFS 19 An annotated checklist of the marine macroinvertebrates of Alaska David T. Drumm • Katherine P. Maslenikov Robert Van Syoc • James W. Orr • Robert R. Lauth Duane E. Stevenson • Theodore W. Pietsch November 2016 U.S. Department of Commerce NOAA Professional Penny Pritzker Secretary of Commerce National Oceanic Papers NMFS and Atmospheric Administration Kathryn D. Sullivan Scientific Editor* Administrator Richard Langton National Marine National Marine Fisheries Service Fisheries Service Northeast Fisheries Science Center Maine Field Station Eileen Sobeck 17 Godfrey Drive, Suite 1 Assistant Administrator Orono, Maine 04473 for Fisheries Associate Editor Kathryn Dennis National Marine Fisheries Service Office of Science and Technology Economics and Social Analysis Division 1845 Wasp Blvd., Bldg. 178 Honolulu, Hawaii 96818 Managing Editor Shelley Arenas National Marine Fisheries Service Scientific Publications Office 7600 Sand Point Way NE Seattle, Washington 98115 Editorial Committee Ann C. Matarese National Marine Fisheries Service James W. Orr National Marine Fisheries Service The NOAA Professional Paper NMFS (ISSN 1931-4590) series is pub- lished by the Scientific Publications Of- *Bruce Mundy (PIFSC) was Scientific Editor during the fice, National Marine Fisheries Service, scientific editing and preparation of this report. NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115. The Secretary of Commerce has The NOAA Professional Paper NMFS series carries peer-reviewed, lengthy original determined that the publication of research reports, taxonomic keys, species synopses, flora and fauna studies, and data- this series is necessary in the transac- intensive reports on investigations in fishery science, engineering, and economics. tion of the public business required by law of this Department.
    [Show full text]
  • Glossary for the Echinodermata
    February 2011 Christina Ball ©RBCM Phil Lambert GLOSSARY FOR THE ECHINODERMATA OVERVIEW The echinoderms are a globally distributed and morphologically diverse group of invertebrates whose history dates back 500 million years (Lambert 1997; Lambert 2000; Lambert and Austin 2007; Pearse et al. 2007). The group includes the sea stars (Asteroidea), sea cucumbers (Holothuroidea), sea lilies and feather stars (Crinoidea), the sea urchins, heart urchins and sand dollars (Echinoidea) and the brittle stars (Ophiuroidea). In some areas the group comprises up to 95% of the megafaunal biomass (Miller and Pawson 1990). Today some 13,000 species occur around the world (Pearse et al. 2007). Of those 13,000 species 194 are known to occur in British Columbia (Lambert and Boutillier, in press). The echinoderms are a group of almost exclusively marine organisms with the few exceptions living in brackish water (Brusca and Brusca 1990). Almost all of the echinoderms are benthic, meaning that they live on or in the substrate. There are a few exceptions to this rule. For example several holothuroids (sea cucumbers) are capable of swimming, sometimes hundreds of meters above the sea floor (Miller and Pawson 1990). One species of holothuroid, Rynkatorpa pawsoni, lives as a commensal with a deep-sea angler fish (Gigantactis macronema) (Martin 1969). While the echinoderms are a diverse group, they do share four unique features that define the group. These are pentaradial symmetry, an endoskeleton made up of ossicles, a water vascular system and mutable collagenous tissue. While larval echinoderms are bilaterally symmetrical the adults are pentaradially symmetrical (Brusca and Brusca 1990). All echinoderms have an endoskeleton made of calcareous ossicles (figure 1).
    [Show full text]
  • European Red List of Non-Marine Molluscs Annabelle Cuttelod, Mary Seddon and Eike Neubert
    European Red List of Non-marine Molluscs Annabelle Cuttelod, Mary Seddon and Eike Neubert European Red List of Non-marine Molluscs Annabelle Cuttelod, Mary Seddon and Eike Neubert IUCN Global Species Programme IUCN Regional Office for Europe IUCN Species Survival Commission Published by the European Commission. This publication has been prepared by IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) and the Natural History of Bern, Switzerland. The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN, the Natural History Museum of Bern or the European Union concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN, the Natural History Museum of Bern or the European Commission. Citation: Cuttelod, A., Seddon, M. and Neubert, E. 2011. European Red List of Non-marine Molluscs. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Design & Layout by: Tasamim Design - www.tasamim.net Printed by: The Colchester Print Group, United Kingdom Picture credits on cover page: The rare “Hélice catalorzu” Tacheocampylaea acropachia acropachia is endemic to the southern half of Corsica and is considered as Endangered. Its populations are very scattered and poor in individuals. This picture was taken in the Forêt de Muracciole in Central Corsica, an occurrence which was known since the end of the 19th century, but was completely destroyed by a heavy man-made forest fire in 2000.
    [Show full text]