Abdera, 75, 93, 127, 218, 242, 274 Abydos, 91, 94, 102, 106, 108

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Abdera, 75, 93, 127, 218, 242, 274 Agora (at Athens), 81, 239 Abydos, 91, 94, 102, 106, 108, 122, 125, Agyrrhius, 121 164, 281 Ajax, 61 Acharnae, 267, 269 Alcibiades, 22, 31, 42, 76, 82, 85, 137, 138, Acharnians (play of Aristophanes), 161, 163 12, 17, 146, 200, 213, 250, 261, fall out of favor at Athens, 96–97 262, 309 his campaigns in Thrace during the Acoris (Egyptian king), 38, 39, 129 Peloponnesian War, 94–97, 106–9, Acropolis of Athens, 54 163, 276 Adeimantus, 108, 150 his capture of Selymbria, 22, 23 adventurers, adventurism, 60, 110, 136, 297 his estates in Thrace, 96–97 Aeacus, 61 his horsemanship, 228 Aegina, 61 his many changes in character, 141 Aegospotami, battle of, 34, 35, 36, 90, 91, his many changes of allegiance, 90 96, 116, 125, 131, 138, 276 his relationship with Thrasybulus, Aenus, 87, 260, 261, 274, 275 91–92 Aeschines, 18, 19, 267, 272, 304 his speech in favor of the Sicilian Aeschylus, 16, 17, 154, 257 Expedition, 226 Aetolia, the Aetolians, 260 his ties to Thrace and other Against Aristocrates (work of Thracophiles, 103–4, 106–9, Demosthenes), 47, 134, 216, 291 155 Against Neaera (work of his usefulness to Athens, 91 pseudo-Demosthenes), 165 and Persia, 37 Agamemnon, 119, 214 as potential tyrant, 5, 176 Agesilaus, 38, 116, 117, 171 and Sparta, 140 in Egypt, 38, 40 Alcmeonids, the, 53, 57 and Xenophon, 110, 117 Alexander I of Macedon, 72 agō. nSee competition Alexander II of Macedon, 127

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© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03053-4 - Athens, Thrace, and the Shaping of Athenian Leadership Matthew A. Sears Index More information

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Alexander III (the Great) of Macedon, 29, 152, 174, 176, 178, 179, 183, 191, 30, 45, 122, 171, 179, 232, 234, 274, 196, 197, 225–26, 231 286, 292, 295, 296 Aristonautes naiskos, the, 201–3, 204 alopekis (Thracian cap), 151, 196, 203 Aristophanes, 1, 2, 12, 17, 41, 82, 145, ambition, 114, 115, 117, 129, 130, 133, 146, 147, 159, 160, 164, 176, 200, 134, 164, 223 213, 228, 250, 261, 262, 302, 309 Thrace as an outlet for, 43, 50, 115. See his coinage of Thraikophoitai, 2 refuge Aristotle, 20, 148, 282 Amphipolis, 11, 12, 41, 47, 88, 127, 128, art, 191–208 138, 167, 218, 219, 262, 287, 290, its value as evidence, 25 291 Artaxerxes I, 34, 276, 294 its foundation, 77–78, 257–60 Artemis, 146, 151, 219. See Bendis Amyntas of Macedon, 58, 126, 127, Asclepius, 154 128 aselgeia, 142, 143 Anabasis (work of Xenophon), 15, 110, Aspendus, 97, 121, 162 111, 115, 116, 145, 169, 170, 180, Athena, 54 301, 309, 312 Athenaeus, 20, 54, 212, 213 Anaxibius, 116, 121, 122, 123, 164, 281 Athenaion̄ Politeia (Aristotelian), 20, 21, 53, Antalcidas, 123, 125, 250 54, 55, 56, 101, 174, 175, 177, 196 Apollonia, 27, 28, 311 its value as a source, 21 Apsinthioi (Thracian tribe), 10, 59, 239, Athenian Empire, 93, 94, 98, 109 241, 243 athletic competition, 146, 176, 217, 221, Aratabazus, 294 227 archaeology. See material finds Athos Peninsula, 8, 222 archē63, Attic Stelai, the, 107–8, 155 Archelaus of Macedon, 102 authority. See exousia archers, archery, 44, 87, 114, 161, 193, autonomy, 5, 30, 32, 35, 37, 39, 97, 116, 195, 207, 242, 245, 246, 248, 260 152, 157, 215, 257, 274, 295 Archibald, Zofia, 6, 8, 9, 10, 13, 24, 25, 26, Axiochus, 106, 108, 109 36, 51, 52, 56, 69, 70, 71, 72, 75, 87, Axius River, 6, 8, 12 124, 126, 127, 157, 179, 180, 201, 214, 219, 229, 254, 256, 257, 258, Bacchae (play of Euripides), 159 261, 292, 293, 299, 300, 301, 302, Balkans, the Balkan Peninsula, 30, 157, 306, 307 183, 185, 186, 191 Archidamus, 250 bandits, banditry, 61, 149. See raids, Archinus, 265, 267, 268, 271, 272 raiding Ares, 145 banquets. See feasts, feasting Argilus, 78 barbarians, barbarism, 17, 61, 82, 87, 119, Arginusae, battle of, 266, 305 128, 135, 143, 146, 147, 148, 149, Argos, the Argives, 56, 120, 130, 131, 132, 154, 156, 157, 161, 169, 171–72, 304, 313, 314 173, 193, 196, 216, 232, 253 Ariobarzanes, 167 basileus, basileis, 4, 6, 63, 141, 216, 231 Aristagoras of Miletus, 11, 33, 37, 77 Battus, 217 aristocratic ethos. See aristocrats, Bendideia, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154. See aristocracy Bendis aristocrats, aristocracy, 44, 54, 57, 58, 60, Bendis, 43, 56, 75, 204–6, 264. See religion 61, 66, 67, 106, 109, 110, 119, 138, her cult at Athens, 149–54

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Bersiades (Thracian king), 292 Chaeronea, battle of, 2, 289, 291, 292, 294, Bessoi (Thracian tribe), 10, 11, 13, 56, 256, 295, 297 257 Chalcedon, 34, 95 Best, Jan, 57, 234, 253, 281, 283, 287 Chalcidice, the Chalcideans, 7, 8, 75, 79, bilingualism, 31. See language 167, 274 Birds (play of Aristophanes), 145, 159 Chalcis, 169, 251 Bisaltai (Thracian tribe), 11 Chalkidiki, 183, 185, 187. See Chalcidice, Bisanthe, 35, 111, 163, 215 the Chalcideans Bithynians, 11, 95, 229, 279 Chares, 45, 119, 290, 296–97 as Thracians in Asia, 7, 12 Charidemus, 20, 45, 67, 134, 266, 290, Bithynoi. See Bithynians 291–93, 296 Black Sea, the, 3, 7, 8, 11, 49, 59, 60, 98, as portrayed by Demosthenes, 47, 216, 110, 111, 114, 136, 203, 225, 299, 291, 293 312 chariots, chariot racing, 30, 43, 54, 61, Boeotia, the Boeotians, 11, 120, 131, 185, 171, 179, 227, 229. See weapons 250, 251 Chersonese (Thracian), 7, 8, 10, 14, 35, 41, Brasidas, 11, 78, 88, 220, 222, 223, 258, 51, 55, 57, 72, 73, 77, 95, 123, 137, 259, 262, 285, 287 138, 194, 195, 217, 221, 228, 235, his cult at Amphipolis, 218, 219 239–43, 246, 248, 261, 266, 292, brigands, brigandage, 98, 256. See raids, 293, 297 raiding and the Philaids, 59–67 Bronze Age, the, 184, 185, 186, 188, 190, Chios, 253 241, 300 Cicones (Thracian tribe), 149 brutality. See barbarians, barbarism Cimon (father of the younger Miltiades), Bulgaria, 8, 9, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 111, 157, 227, 228 183, 184, 204, 211, 229, 303, 306, Cimon (son of the younger Miltiades), 22, 307, 310 41, 52, 66, 77, 88, 138 Burckhardt, Jacob, 225 his campaign in the Chersonese, burials, 56, 183–91, 229 71–72 Byzantium, 93, 95, 110, 111, 116, 162 his campaign on Thasos, 72 his campaign on the Strymon, 71 Callias, 121, 280, 284 his great wealth and influence, 70–71, Calpe, 113, 114, 115, 117, 279 72, 73 Caria, the Carians, 156 his political fall, 74 Catalogue of Ships (Iliadic), 252 his use of family connections, 73 cavalry, 36, 75, 111, 113, 114, 159, 161, as Olympic victor, 227 178, 179, 196, 197, 231, 242, 243, citizenship 245, 246, 254, 269, 270, 274, 277, granted to foreigners in Athens, 75, 278, 284 265, 266, 272, 292 Cersobleptes (Thracian king), 211, 216, city-founders, 63, 113, 221, 239 266, 291, 292, 293 Clearchus, 276 Chabrias, 20, 32, 119 Cleisthenes, 175, 236 in Egypt, 37–40, 129 Cleon, 17, 87, 160, 260, 261, 262, 263, 275, his dissatisfaction with Athens, 287, 314 142–43, 232 clothing. See dress as Iphicrates’ replacement at Corinth, Clouds (play of Aristophanes), 228 121, 132 Cnidus, battle of, 37, 120, 273, 281

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colonies, colonization, 10, 56, 60, 61, 72, appeal of Thracian culture, 40, 141, 73, 78, 189, 195, 215, 217, 227, 279. 143, 155, 157, 179–83, 230–33 See settlements Cunaxa, battle of, 42, 111, 115, 278 combined-arms force, 248, 277–80, 284, Cynossema, battle of, 93 288 Cyprus, 38, 40, 122, 125, 142 comedy, 159, 160 Cyrene, 217 its value as a source, 17–18 Cyrus the Younger, 15, 111, 113, 117, 276, competition, 225–26. See athletic 278 competition Cyzicus, 8, 93, 94, 102 condottiere, condottieri, 48, 98, 119, 294 Conon, 37, 98, 120, 121, 125, 133, 142, Danube, 6, 67, 193 164, 166, 273, 275, 281, 301, 304, Daphnous, 96, 106 311, 312 Dardanelles, 7. See Hellespont Constitution of the Athenians. See Darius I, 33, 67, 68, 239, 246 Athenaiōn Politeia (Aristotelian) Darius III, 45, 296 Corcyra, the Corcyreans, 80, 82, 133, 255, Decelea, 79, 92, 173 282 Delphi, 59, 63, 227, 239 Corinth, the Corinthians, 94, 112, 118, demagogues, 103, 176, 200, 262 120, 121, 122, 130, 131, 132, 240, democracy, 42, 79, 90, 91, 92, 98, 102, 241, 273, 276, 280, 287, 300, 304, 103, 110, 112, 115, 136, 137, 139, 309, 313, 314 142, 162, 176, 183, 197, 230, 231 and Iphicrates, 130–33 and the generalship, 47, 107, 119, 125, Corinthian War, 38, 120, 177, 277 163, 168 Coronea, battle of, 111, 117, 120 its balance of mass and elite, 4–6, Cotys (Thracian king), 12, 27, 147, 167, 48–52, 60, 61, 74, 81, 176, 177–79 169, 211, 292 versus oligarchy, 82, 85, 86–87, 94, and Amyntas, 127 101, 113, 130 and Iphicrates, 42, 118, 124–29, demos, 5, 41, 42, 69, 73, 106, 130, 131, 134–36, 212–14, 215, 281, 282, 138, 141, 161, 165, 175, 177, 200, 286 231, 276, 294. See democracy Cotytto, 154. See religion as a check on the elite, 38, 94, 125, court 129, 130, 163, 168, 176 of the Persian king, 69 Demosthenes (general), 80, 84, 260, 261, of Thracian kings, 16, 42, 110, 123, 277 126, 136, 138, 141, 165, 169, 170, Demosthenes (orator), 18, 19, 177 180, 208–17 his characterization of Athenian Cratinus, 78, 160 generals, 46–48, 232 Cresilas, 83 his characterization of Charidemus, Crete, the Cretans, 40, 87, 160, 161, 184 291, 292, 293 Crimea, the, 7, 49, 98 his characterization of Iphicrates, Croesus, 61, 65, 69 134–36 cult. See religion his views on Thrace, 147, 216–17 cultural exchange, 26, 181–82, 185, 186, Dexileos monument, 177 187, 219–20 Dieitrephes, 42, 76, 106, 136 at Pistiros, 28–31 and the democracy, 86–87 culture and the Dioi at Mycalessus, 80–81, and warfare, 236–38 84–86, 157, 250–63, 276, 291

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his family and its ties to Thrace, 81–84 Egypt, 32, 126, 129, 130, 133, 167, 283, his reputation at Athens, 159–61 285 his statue on the Acropolis, 23, 83–84, as an alternative to Athens, 37–40 87 Eion, 71, 73, 78 and the oligarchy of 411, 85–86, 93 eisphorai, 94, 107 Diodorus, 20, 38, 39, 95, 132, 284, 289 elites, the elite, 4, 25, 28, 40, 41, 42, 43, Diodorus Siculus, 15, 20, 38, 93, 94, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 58, 60, 69, 102, 103, 117, 130, 132, 134, 75, 86, 99, 100, 109, 110, 115, 120, 218, 269, 282, 283, 284, 296, 136, 137, 138, 139, 142, 157, 160, 311, 312 161, 168, 171, 173, 174, 175, 176, his value as a source, 19–20 177, 178, 179, 182, 183, 186, 188, on Iphicrates’ reforms, 283, 286 190, 191, 197, 201, 208, 210, 211, Dioi (Thracian tribe), 11, 13, 26, 157–59 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 231, 235, distinguished as sword-bearers, 254 250, 273, 277. See democracy, mass their sack of Mycalessus, 79–81, and elite 250–63 embades (Thracian boots), 151, 196 under Sitalces, 79, 253, 260 Embata, battle of, 169 Dionysus, 11, 28, 29, 56, 146, 154, 158, emporion, emporia, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 72, 194, 196, 256, 257. See religion 282, 302 Diotimus, 121, 123, 125 enktēsis, 151, 152, 154 diplomacy, 26, 52, 69, 76, 124, 127, 134, Ennea Hodoi, 11, 71, 72, 77 143, 258 Ephialtes, 74 disciples of Thrace, 2, 3, 4, 41, 43, 52, 76, Ephorus of Cumae, 15, 19, 20, 39, 65, 283 139, 141, 143, 173, 280, 287. See epic poetry, 149, 188. See heroes, heroic thraikophoitai ethos discontent. See refuge epigraphy, 24, 27, 96, 106–8, 109, 124, Dodona, 154 152, 154, 160, 167, 267, 272 Dolonkoi (Thracian tribe), 11, 239, 241, its value as a source, 22–24 248 Epirus, the Epirotes, 167, 189 and the elder Miltiades, 59, 61–62 Eretria, 56, 244 Drabescus, 77, 106, 195 Ergocles, 162, 163, 164 dress estates. See settlements Athenians in Thracian clothing, 105, ethnicity, 8–13, 196 179, 194, 196–200 ethnos, 8. See tribe as an ethnic marker, 9, 25, 62, 105, Etruscans, 185 151, 193 Euboea, 47, 56, 244, 251, 291, 293 drinking, drunkenness. See wine, eupatridai. See aristocrats, aristocracy drinking Euripides, 16, 143, 144, 145, 159, 229 Drys, 129, 134, 215 Euripus Strait, 80, 251 duels. See single combat Eurydice (mother of Philip II of Macedon), dynasties, dynastic politics, 64 127, 128 Eurymedon, battle of, 71, 72, 288 Edonoi (Thracian tribe), 11, 56, 77, 78, Evagoras of Salamis (on Cyprus), 38, 39, 183, 187, 224, 257 122, 301, 307, 312 egalitarianism, 141, 175, 189, 201, 226, exile, 5, 16, 41, 42, 50, 54, 56, 57, 58, 63, 287 74, 89, 91, 110, 112, 117, 131, 137, as a check on ambition, 4–6, 176 295, 296

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exousia, 47, 48, 52, 143, 182, 216, 232 Haemus Mountains, 8, 10, 30, 274 extravagance. See poluteleia Hagnon, 42, 81, 85, 87, 100 his foundation of Amphipolis, 12, 41, feasts, feasting, 179, 180, 208–17, 221, 231 77–78, 257–60 Ferrill, Arther, 237, 287, 303 his possible cult at Amphipolis, 218, foreign policy, Athenian, 41, 62, 69, 73, 219 78, 98, 110, 124, 125 his service for Sitalces, 78–79, 103, Forsdyke, Sara, 50, 54, 57, 58, 245, 246, 257, 260 303 his ties to Alcibiades, 103 fortification,29 his ties to Thrasybulus, 100, 105 of Alcibiades’ estates in Thrace, 96 as proboulos, 79 of the elder Miltiades, 44, 64, 239–43 Hanson, Victor Davis, 175, 236, 240, 275, of Hagnon at Amphipolis, 78, 258–60 304 of Mycalessus, 80 Harpocration, 121, 163, 215 of the Spartans at Decelea, 79 Harris, Edward, 18, 123, 126, 128, 129, frontier, 36, 40, 256 134, 135, 167, 168, 304 Thrace as, 40 Hebryzelmis (Thracian king), 124, 125, funeral rites, 221, 224, 229 126 funerary masks, 43, 56, 183–91. See gold Hecuba (play of Euripides), 17, 143, 144 Hegesipyle, 66, 67, 88 Gallipoli Peninsula, 7, 41, 44. See Hegesistratus, 55. See Pisistratids Chersonese (Thracian) Hellenism, 33, 200 Ganos, 111 Hellenization, 189 garrisons, 78, 95, 269 Hellespont, the, 2, 7, 10, 14, 35, 37, 55, generals, generalship, 84–85, 93, 97, 99, 62, 65, 67, 72, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 119, 120, 123, 166, 238, 276, 290 98, 116, 121, 122, 123, 138, 164, and democracy, 47, 48, 73 220, 221, 223, 227, 239, 273, 276, genos, 8. See tribe 278, 297 Geometric period, the, 186, 187, 188, 190 helmets, 201–8 Getai (Thracian tribe), 87 Heracles, 31, 222 gift exhange, 116, 169, 180, 208–17, 231 Heraclides of Maronea, 36, 37, 114, 169, gold, 41, 43, 183–91. See gold mines, gold 215 mining hermokopidai, 107–8, 155, 164 gold mines, gold mining, 5, 12, 13, 14, 53, Hermolycus, 83, 84 56, 57, 66, 70, 72, 73, 88, 89, 156, herms. See hermokopidai 195, 256, 257, 297 Herodotus gold vessels, 6, 24, 211–12 his account of Marathon, 244 grain trade, 49, 59, 60, 93, 98, 136 his value as a source, 13–14 graphēparanomo ̄, n265. See law, law his views on Thrace, 32, 43, 145, courts 147–48, 217, 221, 224, 256 graphēxenias , 165. See law, law courts and pro-Philaid bias, 62 Grave Circle A (Mycenae), 184 heroes, heroic ethos, 25, 30, 40, 43, 141, Great King (Persian), 32, 34, 37, 39, 94, 179, 183, 188–90, 207, 209, 211, 109, 164, 213, 232, 282, 293, 296, 214, 233, 237. See basileus, basleis 297, 307 Hesiod, 144 Grunium, 34, 37 Hipparchus, 54, 55. See Pisistratids guest-friendship. See xenia Hippias, 55, 57. See Pisistratids

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his marriage alliance with the younger as a condottiere, 120 Miltiades, 67 at the court of Cotys, 124–29, 215, 231, his marriage to a Thracian, 166 281, 282, 286 Histiaeus of Miletus, 11, 33, 37, 77 in Egypt, 20, 39, 126, 129, 283, 285 Homer, 144, 188, 229, 252 his command of mercenaries at Corinth, Homeric society, 4, 209, 211, 212, 214, 120–22, 273–77 229, 237 his falling out with Cotys, 134–36, 215 hoplites, 39, 48, 92, 114, 153, 178, 179, his intimidation of Athenian law 195, 199, 231, 234, 243, 244, 247, courts, 166 249, 270, 280, 283 his marriage to Cotys’ daughter, 42, as complemented by peltasts, 3, 111, 118, 126, 208, 212–14 279 his military innovations, 44, 118, 125, ethos of, 6, 45, 175, 178, 236–38, 249, 237, 273, 277, 280–87 275, 287, 288 his naval action against Athens, 42, versus peltasts, 118, 121, 242, 254, 260, 118, 128, 134, 168 270, 275, 277, 279, 284–86 his plan to take Corinth, 130–33 Horace, 146 his rivalry with Timotheus, 133–34, Hornblower, Simon, xvii, xviii, 74, 75, 76, 165 89, 172, 261, 301, 305 his service for Seuthes, 124, 125 horse burials, 25 and his son Menestheus, 118 horsemanship, 25, 60, 61, 105, 143, 150, his victory at Lechaeum, 118, 121, 131, 159, 176, 179, 221, 227, 228–30, 276, 280, 286 231, 242. See cavalry and Macedon, 126, 128 horsemen. See cavalry; horsemanship as Thrasybulus’ replacement in the in Thracian clothing, 196–200 Hellespont, 121, 122–23 hospitality, 61, 62, 82, 168. See xenia Iron Age, the, 24, 184, 185, 187, 229, 308 Hunt, Peter, 237, 238, 247, 305 Isaac, Benjamin, 3, 6, 7, 10, 26, 33, 35, 51, 58, 60, 65, 70, 71, 72, 75, 77, 78, iconography. See vase-painting 86, 87, 194, 218, 219, 223, 224, 239, Iliad, the, 12, 179, 214, 229 242, 258, 261, 274, 275, 305 Illyria, the Illyrians, 183, 184, 185, 186, Ismarus, 149 189, 203, 256, 285, 287 Isocrates, 48, 146, 168, 169, 293 imagery. See art, vase-painting Issus, battle of, 296 Imbros, 260 India, 32 Jason of Pherae, 167 inscriptions. See epigraphy javelins, 87, 195, 205, 234, 237, 254, 264. international relations, 69. See foreign See peltasts, weapons policy, Athenian interpreters. See language kalos-vases, 84, 100, 104, 105, 106, 191, Ionia, the Ionians, 72, 97, 220 193, 194, 195, 197, 200, 201, 242. Ionian Revolt, 68 See vase-painting Ionian War, 91, 98, 164 Kazanlak, 183, 185, 229 Iphicrates, 20, 25, 42, 51, 67, 98, 99, 119, Kerameikos (at Athens), 177, 201, 202, 137, 138 207, 229, 306 and Amphipolis, 47, 127, 128 King’s Peace, the, 38, 39, 123, 124, 125, and Charidemus, 47, 291 138, 295 compared with Timotheus, 167–69 kingship, 63, 64, 127, 216

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klērouchies, 49, 60, 107, 109, 136 Malkin, Irad, 189, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, Knights (play of Aristophanes), 176 222, 223, 307 Krentz, Peter, 93, 239, 240, 244, 245, 246, Marathon (deme), 56, 188 266, 267, 268, 306 Marathon, battle of, 44, 69, 73, 238–39, 243–50 Laconia, the Laconians. See Sparta, the Mardonius, 288 Spartans Maritsa valley (Bulgaria), 26 Lampsacus, 8, 46, 55, 64, 65, 66, 94, 217, Marmara, Sea of, 7. See Propontis 220, 225, 239 Maronea, 27, 36, 114, 169, 215 language marriage alliances, 51, 66, 67, 127 communication between Greeks and of Iphicrates and Cotys, 119, 126, Thracians, 31 212–14 as an ethnic marker, 8 of the Pisistratids with Thrace, Laurium, 156 54–55 law, law courts, 168, 194 proposed between Xenophon and Iphicrates’ intimidaton of, 166 Seuthes, 111, 180 prosecution of Thrasybulus, 161–65, of the younger Miltiades and Olorus, 265 55, 66–67 prosecution of Timotheus, 166, 169 Mars, 146. See Ares Lawrence, T. E., 181–82 mass and elite, 5, 49–51, 175, 177. See Leagros, xviii, 11, 77, 106, 194, 195, 311 democracy Lechaeum, battle of, 118, 121, 130, 131, material finds, 26, 28, 186, 252 276, 280, 284, 285, 286 its value as evidence, 24–25 Lemnos, 40, 194, 260, 261, 302 Medocus (Thracian king), 111, 124, Lendon, J. E., 236, 237, 277, 307 292 Lesbos, 129, 142, 168, 224, 295 and Alcibiades, 36, 96 license. See exousia and Thrasybulus, 97, 121, 124 light-armed soldiers, 44, 47, 85, 87, 111, Megacles (father-in-law and rival of 114, 151, 153, 172, 178, 237, 247, Pisistraus), 53, 54, 56, 59 260, 264, 277, 278. See peltasts Megara, 54, 153 Lincoln, Abraham, 4, 5 Memnon of Rhodes, 295 Lissarrague, François, 25, 43, 158, 179, Memphis, 129 194, 196, 197, 199, 200, 307 Mende, 81, 262 liturgies, 70 Menestheus, 118, 119, 126, 168 loot, looting. See raids, raiding mercenaries, 3, 10, 15, 44, 45, 48, 51, 58, luxury, luxuriousness, 141, 149, 160, 170, 79, 81, 84, 87, 117, 119, 120, 121, 176, 180, 208, 213 122, 123, 125, 126, 129, 130, 133, Lydia, the Lydians, 65 136, 137, 138, 156, 161, 250, 257, Lysander, 34, 90, 96, 219, 223, 304 261, 262, 265, 266, 278, 293, 296, Lysias, 18, 265 297. See warfare his slanders of Thrasybulus, 161–65 Greek generals as, 20, 32, 38, 39, 40, 42, 45, 48, 110, 111–12, 116, 167, Macedon, the Macedonians, 45, 51, 58, 66, 168, 237, 266, 273, 283, 288, 290, 75, 78, 102, 127, 187, 237, 295, 297 291, 293, 295, 297 as bordering Thrace, 7, 12 under Alcibiades, 35, 36, 37, 42, 91, machaira, 254. See Dioi (Thracian tribe); 95, 96 weapons the Dioi as, 11, 79, 251, 253, 260, 263

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under Iphicrates, 42, 47, 48, 118, Mitchell, Lynette, 75, 76, 169, 170, 308 120–22, 133, 166, 273–77, 280, 282, mixed population. See cultural exchange 287 money, 33, 41, 51, 53, 56, 57, 59, 78, 92, under Pisistratus, 41, 51, 53, 56, 57, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 102, 109, 122, 58, 61, 166, 187 126, 162, 163, 170, 265, 281, 282, under Thrasybulus, 42, 44, 91, 263–73, 293, 294. See gold mines, gold 278 mining under the younger Miltiades, 64, 66 Moreno, Alfonso, 7, 49, 50, 60, 98, 99, Mesopotamia, 111 136, 137, 299, 308 metals, 26, 28, 189, 211–12, 216. See gold Morris, Ian, 6, 174, 175, 176, 178, 225, mines, gold mining 226, 227, 308 metal-working. See metals mountain tribes, 30, 146, 157–59, 171, metics, 92, 137, 151, 153, 156, 157, 264, 256, 261, 279, 285. See Dioi 267, 273 (Thracian tribe) Metiochus, 68, 249 mountain warfare, 30, 251, 270, 275 middle ground, the, 180 Munichia, 151 military commands, 159 Munichia, battle of, 264, 268 of Athenians in Thrace, 42, 76, 84–86, Mycale, battle of, 83, 84 88, 93–94, 97, 100, 121, 125, 136, Mycalessus 137, 163 its sack by the Dioi, 11, 44, 79–81, 146, military exchange, 29–30, 44–45, 242, 243, 157, 159, 172, 250–63, 291 277–87. See warfare Mycenae, the Mycenaeans, 56, 184, 185, military practice. See warfare 186, 187, 188, 241 Miller, Margaret, 197 Mygdones (Thracian tribe), 12, 183, 187 Miltiades (the elder), 10, 11, 41, 57, 72, 73, Myrcinus, 33, 37, 77, 258 137, 228 Mytilene, the Mytileneans, 55, 223, 224, his cult in the Chersonese, 217–23, 231 295 his military innovations, 44, 64, 239–43 his settlement of the Chersonese, 51, Napoleon, 4 239 naval warfare, 37, 42, 91, 93, 118, 134, and Pisistratus, 51, 61–63 168, 288 as Olympic victor, 227 Naxos, 37, 38, 56 Miltiades (the younger), 14, 41, 47, 71, 88, Neapolis, 106, 109 137, 138, 227, 228, 261 Near East, the, 237 depicted on a kalos-vase, 193, 199, 201 Neonteichos, 111 his disgrace and death, 69–70, 73 Nepos, Cornelius, 21, 22, 35, 36, 38, 64, his expedition to Paros, 69–70 65, 71, 91, 118, 122, 124, 140, 167, his marriage alliance with Hippias, 168, 239, 241, 244, 282, 283, 284, 66–67 303, 305, 313 his marriage to the daughter of Olorus, on the decline of Greek generalship, 55, 66–67 290 his military innovations, 44, 243–50 his value as a source, 21 as Olympic victor, 227 on Iphicrates’ reforms, 283, 286 at Marathon, 238–39, 243–50 Nicias, 81, 84, 150, 156, 262 as tyrant in the Chersonese, 64–65 Nicostratus, 81, 82, 83, 85, 104, 262 mines, mining. See gold mines, gold night maneuvers, 243, 251, 269, 281 mining; Laurium Nine Ways. See Ennea Hodoi

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nobles, nobility. See aristocrats, aristocracy Pactye, 35, 239 nomos, nomoi, 14, 211, 217, 222 Pallene, battle of, 53, 58 Notium, battle of, 35, 96, 97, 138, 163 Panagyurishte Treasure, 24, 212, 313 numismatics, 24 Pangaeum, Mt., 10, 11, 12, 41, 51, 53, 56, Nymphodorus of Abdera, 75, 76, 127 57, 77, 156, 256, 258, 261, 297. See gold mines, gold mining Ober, Josiah, 49, 168, 175, 177, 178, 241, pankration, 83, 223 269, 304, 308, 309, 312 Parnes, Mt., 241, 269, 305 Octavian (Augustus), 29 Paros, 47, 70, 138 Odomantoi (Thracian tribe), 12, 261, 262 Parthenon, 83, 197, 198, 199, 231, 308, 309 Odrysai. See Odrysian kingdom, Parthenon frieze, 197 Odrysians Pelium, Mt., 87 Odrysian kingdom, Odrysians, 8, 9, 10, Peloponnese, 45, 116, 296 15, 24, 26, 29, 32, 36, 42, 111, 118, Peloponnesian War, 5, 10, 12, 14, 19, 27, 123, 124, 126, 136, 138, 144, 153, 33, 37, 42, 44, 60, 73, 74, 76, 79, 157, 165, 172, 183, 200, 211, 214, 81, 88, 103, 104, 119, 144, 145, 153, 221, 229, 280, 286, 291, 292, 297 154, 179, 234, 236, 250, 263, 264, their alliance with Athens, 74–75 266, 274, 301, 304, 306, 307, 311, their economic ties with Greeks, 27 312, 314 Odysseus, 149, 189, 229, 303, 307 peltasts, 25, 39, 44, 75, 81, 87, 98, 114, Old Oligarch, the, 16, 112, 177, 288 118, 125, 145, 146, 167, 199, 231, oligarchs, oligarchy, 82, 85, 86, 94, 103, 234, 235, 237, 250, 254, 260, 262, 113, 130, 161, 162, 272 264, 268, 273–77, 278, 280, 283 oligarchy of 411, 79, 85, 91, 93, 101, 102, as a complement to hoplites, 3, 279 104, 136 versus hoplites, 118, 121, 270, 277, Olorus (father of Thucydides), 14, 66, 88 284–86 Olorus (father-in-law of the younger as mercenaries, 3 Miltiades), 14, 66, 70, 73 peltē3,, 145, 234, 271, 283. See peltasts Olympia, Olympic Games, 171, 223, 226, Perdiccas I of Macedon, 75, 127 227, 228, 231 Perdiccas II of Macedon, 128 Onesimus, 104, 105, 243. See vase-painting Pericles, 31, 70, 74, 91, 100, 176, 200 Ophryneum, 108 and Hagnon, 78 oracles, 11, 28, 59, 63, 154, 158, 217, 222, his settlement at Brea, 11 256. See Delphi his unusual political success, 73, 139 oratory Perperikon (in Bulgaria), 29 its value as a source, 18–19 Persae (play of Aeschylus), 257 orgeōnes, 152 Persia, the Persians, 38, 45, 65, 67, 68, 71, Orpheus, Orphic religion, 29, 51, 154, 158, 73, 92, 93, 94, 101, 102, 109, 129, 299, 304 133, 167, 179, 214, 220, 232, 293, 295 Osborne, Robin, 156, 177, 178, 197, 199, as an alternative to Athens, 32–37 236, 267, 301, 309, 310 as attractive to Athenians, 197 ostracism, 50, 81 as barbarians, 146 ostrakon, ostraka, 81, 313 and Conon and Iphicrates, 120, 122 outlet. See ambition; refuge and Egypt, 39 Ovid, 144 at Marathon, 238, 244, 245 Owen, Sara, 218 warfare of, 237 Oxyrhynchus historian, the, 103, 272 Persian Wars, 6, 56, 67, 314

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phalanx. See hoplites his value as a source, 21–22 Pharnabazus, 273, 295 polis, 52 and Alcibiades, 34, 35, 94, 95 as compared with Thrace, 48, 115, 179, and Iphicrates, 126, 129 216, 231, 297 Philaeus, 61 and the hoplite ethos, 236 Philaids, the, 41, 51, 52, 57, 77, 105, 136, Politics (work of Aristotle), 148 137, 155, 171, 191–94, 195–96, 227, poluteleia, 142, 143, 226, 233 228–30, 231 of Chabrias, 37 their relation to Thucydides, 88 Polyaenus, 125, 166, 258, 273, 280, 281, their territory in Thrace, 35, 37, 72 282, 285 their wealth, 61, 68 Polydorus, 143 Philip II of Macedon, 41, 45, 47, 127, 234, polygamy, 67 237, 286, 287, 289, 290, 295 Polymestor (mythical Thracian king), 17, Philomela, 17, 144 143, 144, 145, 229 Phocion, 292 Polyxena, 143, 144 Phoenicia, the Phoenicians, 68 pottery, 28, 192, 200, 249. See Phormio, 75 vase-painting; material finds Phrygia, 34, 37, 203 prestige goods, 183–91, 208, 210, 211–12, Phrygian cap. See helmets 214, 216 Phrynon, 60, 223, 224, 225 Priam, 143, 144, 180 Phyle, 90, 102, 162, 265, 267, 268, 269, Pritchett, W. Kendrick, 14, 38, 48, 51, 271, 310, 312 77, 98, 108, 119, 120, 122, 123, Piraeus, 90, 92, 113, 149, 150, 151, 152, 124, 125, 130, 135, 155, 215, 241, 153, 205, 206, 264, 265, 267, 268, 247, 258, 259, 266, 274, 280, 282, 271, 278, 303, 311 286, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 299, pirates, piracy, 146, 149. See raids, raiding 310 Pisistratids, the, 41, 55, 57, 58, 59, 74, private armies. See mercenaries 229, 230. See Pisistratus private wars. See warfare Pisistratus, 11, 12, 41, 52–59, 64, 74, 77, proboulos, probouloi, 79, 219 120, 136, 137, 138, 155, 188, 227, 234 Procne, 144, 145 and the elder Miltiades, 51, 61–63 profligacy.See aselgeia his marriage alliances, 55 propaganda, 57, 232 his methods to secure tyranny, 54–58, property. See settlements 187 Propontis, 7, 8, 10, 12, 93, 94, 106, 111 his time in Thrace, 57, 187, 191 prosecution. See law, law courts as tyrant, 51, 57–58 proxenoi, proxenia, 72, 75, 76, 87, 107, 109, Pistiros, 26–31 117, 127 Pittacus, 224 between Athens and Thrace, 74–76 plague (at Athens), 73, 80, 153, 255 Proxenos (friend of Xenophon), 113 Plataea, battle of, 23, 248 Ptolemy (Macedonian regent), 127 Plataea, the Plataeans, 238, 247 Pylos, battle of, 41, 44, 84, 85, 87, 260, Plato, 2, 31, 146, 150, 155 277, 287 Plato Comicus, 160, 161 plunder. See raids, raiding raids, raiding, 44, 65, 94, 95, 97, 99, 109, Plutarch, 21, 22, 31, 34, 35, 36, 71, 72, 73, 111, 116, 122, 146, 149, 161, 179, 74, 88, 89, 95, 117, 140, 141, 163, 239, 240, 241, 250, 281, 282. See 224, 276, 292, 300, 302, 303, 309 warfare

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refuge, 116–17 of Athenians in Thrace, 34, 36–37, 42, Thrace as a source of, 35, 41, 42, 56, 63, 71, 72, 96, 97, 107–8, 111, 50–51, 52, 60, 62, 63, 73, 89, 114, 116, 127, 129, 136, 137, 138, 99, 114, 120, 125, 137, 138, 163, 180, 215, 266 179–83, 230, 291, 297 of mercenaries in reward for service, regal authority. See kingship 266 religion, 82, 187 Seuthes (Thracian king), 12, 36, 42, 67, founder-cults, 217–23 124 religious exchange between Greeks and and Alcibiades, 36, 96 Thracians, 28–29, 56, 258 his feast, 147, 170, 208–17 of the Thracians, 28, 29, 146, 149–54, and Iphicrates, 124 158, 219–20, 221–23 and Thrasybulus, 97, 121, 124, 162 tomb cult, 188, 190 and Xenophon, 15, 36, 110, 111–12, Republic (work of Plato), 150, 152 114, 115, 116, 117, 145, 169–72, Rhaecelus, 56, 63 180, 279 Rhesus (mythical Thracian king), 179, 201, Sicilian Expedition, 79, 84, 91, 92, 164, 219, 229, 258 226, 260, 306 Rhodope Mountains, 8, 10, 11, 13, 26, 28, Sigeum, 8, 46, 55, 62, 74, 142, 223, 224, 29, 56, 79, 157, 158, 256, 257, 261 225, 295, 296 Ritsona, 251. See Mycalessus and the Pisistratids, 55 Rogozen Treasure, 24, 211, 303 Sindos, 56, 58, 183, 185, 186, 187 single combat, 146, 224–25 Sabazius, 154. See religion Sitalces (Thracian king), 10, 12, 26, 32, Samos, 78, 91, 101 172, 179, 200, 261, 274 Sardis, 33 his alliance with Athens, 74–75, 144, Satrai (Thracian tribe), 12, 13, 256, 257, 145, 146, 153 261 his invasion of Macedon, 78–79, 103, Satraps’ revolt, 167, 294 253, 257, 260, 262 savages, savagery. See barbarians, Skaptesyle, 88 barbarism slaves, slavery, 265 Scambonidae, 82, 103, 104, 108 at Marathon, 44, 247–49 Sciathos, 76, 86 Thracians as, 31, 43, 108, 150, 155–56 Scillus, 116, 117 Social War, 129, 133, 135, 169, 290, 294, Scione, 81, 262 301, 311 Scott, Lionel, 2, 14, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, Socrates, 16, 54, 112, 150, 151, 154 66, 67, 68, 228, 239, 244, 246, 261, Solon, 48, 53, 61, 152, 174, 175, 176, 178, 311 189, 191, 226, 300, 306, 310, 313 sculpture, 25, 83, 178, 201, 203, 204, 205, Sophanes, 11, 77 206. See art Sophocles, 16, 75, 144, 145, 172, 303 Scythia, the Scythians, 65, 66, 67, 68, Soros (Athenian burial mound at 69, 87, 146, 147, 148, 179, 192, Marathon), 245, 247 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 201, 206, Sosias, 156 207, 242, 243, 246, 313 Sparta, the Spartans, 33, 34, 35, 37, 79, 91, Second Athenian Confederacy, 167, 168 92, 93, 96, 112, 120, 126, 153, 164 Selymbria, 22, 23, 35, 76, 95, 96, 107, 109 as allies of the Thirty, 264, 269 Sestus, 167, 281, 294 and Corinth, 131, 132 settlements at Decelea, 92

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in the Hellespont, 122–23 his mother as Thracian, 54, 165 at Lechaeum, 276, 280, 284 in Persia, 34 at Pylos, 41, 44, 260, 287 Theodossiev, Nikola, 6, 8, 56, 183, 185, and Xenophon, 117 186, 187, 188, 189, 312 Spartacus, 224, 312 Theopompus of Chios, 19, 20, 23, 37, 74, Sphacteria, 288. See Pylos 142, 168, 215, 232, 295, 303 stasis, 80 on Athenian generals going abroad, Steiria, 100 142–43 Stesagoras, 64, 137, 193, 195, 227, 305 Theorus, 261, 262 Stoa Poikile, 239, 244, 245 Theramenes, 79, 95, 100, 101, 102, 104, stratēgos, stratēgoi. See generals, 105, 109, 113, 278 generalship Thermaic Gulf, 7, 12, 53, 56, 57, 58, 77, Strauss, Barry, 92, 94, 98, 100, 101, 103, 167, 186, 187, 189 108, 121, 133, 163, 164, 165, 224, Therme, 75 236, 265, 266, 271, 272, 288, 312 Thessaloniki, 56, 183, 304, 313 Strymon River, 2, 10, 11, 33, 56, 57, 71, Thessalus. See Hegesistratus 73, 77, 187, 195, 258, 261. See Thessaly, the Thessalians, 72, 241, 289 Amphipolis thetes, 92, 247 Suda, the, 120, 245 Thibron, 113, 116 Suetonius, 29 Thirty Tyrants, the, 42, 44, 90, 97, 102, symposium, 25, 199 103, 110, 113, 131, 137, 161, 177, 178, 263, 264, 267, 268, 269, 271, Tachus (Egyptian king), 38, 40 272, 273, 277, 278, 306 Tacitus, 146, 307 Thrace-experts, 42 tactics, 246, 248 Thrace-haunters, 1, 18, 41, 120, 232. See of hoplites against peltasts, 284–85 thraikophoitai of Iphicrates, 273 Thracian cap. See alopekis; helmets of Iphicrates’ soldiers, 282–86 Thracian Plain, 8, 26, 157, 212, 261 of the Greeks, 236, 237, 242 Thracophiles, 9, 10, 16, 23, 27, 31, 32, 35, of the Thracians, 234, 235, 240, 242, 39, 43, 52, 76, 104, 109, 141, 155, 254, 264, 271, 274, 277, 287 157, 161, 163, 166, 169, 171, 216, Taenarum, Cape, 45, 295, 296, 297 236, 263, 288. See thraikophoitai Tanagra, 74, 80, 206, 250, 251, 311 thraikophoitai, 1, 2, 3 Ten Thousand, the, 11, 15, 42, 111–12, Thrasybulus, 42, 120, 136, 137, 138 113, 115, 116, 117, 124, 169, 171, and the democracy, 93–94, 98, 265–69, 215, 288 272 Teres (Thracian king), 12, 75, 145, 172, falls out of favor at Athens, 97 183, 266 his campaigns in Thrace during the Tereus (mythical Thracian king), 17, 75, Peloponnesian War, 94, 291 144, 145, 172, 303 his campaigns in Thrace in 390–389, Tereus (play of Sophocles), 17, 144 97, 121, 124, 164 Thasos, 2, 7, 10, 14, 27, 29, 51, 70, 71, 72, his death at Aspendus, 97, 121 77, 85, 88, 93, 106, 219–20, 235 his military innovations, 271 Thebes, the Thebans, 56, 80, 212, 238, his rebellion against the Thirty, 44, 90, 252, 254, 273, 292, 304 102, 113, 137, 263–73, 278 Themistocles, 63, 71, 218 his relationship with Alcibiades, 91–92 his cult at Lampsacus, 220 his reputation at Athens, 161–65

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Thrasybulus (cont.) vase-painting, 25, 31, 57, 84, 104, 105, his ties to Thrace and other 158, 178, 191–201, 203, 207, 227, Thracophiles, 100–5, 263, 271 231, 243. See art his use of Thracian mercenaries, 263–73 Vergil, 146 Thrasyllus, 278 Vetren (Bulgarian town), 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, Thucydides, 42, 76 257, 302, 307 his judgement of Alcibiades, 5 Vetren-Pistiros inscription, 27, 28, 29, 257 his ties to Thrace, 51, 66, 75, 87–89 Vidal-Naquet, Pierre, 236, 313 his value as a source, 14–15 his views on Thrace, 43, 145, 146, 149, warfare, 31, 34, 37, 44–45, 118, 125, 146, 172–73, 253, 254, 255 169, 224, 234, 235, 240, 253, 273 Thynoi (Thracian tribe), 12, 171 causes of reform and development, Timesius, 218 235–37, 274, 275, 277, 287 Timoleon, 218, 223 Greek and Thracian styles compared, Timotheus, 290, 291, 294 236–38 in Egypt, 167 “private wars” of Athenian generals, his campaigns in Thrace, 166–69 46–47 his reputation at Athens, 166–69 warriors, warrior elite, 183, 186, 188, 189, his rivalry with Iphicrates, 133–34, 165 201, 231, 277. See heroes, heroic ethos and the Persians, 167 Wasps (play of Aristophanes), 262 Tissaphernes, 31, 91 wealth, 159, 176, 179, 180, 190, 226 and Alcibiades, 33, 94, 101 weapons and the Ten Thousand, 111 of the Thracians, 30, 193, 196, 205, Tocqueville, Alexis de, 4 234, 254, 270, 271 tombs, 28, 88, 188, 218, 219–20, 221, 229, wine, drinking, 29, 146, 147, 211–12, 221 252. See burials trade, 57 xenia, 59, 61, 62, 74, 75, 113, 115, 118, tragedy 134, 143, 165, 169 its value as a source, 16–17 Xenophon, 25, 42, 67 Triballoi (Thracian tribe), 9, 147 and Agesilaus, 117, 171 tribe, 26, 32, 147 as city-founder, 113–14, 117, 278 as an ethnic grouping of Thracians, 8–13 his exile from Athens, 112, 117 trierarchs, 107 his military innovations, 277–80 triremes, 67, 134, 167, 243, 288 his portrayal of Seuthes, 147, 208–17 Troad, 7, 8, 12, 55, 58, 108, 223, 225, 258, his relationship with the Ten 295 Thousand, 115–16 Trojan War, 17, 118, 143, 189 his service for Seuthes, 12, 15, 36, Trojans, 12 111–12, 114, 115, 116, 124, 180, Troy, 119, 149 277–80 Tyrannicides, the, 178 his ties to the Spartans, 112, 116–17 tyrants, tyranny, 41, 56, 57, 131, 132, 137, his value as a source, 15–16, 20, 131 138, 176, 239, 244 his views on Thrace, 169–72 as a check on rival aristocrats, 60, 63 and the Thirty, 113, 278 the Philaids as, 63, 69, 74 Xerxes, 7, 11, 68, 222, 240, 256, 296 zeira (Thracian cloak), 151, 196 van Wees, Hans, 53, 148, 175, 209, 210, 212, 246, 305, 306, 313 Zopyros (tutor of Alcibiades), 31, 100

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