LYCURGUS

The Speech against Leocrates

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LYCURGUS THE SPEECH AGAINST LEOCRATES CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS C. F. CLAY, MANAGER

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THE SPEECH AGAINST LEOCRATES

EDITED BY A. PETRIE, M.A. PROFESSOR OF CLASSICS, NATAL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE s. (UNIVERSITY OF AFRICA) ; FORMERLY LECTURER

IN GREEK IN THE UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN ; SOMETIME SCHOLAR OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE

CAMBRIDGE AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 1922 U

PRINTED IN ENGLAND PREFACE

Leocrates of Lycurgus has remained, in THEEngland, in comparative obscurity, not having 1 attracted an editor since John Taylor edited it at Cambridge, along with the Midias of Demosthenes, in 1743. Yet the speech is by no means without its merits. It forms, in many ways, an excellent introduction to Attic oratory for younger students. It is easier than Demosthenes, and there is no complex political situation to expound: the issue is simple and direct. And it has a greater variety of interest than either Demosthenes or Lysias. Its very fault of diffuseness, from the purely forensic standpoint, becomes, from an educative point of view, its great virtue. Lycurgus' excursions into ancient history, legend, and the poets, provide, in Livy's phrase, so many deverticula amoena where the student finds refreshment with instruction. The text of the present edition will be found to adhere, in the main, to that of Blass, whose critical commentary I have supplemented with those of Scheibe, Rehdantz and Thalheim. I have not hesi- tated, however, to depart from Blass where the concessions which he makes to considerations of hiatus an unusually precarious guide in the case of Lycurgus or of the numeri, to which he assigns such considerable weight, are in conflict with the

1 1704-1766. Fellow of St John's, and successively Librarian (1731-4) and Registrary (1734-51) of the Univer- sity. Sandys, H.C.S., vol. u. p. 414. vi PREFACE clear testimony of the MSS. While I have not aimed at producing a critical edition, in the strict sense of the term, a considerable amount of attention has been devoted to textual points throughout. These have been noticed, wherever it could be done conveniently, in the body of the notes: passages requiring somewhat fuller discussion have been collected in a separate appendix. With regard to the notes, my first and greatest obligation is to the elaborate edition of Rehdantz (Leipzig, 1876), of which any subsequent editor of Lycurgus is bound to take account. I have also had before me the brief but useful notes of E. Sofer (Leipzig and Berlin, 1905). Among the older editions, I have inspected Dobson's Attic Orators (vol. iv), Baiter and Sauppe, and the acute com- mentary of van den Es. For the material of the Introduction, in addition to the relevant portions of Blass and Rehdantz, I have consulted works of general reference such as Gilbert's Antiquities, Jebb's Attic Orators, Prof. E. A. Gardner's Ancient Athens, Bury's History of Greece, and the Cambridge Companion. I have been able to make use of Prof. J. F. Dobson's The Greek Orators for matters connected with Lycurgus' style, and I am indebted to Mr Wyse's introduction to his monumental edition of Isaeus for information regarding the manuscript tradition for the minor orators. I have had the advantage of discussing several points with my friends and former class-fellows, Mr W. M. Calder, Professor of Greek in the Univer- sity of Manchester, and Mr J. Fraser, now Pro- fessor of Celtic in of and the University Oxford ; PREFACE vii with a former Cambridge teacher, Mr L. Whibley, Fellow of Pembroke College, to all of whom I here wish to make acknowledgment. Prof. Calder has further kindly undertaken the revision of the proof-sheets, while my obligations to the readers of the University Press may be taken for granted. To Dr P. Giles, Master of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and recently Vice-Chancellor of the University, I owe a special word of thanks for much kindness and encouragement. For the state- ments contained in the book, I alone, of course, am responsible. A. P. NATAL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, Christmas, 1921 ERRATUM

1. For Branchidae read p. 157, 7 from bottom. Didyma. CONTENTS

PAGE INTRODUCTION xi

(i) LYCURGUS: HIS LIFE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION .... xi

(ii) THE SPEECH AGAINST LEOCRATES . xxvi

(iii) ANALYSIS OF THE SPEECH . . xxxi

(iv) LYCURGUS AS AN ORATOR . . xxxiii

(v) SOURCES OF THE TEXT ... xl

TEXT ...... i

NOTES ...... 59

CRITICAL APPENDIX . . . 230

INDEX A 239 B 241 C 243 D 246 6 8e A-VKOvpyeios (sc. \6yos) etrrt 8ia.7ra.vTos avr)TiKos Kal Kal 8irjpp,vos Kal o-e/xi/oy, o\cos KanjyopiKos,

Trapprjo-tao-TiKos' ov pr/v ao-rclos ov8e f)8vs, aXX' dvayKalos. TOVTOV xpr) &^ovv /uaXio-ra ray Sai/axm?.

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS, Veterum Censura, v. 3.

v Se TO rpaxv ical

Se TroXXaTy TroXXaxty *ai rats 7rapeK/3ao-e(rti/, eVi p-vOovs Kal ia-ropias xai TroirjpaTa (pepopevos. HERMOGENES, De Formis Oratoriis, B. u.

TO yap p,Ta 7ro\\S)v 7rapa8eiyp,a.T

TTJV Kpianv Kadia-rrja-i. LYCURGUS, Contra Leocratem, 124. INTRODUCTION

(i) LYCURGUS: HIS LIFE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 1

Lycurgus, son of Lycophron, was born at Athens about the year 390 B.C., being thus a few years older 2 than Demosthenes . He belonged to the noble family of the Eteobutadae, which traced its descent from the hero Butes, Brother of Erechtheus, and in which the priesthoods

1 Our chief authorities are the Life in The Lives of the Ten Orators, attributed to Plutarch, and the decree of the orator Stratocles in connexion with Lycurgus ap- pended thereto. A fragment of this decree (archonship of Anaxicrates, 307/6 C. I. A. n. 240) is extant, and con- firms, as far as it goes, the version of Pseudo-Plutarch: the stone was probably more concise, on the whole, though the surviving fragment does not positively justify this assumption. The decree in Ps.-Plut. was most likely derived from Caecilius of Calacte (a rhetorician of the time of Augustus), who in his turn was probably dependent on a copy made by Heliodorus (fl. c. 160 B.C.). A Life of Lycurgus was written by Philiscus of Miletus (a pupil of Isocrates), and afterwards by the above-mentioned Caecilius, from the latter of whom a great part of the Ps.-Plutarchic Life appears to have been derived. [A commentary on the Ps.-Plut. Life was written by M. H. E. Meier (in Kiessling's ed. of the fragments of Lycurgus, 1847): the decree of Stratocles has been elucidated by C. Curtius, Philologus, xxiv. 83 sqq.] 2 Argt. to Dem. Against Aristogiton (Libanius). Some place his birth as early as 396 B.C., or twelve years before the accepted date of the birth of Demosthenes. P.L. 6 xii INTRODUCTION of Poseidon Erechtheus and of Athena Polias were hereditary offices. Of his father nothing is known his his also a except name ; grandfather, Lycurgus, had 1 been among the victims of the Thirty . The records of the family were rich in public honours, in life and in death, and Lycurgus was thus marked out, alike by inherited character and ancestral tradition, for a distinguished career. The public service of Lycurgus is associated with the period in the history of Athens immediately fol- lowing the battle of Chaeronea, 338 B.C., which made Philip of Macedon controller of the destinies of Greece. Demosthenes, the great orator, had been the heart and soul of the Athenian resistance to 'the Macedonian and had exerted his A supporter barbarian/ Lycurgus of Demos- influence in the same direction. How far, thenes if a^ jj he useci his a ? oratory for political purposes, we do not know. We hear of him accom- panying Demosthenes on an embassy to the Pelopon- in to stir 2 nese, 343 B.C., up opposition to Philip ; and he had at any rate made himself sufficiently prominent Surrender among the anti-Macedonian party to be one demanded by of those whose surrender was demanded Alexander ^y Alexander after the subjugation of Thebes, 335 B.C. Fortunately for Athens, the demand was refused; or rather Alexander allowed himself to be placated through the intervention of Demades, whose Macedonian sympathies were well known, and the demand was withdrawn. Philip's treatment of Athens after Chaeronea was so unexpectedly lenient as to confirm, to some extent, the genuineness of the friendly feeling which he had always professed towards her, and to disprove the

1 The Greek of Ps.-Plut. (Fz7.fi) is ambiguous, but Lycurgus, avus, is evidently intended. a Dem. Phil. in. 72 (ace. to some MSS.)- INTRODUCTION xiii sinister motives attributed to him by ultra-patriots like Demosthenes. Philip undertook to restore the Athenian prisoners without ransom and not to march into Attica. Oropus was to belong to Athens, the Thracian Chersonese to Macedonia. Athens was to dis- solve what remained of her confederacy, and become a member of the new Hellenic of Philip deals league leniently which Macedon was to be the head. What- with Athens ever phiijp' s motives may have been in granting such generous terms to the city which had been such a persistent obstacle to Macedonian expan- sion and the fact that Athens could still offer con- siderable resistance by sea may have weighed with him, apart from any natural feelings of clemency the Athenians undoubtedly had reason to congratulate themselves on the result. Philip was murdered in 336 B.C., and for the next thirteen years the eyes of the Greek world were fixed upon his all-conquering son pursuing his dazzling conquests in the East. Beside these, the ordinary domestic matters of the individual Greek states, however much notice they might have attracted in the old order of things, were almost, and naturally, without significance. We are permitted to see, however, that once again Athens showed remarkable powers of recovery, and that in the interval between the fall of Thebes and the death of Alexander she did much to rehabilitate her resources which had been sorely taxed by the long war ^k philiP- There was little enthu- siasm, it is true, on the part of Athens for the Macedonian hegemony, but neither was it expedient to break with the northern power, as even the more irreconcileable of the anti-Macedonians saw: it was clearly her policy to set her house in order, with a view to bettering her position when the favourable xiv INTRODUCTION

1 moment arrived . Her revenues had to be nursed, her navy strengthened, and her self-respect as a great power restored. The success she achieved in all these directions was largely due to the energy and whole- hearted enthusiasm of Lycurgus. At Athens, in the Demosthenic period, the question of finance was naturally of the first importance; and 'finance/ for an Athenian statesman, had come to mean, above all things, the administration of the so-called 'Theoric Fund.' This fund, the avowe(i purpose of which, as its name im- plies, was the providing of 'spectacle- money,' had developed from the practice, by whomso- ever introduced it has been attributed to Pericles, who had to find means of competing with the private wealth of Cimon 2 of furnishing the poorer citizens with the price of their theatre ticket. It was a practice which, once begun, rapidly outran, as might be ex- pected, the limits which we may believe its author proposed for it. At all events, by the middle of the fourth century B.C., we find that the entire surplus revenues of the state, after the expenses of administra- tion have been provided for, are declared to be 'theoric/ and the Theoric Fund is administered by a specially elected board (ot CTTI TO flewpiKoV), who, according to Aeschines, though it suits his purpose to

1 She stood aloof from the anti-Macedonian movement in the Peloponnese, which was crushed by Antipater in 331 (or 330) B.C. (battle of Megalopolis). 2 Plut. Vit. Per. IX. oXXoi Se TroXXoi irp&rov errl K (sc. TOV HfpiK\covs) (pcKrlrov 8r][j.ov K.CLI p.t(r8a>v 8iavop.as tr poax^rjvai. . .KOL TIKO'IS \r]p.p.acrLv . . .crvvdeKa.o'as TO ir\rjdos. The principle was extended (some think, instituted) by Cleophon, who intro- duced the Sico/SeXi'a or 'two-obol payment,' and later by Agyrrhius. INTRODUCTION xv exaggerate their powers when he makes the statement, 'had in their hands practically the entire 1 administration of the city .' The Theoric Board, as we know it, was probably insti- tuted under the regime of Eubulus the greatest name in Athenian fourth century finance before Lycurgus and held office from one Panathenaea to the following. But the principle involved in the Theoric Fund, if it answered well enough in time of peace, could hardly do otherwise than make for inefficiency wnen a effort to safe Warded special military required be put forth. This is the lesson conveyed by much of Athens' small achievement in her fourth century foreign policy. In spite of this, however, any proposal to divert the Fund to military purposes was certain to raise a storm of opposition, and indeed appears to have entailed very serious danger to its mover, even if we do not go the length of accepting Libanius' statement that the death penalty for such 2 a proposal was prescribed by law . The test case brought by Apollodorus about the year 350 B.C. had ended in 3 his conviction for having introduced an illegal measure . Demosthenes himself, while cautiously hinting at the Demosthenes expediency of applying the Fund to war gets it ap- purposes, definitely declines to make a plied to war 4 formai proposal . Not until 339/8Jjy/ did purposes ^ .. , Demosthenes see his dream realised:

1 Aeschin. Ctes. 25 oieVi TO OeapiKov TTjV O\T)V dlOLKT)(TlV l^OV TT 2 Argt. to Dem. Ol. I. : vop.ov eQevTo irepl T>V TOVTCOV xprjfjLaTtnv, 6a.vo.rov aTTfiXov^ra ra> "ypd^avn Orjvai re raOr' els rr)v dp^aiav rdt-iv ye. xvi INTRODUCTION emboldened by the passing of his naval reforms, he now proposed that the theoric monies should be applied to military purposes, and he must have regarded his success as one of the triumphs of his 1 policy . Eubulus had been at the head of Athenian finance as of Theoric Lycurgus presumably President the succeeds Board for some fifteen years, 354-339 : in Eubulus 33 g he was ^placed by a nominee of the war party, which had now come into power, in the person of Lycurgus. The reform of Demosthenes in respect of the theoric monies was probably responsible for a radical change in the financial administration, and for the creation of a new finance official, or at any rate an official with a new title the ra/xtas rd>v orpa- TiamKwv whom we now hear of for the first time.

' is called the Steward of Lycurgus, however, by Pseudo- the Public Plutarch ra/xias rr/s KOIVYJS trpoaoBov Revenue' 'steward of the public revenue/ 'Chan- ' cellor of the Exchequer a title which, while no doubt sufficiently representing his position, is probably not 2 official .

1 Philoch. fr. 135 ra e ^p?7/j,ar' tyrjtpio-avTo iravT* eivai Tt*:a, Arjp.oo'flevovs ypa^ravros (archonship of Lysi- machides, 339/8). 2 What definite office, or offices, Lycurgus held during his 'politico-financial ascendancy' is largely a matter of conjecture. From other language of Ps.-Plut. Vit. 3 7ri(TTfv(rdp.vos rrjv SIOIKTJCTIV TU>V xpypdrav, Hyper, fr. 121 Diod. XVI. (Blass) Ta%6f\s eVi rfj dioiKrjcrei r5)v xprfparav, 88 it ScoSfKa errj ras TrpocroSous TTJS TroXecos 8ioiKr)(ras, has been suggested that his office was 6 eVl TT; dioiKrja-ft, which probably did not exist so early, the first eVi rfj 8ioiKrja-i mentioned in inscrr. being Lycurgus' own son Habron (not before 307 B.C.). Again, from Ps.-Plut. Vit. 5 eVl rr)v rov 7To\ep.ov TrapcurKcvrjv ^fipoTovrjBeis (cf. the Rogatio Stratoclis appended, 852 c), it has been inferred that INTRODUCTION xvii

In the capacity so described Lycurgus acted for a period of twelve years,J from 338 to 326. Lycurgus' 1. . , , twelve years His appointment apparently ran from of office, Panathenaea to PanathenaeaY so that his 338-326 B.C. administration included three such terms of office, in the first (338-334) and the third (330-326) of which Lycurgus administered in his own name; in the second (334-330), under the name of a deputy, who was probably his own son Habron, this device being necessitated by legal restrictions on the length 2 of tenure of the office by the same individual . The

Lycurgus was crrpar^yoy eVi TTJV irapaa'Kfvfjv, an official whom we do not meet with in inscrr. before the third cent., and who must almost certainly have been mentioned by Arist. 'A0. HoX. 61. The words aipedcls vrrb TOV dr)p.ov (Rog. Sirat. 852 B) are too vague to allow of any certain inference. It may be that Lycurgus held special commissions for the execution of some of his duties. If he did hold a definite it office, was most likely that of Ta.fj.ias T>V riKa>i>, or president of 01 eirl TO OecopiKov, who still existed, though no doubt with diminished powers. Cf. Gilbert, Const. Antiqq. pp. 245 sqq. and notes. 1 As in the case of ot eVi ro 0TiK.a>v. 2 [Plut.] Vit. Lye. 3 Tafias eyeveTo cnl rpels Trei/ra- * .r6p.ev Trpatrov aipfdelsavTos^TretTO. ra>v (piXtov eVt- fvos riva euros eVoieZro TTJV 8ioi

Tr\ TO. aTa ' I have followed Blass in under- 8r]fj.6o-ia xPW TrXeio) e' eVcoi/ to 'not for standing p.}) mean two successive penteterids/ and not 'for not more than five years/ abso- lutely. On the second interpretation, Lycurgus would have administered by deputy in both his second and third terms. b Blass further holds that C.I. A. n. 834 i, n proves that Lycurgus acted in his own name in his third penteterid as well : his vicarious administration would therefore apply to his second (334-330). His son Ha'bron had a distinguished public career ([Plut.] Vit. Lye. 33), being Tafias T&V trrp. in 306/5, and also 6 eVi TTJ dioiKvo-fi (C.I. A. n. 167), which xviii INTRODUCTION powers which his appointment conferred on him, whether they exceeded or not those of the ra/xt'as rwv oTpariamKujy and the latter, we know, were of a much more minute and far-reaching nature than the 1 title of the office would imply must have been such as to place in his hands the control of the HIS powers wjloje f} nanciai administration, though he was no doubt associated with the Council and specific financial bodies (the aTroScVrai, TrtoX^rat, etc.) in carry- ing out the details of his office. Under the direction of Lycurgus Athenian finance took 2 a new lease of life . Boeckh calls him 'almost the only real financier that antiquity produced.' He is credited with having doubled the annual re- 3 venue, raising it from 600 to 1200 talents . would lend colour to the assumption that he acted for his father. The author of the law referred to would appear, from the context, to have been Lycurgus himself, but this is hardly likely (cf. Meier, p. xvi.). The time-limit appears to have been already in force in the time of Eubulus. 1 Gilbert, C.A ., p. 247. 2 Staatsh. I. 569. 3 [Plut.] Vit. Lye. 30 TO neyurrov ^iXia Staxoo-ia rdXarra irpotrodov rfj TrdXet Kareor^cre, rrporfpov e^fjKOvra rrpofriovTav, [cgrjKovra is incredibly low, and egaKoo-iwv (Reiske) is gene- /ecu Phil. iv. rally accepted: rerpaKoo-iW egfjKovTa (cf. [Dem.] 38) Meursius]. At the beginning of the Peloponnesian War, the entire revenues, ace. to Xen. Anab. vu. I. 27, to ' 1000 talents ' amounted quite (ov fj-elov ^iXiW ToXdvruv). Of this total, 460 were tribute [Pericles (Thuc. n. 13), however, makes the tribute yield 600 t. 'on an average,' 431 B.C.]: the other receipts, therefore, amounted to about 540 t. After the doubling of the tribute in 425 B.C., when, ace. to Andocides (in. 9), it produced more than 1200 t., we still get a rough total of 600 t. for the ordinary revenue, if we assume some exaggeration in Aristophanes' estimate of the total revenue as 2000 t. (Vesp. 656 sqq., 422 B.C.). INTRODUCTION xix

1 is The total of 18,900 talents , which said to have passed through his hands during his twelve years' tenure of office, would give an even considerably greater average annual revenue of 1575 tal. His character for integrity is shown by the fact that he was entrusted by private individuals with sums amounting to 650 tal. Pausanias states that Lycurgus 'put into the public treasury 6500 talents more than Pericles, the son of 2 Xanthippus, got together .' These figures, even with

These figures, of course, refer to a date a century earlier than Lycurgus' administration. From Ps.-Plut.'s statement (supposing eaKocrtW to be right), it might be inferred that the ordinary revenue had remained more or less constant, but it must be remembered that the value of money had fallen considerably in the interval. Gilbert (p. 358) points out that, if this be taken into account, the figures with which Lycurgus is credited are not so much at variance with those of the fifth cent, as at first sight appears, and adds that, even under the rule of Demetrius of Phalerum, the revenues still amounted to 1200 t. per annum. 1 There is some discrepancy between the figures of the Life and those of the decree of Stratocles in Ps.-Plut. :

Vit. . .rakavrotv t8 (i) [Plut.] Lye. 3 rap.ias eyeVero. t TIVCS ib. 8e (14,000) 77 &s ,n]\v' (18,650), 7 TrioTfucra/zevos' ev TrapaKaTaOrjKT) napa TWV iSicoreoi/ i' . . .ra iravra e^aKOfria Trevrrj- KOVTO. raXavra.

Rehdantz (p. 7, n. 29) plausibly remarks that it almost looks as if the first estimate of Ps.-Plut., viz. 14,000 t., represents the round product of 12 x 1200; while the second (18,650) may have arisen from an accidental combination of the inscriptional pvpia Eleusis, and the specifications for the building have been pre-

(i. 2g. 16), as to the comparative annual revenues for Lycurgus and Pericles, as we do not know either the amount of the total contribution which Pausanias postulates for the one or the other, or the terminus a quo which he contemplates for Pericles' administration. Assuming, however, that Pausanias makes Lycurgus' total contribution 18,900 t., we shall then have 18,900 6500 = 12,400!. as the amount 'got together' by Pericles. Taking twelve years of Pericles' administration, we would get an average annual revenue of, say, 1030 t., which agrees fairly well with Xenophon's estimate of 'quite 1000 talents' (see note 3, p. xviii). 1 See n. 3, p. xviii. 2 The normal strength of the fleet was 300 triremes: Xen. Anab. vu. i. 27, Ar. Ach. 544/5. 3 The galley-slips numbered 372, and were distributed as follows: Munychia 82, Zea 196, Cantharus 94. 4 Cf. Aeschin. Ctes. 25 01 eVi TO OfcopiKov p.voi. . .veoopiov

1 ' served to us in an inscription . Its length was to be 400 feet, its breadth 5 5... The roof was of tiles supported on wooden beams and

rafters. . .The whole was divided into a nave and two aisles of the aisles by two rows columns ; and were to be provided with every convenience for storing ships' gear The evident intention was that the building should constantly remain open to public in- spection, and that all storage room should be arranged so that its contents were easily visible from the central nave. Even ventilation is provided for in the specifica- 2 tion .' At the same time the military needs of the state were not neglected, and a plentiful supply of 3 arms and weapons was stored in the acropolis . Hardly less important than the naval improvements ' of Lycurgus, whose post practically included the func- 4 tions of a minister of public works ,' were ^he which he carried buildings building enterprises through: it seemed as though the age of Pericles had been revived for Athens. He rebuilt and planted the Lycean gymnasium, where Aristotle taught his 'peripatetic' disciples, and provided it with a palaestra. On the left bank of the Ilissus, he con- structed the Panathenaic Stadium, origin- The Stadium ... _.. . , , , ally, we may believe, laid out by Pisistratus, and destined to be embellished at a later date with the marble seats of Herodes Atticus. Most notable of all, however, was the reconstruction of the Theatre of Dionysus, which Lycurgus carried out as President. The remains of the theatre buildings as they are to- day notably the marble thrones composing the lowest row of seats, and perhaps the tiers of seats which rise

1 Dittenberger, Syll* 852. 2 Prof. E. A. Gardner, Ancient Athens, pp. 557-9. 3 Rog. Strat. ap. [Plut.] 852 c. 4 Bury, H. G. (1900), p. 826. xxii INTRODUCTION above them are to a large extent the remains of the 1 . the Restoration restored theatre of Lycurgus 'From ofDionysiac age of Pericles to that of Hadrian there Theatre was probably no other man who left so lasting an impression [as Lycurgus] upon Athenian 2 architecture .' ' The two chief monuments of the Lycurgean epoch the Panathenaic Stadion and the theatre of Dionysus it must be re- Lycurgus were, always remembered, 3 fosters the ligious, not secular, buildings .' The personal state religion piety of Lycurgus was reflected in the solicitous concern for the worship of the gods which marked his administration. Religious festivals which had fallen into desuetude were revived on a more splendid scale. 'He provided for the state gold and silver vessels for use in the processions, and all-gold 4 Victories .' More interesting for us and eminently characteristic of the man was the reverence shown

1 For a discussion of how far the extant stage-buildings (apart from acknowledged later alterations) are the work of Lycurgus' time, see Prof. F. A. Gardner, Ancient Athens, c. x. As against Prof. Dorpfeld, who 'regards the whole of the earliest extant scena, foundation, stylobate, and columns alike, as belonging to one time, and that the time of Lycurgus,' he lays stress on the fact that Lycurgus 'only finished what others had begun' (cf. [Plut.] Vit. 6 TO eV &IOVIXTOV Bfarpov cnHTTaTcov cVerAeo-ei/, Rog. Strut. 852 C

. . .TO TO Aiovv(ria.Kbv 77/u.t'epya TrapaXa^cbv dfarpov ^Tjpyd(raTO KCU eTTfTf\f(Tv), and thinks that there is 'no insuperable difficulty in assigning the main plan of the extant buildings to about the same time as the later temple of Dionysus [near the theatre] perhaps as early as 420 B.C. 'If this be the case/ he adds, 'then we have actually some remains of the stage on which the plays of Sophocles, and Euripides, and Aristophanes were first produced.' 2 E. A. Gardner, op. cit., p. 399. 3 Bury, H. G. (1900), p. 828. 4 [Plut.] Vit. 8, Paus. i. 29. 16. INTRODUCTION xxiii for the great tragedians Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. Lycurgus proposed that bronze statues of set in theatre 1 them should be up the , and caused authorised texts of their plays to be prepared and in so as to statues deposited the public archives, of the great serve as a check on the alterations and tragedians interpolations of actors which even at this early date had begun to disfigure them. The official copy of Lycurgus, who thus rendered a service to scholar- ship, afterwards passed into the library of Alexandria. But Lycurgus found scope for his energy in other directions which harmonized with his whole character and with the family traditions under which ^e ^a(^ ^een Dorn an(l educated. His aristo- reformer cratic extraction, lofty patriotism, and fer- vently religious ideals combined to make him a sort of ' censor morum, who conceived it as his mission to raise 2 the standard of public and private life .' He was an ' Aristides and a Cato in one. He charged himself/ says ' his biographer, with the guardianship of the city and 3 the arrest of malefactors ,' and doubtless made for himself as many enemies as others have done who have undertaken a similar role. By enacting sumptuary laws, and prosecuting relentlessly those whom he conceived to fail in the sacred prosecutor duty of patriotism, he won for himself the reputation of a second Draco : it was said of him that ' he drew his laws against evil-doers with a pen dipped 4 not in ink, but in death .' Diodorus characterizes him

1 The proposal was opposed by Philinus, a contemporary- 2 orator. J. F. Dobson, The Greek Orators, p. 272. 3 [Plut.] Vit. 10. 4 Ibid, ov fj,e\avi, d\\a Oavdrtp xpiovTO. TOV Ka\ap.ov Kara TU>V 7rovr)p)v. The credit of the famous mot' appears to belong to Demades, who said of Draco OTI Si' at ov dia fj.\avos rovs vopovs eypcr^/cv, Plut. Vit. Sol. 17. xxiv INTRODUCTION

' 1 as a very bitter prosecutor ,' and quotes in his supj^ort a vigorous extract from Lycurgus' speech against Lysicles, who had been a general at Chaeronea. Almost all his prosecutions were successful. Lycurgus enforced his reforms by the severe sim- plicity of his own private life. Like Socrates, though better off than he, he wore the same dress A C summer and and shoes when rivate iife winter, only the weather required them. His reputation for rectitude was such that 'the fact that Lycurgus said so was thought to be a help to a defendant in 2 the law-courts .' The qualities which made the name of Lycurgus feared as much as respected his outspokenness 3 and unbending integrity did not fail to meet with recog- nition from his countrymen, who could at least appre- ciate what they were too often reluctant to imitate. ' Honoured ^e was repeatedly crowned by the people 4 by his and awarded statues .' These honours, we countrymen may believe, had not fallen to him un- challenged, but, like Demosthenes in competition with 5 he could boast often Cephalus , that, though prosecuted, 6 he had never been convicted . We are told that he caused a list of all the monies he had disbursed to be inscribed on a pillar and set up in front of the palaestra

1 Diod. xvi. 88 OVTOS yap (sc. 6 AvKovpyos) TOJV Tore prjropav fj,yi(TTOv (%a)v a.ia>p.a. . .Trt/cporaroy TJV KUTrjyopos, ' av yvoirj TIS avrov rrjv ev rots \6yois aj~iav /cat iriicpiav ev ois TOV Av

1 Ib. 50. 2 This is the generally accepted date (after Suidas), and is supported by the action recorded of Demosthenes in regard to his children; some give 322 B.C., the year which witnessed the deaths of Demosthenes himself; and of Aristotle. 3 [Plut.] Vit. 29. Cf. Paus. i. 29. 16, who saw it in the (outer) Ceramicus, on the way to the Academy. 4 Dem. Ep. in. 6 A fragment of Hyperides' speech has been preserved (fr. 121 Blass), which may be quoted as summing up xxvi INTRODUCTION

Some seventeen years after his death, a decree con- ferring honours on Lycurgus was passed on the motion of the orator Stratocles. By this decree, as nas been is of o^stratocfes wnich, mentioned, one our chief authorities for the administration of Lycurgus, it was provided that a bronze statue of him 1 should be erected in the Ceramicus , and that the right of maintenance at the state expense should be- 2 long, in perpetuity, to the eldest of his descendants . The decree of Stratocles was apparently appealed to by Lycurgus' son, Lycophron, in claiming that honour on the death, without issue, of his elder brothers, Habron and Lycurgus.

(ii) THE SPEECH AGAINST LEOCRATES

Fifteen speeches passed current in antiquity under the name of Lycurgus, almost all of which, as far as our knowledge goes, date from between the battle of 3 Chaeronea and his death . The titles of some of them

Lycurgus' life and work: riva (pr)crovo~iv ol napiovTes avrov TOV 8' eVi 8101- Tafpov ; ovros 6/3(6) p.ev aoxppovas, Ta%6f\s rrj KT)o~fi TO)V xpr)p,a.T<0v cvpe rropovs, o)KoSo/xJ/o"e 8e TO Bearpov, TO. TOVTOV rro\is i>6o>pia, Tpirjpeis 7roirjo~aTO, Xt/xeVas* 17 fjfMcav ^ri/iCDO-e Kal TOVS TralSas e^trev avrov. 1 I.e. in the inner Ceramicus (Agora), at its southern end, where the statue was seen by Pausanias (i. 8. 2): fvravBa A. re Ketreu \dXnovs 6 A.vn6(ppovo$. A fragment of the base has been discovered, C. I. A. iv. 1363*: -KOPO-

2 The statement of Ps.-Plut. (Vit. 41) that Lycurgus himself received this honour by virtue of the same decree (i.e. the decree of S.), must be a blunder. Cf. Meier and Blass, ad loc. 3 [Plut.] Vit. 39 (pepovTai 8e roG prjropos Xoyot irfVTf- Kaideica. The list of Suidas gives either fifteen or fourteen, according as the title drroXoyia Trpos TOV avrbv (sc. TOV INTRODUCTION xxvii have obvious reference to matters connected with

his administration (e.g. irepl rrjs Siot/o^'crews,

1 T7 s ; ^P ? petas (?), Trepl T^ iepaxrwTjs (?)) the title of one at least is obscure (Trpos ras /xavrcias); eight out of the fifteen speeches are concerned with the prosecution of individuals on various charges. He was associated with Demosthenes in the of he prosecution Aristogiton ; appeared against in Hyperides the cases of Euxenippus and Lycophron ; and he spoke against the orator Demades. The prose- cution of Lysicles, one of the generals at Chaeronea, 1 has been already referred to . The impeachments of Autolycus 2 and Leocrates had this much in common, that they were both concerned with matters arising out of the panic which the news of Chaeronea produced at Athens. Only the speech against Leocrates has

been preserved to us entire : of the others we have only 8 inconsiderable fragments . The case against Leocrates turned on the fact that he had fled from Athens at the news of the defeat at Chaeronea, and sailed to Rhodes. After f some sta ther6 he betook himself to Leoc"tes y ' Megara, where he engaged in trade for some five or six years. Thereafter he returned to Athens, expecting, presumably, that his desertion would have been in the interval but forgotten ; Lycurgus him for impeached treason (eurayyAia TrpoSoon'as). Such, in brief, were the circumstances; but one or two points call for somewhat closer attention. Rehdantz (among others) raises the question, When exactly did

ra>v v6wa>v is taken to represent two speeches or one. Cf. Blass, App. ad Lye., p. XLII. 1 2 Supra, p. xxiv. C. Leocr. 53. 8 These, along with fragments of Lycurgus' laws and decrees, have been collected by Blass in his edition of the Leocrates.

p. L. c xxviii INTRODUCTION

Leocrates' desertion take place? and under what law was he chargeable? Autolycus, says Lycurgus, was condemned because, though he remained himself, he was responsible for having removed his wife and sons 1 to a lace of . this, When did P safety Following upon Leocrates' apparently, the people passed a decree flight take pronouncing absconders generally to be 2 amenable to the charge of treason . Lycur- gus, however, makes no use of this decree against Leo- crates, presumably because the latter's flight had taken place previous to its passing /Autolycus himself had been condemned on the strength of a decree passed im- mediately on receipt of the news of Chaeronea, directing that the women and children should be brought inside the walls, and empowering the generals to take such measures as they thought fit for the defence of the 3 city . By this same decree, presumably, Leocrates stood or fell. Did his flight take place before, or after, it was passed ? It was obviously in the interest of the prosecutor to establish, as clearly as possible, that the decree was operative before Leocrates absconded; it was equally in his interest, on the other hand, if this was not the case, not to condescend too precisely on the time relation, but to contrive to create a presump- tion that a positive enactment had been transgressed. That Leocrates had really the better of the argument in this matter may be deduced from the circumstance that it is this second line that the orator takes. He dexterously first draws attention to the resolutions adopted at the first Assembly after the battle then > and proceeds: N TOVTWV ov6evos povTLcra.<;, crvo 4 r aaTa*" < TO thus *X XP ?/ x vya>i/ , establishing, by implication, the connexion which he desired, but which

1 * C. Leocr. 53. Ibid. 8 * Ib. 1 6 (decree of Hyperides). 17. INTRODUCTION xxix we have reason to suppose the facts did not justify, between the decree and Leocrates' flight. But while Lycurgus is thus at pains to correlate Leocrates' action with a positive measure forbidding it, and indeed appears to have felt that such a correla- tion was essential to his success, from the point of view of the jury, we cannot doubt that, from his own and higher point of view, the existence of an express enactment which he could to Lycurgus' legal appeal view of the was entirely a secondary consideration. It offence was enough that Leocrates had failed in patriotism that 'being a man he had not rendered 1 ' to his country the price of his nurture and failure in patriotism constituted, in the eyes of his accuser, the greatest crime of which a citizen could be capable. And here it may be remarked that, to our ideas, Leocrates' offence was nothing worse than cowardice the term, indeed, which Lycurgus' biographer applies to it 2 and Aeschines, who refers to the prosecution of Leocrates, speaks of his sailing to Rhodes on rov 6ftov avai/Spw? ^vey/ce, 'because he endured not the 3 panic like a man .' But to Lycurgus it was the grossest treason: his whole speech is directed to showing that it was so to be regarded, and deserved to be visited with the appropriate penalties. And further, it must be remembered that the Assembly, before which was 4 must have decided Lycurgus' eicrayyeXta brought , that he had a vera causa in prosecuting for treason.

1 53 O.VTJP wv ov< oTre'ScoKe ra rpocpeta rfj irarpidi. 2 ' [Plut.] Vit. 45 6 evOvvas (so. eypa^aro s. efXe) 'ApHTToyeirova KOI AfaxpaTrjv KOI AVTO\VKOV deiKias, 3 C. Ctes. 252. 4 So Rehdantz, Einl. 13. An eto-ayyeAi'a might be brought either before the Council or the Assembly: the subsequent procedure, in either case, was practically the same, if the penalty involved exceeded the competence of the

Council (see notes to i of the speech) : cf . Gilbert, pp. 305-6. xxx INTRODUCTION

The case was heard, in the ordinary course of things, before a Heliastic court, consisting probably of 1000 dicasts1 in the of before the , summer 330 B.C., shortly final trial of strength between Aeschines 2 and Demosthenes . The speech of Lycurgus has been well described as 'a solemn and earnest protest on behalf of public spirit. There is not a trace of personal feeling, there is no attempt to disparage the man's private life. But the tone throughout is that 3 of a lofty and inexorable indignation .' a vote4 Leocrates was acquitted by single , and Lycurgus had to be content with a moral triumph. Considering, however, that the defendant had much in his favour that time must have dulled the memory of his offence, that he was not without 5 influential advocates , and that the trial ' took place at a time when the common temper of the ' ' city was with the accused the result was a remark -

1 Strictly 1001, to prevent a tie in the voting: cf. Arist. 'A0. IIoX. 53. 3, Dem. xxiv. 9 and Schol. 8ia TOVTO Se 6 efy TT pocrcTfdr) del rois diKCHTTcus, K.r.X. 2 The determination of the date of the trial is naturally bound up with the duration of Leocrates' sojourn abroad. him at 21 TrXeico -n-evre Lycurgus makes stay Megara, 77 * T7 TrXeuo irivr ! Also 7> 56 7TVT err/, 145 r\ err]. 58 refers to ! err) o-vvcx&s a7ro8r)(jLr)(ras presumably Megara only. Taking these figures in conjunction with 45 oy86

able testimony to the character and to the eloquence 1 of the accuser .'

(iii) ANALYSIS

No very precise analysis of the speech, according to the recognised divisions, can be attempted. We can distinguish, it is true, the regular introduction narrative /uoi/); (Snjyrjo-is) , and epilogue but in the third department of proof (Trams), Lycurgus 2 allows himself a wide latitude . Still even here we can follow him with some certainty, till the main refuta- tion of the adversary's arguments (Aixm TWV Ke

Greeks ( 7-15). Narrative. Leocrates' flight to Rhodes, and evidence therefor (16-20); his migration to Megara, and

1 Jebb, Attic Orators, n. p. 381. 2 Cf. A. G. Becker in Dobson, Attic Orators, vol. iv., where, in reference to technical arrangement, he remarks: 'non semel factum est, ut optimus quisque orator, artis praecepta relinquens, suum sibi eligeret ordinem, quod imprimis conspicuum est in Demosthene...quae artificia Lycurgus vel ignoravit vel contempsit. et in hac gravissima Leocratis accusatione iudicum animos ad suam sententiam pertrahere speravit vi veritatis, sensu recti, et orationis gravitate.' xxxii INTRODUCTION residence there. Evidence ms removal of ( 21-24) '> his family sacra from their native soil, and export of corn to Leucas ( 25-27). Argument. The fairness of my procedure is seen in my challenge to the defendant to surrender his slaves,

declined. stands self-condemned . which he He ( 28-36)

Elaboration of the narrative : the pitiable plight of after of the Athens Chaeronea ( 37-45) ; praise men who fell in the battle there (46-51); acquittal is in the of impossible face precedents ( 52-54). Anticipation of adversary's arguments: (a) that he that sailed as a merchant ( 55-58) ; (b] he held no of trust that the results des- position ( 59-62) ; (c) cribed could not have depended upon his single action that from the does ( 63-67) ; (d) departure city not necessarily constitute desertion, as witness the case of our ancestors before Salamis ( 68-74) . Appeals to ancestral usage, ancient history, etc.: The attitude of our ancestors to such cases shown by attached to oaths Their the sanctity they ( 75-82). love of country shown by the self-sacrifice of Codrus

. Leocrates will the fact of his ( 83-89) quote standing his trial as a proof of his innocence, but as a matter of fact he has been brought here by Providence: re-

Callistratus . The reward member ( 90-93) gods piety Pious' in- 'the Place of the ( 94-97). Patriotism culcated by the poets Euripides' Erechtheus, Homer and Tyrtaeus: the spirit of their poetry displayed at Marathon and Thermopylae (98-110). Severity of our ancestors towards traitors Phrynichus, Hippar- chus, absconders to Decelea, the man who died at

: decree of 1 1 . Salamis Demophantus ( 1-127) Salutary- of Leocrates was false example Sparta ( 128-130). even to the natural instincts of the brute creation 1 His advocates are His ( i3i-i34). equally culpable. own father would have condemned him. They should INTRODUCTION xxxiii

not presume to secure the acquittal of the guilty on the strength of their own public services (135-140) . It is a pity your wives and children could not be present in court at a case like this: Leocrates is no ordinary offender is of the most heinous ( 141-145). He guilty it rests with to him crimes: you punish ( 146-148). Epilogue. I have done my duty: remember that the land, its trees and its harbours, appeal to you; and sentence pass an exemplary ( 149-150).

(iv) LYCURGUS AS AN ORATOR

1 Lycurgus is reputed to have been a pupil of Isocrates : he was certainly familiar with the great master's works. A training in the epideictic school was not the best preparation for one who needed oratory only for practical purposes; but the influence of the master was sufficiently strong to make the style of the pupil Isocratic at the base. Occasional sentences 2 and even paragraphs 3 of the Leocrates are cast in an unmistakably Isocratic mould.

1 [Plut.] Vit. 2, where it is also stated that he first studied philosophy as a pupil of Plato. 2 ' Cf. . . 3 ef3ov\6fMTjv av. .&(nrp - r (T( ifVOi f with Isocr. iv. Hais xP 1 *l .r.X., (Paneg.) 92, and vi. (Archid.) 100; 70 povoi d' d/i0orepcoi> trepiyeyovaa-i. . .a>s eKaTcpuv rrpoa-f)K, with Isocr. IV. (Paneg.) 72 dptpoTepcov coy KpaTrjcravres eKarepav TrpofrrJKfv', and 136 ei TIS cip' eariv ata-drja-is K.r.X., with Isocr. ix. (Evag.) 2, xiv. (Plataic.) 61, xix. (Aeginet.) 42. 8 Cf. the whole passage 46-51, which is 'nothing but a condensed funeral speech on those who died at Chaeronea ' (J. F. Dobson, The Greek Orators, p. 278), and contains, as might be expected, numerous echoes of Isocrates. xxxiv INTRODUCTION

To the epideictic style are also to be referred the use of abstracts in the 1 of of 2 and plural , pairs synonyms , such phrases as TO. KOIVO, rwv a 1C r i KOLV^ features ^or aSifof/AciTa), ra 3 Ipyw, etc. A noticeable feature is the use of prepositions for the simple (mostly subjective) geni- in such as ra IK tive, expressions r&v vofjiwv eTrm/xia, tj Ttov 4 irapa TWV $ea>v /3or/$eia, 77 virtp rotovrwv Tt/zojpia, etc. 'His and his 5 vocabulary metaphors,' says Jevons , 'are poetical to an extent which would flavour have been more intelligible in the im- maturity of Attic oratory than it is at its close.' This is true, within limits. His metaphors cer- tainly are striking, and his bold personifications, in particular, would have offended the taste of more 6 fastidious stylists . But his vocabulary can hardly be said to be poetical in the sense that it contains a great, or even a considerable, number of words which 7 would not be admitted in good prose .

1 Cf. 1 8 fVTvxiai, 20, 139 xapirey, 37, 43 48 fvvoiat, 78 ddiKtai, 126 n/za>pi'ai. 2 Cf. 3 (also 150) 8ia(j)v\aTTi

3 Cf. 6, 48, 102, 104, etc. 4 Cf. 4, 9, 15, 26, 79, 97, etc. 6 Greek Literature*, p. 447. 8 Cf. 17, 'he pitied not the harbours of the city... he felt no shame before the walls of his country' (also 21); 25, 'he required the sacred things to share his exile'; 43, 'the country was contributing its trees, the dead their their ' ' their lives tombs, and the temples arms ; 50, are their country's crown of glory'; 61, 'it is death for a city to be laid desolate'; 150, 'the country and its trees supplicate you: the harbours implore you.' 7 The only individual words of a poetic cast which I have been able to discover (excluding the language of the oaths at 77, 81) are: 4, 8, 65 eTrm'/uoi/, 7, 62, no ald>v INTRODUCTION xxxv

In the matter of hiatus, Lycurgus is very incon- sistent. In some cases he has obviously been at pains to avoid it by a slight disturbance of the 1 natural order of the words ; in others, the little care which would have avoided it has not been exercised 2 ; and, generally speaking, open 3 positions, at which Isocrates would have shuddered, 4 are frequent . Attention has been drawn to his lack of skill, or of care, in the connecting of his clauses, 5 and to clumsiness in the building up of his sentences . The KCLLTOI, which is his favourite instrument for intro- ducing his premises, recurs with somewhat monotonous 6 regularity . All this amounts to saying that, judged by Isocratic, or even less exacting, standards, Lycurgus is inartistic.

(used also by Isocr.), 82 cvK\fia, 99 la>v (perhaps a quotation), 130 i\o-^n>xfiv (quoted also from Dem. and Lysias); and the phrase eVt yrjpws o8&> (quoted also from Hyper, v. col. 22). 1 Cf . TI ov8* 7 ov fjiiiepov fjifpos arvv%i T&V TTJS TroXfcos, eV VOV ovd' is oXi'yoi/ XP (where o-we^fi | avoided), 58 agtov f(TT\v ov /Jiovov aurfti Sid rrjv Trpd^iv opyifo-6ai ravTr\v (opyi- TOVTO fL TTO\IS ^o~0ai | avr<5), 83 yap f\ ^yi-O'Tov T\ vficiiv

i e ^- c - dyadov (ex \ *))> 2 Cf. 2O TroXXol ratv e.g. errcio-Orjo-av paprvpcav rj apvTj- povelv K.r.X., where TroXXoi rS>v p. eireivOijcrav might have been said. 3 6 (poftovfMevos (j)(i)vrjv (pavrjevn crvyKpovcrai (Plut. De Glor. Athen. c. 8). * Cf. e.g. 52 rovs ra T>V aXXcov (poviKO. d^tK77/zara oo-tto- rara diKa^ovTas, 65 ovde rov p-ev p.fyd\a tepotruX^trai/ra dirfK.Tft.vov, TOV 8e jj.iK.pa eXdrrovt rt/xcapia fKO\a.ov, 113 rd yf oa-TO. avrov dvopvgai KOI e'^opiVat e^co TTJS 'ArrtK^y, 117, etc. 6 J. F. Dobson, The Greek Orators, p. 277. He notices the successive yap's in 49-50 (to which 98 might be added), and the accumulation of participles (five) in 93. 6 Cf. 37, 39, 44, 52 sq., 74 sq., 77, etc. xxxvi INTRODUCTION

The ancient critics justly complained of the inelegance 1 and harshness of his diction . The truth seems to be that Lycurgus cared too much about what he said to care a great deal about how he said it. While he some characteristic Lycurgus inevitably reproduced not an artist features of his master's he did not m style, style swauOw Isocrates whole,' as Demosthenes was said 2 to have done Isaeus. What artistic skill he did attain appears to have been the result of hard work. 'Not being well gifted,' says his biographer, 'for extempore speaking, he practised night and day; on his couch there was only a sheep-skin and a pillow that 3 he might be easily awakened to his task .' We may even suspect that, in his heart, Lycurgus despised the artifices of rhetoric; he was content with a tolerable standard of technical proficiency and relied on the vis veritatis to do the rest. In addition to the influence of Isocrates, however, Lycurgus' oratory was moulded by other influences which are to be referred rather to the character of the man himself. By birth, education and family tradition, Lycurgus had almost a greater affinity with the elder Athens than with his own, and this affinity reacted on his style. In several ways he claims kin, more than Resem- anv * the other orators, with Antiphon. biance to In dignity, in a certain aristocratic aloof- Antiphon nesS) and deep religious feeling, he furnishes striking points of coincidence with the earlier orator, to whose antithetical style he now and again appears ' to revert. Engrafted on the smooth luxuriance of Isocrates, we find once more the archaic, somewhat

1 Dionysius, Vett. Cens. v. 3 oi> pfjv do-reloy oude fjdvs, dXX' dvayKoios', Hermogenes, Trept 18., B. n TroXu 8e TO Tpa%y KOI crapology with which he introduces some of these betrays some in his 6 uneasiness own mind about their appropriateness ; but Lycurgus is an educator as well as an orator 'it 7 ' will be fitting for all the younger men to hear them

1 2 3 Jebb, Attic Orators, vol. n. 377. n sqq. 149. 4 He has practically proved his case by 36. 5 6 Cf. 95, 98. 7 124-^ r j 95 f l yQ-p Kai p-vd&bfO-TfpOV (TTIV, aXX' app,6(Tl KOI VVV ajrao-i rols vcarepots aKov(rai. xxxviii INTRODUCTION and herein his 'instruction by examples' finds its 1 justification . A considerable portion of the speech may fairly be described as a eulogy of the Athens of an earlier day. Lycurgus' excursions into ancient history provide details 2 some rather startling , which, while not enhancing the general reputation of the orators for historical accuracy, must be set down, in this case, as interesting and venial slips of memory where there is no intention to falsify. The atmosphere of religion which pervades the speech, and in particular the doctrine which he expounds, more 3 the divine of re- than once , touching punishment sin, veal a quality of mind which, as already remarked, Moral and ^ias mucn m common with Antiphon, and religious even with Aeschylus. The extent, indeed, tone of his moral and religious affinities with the older poet-moralists is attested in addition to the more practical ways in which he sought to honour them4 by his intimate acquaintance with their works and the length at which he quotes them. Aeschines, it is true, indulges in quotation, and Demosthenes re- taliates in kind : both, however, show regard for rele- ' vancy and proportion. But Lycurgus, like a bath-man5 ' his hearers with and thf poets , deluges fifty- five lines of Euripides, and not content with that, inflicts upon them, after another six lines of Homer, 1 For his didactic tone, cf . 4 rpta yap earn TO. peyio-ra, a dia

thirty-two lines of Tyrtaeus. Only the most long- suffering jury, one would imagine, would have tolerated such liberties, unless indeed the gratification of their amour propre as Athenians may be supposed to have been a reasonable off-set to utter boredom. To Lycurgus himself, of course, the question of the relevancy, or otherwise, of it all never occurred: it has all, to him, a vital bearing on the issue: he is in deadly earnest all the time, and communicates something of his white heat to his hearers. But though Lycurgus' laudatio temporis acti may have been, quite incidentally, pleasing enough to the judges, he would never have stooped to natter them. Like a good aristocrat, he confesses to an admiration for Sparta, and adduces from there examples of 'law and order' which we may suspect were 1 Sparta and not entirely congenial to his audience . He the Areo- addresses to the jury some home truths with regard to the irrelevant pleading which they countenance, and takes occasion, as a speaker who was concerned with securing a verdict at all costs would hardly have done, to eulogise the court of the Areopagus, which, however venerable and vene- rated even by the Athenians of his own day, was 2 anything but a democratic institution . Lycurgus' own character, as has been well observed, 3 is the best comment on his oratory . The ancient critics, while justly noting his faults the harshness Ancient * ^s diction, his tendency to repeat him- ' critics on self his for tales , and penchant legend, Lycurgus 4 and pOetry 'allowed him the qualities of dignity and impressiveness, and recognised his passion

1 128 KCU . . et TroXXa/cty ratv p.Y) fj.oi a^6e(rdrJT. p.ep.vrjfj.ai avbpwv TOVTWV. 2 3 12, 52. Jebb, Attic Orators, vol. n. p. 376. 4 Hermogenes, irepi I8c>v, B. II. xl INTRODUCTION

1 for truth and outspokenness . Dio Chrysostom credits ' him with a certain simplicity and nobility of manner,' and Dionysius lays his finger on what is perhaps his outstanding quality when he says: TOVTOV xp^ ^A.ow /u,aArra ras Scivaxreis. By SetVoxris was meant 'the power to bring out the enormity of a wrong,' and the full import of the term cannot be better conveyed than in the words of another great literary critic, His .r-* . . -, .. StU'cocris ,.-,. 29 , i Quintman : in hoc eloquentiae vis est ut iudicem non in id tantum compellat, in quod ipsa rei natura ducetur, sed aut qui non est, aut maiorem quam est, faciat adfectum. haec est ilia, quae dinosis vocatur, rebus indignis asperis invidiosis addens vim oratio.' As examples of this may be quoted Lycurgus' of of or his description the flight Leocrates ( 17), powerful picture of the plight of Athens after Chaeronea (39sqq.).

(v) SOURCES OF THE TEXT

The manuscript tradition for Lycurgus is substan- tially the same as for the rest of the minor orators. The chief MS. is the Codex Crippsianus, denoted by the letter A, in the British Museum (Brit. Mus. Burneianus 3 95), and dated to the thirteenth century A.D. It derives its name from John Marten Cripps, who was associated with Edward Daniel Clarke (1769-1822, Jesus College, Cambridge) in travels in the east about the beginning of the nineteenth century; and it was obtained from the famous monastery of Batopedion,

1 Dionysius, Vett. Cens. v. 3 dirjpfjLevos. . .o-epvos. . .(pi\a-

2 VI. 2. 24. 3 An exhaustive description of A will be found in the introduction to Wyse's Isaeus, to which I am indebted for the brief account of it given here. INTRODUCTION xli on Mount Athos. Ultimately it came into the posses- sion of Charles Burney, on whose death in 1817 it passed into the British Museum. The MS. is on vellum, in in folio (ff. 170), and contains, order, Andocides, Isaeus, Dinarchus, Antiphon, Lycurgus, Gorgias (Helen and Palamedes), Alcidamas (Ulysses), Lesbonax, Herodes. It has been corrected both by the scribe 1 at least one later 2 which himself (A ), and by hand (A ), latter, once believed to stop at a point in Antiphon, can be detected (ace. to Thalheim) in 70-86 of Lycurgus. 'The Codex Crippsianus is an inferior MS., remarkable neither for age nor integrity, but infected 1 with nearly all the vices to which MSS. are liable ,' one of the chief being the omission of small single words. It was collated by F. Osann for his edition of Lycurgus published at Jena in 1821, and subsequently by Bekker and Dobson for their respective editions of the Attic orators, 1822-3 anc^ 1828. More recently, the MS. has been examined by (among others) Jernstedt, Blass and Thalheim. It has now been proved that B = Laurentianus (also obtained from Batopedion, by Janus Lascaris, French Ambassador at Venice, 1503-9), L = Marcianus, M = Brit. Mus. Burneianus 96, P = Ambrosianus, Z = Vratislaviensis (Breslau Public Library), all of the fifteenth century, are derived from A. The dependence of B on A, first argued by Thalheim, was confirmed by Jernstedt, Blass and Buermann: B was shown by H. Reutzel to be the source of LMZ: M was copied from L, Z from M, and M was very probably the source of P. LMP were all written at Florence about the end of the fifteenth century. L 'still possesses a certain historical interest as the source of the Aldine edition of 1513, which repeats all its lacunae and many of its 2 peculiar readings / 1 2 Op. cit. p. xxxvi. Op. cit. p. iv. xlii INTRODUCTION

The only other MS. of equal authority to A is the Codex Oxoniensis N = Bodleianus Misc. 208, of the end of the fourteenth century, which, however, is not com- plete for Lycurgus, containing only 1-34. 4 7rpoSoeditio princeps of 1513 was not only derived from an inferior MS. but teemed with typographical errors ... The efforts of three centuries were spent on 2 purging the text of the Aldine .' This remark is no doubt eminently true of the speech of Lycurgus. The text of the Leocrates, though purified to a great extent by the labours of successive scholars, from Taylor and Reiske onwards, still provides a considerable field for the textual critic, though the field has been narrowed since van den Es, in 1854, concluded his critical notes ' with the following suggestive observation : ne quis in una oratione tot vitia miretur. notum est Lycurgi Leocrateam ludi magistris in deliciis esse habitam: veterum scripta autem nulla plus mendorum contrax- iis et erunt, quam quae ab terebantur explicabantur ; frequentius etiam in discipulorum usum describe- bantur eoque paullatim magis atque magis corrumpe- bantur.'

1 Praef. ad Lycurgum, p. iv. 2 Wyse, op. cit. p. xxxvi. KATA AEQKPATOYS

Mera TO, ev Xatpa>i/ia Sctva i/r^ur/xa Trout 6 rwi/ ' TIVO, 2(i> A.6r)VOLL(j)V 8^/AOS, <2

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at v

Aew/cparou? rou Kpwopevov Trot^o-o/z-at.

yap rfj 'AOrjva Kal rot? aXXot? ^eot? /cat rot?

rot? /cara TT;^ TTO\LV Kal TTJV %a)pav iSpv/jLevot,?, el /cat /j,ev el(rrfyye\fca AewKparrj St/catw? Kpiva) rov

T avr&v Kal TOU9 i^ew? /cat ra eSiy at ra

Kal ra? ev rot? i/o/tot? rtyua? /cat Overlap ra?

UTTO TWI> vfjuerepcov TTpoyovcov 7ra/3a8eSo/Lte^a9, e'/ze 2

aftoz/ eV T^ rrffjiepov f}/J

P.L. I AYKOYPTOY

Kartfyopov Troifjo-ai, o Kal ra> S' Kal rf) TToXet a-v/jL^epet,, u/ua? a>9 vTrep Kal TraiBcov Kal yvvaiK&v KOI TrarpiBos /cal iep&v VTTO rov /3ov\evo/ji,evovs, Kal e%ovTas rfj tyr)a> irpo- Sorrjv airavrtov TOVTWV, aTrapai.TiJTOvs BiKacrras Kal vvv Kal e/9 rbv \oiirov ^povov yeveaQau rot? ra Toiavra Kal TrjXiKavra irapavofjbova'iv' et oe rbv TTpoSovra rrjv TTarplba fjujre rov eyfcara- TTJV nr6\iv Kal ra lepa els TOVTOVL rbv

aywva KaOlo'TTJiJii, orctiOfjvai airrov K TOV KivBvvov

Kal VTTO TOH> 8eS)V Kal v(f> v/jt,a)V TWV SiKaaTwv.

3 'E/9ouXo//,^i/ 8' av, t avSpes, &(nrep axfreXifAov 2 (7Tt, TTJ TToX-et, elvai row? Kpivovras ev Tavry roi? irapavoiiovvras, OVTCO Kal i\dv0pwjrov avrb Trapa

rot? TroXXot? virei\f)6ai,' vvv Be TrepieGTijKev et? TOVTO, ware rbv ISia KivBvvevovra Kal virep rwv %Oav6fjLevov ov fyikoTroKiv, d\\a SoKeiv elvai, ov BiKaicof ovBe

4 fapovTws Trj 7TO\ei,. rpia yap eari ra a 8ia(f>v\dTrei Kal Stacrwfet rrjv BrjfjLOKparlav Kal

rrjv TT;? TToXew? evSai/Jioviav, Trpwrov fjiev rj r&v 8* twi^ vo/jicov raft?, Sevrepov 77 SiKaaT&v i/rrj^o?, S' rpirov 17 rourot? TdSiKijfAara TrapaSibova-a Kpi- o a Set <7t9. fjuev yap ro/^o? TrecpvKe 7rpo\eyei,v /JLTJ TrpaTTeiv, 6 Be Karrfyopos /jLrjvveiv rou9 ev6%ov<;

CK rwv vofjbwv eTTLTi/jbio^ KadeaTcora^, 6 Be K0\deiv TOVS VTT d^orepwv TOVTCOV

avTw, WGT ovO' 6 VO/JLOS ov& r) r&v KATA AEQKPATOY2

SIKCKTTWV Ajri)

SitcovvTas la"%vei. 'E S', c3 'A^tywwe*, 5

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ov^efjbiav ovre Bia (friXovei/ciav ouS' f]vrw-

ovv TOVTOV TOP aywva 7rpoeXoyu.ez>o9, a\\ aua^pov elvai vofjiio-as TOVTOV Trepiopav et? Trjv ayopav efjL@d\\ovTa teal TWV KOIV&V lepwv /lere^oz/ra, TT)? re Trarp^So? oz/etSo? teal irdvTwv V/JLWV yeyevrj/jievov. ITO\ITOV eVrt o*ia 6 yap Si/caiov, JJ,T) r9 i&ias e^Opa^

d rot9 e/9 TTJV iraTpiSa TI

$HOV$ e^dpovs elvat, vofJLi^eiv, /cal

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ra9 TGOV TTapavofjuwv t,o~iJLa yueXX^ j3\d7TTeiv TTJV

6 Be vvv evecTTrj/co)? dycov ov fiiicpov TI

o-vve^et, TCOV r^9 7roX6&>9 ovS' eV 6\iyov aXX' virep 0X779 r^9 TraTplBos ical /caTa TravTos TOV

dei/jivrjo-TOv /caraXet^et ro?9 eTTiyiyvo/jLevois 4 AYKOYPrOY

8 Trjv Kpiaiv. OVTQ) yap eVrt Seivbv TO yeyevrj^evov

dSi/crj/jLa KCLI rrj\i,KOVTOV %ei TO fjieyedos, etfcrre

fjitjT6 fcaTyyopiav [//^re Tiptop lav] evBe^eadai, ev-

laV /^T* eV TO9 VO/JLOIS G)pl(r6ai TtfjLCOpiaV TWV d/JLapTrj/jLaTcov. TI yap %pr) iraOelv TOV K\i7r6vTa &e fjiev TTJV TraTplSa, fjurj /3or)@ijaravTa

rot? 7rar/)wot9 te/oo??, eyKaTa\nrovTa 8e ra?

irpoyovtov driKas, cnravav oe Tr)v 7r6\iv v

TO?? 7ro\fJLLOt,s TTapaSovTd ; TO JAW yap

KCLI ea")(aTOv T&V Ti/jLij/jLaTayv, OdvaTOs, dvayicalov K /J,6V T&V VOfJLCW eTTlTLfJblOV, \CiTTOV 06 TWV

g Aew/cpaTovs dSi/crjfjbdTcov /ca0eo~Tr)K.

B T7)V V7T6p TWV TOIOVTWV TlfJLCOpLa

a> avftpes, ov Bid padvjjbiav TWV rore vofj,o6eTovvTO)v, d\\d Sid TO ev JJLT) rot? TrpOTepov %/3oz/ot9 yeyevfj-

cr6ai TOLOVTOV fJLrjBev, fjirjo* ev ro?9 fJ*e\\ovo-iv eVt-

Sogov elvai yevijo-eo~0ai,. Bib KOI /zaXto-r', cS Bei TOV vvv d vfjid

as, d\\d /cal vofioOeTas. o

VOJJLOS Tt9 Bicopi/ce, pdStov TOVTCO icavovi fco\deiv TOVS irapavojJuovvTa^' o

fir) o~6Bpa TrepieiX.rjfav, evl ov6jj,aTi irpocrayopev- 8' cra9, /xetfft) Be TOVTCDV rt9 rjSiK'rjKev, ajrao-i o/W&>9

1/0^09 eo~Tiv, dvayicalov TTJV vfieTepav Kpiaiv /caTa- 10 \eL7readai TrapaBeiypa rot9 eTnyiyvo^evoi^. ev 8'

t'crre, co avBpes, OTI ov fjuovov TOVTOV vvv KO\daT

KaTe^JTTj^io-iJLevoi) d\\d /cal TOV$ vewTepovs airavTa? eV dpeTrjv TrpOTpe-^rere. Bvo yap eVrt ra TraiBev- KATA AEOKPATOY2 5

OVTO, TOt? I/6OU9, T) T TCOV dSlKOVVTCOV TlfJLCOpia, Kal

f) rot? dvSpdcri Tot9 dyaOois SiSo/jbevrj Scoped' 7T/3O9

GKciTepov Se TOVTCOV diroftXeTrovres, TTJV fjiev Sid TOV

cfropov (jtevyovcri, T?}? Se Sid rrjv S6av eTTiOv/jiova-i. 4 Sib Set, co avSpes, irpocre^eiv TOVTCO rco dycovi, Kal 7Tpl 7rXetoi/09 Tronjo-aa-Oai, TOV Sitcaiov.

/jLai Se /cdjco rrjv /caTfjjopiav Si/caiav, n OVT tyev$6fJLvo<$ ovSev ovr efo) roO Trpdy/AaTos \eycov. ol pev yap TrAetoTot rcov et? v/mas elcriov- rcov TTOIOVCTIV Trdvrcov droTrcoTarov TJ yap CTV/JL^OV- \evovcriv evravOa Trepl roov KOIVWV Trpay/jLarcov, rj

Karrjyopovcrt, Kal Sia/3d\\ovcri Trdvra yu-aXXov rj

Trepl ov fteXXere TTJV ^rj^ov (frepeiv. ecm 8* ovSe- TOVTCOV ov0' cov repov ^a\e7r6v, vjrep fjur) /3ov\ev- tov ecrOe yvcb/jLiyv dTrocfrrfvaa-Oai, ovd' vTrep fiTjSels d7ro\oyr)(T6Tai tcarijyopiav evpelv. aXX' ov Si/caiov 12

v/ta? fiev d^iovv Sircaiav rrjv ^rj(f)ov ffrepeiv, avTOvs Se SiKaiav 7roiei(rdai. TOVTCOV fjLr) rrjv Karrjyopiav S* ainot, vfj,eis eVre, a> avSpes' rrjv yap e^ovaiav ravTTjv SeSco/care rois evOdft elcnovai, Kal ravra r Ka\\iffTov e^oz/re? rcov Ei\\r)vcov 7rapdSeiy/j,a TO

v 'Apeta) Trdyco crvveSpiov, o TOCTOVTOV Siacfrepet, TGOV a\\cov SiKaaTrjpicov, UHTT Kal Trap 6/j,o\oyeicr0ai rot? dXicrKo/jievois SiKaiav

Trjv Kpiaiv. 7T/30? o Sei Kal vitas aTroftXeTrovTas 13 TOV fjirj eTTiTpeTreiv rot? e'fa> Trpdy/AaTos \eyovo~iv OVTCO yap eo~Tai rot? re Kpivo/jLevois avev Sia/3o\rjs 6 dycbv, Kal rot? SICOKOVCTIV r)Kio~Ta AYKOYPrOY

KOI V/JLLV evopKOTaTrjv (TTJV) Tjrfjtyov eveyKelv. dBv-

vaTov yap e&Tiv dvev TOV (TOLOVTOV) \6yov, fir) &#atft)9 SeSiSaypevovs Siicalav OeaOat TTJV tyrjfov.

14 Aet S\ oo avftpes, firjo'e ravra \a6elv vfjias, ori 5

0/-60409 e&Tiv 6 aycbv irepl rovrov Kal rwv ISicorcov. Trepl /juev yap dyvwros avOp&Trov

\\rjaiv ev VJMV avrols eboKelr av r) /caXw? Kal TI rj 9 e^lrrj^iadaL' Trepl Be TOVTOV 6 f/ av pov\ev(Ti

VfJLWV 7T/309 T6 TT)V TToXlV TrjV T&V 'PoStft)^ Kal TWV

15 e/jLTTOpcov T0t9 CTTio'rjfjLova-iv Ki, oi TTacrav Trjv

OLKovfjbevrjv 7Tpi7r\ovTe$ St' epyaatav a.7rr)yy6\\ov afj,a Trepl T^9 7ro\6ft)9 a AecoKpaTOvs Tj/crj/coeaav. 00epTe TWV a\\cov dv6pa)7ra)v, TO)

7T/309 re rov9 Oeovs evo-epw Kal TTpos TOVS yovels 0(7/0)9 Kal iV 7T/)09 TTJV TTttTpiSa ^>i\OTt/l.a)9 X > TOVTOV 7T\ela'Tov dfjt,\elv Sofatr' av, el TIJV Trap'

16 AeoyLtat S' V/JLOJV, GO 'AOyvaloi, aKovcrai /JLOV TT]S 6 eav Sia TeX,oi>9, Kal fir) d^deaOai,, dpfco-

airo TV Trj iro\ei rare avfjLpdvToov, d\\a rofc opyi^ea-Oai Kal St* 01/9 dvayKa^o/jiat, vvv KATA AEOKPATOY2 7

Trepl avroov. Teyevrjfjbewrjs yap TV)? eV

a fJ>d%r}s KOI o-vvBpa/jiovTwv aTravrwv V 6KK\rjcrlav e^jnj^ia-aTo 6 teal yvvaiicas e/c TWV aypwv eh TO, ret^iy KaraKO/j,i-

^eiv, TOU? Se a-TpaTrjyovs rdrreLV et? ra? v\afca

'KOrjvrjcn, K.a& o TI av avrois So/cfj. Aeco/cpdrf)^ 17

Se TOVTOOV ovSevos (frpovTio-as, GvaKevaadfJievos a

yu-era r&v ol/cerwv eVt rov

TT}? ^6a>9 rj^rj Trepl rrjv drcrrjv

crr)

s Kara /j,eXt&o

7T/509 T^ OVT6 TOU9

wv avr^yeTo, ovre rd rei^iy

TO KCl6' CLVTOV fJLepO? /caT\L7rV ovSe TTJV d/cpo7ro\iv /cat TO lepov TOV

Ato9 TOV or&)T7;/309 :al TTJS 'A.0r)va<; r^9 (7ft)T6t/oa9 real - dcfropwv jrpoSioovs etyoffrjOr), 01)9 avTi/ca

c Be /cal dfyiKOfjievos et9 PoSoz/, co&Trep 18

TO yue KaTa\.i7roij TOV Be Tleipaiea

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r tiTvylav CLVTOV a COT?) p icuv 7rpo<7a yopV(7a^ OVTCO Be o-tyoBpa TCLVT eTricrTevaav oi'PoBioi, TO. Tf\ola KaTrjyov, /cal 8 AYKOYPrOY

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Tft) TOV fJLGV T9 TWV JCITOVCOV Kdl TWV V TOTTft) TOUTft) KaTOlKOVVTWV, Ot TOVTOV i vy6vTa teal K7r\ev(ravTa TWV Trapayevofjievwv et? 'PoSoi/, ore Tain d7rijyye\\, /Ltera Se raOra TTJV vpKLvov papTvpiav, ov Kal V/JLWV (teaa-iv) ol TroXXot KCLTt]-

yopovvTa ev TW 877/1,6) TOVTOV, a>9 Kal /jLeya\a

/8ey8Xa^)ft)9 et'i? TTJV TrevTtjKOO-Tijv, /j,Te%ci)v avTrjS. 20 Upo $6 TOV dvaftalvGiv 7-01)9 pdpTvpas /3pa%6a 7 j3ov\oiJ,ai, SiaXexOfjvai vfiiv. ov ydp dyvoeiTe, co avSpes, ovT6 ra9 Trapao-Kevds TWV

OVTG ra9 86>;<7et9 TWV e^aiTOVp.evfov, aXX' eiricFTao-de, OTL ^prjfiaTwv eveKa Kal ^aptro9 TroXXoi

7rLO-Or]o-av TWV fiapTVpcov rj dfjLvrjfJLOveiv rj fjbrj e\6elv 77 eTepav 7rp6

Kal TO, SiKaia, Kal /IT) \elireiv Trjv Ta^tv TavTijv, ra AewKpaTTjv, rf \afiovTas iepd

TOV VO/JLOV efo1*0(7a

TOVTWV TTOLWO-LV, V7Tp V/JLOOV KOL TWV VO/JLWV Kal Aeye ra9 KATA AEQKPATOYS 9 MAPTYPIAI 21 8 Mera ravra roivvv, & avSpes, erre&r) %povo<;

e^/evero teal di,Kveiro 'AOrjvrjOev 7r\oia el? rr\v

'P6$ov Kal avepov rjv cm ovSev Sewov eyeyovei

rrepl rr)V 7TO\l,V, 0/3r)0els K7T\l TTCiXlV K T?j9 r Kal &>Ket, ev P68ov Kal dcfri/cveirat, el? Meyapa* TrXewt) irevre Me^apot? fj errj irpoardr^v G^CDV Meyapea, ov&e ra opia TT}? %ft)p5 ala"xyvbeeves, aXX' eV yeirovcov rr)? eK0pTfrd(TT]

ware /ieraTre/i-'^rayLtevo? evrevdev 'A./j,vvTav rov rrjv d$e\(t>rjv e^ovra avrov rrjv TrpeafivTepav

Kal T&V (j)i\cov 'AvTiyevrjv Hvireraiova, Kal TOV KTjSearTov TrplaaOai, Trap' avrov rdvS Kal rrjv oiKiav, aTroSoo-Bai ra\dvrov, Kairo rovrov

Trpoaeraffe rot? re ^p^o-rat? diro^ovvai, ra 6(f)6i\6- lieva Kal TOV? epdvovs SieveyKelv, TO Be \OLTTOV avru> diroSovvaL SiotKijo-a? be ravra irdvra o 23

'Ayu,ui/Ta9, avTO? rrd\iv a-TrooYSoTat rdvbpd'jroo'a irevre Kal rpiaKOvra /JLVWV TtyLto%apet 'A^api/et To3 T^I/ veayrepav e^ovn rovrov a8e\rjv dpyvpiov Be OVK fywv Sovvai o Tt,uo%dpr}<;,

adfjL6i>o<; Kal 06/jievo^ rrapa

roKov e6pe TO) 'Auvvra. iva 8e arj \6yov elvai, aXX* elSfjre rrjv dXrfdeiav, dvayvwo-erai, Kal rovrcov vfMV Ta? uaprvpias. el uev ovv )V ervy- %avev o 'AyLtuz/Ta9, eKelvov (av) avrov Trapei^ofjLTjv

vvvl 8' vfj,lv Ka\) TOW? crvveiBoras. Kat aoi \eje 10 AYKOYProY

ravTrjv TTJV fiapTvpiav, ft>

J 24 A/cov9 dire\a[3e rerrapdicovra

fjuva? Trap* 'A/jivvrov ^E>iXoyLt7;Xo9 Xo\apyV<; KOL Mej/eXao? o irpea-fievcras &>$ MAPTYPIA

Se /cal rov Aa/8e JJLOI, rrjv Ti/jLo^dpov^ irpiafievov Trap* 'Afivvrov irevre teal rpidtcovra /cal ra9

MAPTYPIA 2YN9HKAI

Tail/ 25 fjiev fiaprvpayv d/cijKoare, a> av$p

e'0' ot9 yu-eXXa) \eyew dyava/cTTJo-at, /cal rovrovl AecoKpdrrjv. ov yap erjp/ce(T6 TO

(ra>fj,a TO eavTov /cal ra xprj/juaTa JAOVOV VTTC/C- QecrOai, d\\a /cal TO, lepa TO. TraTpaia, a rot?

v/jLTepoi

TrapeSoarav avTw lBpv(rdfj,voi, raura /u-ereTreyLt^aro

e/9 Meyapa /cal egijyayev IK ri}9 %copa<;, ovSe TTJV OTI e/c TU>V iraTpwwv iepwv

/cal Trjv ^copais rjv /cal /cal , ISpva-Qat, eVt ^evrjs d\\OTplas, ical elvat, oOvela Trj %w/oa real rot? vo^ifjuoi^ 26 /caTa Trjv Meyapecov iroXiv eWio-pevois. /cal ol KATA AEftKPATOYS II

Trarepes V/JLWV rfj 'AOrjva &>

JJLWV OVT6 TTdTpiwV 01)6* lpO)V $pOVTL(Ta<$ TO KdO' eavrov e^aycoji/juov vfuv KOI rrjv irapa T&V dewv ftorjdeiav eiroL^ore. /cal OVK e^ripfceorev avra) TO- o-avra KOL Trj\iKavra rrjv TroXiv aBitcfjacu, aX)C eV Meydpois, ol? Trap' VJJLWV e^eKOfilcraTO

op/Arj ^pco^evo^, e/c rris 'U-Trelpov irapa

i? Aev/cd&a ea-irtjryei /cal e/celOev et? TLopwdov. Kalroi, w avSpes, /cal irepl TOVTWV ol 27

' edv rt? 'A07)vai,a)v aXXocre iroi o-iTrjyijo-r) rf ax;

. ev rco eireira TOP TrpobovTa /J,ev TroXe/xft), be irapa TOU? vofiov^, [jur] povTi-

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eVt rot? Seti>o?5 opyi^ofjuevoi.

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/cal afy&v ftaa-avi&w TOV? TOVTOV 6l/cTa$,

d/cov(rai, a^Lov eo~Tiv. Kat fioi \eye

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30 POVTCOV Ty TroXet ; eyou Tolvvv TOGOVTOV dtye roO aSt/ca>9 TTJV ela-ayyeXiav /caTa

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ol/ceTat /cal OepaTraivai, TCOV yvo/j,evci)v

av TL f)pvr)6r}(rav TJ TO, firj ovTa TOV avTcov SCO-TTOTOV

31 KaTetyevaavTo. %ft)/3t9 TOIVVV TOVTCOV Aeco/cpaTr)? 10

dva/3oijcrTai avTi/ca co9 IBiwT'rjs cov /cal VTTO TTJS TOV ptJTOpo? /cal av/co(f)dvTov SeivoTTjTOS dvapTra- eya) 8* rjyovftai, TrdvTas vpas elSevat, OTL KATA AEOKPATOYS 13

TCOV /Jt,V BeiVtoV KCLl (TV/CO^aVTetV epyov etrrlv a/jua TOVTO Trpoaipeicrdat, teal Kara TO, %a)pi,a ravra, ev ol? Tot>9 7rapa\oyt,(rjjLovs TO>V dycovi^ofievwv iroirfvovTai,, TWV Se Bc/cata*?

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Sovvai, e(j>vy, Kal ravra OVK aXXorpiovs, aXV avrov ovras. rivas Se Svvarov elvcu Boicei rot? 33

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Kal f)\iKoi<; KLVVVOI

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co 37 *AoueT TOU ^lrrj

ftov\rjv Toi/9 TrevraKOcriovs Karaftalveiv et? Ilet/xxta Xprjfj,an,ovaav irepl

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aT TT)Z/ TroXw yiyvofjievtov Kal iravrwv TOOV TroXt-

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eav VTrep r^9 avTtov a-coTrjpia^ acr^>aXco9 SvvrjTai

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KivSvvevew teal TOV Bfj/jiov ov

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cw z/, eTriaracrOe, 'A^i/atot, JJLOVOI,

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drro- 7T/3O? Ta? TOW dp^alcov vouoOeroov BiavoLas 65 /3\eifravras rrjv dXijOeiav evpelv. e/ceivoi yap ov

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yLtaro?, ov& evrevOev TO /JLeyeOos r&v d/jLaprrj/Jidrcov

e\d/j,/3avov, aXX' auTO ecricorrovv rovro, el Tre^v/ce

TO dBi/crjfjLa rovro errl rrkelov e\Bov /jieya (3\drcreiv

TOV? dvOpwTrovs. /cal yap arorcov aXXew? TTW? rcepl

rovrov e^erd^eiv. (f>epe yap,

diroXoyotro co? ovSev rrapd rovrov rfj 7ro\ei 9, elrrep e/j,e\\ere /cal TOV? aXXou? crw^eiv. 67 rbv avrov roivvv rporrov /coXaareov eo~rl rovrov, el /xeXXeTe TOU? aXXof? TroXtVa? ySeXTtou? Troiijcreiv el eo~ri /cal ov rovro \oyieLO-@e, el? /xo'z/o? avdpwrros, TO aev aXX' t? rrpdy/jia. eycb yap rjyovaat rb fir) TroXXoi)? roiovrov? yeveaOai r^erepov evrv^rjaa elvaiy rovrov aevroi Bed rovro fjbei^ovos njAcopias d^tov elvai rw%elv, on fjiovos rwv d\\wv rro\ira>v

ov icoivrjv, aXX' ISiav rrjv aayrtjpiav e KATA AEQKPATOY2 2$

17 'AyavaKra) Be yu-aXfcrra, c5 avSpes, eire&av d/cov- 68 (70) rwv perd rovrov TWOS \eyovros, co? OVK TOVro TTpoSlBovai, 1 T? $X TO G /cat yap ol irpoyovoL TTO#' v^S)v rrjv 7ro\iv Kara\i- Troi/re?, ore irpos Hepf^i/ eVoXe/zow, e/9

teal ovrcos evrlv av6j]ro<$ rj

/caTa7re

epywv 7T/009 TO alcr'%io~Tov o-vfjLJ3a\e2v ^fta>cre. TTOV 6g ov eiceivtov rcov yap Trept/SoT/TO? avbpwv r] apery

Tt'

TreTTpayfjLevcov ^eraa")(elv ; ov yap rrjv TTO\IV e'fe- \LITOV, d\\a rov rorcov iLerr)\\a%av, Trpo? rov eTTiovra KIV&VVOV aX&)9 fiovXevo-d/jbevoi. 'ETeo- 7

'' /cal o VIKOS fjiev yap 6 AatceBai/jiovios K^eifiavros

K.opt,v0io<; /cal TO Alyiwrjrwv vavnicov VTTO vvtcra rr)v awrfipiav avrols e/jLeX\,ov Tropi^eaOai* eyica- ra\t,7r6/J,evot, S' ol Trpoyovoi VTTO Trdvrayv rwv f ^j\\tjvcoVy /5/a /cal TOV? aXXou? r)\6v0epa)o-av,

dvayfcdcravres ev SaXayu/tz/fc jjueO' avrwv Trpbs TOU?

/3ap/3dpovs vavfjia^elv. povot, S' d/jLtfrorepcov irepi- ical /cal yeyovao-i, rwv TroXe/Atco^ rwv o'v/jifjid'^cov,

<5 eicarepwv Trpoafj/ce, TOU? [lev evepyerovvres, TGI/? 8e fjLa%6fjivoi viK&vres. dpd 7' oynotot TW (j>evyovri rrjv Trarpioa rerrdpwv rjfiepwv TT\OVV els TTOV Ta^ea>9 av rjveo-^ero ris e/ceivwv 71 dvSp&v roiovrov epyov, aXX' ou ai/ /care- \evvav rov Karato-^yvovra rrjv avrwv dpiarrelav. 36 AYKOYPrOY

yovv e

fii/cpov $elv /caTeXevcrav. OTTOV Se KOI rov \6yov TTOV ira- Tifjiwpiav r)%iovv Xa/xySavetz/, fj TOP pya) paBovra rrjv TTO\IV viro^Lpiov rot? vroXe/Atot? ov 72 iLe

evevtf/covra /JLCV errj TWV KaTea'TTjcrav, ^oivi/crjv Se KOI

eTTopQrja-av, eV l&vpvjjueBovTi, oe /cal ire- teal vavfJia^ovvre^ evifcijaav, efcaTov WV j3ap/3dpQ)v at^yLtaXa)TOU9 e\a/3ov,

airacrav oe rrjv 'Acrtai/ KCUCO)? TrotoO^re? vre/ot- ev 73 eir\evaav. KOI TO icefyakaiQV T?}

vTrepfiaivew, o-vvOtf/cas eiroirjaavTO, paicpto fj,ev

TrXotft) fir} 7r\eiv eVro9 Kvavecov teal 4>ao-7}Xt8o9, f/ S* TOV9 fj\\r)vas avTovo/jiovs elvai, firj JJLQVOV ' TOU9 Trjv RvptoTrrjv, aXXa teal TOVS Trjv

74 /caToifcovvTas. KaiToi oleard^ civ, el TTJ

SLavoia xprio-dfievoL irdvTe^ e(f)vyov, TOVTCOV av TL yeveo-Qai TWV /ca\wv epywv, TJ TavTrjv av eTi tcaTOi/celv da TTJV %(t)pav vpas; %prj TOIVVV, avope<$ y &

/cal TOU9 ica/cov? fj,i9 re

/cal A.eay/cpdT7]v, 09 oure eBeicrev OVTC yo-^vvdrj v/j,ds. KATA AEOKPATOY2 27 l8 Katrot vfieis rLva rpoTrov vevopitcaTe irepl TOV- 75 TCOV, KCU 7TW9 %Te TCU9 SldVOiCUS, 0Q)ptfcraT6. al-iov yap o/i&>9 tcaiTrep 717)09 elSoTas 8ie\0eiv

eytc

r^9 TToXew? 8ofer' elvai. vplv yap ecrnv opico<$> 76

ov ofJLvvova-i iravres ol TroXtrai, eVetSaz/ et? TO

\r)^iap^LKOv ypafju/Aareiov eyypacfxucri /cal e^rj/Bot,

yevcovrai, fjujre ra lepa ojr\a /caraio-^vvelv pyre rrjv rd^iv \etyew, d^vvelv Se rg TrarpiSi teal

7rapa$(*)(7iv. bv el /j,ev ofAco/jiotce

(fravepa)? eTTicbptctjicev, teal ov fjuovov t/ /cal TO delov el Be , d\\a eh rjcreflijteev eo-Tt /JLTJ o/jicofjLOKev, v0v<; 877X09 Trapao-Kevaad/jLevos

^009} ovSev TTOiija'cov rd)v SeovTtov, av6^ oov &/cato)9 av avrbv /cal virep V/AWV /cal VTrep TMV 6ewv

Ti/jLcopijaaKTOe. ySovXoyLtat 8* vfjuas d/covcrai, TOV 77 op/cov. A.eye, ypafA/jLarev. (OPKO2

Ov Karatcr^ww oTrXa TO, tepa, ovd OTO> av Trapaa-Ta.rr]v (TTOLX>](ro} t d/x.vva)

' Kttl VTTfp OOTtWV, Kttt /AOVOS Kttt /ATO, TToXXtOV Tl/V

OVK eXaTTW TrapaSwcro), TrXei'w 8e Kat apaco 00-17$ av

Kat evrjKorja-w T(i3v aet KpatvovTcov, Kat rots

ts Tots tSpv/xevots TretVo/xat Kat ouorivas av aXXous Kat TO 7rX?70o iopvpdva)$ av TIS dvaipy 28 AYKOYPrOY

OVK Se /cat 17 M ireiQrjTaL, eTrtTpe^w, d/uwa> /xovos 7ravTO>i/. Kai Upa ra Trarpia Tt/x^trw. tOTOpes 0eoi TOVTCDI/, "AyAavpos, 'Ei/vaAios "Ap^s, Zeus, aXA.a>,

Avw, 'Hye/xovr;.)

KaXo? y, c5 av&pes, /cal oo^to? o op/cos, iraph TOVTOV roivvv aTTavTo, TreTTOi'rjKe AewKpdr'rjs. tcaiToi,

av av6pa>7TOS yevoiro dvoa-t,ci)Tpos rj fj,a\\ov

7rar/3t8o? ; TtVa S' ai/ rpoirov 07T\a et rt? /xaXXoz/, -^ \a(3elv py 6e\oi

/cal TOU? 7roXe^6OL? d/uLvvaaOcu ; TTCO? 8' ou /ca*

rov Trapao-Tarrjv Kal rrjv rd%iv \e\oi7rev 6 firj^e

78 rdf-ai TO awfjba 7rapaa-^Q)v ; TTOV 8' UTrep o&lcov Kal lepwv r^Jivvev av o fjLrjBeva fcivBvvov VTTO- ' ; TIVI av rrjv TrarplBa TrapeSco/ce a; TO jdp TOVTOV /xepo? TOt? 7ToXXt0^9 VTrolLO^ (TTW. LT(l TOVTOV OVK TOV aTTcujais rat?

ovTa ; Tiva<$ ovv Ti/jLcoprja'eo'Be ; rou9 ev TL TOVTWV

r)fj,apTrjKOTa<; ; pd^Lov eVrat Trap* vfMv dpa fieydXa doiKelv, el

cS Kal fjiijv, avBpes, Kal TOV& vpas Sec fiaOeiv, OTI TO crvve^ov TTJV S7jfj,oKpaTLav opKO<$ eerrt. Tpia ecTTiv 7ro\iTeia 6 ydp ef &v rj ,

6 SiKao-Ttjs, 6 lBt(t)Trj^. TOVTWV TOLVVV era<7To?

TavTrjv iricTTiv &ioa)(ri,v, t/cor&)9* TOV9 fJ

dvdptoTrovs 7ro\\ol ij&rj e^airaT^aavTe^ Kal

\a6ovTes ov JJLOVOV TWV TrapovTwv KIV&VVWV a KATA AEOKPATOY2 29

\v6rjcrav, d\\d real TOV d\\ov %povov d dSiKij/jidTtov TOVTCOV elari* TOt>9 Be Oeovs OVT av air 7ri,op/cij(ra$ w \d6oi, OVT av e/ctfrvyoi, TIJV el ol avToov TifjLwpiav, a)OC firj avro?, Traces 76 teal TO 761/09 awav TO TOV eTTLop/crja-avTos /j,e

1 at, 7TjOO9 rrjv He/afou Svva/jMv, ov Trap avrwv evpbvres, d\\d fJn^a-d/jLevoL TOV Trap* vfjuv elOia-pevov op/cov. ov a%iov eaTiv d/covaaf teat

(yap 7ra\aia)v OVTWV TGOV roTe TreTrpary/jLev&v o/ia>9

<9 t^i/09 e&Tiv ev Tot9 yeypa/Ajjievoi*; loelv Trjv e/ceivcov dpeTrjv. Kat yLtot dvayiyvcoaKe OPK02

(TO Ov Troir) fj.au Trcpt 7rXetoi/os TO fjv Trjs eXcv^eptas, ovS' Si

KaTaXct^w TOVS ^yejaovas ovre ^wvras ovre d TOVS ev rrj ^XQ TeAevr^aai/Tas TWV aTravras Oouj/w. KOL Kpartj eras T<3 TroXe/xw TOVS

TWV /xev fJLa^(rafj,V(jtv vTrep T^S 'EXXaSos TroXewv ovSe/Atav avdararov Tronyo-w, TO.S 8e TO, TOV (3a.pj3a.pov TrpoeXo/xci/as a.7rao~a? SKaTevo"(o. Kat TWV lepwv To5v efJLTrpiqo'O^vTwv KOU.

v V7TO TO>I> /3ap/3dp(DV ovSev avotKoSo/x^crto aXX* TOIS eaortu , V7r6fji,vr)fj.a. 7riytyvoyu,ei/ots

TOWVV, c5 avSpes, o-(f>6&pa eve/jieivav ev 7ra^T9, wore /cat T^Z/ Trapa TCOV #ea5z; eu- 30 AYKOYPTOY

votav fieO' eavTcov ea"^ov ftorjOov, KOI TrdvTcov

(r&v) 'EXXtyiXBZ/ dv&pwv dyaQwv yevo/Aevav 717)09

TOV KlvSvVOV, ud\lQ-Ta f) 7TOX(,9 VfJL&V eV&O/cl/JLrjCreV. teal TrdvTcov av e'lrj Seworarov, TOVS fiev Trpoyo- 7ro\tv vovs vfidov a7ro6vr)(rtcei,v ro\fj,av coar fj,rj rrjv Se dSogeiv, J/^a? /JLTJ /co\d%iv avrijv, d\\a irepLopav rrjv Kowrjv /cal fiera VveiXe^fJuevrjv evK\etav, ravTTjv Sia rrjv TOIOVTOOV dvBpwv TTovrjpLav KaraKvofJLevrjv. 2O 83 Ka/rot, co avSpe?, /JLOVOIS vfuv TWV 'EXX^wi/

OVK ea-TLv ovSev TOVTCOV TTepi&elv. ftovXofjLai, 8e

TWV 7ra\cu

pw^evoi Kal irepl TOUTCOI/ ical irepl a\\a)v /3e\Tiov jBovKeixreo-Oe. rovro yap

JKTTOV 7] 7TO\t9 V/JLGOV CL

\07rovvrj aLOIS yevojj,evr)op[as Kara rrjv avrcov eirl eSofe (rrpareveiv rrjv iroKiv fj

f)fj,a)v TGI)? TTpoyovov? egavao-Tijo-avTas KaraveL-

liaaOcu, rrjv ^topav. /cal irpwrov [lev eh

aTTOo-reiXavTes TOV 6ebv eTrvjptoTcov, el ra9 'AOrjvas' dve\6vro^ S' avTols TOV deov, OTI

Tr)v TTO\IV alpij

TO xptjo-Tr'ipiov, Si aTTOppiJTCtiv eoitce rot? 'AOrjvalow ovra)<; ol TTpoyovoi rjfjuoov o>9 Kal TOt>9 e^coOev dv0pw7rov$ evvovs e%oz>T69 Bie- re\ovv. 6/j,/3a\6vT(i)v Be roSv HeXoTrovvrjo-iwv e/9 rrjv 'ATTLKIJV, ri TTOIOVOTLV ol irpo^ovoi V/JLWV, av-

; ov ^araXtTrdi/re? rrjv %u>pav a>(77rp vTO, ov& e/coorov rrjv Ope^a/juevrjv teal ra lepa rols TroXe/uot? irapeo'ocrav, aXX' o\iyot, o^T69 KaTa/c\rja-0evT6<; e7ro\t,opKovvro Kal Bie/cap- 86 repovv et? TTJV irarpiSa. /cal OUTW? tf(rav, to ai/8p9, vTes erepav TWO, xwpav. aalv yovv rov K.d$pov \avTa rot9 *A^7y^atoi9, Trpoare^eiv orav

TOV /3iov, \a/36vra TTTWXLKIJV crTO\rjv 6Va>9 av aira- u9 7roA,e/uov9, /card ra9 7rv\a$ v

TCOV 8' avra) Bvolv dvSpwv e/c TOV /cal ra /cara TTJV TroXw Trvvdavofjievwv, TOV GTepov avT&v aTTOKTeivai rcS Speirdixp TrpoairecrovTa' TOV 87

Be 7T6pi\e\i,pfJi,evov, irapo^vvdevTa ra> Koopo* Kal vo^LaavTa TTTW^OV eivai, aTraadf^evov TO t<^O9 diroKTelvai TOV KoSpov. TOVTCOV Be yevo/jievcov ol

t fiev 'A.6qvaioi, KijpvKa jrefJi^avTe<; rjfyovv Sovvai TOV Pa9 OVKCTI BvvaTov avTois 32 AYKOYPrOY

X&pav Karao")^elv dTre^ayprjaav. TO> Be KXeofidvrei TO) ev AeX9 ecfrlXovv rrjv irarpiBa Aew/epdret, ot Tore jBacri\ev- x oz/T69, ot 76 TTpoypovvTO TOW? TroXeyu-tou? c'faTTa- diroOvrjO'Keiv VTrep avTrjs real TTJV IBiav

dvrl TV)? KOivrj^ a tort)p ta? dvTiKara\\aT-

recrOai ; roiyapovv fiovodraroi 67ra>vv/jioi TT}? ^w/oa? elaiv, lo-odeoyv TI/ACOV TervxyKOTes, el/coTW virep

^9 7/3 O/TO> (r6$pa eo-7rov8aov, Si/caia)? Tavrrj*; 8 9 /cat T6#z/ea>T69 etcXypovofjiovv. d\\a Aeco/cpdrr)? az/ OVT6 >wv OVT T6^^6&)9 ^(MCjrfaH avTr

) av Trpocrrj/covTco*; e^optardeirj

Ka\ov rrjv avrrjv

apery Sia<])epovra<; teal rov /cd/ctcrrov Trdvrcw av-

0pcit)7ra)v.

90 Katrot 7* eTre^eipija-ev elTrew, o /cat z^O^ l'9 OU a^ V7T6/J,eiV dywva rovrov (rvveiSoi)? eavraj roiovrov ri> Bia- wcnrep ov iravras /cal TOU9 K\TT- t iepo

91 KarwKrio-e' ravrd ean re/c/jirjpia rov eirei ye ro eXOelv rovrov, ol^at, deov nva avrov KATA AEOKPATOY2 33

f eV avTrjv dyayeiv rrjv Tiptop Lav, (v eTretSr) TOV

VK\ea /civSvvov evye, TOV dtcXeovs /cat d&ogov

davdrov rv^ot, /cal ov? TrpovBco/ce, rovrot? VTTO-

avTov /caTao-Tijo-eiev. erepwOi fj,ev jap OVTTCI) el Sici SiSaxriv 8f)\ov ) Tavra $l/cr]v

Se Trap* oZ? TrpovSoytcev cfravepov ecmv,

TWV avrov Trapavo/jLrj/jidrcov v'jre^t, ravTTjv rrjv lav. ol 6eol jap ovBev Trporepov TTOIQVGIV, YI 92 irov7]pS)v avdptoTTtov rrjv Sidvoiav 7rapdyov

OTav yap opyrj $ai[j,6v(0v ^KaTTTrj Tivd,

TOVT aVTO 7Tp(t)TOV, ^a(j)aLpeLTat> pVO)V

TOV vovv TOV ea-0\bv, et? Se TTJV %et/oa) tV d , et'S^ /J,r)$ev wv

22 ov TWV IT? yap ^efjbvrjTaL TrpecrfivTepcov rj TCOV 93 vecoTepwv ovtc aKTjicoe Ka\\icrTpaTov, ov OdvaTov /cal rj TToXt? tcaTeyvo), TOVTOV tfrvyovTa, TOV 6eov TOV v AeA,^>ot9 cLKova-avTay OTL av e\0rj 'ABtjva^e Kal eVl TV^Tai TWV VO/JLCOVy dtpl/CO/jLCVOV TOV j3(i)fJ,OV TOJV Ba)o*/ca dewv icaTa^vyovTa, /cal ovBev TJTTOV

vTTo TTJS TroXeo)? airodavovTa ; StAcata)?* TO yap

T&V VO/JLCOV rot? r)SiK7)/c6o-t, TV%elv TLfiwplas eo-Tiv.

o Be ye Oebs bpd&s dTreSw/ce rot? r}&i/crjfj,evoi,

aai TOV alTuov Seivbv yap av eirj, el ravra

rot? evaefteo-i, Kal rot? /ca/covpyoL? fyaivoiTO.

P.L. 3 34 AYKOYPrOY

1 94 'tijovfiat, B 76)7', o> avBpes, rr\v T&V de&v

7TL/jLe\ei,av Travels p>ev ra? dvOpayirivas irpd^eis

eTTLo-KOTrelv, //-aXtcrra Be rrjv Trepl roi/9 yoveas ical

TOU9 TeTe\eVTf]KOTaS KOI TTfV 7T/009 aVTOV? V(7- fteiav, el/corw irap wv jap rr)V ap^rjv rov fjv /cal TrXetcrra els et\r}

rov avTcov $LQV /caravaXwo-ai, /jLeyicrrov d(T^r)^d

95 e

Searepov ecrriv, aXV dp/jioo'ei ical vvv airaai rot? vewrepois dicovcrai,) eic T^? ALTVTJS pvaxa irvpos

ryevecrdai,' TOVTOV Be pelv acnv eiri (re) rrjv TTO\I,V rtva a\\r)v %(i)pav, teal &rj /cal Trpbs TWV

e/cel /caToiKovfjLevcov. TOU? fj,ev ovv aXXoi/9 6pfJif)crai eva Trpbs vytfv, TTJV avT&v o-corrjpiav tyrovvTas, Be Tiva TWV vewrepcov, opwvra TOV irarepa ftvrepov QVTO, /cal ov%l Bvvdjjievov a 96 ey/caraXafifiavo/Jievov, dpd/Jievov

3' ol/u-at Trpoa-yevofjuevov /cal avros

60ev Brj /cal a%iov Becoprjaai, TO delov, on dvBpdcri rot? dyaOoi? evfjievws ^X l" ^^76Tafc Kvtc\(p TOV TOTTOV e/celvov TTepippevaai TO irvp /cat, /cal TO GtoQr\vai TOVTOVS fiovovs, d

97 diro\eo~6aL. cocrTe fcal vfjias Belv Tr)v Trapd (rwv) /co- papTvplav 6jjLoyva)fJi6va)<; TOVTOV KATA AEOKPATOY2 35

rov airacri rot?

ovra Kara TO eavrov /w-e/ao?. TOL>

24 Katrot (TKe^racrde, tw avSpes' ov yap dirocTrrj- TWV Tra\aLwv e'<' 049 a eicelvoi

, ravra iicaws av

(^acrl jap Eu/uoX7roi/ rov

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rov Oeov,

ri TTOiwv av vitcrjv \d/3oi irapd rwv iro\efiia)v.

uTw rou ^eo), ,TT}Z/ Qvyarepa el

TT/OO TOI) a-vfjL^a\elv ro crrpaTOTreSa), r o Se rcS ^ea rwv 7r6\efJbLwv>

teal e'/c , rou9 eiriorrparevo/jLevov^ r^9 /cal Sta/a)9 az> r^9 RvpiTriSrjv 100 on, rd r wi^ KOI , aXX' dyado? Troirjrrjs

rovrov rbv fJuvOov 7rpoei\ero 7roif)(rai, 7770^61/09 icd\\i

Oewpovvras avveOi^eaOai rat9 ^u%at9 TO TT)Z/ Trarpi&a (piXelv. at,ov 8\ oo avpe<$ Si/caarat, /cal rwv la/jLpeicw d/covo-at,, a TreTroirj/ce \eyovaav rr}v 32 36 AYKOYPrOY fjbrjrepa 7779 TraiBos. otyea-Qe yap ev avrois jieya- \o^v)(jiav teal yevvaiorrjra dfyav teal rf)$ Kal TOV yevecrdau K^^tcrof) Bvyarepa.

PH2I2 EYPIHIAOY

rjbiov ev (3poTo2 Be Spwai, Svo-yevecrTepov

eyo) Be BQXTW rrjv efirjv iralSa tcravelv.

\oyio/j,at, Be iro\\d Trpoora fjbev ir6\iv OVK av nv a\\rjv Trjvfj,ev al B* a\\at,

d\\at, Trap* d\\wv eld\v

ourt? S' CLTT d\\rjs TroXeo? OLKIJO-TJ

dp/no? TTOvrjpds Gt)0"jrep ev TroXtTT/9 eari, rot9 B' epyoi

a>9 6ewv re PW/JLOVS TrarpiSa re pva>/jL0a. 15 B* ev TroXXoi Be 7roXea>9 airdcrv]^ rovvofi t viv

1 vaiovtri' TOVTOVS 7TOJ9 B(,a

TO /xetfoz/, ovvos ol/co9 ov 7r\e2ov crOevei, 20

TTTalo-as dTrdcrt]? TroXeo?, ou8' laov

el B* TIV ev olKois dvrl Brj\etwv KATA AEOKPATOY2 37

OVK dv viv egeTrefiTrov els pay^v 80/309,

Odvarov TrpoTapfiovv ; d\)C efioty ea-rco retcva, 25

(a) Kal yLta%otro KOL per dv$pdo~iv TTpeTTOt,, ev TroXet fir] o-^/xar* aXXa)9 Tre^VKOTa. rd /j,7)T6pci)v Se Sd/cpv* orav TrefiTrrj reicva,

TroXXoi)? e6r)\vv et? fjud^v opfjifDfJLevovs. KO\OV /j,i(T(a yvvaifcas arrives irpb rov 30 r e rca/cd. fjv TrctiSa? i\ovT f) iraprjveo-av ev TroXXwz/ Kal jj,r)V BavovTes 7' pd^r) fiera re KOIVOV e\aj(ov evtcXeidv r

Oavova-rj Tr)

KOL Trjv re/cova-av Kal ae Svo 0* ofjioa-Tropco a-waei' TL TOVTGDV ov^i $ega(T0a(, tca\6v ; SWGCO TTJV OVK efirjv 7T\r)v {rf) V(ret, Kopvjv

Trpb yaias. el yap aipeOrjo-erat, TTaiStoV Tt TCOV 6fJLWV fJLeTCTTi fJLOL ; 40

OVKOVV aTravra rovv j fj,ol o-ayOtfcreTai' ap^ovaiv a\\oi, Tr]v8 eya) (raxrco TTO\LV. efceivo S' ov (TO) 7r\elarrov ev KOIVQ) fiepos,

OVK eorO* eKOva-rjs rfjs epfj? "^rv^fjs dvrfp,

Trpoyovcov TraXaia Oea-fjLL (6V)rt9 eKpaXel' 45 ov& avr e\da<$ xpvo-eas re Topyovos

Tplaivav opOrjv ardo-av ev 7roXeo)9 f$d8pot,<$ ovSe

u> TroXmu, ro?9 e^ols Xo6u/x.a

' #e, vi/cdr dvrl yap ^1^779 /ua9 OV/C 6CT0' OTTO)? VfMV CJO) OV (70X70) 7r6\lV. to TrarpiS, eWe Trdvre? 01 vaiovai

OVTO) 9 yO)' KOI /3

oltcolfjLev av ere, /covSev av Travyois KCLK.QV. 55 ioi arOr, o) az//)9, TOVS 7raTpa<; V/JLWV eateue. 25 OVCTOJV iracroyv TCOV

(f>i\ovorav, evSei/cvvfJievos on, eiTrep al yv- TOVTO ToKpriaovcrt, TroueZv, rou? 7' avSpas Tiva Set rrjv evvoiav virep r^9

Ka^L > W favyew avrrjv ey/cara- aTravras rou9 , fJLrjSe Karawxyvew TTpos

102 BovXo/xat 8' vfuv KOI TCOV 'Qfjurjpov Trapacr^e- 26

(TTTovSalov elvai, TroirjTrjv, Scrre vofJLov eOevro Kaff e/cdcrrrjv TrevTeTijpiBa rwv Tlava07jvaio)v povov rwv

a\\cov TroiqTcov patyw^eladai ra eTrrj, far&etfiv

TTOiovfievoi, vrpo9 TOU9 "^\\r]va^, on, ra (cd\\to-Ta ro)v epya)v TTporjpovvTO, el/coro)?' 01 fiev jap

$ia rrjv <7VVTO/jblav ov SiBdo-tcovo'iv, aXX' e

TOVCTIV a Set iroielv, ol Se Troirjral

' TOV dv6po)7Ti,vov PIOV, TO, fcd\\icrTa TWV Hpywv

efcXe^dfjuevot,, //.era \6yov teal a7roSe/e&>9 rou9 dv- ff 103 6pO)7TOVS

1 aXXa fjid^ead eVi vrfvo~l SiapTrepes. 09 Be Kev v/j,ecov e real /3X?7/i,ez>09 77 TVTrel? Odvarov TTOT^OV 67r

reOvdrw. ov ol deuces dfjivvofjieva) nrepl TrdrpTjs

reOvduev aXX' aXo^o9 re (7orj real vrjiria reicva, /ecu tc\fjpo<; teal olicos dfajparos, et Kev 'Amatol

a-vv vrjv&l

Tovrcov rS)v eVwi/ d/covovres, co avSpes, ol Trpo- 104

yovot, vfjL&v, teal rd rotavra rwv epyoov o{/rct)9 ecr^ov Trpbs dpertjv, > ov fiovov virep avrwv TTdTpiSos, d\\d Kal 7rd

a>9 Kowrjs r)6e\ov dTroQvj)(iK.eiv. ol yovv ev Ma- paO&vi Traparagd/jievoi, rot9 (3ap(Bdpoi<; TOV ef

^9 'Ao-/a9 crroXoi/ e/cpdrrjcrav, rot9 ISiois KOivrjV dSeiav diracrL rot9 ''EXX^o-t /erro-

fjuvoi, OVK eVt T^ ^0^77 fjieya fypovovvres, dXX' eVfc TOJ TavTijs d%(,a TrpdrreiVy TWV fiev 'EXX^wz/ Be , T&V ftap/Sdpcov Sea-Troras eavrovs ov yap Xtxya) rrjv dperrjv eTrerrfSevov,

28 aXX' p

i7

e<7<777z/tou9 dvel\ev o

\afSelv /cat viKr\creiv rot'9 e

KaLroi el TOLV d 'H/ja/cXeou? yeyevrjfjievoiv, oc

del f3ao~i\evova'iv ev 2<7rdpTr), TOVS Trap* fj/jLWV

dpeivovs o 6eo

1 06 Trepl3Xr)TOV ^pr] rrjv e/ceuvcov dperrjv vofiifeiv ; r/9 yap ov/c olSe rwv 'EXXT/z/GJi/, on Tvpralov o~rpa-

rrjyov e\aj3ov irapa rfj? vroXeo)?, fieO' ov KOI TWV

TToXe/u'oJz/ 6Kpdrr)o~av KOI rrjv irepl rov? veovs eVt- fj,e\eiav evverd^avTO, ov fiovov et? TOZ> TrapovTa

, a\\' et? airavra TOV al&va (Sov\ev(rd-

ica\6o<;. tcareXiTre yap avTols eXeyeia iroit)- 107 era9,

r 7Tpl TOVTOV OVTCO (79

TWV Tvpraiov Troirj/jbdrcov a ra)9 av avrovs yaaXt

eOe\iv dirodwyo-iceiv. ^prjcri^ov 8' eVrt r teal TOVTWV dicovcrai TWV eXeyeicov, iv e ola Troiovvres ev^oKifiovv Trap' e/ceivois.

yap Ka\ov evl

avp dyaOov, Trepl f) TrarpiSi v)v 8* avrov TTpoXiTrovra TroXii/ Kal irlovas dypovs Trdvrcov eo~r dviyporaTov, /cal 5 ~vv prjTpl i\rj Trarpl yepovri Traicri re avv piKpols tcovptBirj T aXo%w. Tolo~i icev e%6pb<; fJiev yap /Jbereao'erat,, 01/9 ifcrjrai ei/ccov /cal XprjiJLOO-vvr) T crrvyepfj irevlri^ aio"xyvei 8e 761/09, Kara $ dy\aov el&os e\ey%6i,, S' aTiiir /cal Kafcorr^ eVerat. 10 KATA AEOKPATOY5 41 el S' oi/Tft)9 dvSpos roi dkcv/jievov ovSe/if wprj yiyverat, ov& atS&>9, OVT' OTUO-O) 761/609, ical TraLBwv 0v/j,Q) 7179 7T6/3i rfjcrSe fjua^cofjieBa, irepl

Ovrja-KWfJLev tyvxecov py/ceri, (f>ei86fievoi. do veoi, a\\d (jbd^eaOe Trap d\\rj\oiT69, 15

^77^6 vyf)s alcrxpTJs dp^ere fJLrjBe 6@ov, d\\d /jieyav Troielo-Qe KOI d\/ci,fjLov eV typed Ov^ov^ [MySe tyiKo^rv^elT dvSpdcn fiapvdjAevot,* TOU9 Be 7ra\aiorepov({, wv ov/cert yovvar e\a

77877 \evicov e^ovra /cdprj iroKiov re yeveiov, aTTOTTveLovT akKifjuov ev Kovlrj, oevT* alSola ev 25 L\r)(T *%epcrlv e^ovra

(al(r%pd rd y 6(f)0a\fj,ois real ve^ea-^rov ISelv) KOI xpoa yvfjLvo)devra. vkoicri Se Trdvr eTreoitcev, otyp eparrj^ 77/^779 dy\abv avQos %y dv&pdcri /j,ev ^7777x09 Ibelv, eparos Se yvvculv

J<09 ecav, /ca\ov.

Ka\d 7', ew aVS/069, Kal xptfo-ifia rot9 j3ov\.ofjbevoi<; 108 OVTCO 7rpo(re%ei,v. TOLVVV el^ov 777)09 dvSpeiav ol rovrcov d/covovres, Mare Trpo? rrjv iroKw rjfjL&v Trepl r^9 rjye/jiovias dfA^La-pijTeiv, 6tVdr&)9* rd yap Ka\\icrra roov epycav dfntyorepois r/v fcareipya- 42 AYKOYPTOY

o-fjieva. ol {lev yap (rj^erepoi) irpoyovoi rou? fiapftdpov? eviK^aav, 61 TrpWToi TrJ? 'AmKrjs eTreffrjaav, KOI Karacfxivr) eirolr)

f/ u9

co fetv', ayyeiXov Aa/ceSaifjiovtoi,?, on,

rot? /celvcov TreiOofjuevoi,

rot? 8' v/jberepois

toi M.apa0(avi, %pV(TO

' noTavra, co 'A.Orjvaloi,, KOI fivq/JLoveveo-Qai Ka\d KOI 29

rot? TTpd^aaiv eiraivo^ /cdl rfj iroKet Sofa deLfivr)-

rj6poio-fjL6vrjv TroXet Ty oogav fcarija^vvev. edv fjuev ovv avrov f/ aTTOKTeivrjTe, oo^ere iracrt, ro?9 EXX7/o-i Kal vjJLels

rd roiavra rwv epywv jjnaelv el Be /IT;, /cal TOV9

TTpoyovov? TT)? ?raXata9 80^779 aTrocrre/j^o-ere /cat aXXoi/9 TToXtra? fjied\a /3XaireTe. ot

TOVTOV 7Tlpo~OVTai JJLL- eicelva IJLGV Trapd KATA AEfiKPATOYS 43

1 tv, Trap v^ilv S' dvaiSeiav /cal teal Bei\iav KeKpiaOai /cd\\tcrTOv. VTT bv 30 Et (Se) firj Svvao-06 e/j,ov SiSa^Orjvai, in

TpOTTOV $1 7T/J09 TOU9 TOIOVTOV? %6l,V, OHCe'ty e/ceivovs rlva rpoirov eKd^avov Trap avrwv

(iMTTrep jap TO, Ka\a TWV . epywv rjirl- eTTiTvjSeveiv, ovrw /cal rd Trovrjpd TTpo- ypovvro ico\d^iv. l/celvoi, ydp, w dvBpes, Oew- prfaare 009 wpryi^ovTO rot9 TrpoSorais /cal KOIVQVS 6%Qpov<; v6fjLiov elvai, rrjs 7roXe&)9. Qpvvi'Xpv ayevTOS vv/crtop Trapd rrjv Kprfvrjv rrjv ev oiavois VTTO 'A7ro\\oS(0pov /cal

TOVTtoV \1T1deVT(dV Kal t9 TO

V7TO TWV TOV ^pVVt^OV tyiktoV, al- o 877/^09 TO 7670^09 TOV9 re elp^Oevra^

teal fiaa-dvcov yevo/jievcov dve/cpive, teal : TO TOV Trpay/jLa evpe, jj,ev ^pvvi^ov TrpoSi- Sovra rr)v TroXiv, TOi)9 5' diroKTeivavTas avrov

ras' teal tyrftyi^eTai, 6 ^//09 KpiTiov 113 TOV /cdv , [lev ve/cpov Kplvetv 7rpo$o

<*)V TCL ev Trj %ft>pa TeOdcfrdai,

etyrjtyia'avTO Se /cal edv a7ro\ory(vvTal rwes virep 114 TOI) TTe\evTr)tc6Tos, edv aXa) 6 TedvrjKws, evo^ov^

elvat teal TOVTOVS Tot9 ai5To?9 evriTifiloi,*: OVTW? ovbe or6el 44 AYKOYPrOY

rjyovvTO Sl/caiov elvai, aXX' oyLtoto)? dv TTpoBovvat, Trjv TroXiv /cat TOV SiacratfrvTa TOV TTpoSoTrjv.

Toiyapovv OVTCO fiitrovirre? rovs dSiKovvras ical

Ta TOiavTa KCLT avT&v ^Irrj^c^o/jievoi, d(T

115 ^A/covere, co avSpes, TOVTOV TOV 7TiTa etceivoi pev ra TOV irpoboTov OCTTCL avo- CLTTO- pv^avTes K T^9 'ArTt/e^? ej;a)pi,pa

67reTp6\frav, vpels &' avTo TO

TTpoyovcov %6t/oou9, OGOV eiceivoL fjiev TOU? \6yq> fjiovov To5 TrpoSoTrj fto^Q^ffavTCis Tat? eV^aTat?

Tt,/JL(0piai<; (jLTrj\6ov, vfjieis Be avTov TOV ep

/cal ov \6yq> TOV Bijfjiov eytcaTakiTrovTa 0)9 ov&ev

dSitcovvTa d^TjcreTe ; fir) SfjTa, co avSpes (OVT yap o9 opyrjv fj,a\\ov rj Si d\r)0eiav

OTav Se Trapd irdvTwv 0/1,0/0)5 6tX77^>oT65 (uo-i TTJV OVK oTt, iraa-i avTrjv Tifjitopiav, TTW? ev8r)\ov (frvcrei,

117 Tot? TOLOVTOIS epyoi? iro\efiovv ; "^iraoyov yap KATA AEOKPATOY2 45

TOV ap/iou, ov% viro/JLevavTa rrjv Trep

TTpoSoa-ias ev TO> ^77/^0) Kpi(Tiv, aXX* pT)fj,ov TOV dycova edaavTa, davarat TOVTOV ejreiSrj rr)9 a8t/aa9 ou/c \aftov TO rrjv elicova avrov e'f aKpo7ro\co

e ravrrj rfj crrriXr) dvayeypaiTTai,, ical ol a\\oi, Se TrpoSorai. TO KCL& o 118 Kat fioi \a{3e irpoyrov fjuev tyij^KT/JLa, 77 el/cap TOV 'iTTTrdp^ov rov irpoSorov ef dicpOTroXeax;

KaOrjpeOr), eTreira Trjs anjXrjs TO VTroypa/jL/juay /cat TOU9 VGrepov TrpocravaevTa<; Trpo&oras 6*9 ravrijv rrjv (rrtjXrjv, /cal dvaryiyv(0(T/c,

KAI YHOTPAMMA TH2 2THAH2

fc SoKov 9 119 dSt/covvT(ov

\a/3lv, TO ^vrjfjuelov TOV TTpoSoTOV dve-

07r&)9 TOV

7T/309 TOV9 Aa/3e 8' auTO?9 teal TO GTepov yfnjfaa pa (TO) 120

7T6/)l TWZ/ et9 Ae/ceXetai/ /jieTacrTdvTcov, oVe o UTTO Aa/ceSai/jiovicov eVoXiop/cetTo, 07re9 e OTI irepl T&V TTpoSoT&v ol wpoyovoi, opoias /cal 46 AYKOYPFOY

d/co\ovOov<; d\\tj\a{,$ ra? Tifjucopias GTTOIOVVTO. dvayiyvwcrtce,

'A/cohere, to avSpes, K.CLI TOVTOV TOV TCOV TO> , on ev 7roXe//.&> fjLTa

TOV j3oV\6fJLVOV TTpOff TOU9 (7/400^0,$,

ftovTas 8e irapaBovvai ra5 eVt TOV opv

7rei,Ta eicelvoi /j,ev rov? eV avry rfj %ft>p

v, vpeis 8e TOI/

ev rc3 TroXey /cal TTpoSovra rov ofjpov OVK CLTTO- elvdl, KTVLT ; 7Tft)9 OVI> 8o^T6 O-TTOyOVOi l/Ce'lVtoV

TWV dvSpoov ; 122 "Agiov rolvvv d/cova-cu KOI (TOV) Trepl TOV v ^aXaplvt, T\evTrfaavTO^ yevo/mevov OTI ov f) ySouXT;, \6

TTJV 7ro\LV, TrepieKofJbevr) rou9 o~Te(f)dvov

V 6Ke/CTr)VTo.

Tt ovv w $otcei 123 } av&pes; dpd y V/JLCV ftov\OfJi,evo(,<; i TO i? Trpoyovovs TraTptov elvcu KATA AEOKPATOY2 47

diroKTelvai; OTTOTC yap etceivoi TOV dvd- TTJV Tro\iv ovo-av \6yq> JJLOVOV TrpooiSovTa oi/Ta>9 dTreKTeivav, TI vuas irpocnj/cec TOV epyo> KOI 1 ov \6y& TT)V ol/covfjievrjv e/c\L7rovTa 7roirj(rai; ap ov% vireppaXecrOcu eiceivov? rfj TifjLwpia ; KOI or eicelvot, TOW? eTrt^eiptja-avra^ TT)S Trapa rov e/co\aa'av TI d'jroo'Tepetv OUTO)? )

TOV avrov rov &rffj,ov Trjv jrpoSovra TroLrjaat, ; /cal ore vwep r^9 80^775 Kelvoi>

airiovs OUT&)? ert/jLcopovvro, ri V/JLO,<; virkp T^?

poa-tftcei, iroielv ; 'Iicavd pew ovv /cal ravTa TYJV rwv Trpoyovwv 124 tyvwvai, Sidvoiav, co? efyov Trpos TOU? Trapavo/jiovv- ra? et? rrjv ir6\iv ov

TWV 7TpOOTO)V Kal T(t)V TOV SfjfJLOV KaTa\VOVTCt)V' TO jap fjLTa iro\\wv Tcapa^e^fJLCLTWv Sioda/ceiv pqoiav Vfjilv TIJV KO'KTIV Kadio-Trjai. yitera yap roi/9

ol 7rarep69 VJJLWV, 7reTrov6oT.<$ VTTO f ola oySet9 TrooTrore TGVV EXX^&>z/

l fju6\i<$ et? Trjv eavT&v /caTe\rj\v6oTe^,

e6Sov

TOV SrjjAov TTpo&iSovTWv. tyiqfyio'ciVTo ydp Kal 125

lav r^9 TV IB I, Tr6\iv , paw eTTiTtOfJTai, 77 Trjv

) rj TOV STJ^JLOV /caTa\vr), TOV a KaOapov elvai diroKTeivavTa, Kal KpelTTOv TOU9 Trjv alTiav ^Qi/ra9 TeQvdvai fiaXKov 48 AYKOYPrOY

77 TreipaOevTa? /JLCTO, d\r)0eias avrovs Bov\eveiv dp%f)v yap o{/ra>9 WOVTO Belv %r)V TOU9 TroXtVa?,

ware fjirjS' et9 VTrotyiav e\6elv fiijSeva TOVTWV TWV

dBitcr}fj,dT(i)v. Kcu fioi, XaySe TO

f 126 TatJra, o5 az/8^e?, eypatfrav ^9 T?jy

rot? /^a^' e/cdcTTrjv rjjMepav crvvtovat, KOI /3ov\evo-

IIGVOLS VTrep rrjs TrarpiBos, a>9 8e? 77/009 Toi>9 TOIOV- TOU9 e^ew. KOI &a TOVTO ai/ rt9 aLO-Bfjrat povov p,e\\ovTa<; avrovs TOVTCOV TI iroielv, diroKTelveiv

(Tvvwjjioaav, el/coTW TWV fiev yap a\\cov OL^LKTJ-

/JLCLTCOV V(TT6pa$ Bel Terd^dat ra9 ri/JLWplas, irpo-

Be KOL BIJ/JLOV /caraA,ucrea>9 Trporepas. el yap

TOVTOV rbv /caipov, ev w fjie\\ova-iv e/ceivoi Kara rrjs TrarpiBo?

ov/c ecrTiv V/JLLV fj,Ta TavTa BL/crjv Trap*

dBifcovvTCOv \aftelv KpeiTTovs ydp ijBrj yiyvovTai r^9 Trapd TWV dBi/cov/AevcDV TifAwpias. 127 'EivOvfjLeia-Qe TOLVVV^ c5 avBpes, r^9 Trpovoias 31 KOI /cat 7rt\av6d- TavTrjs TWV epya)v afta)9, /j,rj oicov veo"6e ev TTJ ^77(^)0), dvBpwv eicyovoi eVre, aXXa 7rapa/ce\eve

Trepl TWV dBt/covvTcov KATA AEQKPATOYS 49

S' ev TO> tyrj^iar/jLaTi TO) KTeiveiv TOV rr)v iraTpiBa irpoBiBovTa KOI Xo Kal teal teal epyw %etpl tyrfq). fir) yap

T&v /juev ovcriwv, a? av ol irpoyovot,

K\rjpov6fjLOL elvcu, TWV S* op/cwv /cal rrj?

rjv Sevres ol irarepes v/ji(av ofMrjpov rot? 6eol<;

tcowfjs ev&aifjbovlas r?}9 7roXe&)5 yu.e

Be pr) K\r)povofj,6lv. 128 32 Ov fJLOVOV TOLVVV 7] TToXt? U/Ltd)^ OUTO>9 e

7T/305 TOU9 TTpoBlBoVTaS, O\\a KOl Aa/CeSaL/JLOViOi. /cal ew el r IJMJ fioi, a^Oea-Orjre, avSpes, jro\\dicL

etc 7r6Xea>9 evvofjLovfjbevr)? Trepl rcov SiKaiwv Trapa- ra \anftdveiv, (tV) dcra\e

rrjv BiKauav /cal rrjv evoprcov ifrrj^ov Tlav

TO> Tlepo-rj rrjv 'EXXa8a \af36vres, eTreiBrj ecfrQacre

/caTacfrvycbv et? TO rfjs Xa\Kiolicov lepov, rrjv

Ovpav dTroifCoBoprja-avTes /cal rrjv opocfrrjv wno- o-tcevdo-avres teal KVK\W Trepio-rpaTOTreBeva-avTes, ov ro5 trporepov airrfkBov Trplv rj Xt/Ltco dTretcreivav,

/cal TTCLGIV eTTidT]fjiov eTTOLTjcrav rrjv Tiptop lav OTI 129

ovS* at Trapd TWV dewv eTritcovplai rot9 7rpoSorafc9 PorjOovcriv, el/corax;' ovBev yap irpoTepov dSi/cov

YI Trepl 70^9 Oeovs d(Tej3ov(7i, TWV TraTpltov vopi/jLcov

aurov? d7rocrTpovvTe$. fj,eyi,(rTov Be T&V e/cel yeye-

vr)/j,eva)v re/c/jLrjpLov eaTiv o /j,e\\a) \eyeiv VO/JLOV

yap eOevTo Trepl dirdvTtov T&V /mrj *0e\ovTtov virep P.L. 4 50 AYKOYPrOY

7-779 TrarptSo? Kwbvvevew, Siapptforjv \eyovTa GLTTO-

OvrjaKeiv, et? avrb TOVTO TTJV Ti/j,a)piav rd^avre^ o et? fjuakiara (f)0/3ov/jivoi, Tvy^dvovcn, Kal rrjv K TOV 7TO\e/JLOV

yiter' alcr^vvrj^. 'iva S' elBrjre on ov \6

etprj/ca, a\\a fier a\i)6elaepe avrol? VOJJLOV. NOM02 AAKEAAIMONIQN

do 130 *Etv0v/jL6ia-0 Stf, a)? ^raXo? o VO/JLOS, teal avfjifopos ov p,bvov etcelvois, a\\a Kal rot?

av6p(t>7Toi<;. 6 jap irapa T&V iro\ira)V cbv lo")(ypo<$ ava

vrjv avro) (ravTrjv) Tifjuwplav ; ovBe/julav yap a oel elvai, ^rffiLav r^5 SetXta? 77 Odvarov et'Sore? yap on Svolv KIV^VVOIV vTroKeipevoiv dvayicalov

carat, darepov fjLeraa-^elv, TTO\V /JLO\\OV alp^a-ov- Tai TOV 7T/305 TOV? 7TO\/JLLOV

131 Too-ovTft) 8' av SiKaioTepov ouro? airoQavoi TWV 33

e ra>^ crrpaTOTreBwv evy6vTcov, oarov ol /JLCV ei$

TTJV TroXiv rjKova-w, o>5 V7rep TavTTjs /jLa%ov/j,evoi 77

KOiV?) fJLCTa T&V d\\WV 7TO\iT(t)V

ex T775 TraTpiSos e

pLav 7ro/9to//,6z>o9, oi>& virep r^ ISias ecrrta? vevOai i rcbv To\fjL ijaa^ ) d\\d fjiovo^ OVTOS

dv0p(07rct)v /cal rd ^779 9 ol/ceia /cal dvay/caia

TTpoBeSto/cev, a /cal r

fjLd\i(TTa Trecfrvrce ?r/oo9 ra^o9, evrw ISeiv virep r^9 avrwv veomas 0e\ovra airoQvrjdKeiv oOev ical riz/69 elprjtcaarw

v& aypia yap opvis, r\v ir\dcry veoa-aovs rj^Lwa'ev evretcelv.

34 d\\a Aeco/cpdrrjf; TOCTOVTOV VTrepjSe/B^tce &i\ia, we're Trjv TrarpiSa ro?9 7ro\6/itot9 eyfcareXiTre. 1 roiyapovv ovSe/jLia ?roXt9 avrov e'iaae Trap avry 133 fjberoiKelv, d\\a fj,a\\ov TWV dvSpotyovcov rj\avvev, el/corco?' ol pel/ yap 6vov (frevyovres et9 erepav fieraaravre^ OVK e^ovcriv e^Opovs rou9 VTTO- rovrov Se r/9 av viro^

09 yap virep r^9 avrov irarpiSos OVK

y av virep -7-779 aXXor/ota9 KIV$VVOV Tiv /ca/col yap real vroXtraf /cal %evoi /cal

9 fJueOe^ovaiv, Iv Se rat9 drv^iai^ ovBe PorfBeias d^icoa-ovcri. Kairoi 134

TOV V7TO T(V {JLrjSev dSi/coviJ,vci)V {JLLO'OviJLevov /cal ri Sel Tradelv et-eKavvofjievov, v vptov TWV rd

Seivorara TreTrovOoTwv ; dp* ov rfjs eor^dr real firjv, w dvSpes, TWV 42 52 AYKOYPrOY

cov Si/ccuorar' av Aeay/cpaTf)?, ei TLS ol Lij Tlfuopia OavaTOV, TavTijv VTTOCT^OL fj,ev yap

aXXoi TT/ooSorcu, yaeXXoi/re? dSt/celv orav \r)<$>6>(n,, Tiawplav VTre^ovaiv ouro9 Se /JLOVOS $ia7T7rpay-

/I.6I/O9 O7Tp 67r6'%eipr)O'6, TT)V 7TO\l,V eyKaTCL\l7rdi)V /cplverai. J 35 au/iafo) be /cal r&v a-vvijyopew avrw /j,e\\6v- 35

TWV, 8ia rl Trore rovrov dj;ia)(7OV(Ti,v

irorepov Sta rrjv 777)09 avrovs i,\iav ; aXX' Bo/cova-i StKaid)? OVK av ^a/Hroav6pbv OTL

roL\iav

S(,a(j)v\dTTOV(n,v, ware TroXu irporepov virep avrwv 1 eariv aTroXoyijTeov rj TOVTOV Trap

136 'Ryov/juai, 8' eywye teal rbv irarepa avro) TOV T6T\6VTrjfCOTa, L T^9 ap* (TTW aiffOrjO'lS T0t9

/cei Trepl ra)v i>0dSe yiyvo/juevcov, airavr^v av %a\7ra)TaTov yf.veaOai Si/cao-TTjv, ov rrjv ^a\Krjv

r el/cova GfcSorov tcarekifre rot? jro\e^Loi<^ ev TW TOV

Ato9 (TOT)) (rcorrjpos lepoa-vKrfcrai teal al/clcra

/cal f)v eicelvos earija-e ^vjjfJLelov 77)9 avrov fJLerpio- T77T09, ravrrjv avrbs eirovelSicrTov eVo^cre' rotbv- 137 rov ydp vlov TraTrjp TTpocrayopeveTai. Sib /cat TroXXot r w fioi jrpoo-e\'r]\vOaaiv ) avSpes, epwTwvres, Bid TL OVK eveypatya TOVTO et9 Trjv elaayyeXiav, KATA AEOKPATOY2 53

TrpoSeSaiKevat, rrjv el/cova rrjv rov Trarpos, rrjv ev

To5 rov Aio? TOV trwTrjpos dva/cei/JLevTjv. eycb &, co avSpes, OVK rjyvoovv TOVTO raSi/crjfjL agiov (ov)

l TrpoSoaias TOVTOV Kplvcov OVOJJLO, A to? Trpo? TTJV el(rayye\iav.

Se fjLoKio-ra eVt rot? /z-T/re yevei 138 (rvvairo- t\i,a fJbrjSev trpoo-ij/cov&t,, fjLHrOov Be

\oV dSi/crjo-avrcov d7ro\,oyei

T060UT045 av /jLerdo-^oLev. ov yap Bel tcatf V/JLCOV yeyevfjcrOai Seivov, d\)C virep V/JLWV /cat TCOI> VOJJLCOV

KOI r^5 Brj/jLOKpaTias. Katrot T^i/65 avT&v ov/ceri, Tot? \6yois vytia? 139 irapaKpovo-aadat, %r)TOVo-i,v, aXV ij^Tj Tat? avr&v \rjrovpyiais e^aLreldOaL TOU? K^ivo^kvov^ aftco- y o-ovcrw e 0*5 eycoye KOI fJid\L(TT dyavatera). et? yap rov iSiov ol/cov avra

(TTe

vrrep v/JL&v drrdvrwv, /cal ev fiev rovrois ecrriv IBetv rrjv dperrfv r&v eTriSeow/corayv, ev e/ceivow Se

rrjv evTropiav fjuovov rwv SebaTravrj/corcov. rjyov/Jiai, &' ejcoye ovoev' ovrw fteyaXa rrjv ITO\LV

/cevcu, OMTT ^aipTov a^iovv \afjujSdvew TTJV Kara rwv TrpoSiSovrcov n^wpiav, ov& OU

dvorjrov &(TTe (^CKoTL^eldOau fiev TT/OO? rrjv Be TOVTW ftoi)6elv 05 avrov irpwrov ra?

141 'l&xpijv jjbev ovVy cJ avSpes, el /cal Trepl ov&evbs 36 d\\ov vbfLipov evn TratSa? /cal yvval/cas Trapa- /caOio-afLevovs eavrols rou? St/tao-Ta? Si/cd^ew, a

ovv ye Trepl 7rpoBo

ov/c r)j;i(i)07]a-av, Tn/cporepas ra? yv(0(ris /card rov

d$t,/covvro<; Trapecr/ceva^ov. eireicr) & ov v6/j,ifjLov

ov& eWio-fJievov e

e/ceivcov Si/cd^eiv, rtfjLwprja-dfjLevoi

/cal drroKreivavres avrov, d7ra

avrwv rcaia\ /cal yvvaii-iv, ort, vrro')(eipiov ^T6? rov irpo^orrjv avrwv erifMcoprfo-aaOe. /cal 142 yap Seivbv teal (T^erKiov, orav VO/JLL^TJ &eiv

KewKpdrris icrov %eiv o (frvytov ev rfj roov i^ei- /cal 6 ev rcav vdvrwv TroXet, fj^rj /civSweixras rfj /cal 6 ev rwv rrapara^a^evwv, yu-r) Bia(f)v\dj;a<; rfi KATA AEQKPATOY2 55

, aXX' rj/crj lepcov Ovcri&v dyopas v6fj,o)v

/jbeOe^cov, vTrep wv rov pr) KaraXvOrjvai, TWV VfJLerepWV TToXlTWV V XaLpWVeia 6T- teal \evrrjcrav &Tj/jLOcria avrovs rj ?roXt9 eOaifrav

&v OVTOS ov&e ra e\e

/j,vr)fjLiois eiravt,a)v et? rrjv TTO\W ySecrOrj, aXX' ouTfo? dvaiSws ev rot? oc/>#aXyitot9 T

TCOV ra? etceivcov a-vfj,

(f>ea-@ai,. KOI avri/ca fid^C v/j,a<; d^tcoaet dtcovew avTov dirohoyovfievov Kara rou9 vofiovs epcordre avrbv TTOIOVS ; 01/9 eytcaraXiTroDV KOI edo-at, avrbv ol/ceiv ev rots TI%(TI r^9 Trarpi-

809 7rotot9 ; a //,oz>09 TWV TroXirwv ov vXafe. /cat eVtAcaXecreTat Tot9 #eou9 ea>9 at Ta eS?; /cat ra re/JLevrj TrpovScofce ; /cal SetjcreraL /cal auroz^* l/cereva-et eXe^crat TLVOJV ; ov^ ot9 TOI^ avrbv epavov els rrjv (rcorrjpiav el(TVyKelv ovtc eT6\fir)(T ; roStov? i/cerevera)' rrjv yap dad\iav 7ro\et ev rfj e/ceivwv /j,d\\ov fj ev rfj eavrov

TrarpLSt, evofMaev elvai. Hoia 8* f)\iicLa Sitcaicos 144 av TOVTOV e\erjcreie; irorepov 77 TMV Trpe&ftvTepwv ; aXX' ov$e yrjporpo^rjOrjvai, ov& ev e\ev6epw (rai) eSdrjvai TO ica6^ avrov aXX' rcov /cal jjuepos 7rape$a)fcev. 77 vecorepcov ; TLS (av) dva/jLvrj&Oels TOJV faiKiwrtov rwv ev Xaipco- veia eauro) (TV/ji7rapaTa^a^eva)v fcal TWV KivSvvwv rcov avrwv /j,Tao"%ovT(0v, (roocrete TOV T9 e/ceivcov 56 AYKOYPTOY

6rf/cas TrpoSeSco/coTa, /ecu rr) avrf) ^Jr^a) rcav VTrep r?79 e\ev6epia

145 ev cfrpovovvra dd

(roS) y9ouXoyuej/a), KOI \6y(p /cal epyw rov Sfj KO,L TTOiciv. ov v/jLci<> KaKws yap fiovov vvv OL orav

7ro\iv /cal vyrjv auro? eavrov /caTayvovs /cal ol/crfGas ev Me'yapot? eirl Trpoa'Tarov TrXeto) irkvr ev /cal ev 7ro\ei, 77 ef err), TTJ %co/?a rjj dvaarpe-

(f>r)rat,, d\\d /cal 6 /j,7j\6/3oTov rrjv 'Arri/c^ dvel-

vai (fravepd rfj ^ij

ravrrj rfj %a>pa a-vvoi/cos V/JLWV ylyverat,.

146 BouXoyLuu 8' en, ^pa-^ea TT/JO? vfjuds eltrtdv Kara- 37

/Sfjvai, /cal TO ^Inj^KT/jua rov Stf/juov 7rapaa%6fJLevo<;,

o Trepl eixrefteias eiroiijo-aTO' xprfcri/jLov ydp vplv

ecm rot? fjLe\\ov(7i, rrjv tyrjfov (frepeiv. Ka/ poi \eye avro.

'70) roivvv fJLf]vva) TOV davL&vTa ravra irdvra /co\d(Tai 7T/309 VILCLS rou9 Kvpiovs ovras f vfjLerepov 8' earl /cal VTrep VJAWV /cal virep rwv 6e&v T^&)-

pija-ao-Qai A.e(o/cpdrr)v. rd ydp dSLrcij/jLara, e&>9 /j,ev av e fj d/cpira, Trapd rot9 irpd^acriv ecrriv, Se rot9 Siicaiax; e tcpi

ty7)(j)i,6jJLevo<> e/cacrro9 V/JLWV fyavepdv Troirfa-ei. TTJV

147 avrov Stdvoiav rpt9 0ols, rjyovpLai, B\ w dvSpes, KATA AEOKPATOY2 57

aTTCLVTCOV TCOV /jLCylcTTOOV KCLl BeWOTOTCdV dBl-

fjiiav v/j,ds ^rj^ov ev TTJ Trjpepov 049 ajrao-tv ovTa (f)p6Lv y evo%ov Aeco/cpdryv l&eiv, TrpoSoaias fiev on rrjv 7r6\tv ey/cara\L7ra)v

on ov% virptive. TOV KivSvvov, d9 Karaa-KaTTTecrBat, TO Ka6* eavTOv yeyovev atrto?, TO/cewv Be KaKOHrew ra fjuvt]fj,ela aiiToov d(j)avi(ov Kal TOOV vofjLijjLdDV diroGTeptoV, \t,7TOTaj;iov Be ical ddTpaTeias ov Trapaa^wv TO rafat rot? (TTpaTrjyofa eVeira TOVTOV rt? 148

Kal avyyvcofjLrjv egei TWV /cara

TrpoalpG<7t,v dBcKfj/jidTcov ; Kal rt? ovra)? eVrtz/ dvb-

1JTOS, OH7T6 TOVTOV (TW^toV TT)V aVTOV O~Q)Tr}plaV

TrpoecrOai TOIS e^KaTa\nrlv ySouXo/i,6z/ot9, Kal TOV- TOV eXe??ora9 auro9 dvrj\eijTo

TOOV Oeoov TLfjioopia;

0) fjLev ovv Kal Ty iraTpiBi, florjOwv Kal ro?9 149 Kal Tot9 voaois, aTroBeBcoKa TOV dyoova op#a)9 Kal BiKai(o<;, ovTe TOV d\\ov TOVTOV ftiov Biaj3a\(t)v, OVT efa) TOV TTpdy/jiaTOs ovBev KaTij- vfjuwv B* eKaaTOV %prj vopi^eiv TOV Aew-

Kal dvBpaTroBicr/jLbv KaTa^rr]^>L^eor6at,, Kal BVOLV

KIJJLVOIV TOV fJbV TTpoBoCTLaS, TOV B 58 KATA AEOKPATOY2

evai, KOI ra? Trrovs epevai TQ? &' /j.ev inrep avao-rda'e&s TT}? irarplSos, ra? i5?re/3

150 do-fiaXeias KOI TT)? ez^ T]5 TroXei evbaifJLOVias. eav

[lev A.eo&Kpdr'rjv aTroXucr^re, Trpobi&ovai, TTJV iroKiv KOI ra lepd Kal r9 vau? i/r^^ietcr^e* e'az/ Se rovrov aTTOKTeivrire, $ia%eiv rrjv iSa KOI ra? TTpoa-oBovs teal rrfv evSaifjioviav ' ofiv,

iKTV6tv vfjioov TTjv %(0pav Kal TO. SeVSpa, W? \i/j,evas (:at) rd vewpia Kal rd rei^rj TT}? e /cal roi>9 ^ea)9 at ra lepd

, 7rapd$ifyiJ,a Trot^o-are Aeco/cpdrrj, dva/J,wj

rd Iv X. Sciva] 'The disaster at Chaeronea,' 338 B.C. TTOLCIV for x|njurfJLa iroiei] iroiewdai, in this phrase (though the active is also used in classical Greek in similar cases, where it is not always easily distinguishable in sense from the middle), is to be set down here as a trace of late Greek (cf. iv infra). the of wore] For wore introducing substance the \{/riiff/j.a (a classical usage), cf. e.g. Thuc. V. 17 \f>r)...

K0&r0ai] i.q. uire/c0&r0cu, which is technical in this sense: cf. infra- 25, 53.

4v'P68<{>] The use of the prep, to express 'motion to' (cf. Paus.

VII. 4. 3 SiajSovres Iv TTJ Sdytty) is late : so also in c. abl. in late

Latin : missus est in exilio, etc.

irappT|o-ia^op.vov] The expression is probably inspired by 5 of the speech (TOVTOV Trepiopoiv et's ryv ayopav /j.(3&\\ovTa), and the context would almost suggest that, if L. had kept quiet, Lycurgus would have left him alone.

s. il 8^ orao-is opos dvrovo[xd|ft>v] ordurts (status constitutio causae) is the determination of the point at issue ; opos (a sub- division of ardffLs status definitivus) is used of a case in which a fact is admitted, and the question is how it is to be denned

(avTovo[j(.a$fi)v : controversia nominis) in L. 's case, departure or desertion!

(TTOXCwntov ttird -yvwjJiiis]

in which the defendant, while admitting that his action was wrong, places against it some counterbalancing advantage (Avriffrcuris, compensation comparatio). [For the explanation of the technical terms, I am indebted to

Wyse on Isaeus, I and II, after Volkmann's RhetoriJP, pp. 70 sqq.] vir60e

C. 1. i, 2. I pray the gods and heroes to make me a worthy prosecutor of Leocrates, and you exemplary judges, as my im- peachment is just.

1. Si.Kcuav...i!'

strike the key-note of the speech : 'Justice and Piety... shall cha- racterize the prosecution,' etc. <5 'AOrjvaioi: this, and not the more usual w &v8pes 'A., appears to be the regular formula in Lycurgus. [Blass <&v8pes> everywhere.]

TT|V dpxi\v...iroiij

with a noun is a common periphrasis for the simple verb : cf. = TT.= ir\iv, \fidtjv Tr.=\av6avff0ai ) KarcMpvyfyv

', etc. Cf. infra 5, n, etc. tai -" T is as the wx H ti 'A0T]vj] Athena given prominence tutelary

goddess of Athens (cf. infra 26). Only Demosthenes, besides Lycurgus, prefaces a speech with a prayer to the gods, and that only once in his De Corona, delivered shortly after the prosecu- tion of Leocrates.

TOIS TJpwo-i. . .iSpufilvois] 'the heroes whose statues stand through- out our city and country.' The 'heroes' may be described as inferior local deities, patrons of tribes, guilds, etc. The irfpwes ^rrwvvfioi, at Athens, were the heroes after whom the v\al were named. Founders of a race or city (dpxTiytTai, KT

Troi'/iH.] rots dedis Kal rjpoxri TO?S Kar^ofO't rV iriXi? Kal ri]v

el p^v eloTJYyeXica A.] At Athens, the elffayye\la was a state prosecution or impeachment, applicable, ace. to the i>6aos efoay- yeXriKbs quoted by Hyperides, Eux. 7, 8, to three main offences: (a) treason against the democracy; (b) betrayal of a or or naval force of the town any military ; (c) corrupt misleading people by an orator. The case of Leocrates would fall under (a). But it is certain that the list of is not exhaustive and Hyper, ; we must at any rate distinguish from 'political' denunciations

(i) efoayyeXiai /ca/cciorews (maltreatment of parents, heiresses, etc.), laid before the First Archon; (2) dv (against unjust arbitrators). A political eieayyeXia was usually brought before the Council (fiffayy\\eiv rtva TTJ /3oi>X?J, e/s TT\V povXfy), some- times before the Assembly at the meeting in each Prytany which ev was known as ij Kvpla (etV. riva et'j rbv drj^ov, r SrifjL^). In the former case, the Council might hand the matter over to an ordinary jury court, if it was considered too serious for the maximum penalty (a fine of 500 drachmae) which the Council was competent to inflict (cf. Ar. Vesp. 590, [Dem.] XLVII. 43); the Assembly might do the same, or it might undertake the trial itself, as in the historic case of the generals after Arginusae, Xen.

Hell. I. 7. 9. Kptvu] 'put on his trial': Dem. De Cor. 15 Karrjyopel peis

fj.ov, Kplvet 8 TovrovL. vs...&>T]...T[JL6ni] 'temples '...'shrines '../sanctuaries,' but English has no sufficiently distinctive equivalents for the Greek

' terms : (a) /ews is the inmost part of a temple, in which the image of the god was placed, like 0-77*6?, ddvrov, the sense of

' iepbv being more general (L.S.) ; ()e'5os, which signifies primarily ' * ' ' ' ' a seated statue, means either temple-statue or temple (Timaei lex. e'Sos- TO &ya\^a Kal 6 r6iros tv $ %>urcu); (c) T^uevos is the space of land 'cut ofT (T^VW!) from common uses and dedicated shrine. to a god (cf. templum}'. in it stood the 'temple' proper or i 62 NOTES [

Tds ev rots vopois 8vSolon. Cf. infra 4 rots K

v6/J,wv iririfj.iois, 34 rfjs K T&V v6/J.u)v Ti/j.uplas. is than 2. ev TJJ -nf fjiepov iiH-epq.] The phrase more stately the simple r^/j-epov. "The Latin hodiernus dies and the German " 'der heutige Tag' exactly correspond (Shilleto, Dem. De Falsa

' 'at the mercy of : so infra 27. TOiaiTa...Tr|\tKat)Ta] 'such'. ..'so great': talia...tanta. The adjs. are often coupled. So also TOVOVTOS and T^XtKouros, where the distinction is between number and size, the adjs. being fre- quently further defined by the addition, respectively, of TO 7rX?)0os (TOV apidfjibv) and TO /wye0os: cf. Isocr. Paneg. 136 TOffafrras rb irXiJflos ir6Xets Ka.1 r^Xt/cai/Tas TO /i^yc^os 5wd/*et$, Antid. 257. C- 2. 3-6. 7^^ prosecutor on behalf of the state has come, /0 as a rather than as a undeservedly-, ^ regarded busybody patriot. The truth is, the accuser constitutes^ ivith the law and the judge, the third great pillar of the public -weal. I am not actuated by any personal spite against Leocrates, except in so far as public offenders shouldjustly be reckonedprivate enemies. 3. IpovXopjv 8' dv K.T.X.] 'I could have wished that the presence among us of persons who prosecute offenders were con- ceived of by the multitude as an arrangement as humane as it is beneficial to the state.' For the general structure of the sentence,

a favourite one with the orators, cf. e.g. Antiph. De Caed. Herod. In init.-, Isaeus, or. x. init. ; Isocr. Antid. 114, De Pace 36.

such cases, eftov\6fj.r)v av (as here and in the two Isocr. passages quoted) is the common \d\Qm. = vellem, expressing what someone

wishes were now true (but which is not true) : Goodwin, M. T.

426. ^]8oi;X6/x t\v alone, however, occurs occasionally with no appreciable difference of meaning, as in the first two passages quoted : also in Aeschin. Ctes. 2 and Ar. Ran. 866 ^ov\bfjnrjv

fjifv QVK pl$i.v tv6a.de. Editors would change the fj.ev which follows ^ov\6/j.r)v in these exx. to av for the sake of uniformity,

but without good reason : epov\6fji.r)v was no doubt helped by the 3] NOTES 63 analogy of e'Sei, txpfy, etc. : cf. Wyse's n. on Isaeus, I.e. rovs = Kpivovras : the pres. ptcp. indicates a standing class accusatores, as Cicero says Pro S* Roscio Anier. 20 accusatores multos esse in civitate utile est. TCIVTT) : stronger and more pointed than avrfi, and in Lycurgiis' manner: cf. infra 117 iroiri

Tjir6i\rj(}>0ai: the perf. infin. denotes the permanent attitude: Goodwin, M.T. no.

viJv 84 Trpi

' ' niv iSfcj KivSwevovra] the personal risk consisted in the fact that the prosecutor, in a public action, was himself liable to a fine of 1000 drachmae in case he failed to obtain one-fifth of the judges' votes. Cf. infra 7 TOVS drj/j.offtov$ d-yoVas n.

rpv(J>r)S tXdeiv UHTT OVK edtXeiv irlvew (recta: ets TOVTO...fj\6ov (iVre Cor. O&K T)6f\ov), Dem. De 283 17 TOGOVTOV virvov Kal \^0r)v (sc. ' airavras ei>; & ffT v 7776?) ^x > V-e[Jivria6a.i (where, omitting ijyeT, we have a-n-avres Zxov, were ov ^/j,vr)VTat note that the infin. in

these cases corresponds to the tense of the recta). So also Aeschin. Ctes. or. x. 96; Lysias, 15; Dem. F.L. 167, 351 5

(b) where the negative belongs to a single word : cf. Isocr. De

Pace 107 OUTW /cameos irpova'Tria'av T&V Trpayfj-druv wvO* TJ/UMS ov = Zreffiv i TToXXow ( 6X^7015) va repov..,^Trnro\a

17. Goodwin, 594 sqq. The example in the text cannot very well be assigned to either, and should probably be explained, along with some others where, as here, wore with a finite verb would be equally appropriate, as arising from a mixture of the

constructions afore ov doKfl and we're pr) SOKCIV, 'this occasional

' ' confusion being made easier by familiarity with wore ou c. infin. in indirect discourse.' Goodwin, 599. See also Shilleto's ed. 64 NOTES [ 3 of Dem. De Falsa Legatione, App. B. The o/...o3e in the last clause requires no explanation, this clause being virtually equivalent to oircp ov 5litpov Af.r.X.

4. Tpfo.] 'three elements,' 'factors': a didactic opening: cf. infra 10, 79. ol T) TWV vopxov T<|IS] 'the ordinance of the laws' =et vfooi rdrrovfftv (subj. gen.). Cf. Plat. Legg. 9258 Kara rty rdiv rov

}>6fJLOV.

i] TOVTOIS...KP&TIS] The Kptvu ('prosecution'), which would logically come second in order, bulks largest in the speaker's mind and is placed third and last: it acquires additional em- phasis as being also the last word of the sentence. Td8iKT]|xaTa is almost concrete = TOUS adiKovrras.

O...VOJJLOS ir&fvK irpoXfyei-v] 'The essential function of the law is to prescribe,' etc. irtyvKa, of that for which a thing is fitted or disposed 'by nature' (0&ns), either in an active or a passive sense: cf. Thuc. III. 45 rre^Kaai 5' airavTes...afji.apTdviv (' humanum est errare'), II. 64 iravra yap irtf}>os) usually (a) dat., as here, 'subject to,' occasion- c. %v. either ally gen. , e.g. jSialuv, XnroTa^tov (where S//CT;, ypcuprj are to be supplied, or the genitive is the ordinary gen. with verba

absol. = Tetr. F. a. i accusandi) ; (b) 'guilty,' Antiph. /rjjre TOVS fr. d^i^ras /iijre robs Ka6apoi>s e/s dytova KadiffTavras, De Chor.

17 &iroK froxfa ttfu- But the meaning of (a) naturally shades off into (b). Distinguish ^7rtr//*ta=' penalties,' ' the word in the text, which is of poetical cast, like many which the older prose writers used' [Jebb, A.O. (Selections), p. 207:

Soph. EL 1382 rdiri.TLiJ.ia rrjs 3uOTpwv TOVTWV: sc. 6 v6/j.os and 6 Kartfyopos. ' ' TOV irapaScuo-ovros] some one to hand them over : Goodwin, Cf. 840. Xen. Anab. II. 4. 5 6 ijyr)os ou5eis ^crrai, Soph.

Ant. 261 otiS' 6 KuXijffwv iraprjv. 5] NOTES 65

* 5. amuri...Tots YCYpapjw'vois] all the articles of the indict-

ment' (capita accusationis) : cf. Dem. De Cor. 56 TTJV avrijv...

iroii]

i 7rot7 dpxV--- 7 / 4>i\oveiKiav] The meaning of the word required here is the

usual unfavourable one of 'love of strife,' 'contentiousness': cf. el de Idias eveic' alrlav Dem. De Cor. 141 ?rp6s tydpav $ .

e-rrdyh) : for the use of the word in the good sense, cf. Plat. Legg. e

8. 27 7roXXi7 0. eyiyvero (quoted by L.S. s.v. i,\oviKia}. The

orthography of the word (i\ovii(ia v. (/uXoveiKi'a), and whether ' we should distinguish two separate words, i\oviida = love of ' victory' and 0i\oi/ei/cia = love of strife,' are old subjects of dis- pute. The two words are constantly interchanged in- MSS.

Sandys on Isocr. Ad Dem. 31 s.v. i.\6viKos remarks: 'Derived

from 0i\os and VLK-TJ,' and quotes in his support Arist. Rhet. n.

12.6, which is the locus classicus for the VLK-TI derivation. He adds

that i\6veiKos (Plat. Protag. 336 E, etc.) is really a separate word, derived from VCIKOS. Adam, however, on Protag. I.e. (read-

ing L\6vi.Kos) contends that 'the word comes from

VLK-T), not from 0i\o- and vetKos (in which case the form would be

(f>i\oveiKr)s: cf. t\oKepd^s, i\oKv8rjs, but 0tX6riyuos, 0iX6doos,

i\6dr)pos and the like), and adds that 'Schanz declares himself,

after a full discussion, for

is TT]v d'yopdv }JipdXAovTa...(JtT\ovTa] The speaker implies that the accused, by his conduct, was legally 'debarred from the market-place and the public rites' (eipyevdat r^s dyopas, r&v iep&v) : cf. infra 65 elpyov T&V vofj.ifj.fav. t/j,(3d\\eiv and /u,er^x" are technical : the former suggests boldness and confidence : cf. Aeschin. I. 164 ZireiTa ^u/3dXXeis els ryv dyopdv, Dem. c.

Timocr. 103 K&V res d\ovs /ca/cc6(7ews...ei's TTJV ay. ejj.j3d\\T]. For perex*1 " (the opp. of etpye

P. L. S 66 NOTES [5 passage may be compared the forcible fragment of Lycurgus' speech Against Lysides (Blass 77): roX^s frjv...Kal e/s r^v ayopav e/j.pd\\eiv, vTr6fJLVtjfJia yeyovus alffx^v^ Kal dveLdovs rf irarpidi. iroXfrov lori in 6. -yap Sucafou, jii] K.T.\.] Some editors see this a side-thrust at Aeschines, whose prosecution of Ctesiphon (Demosthenes was the real object of attack) was pending at the time the Leocrates delivered when speech against was ; but the allusion to Aeschines seems less certain than that to Demosthenes, infra 139. Koivds] i.e. affecting the state, 'public.' Kal rd Koivd TWV dSiK-nfuiTwv K.T.X.] 'and that public offences [r&v &8iK. partitive gen.] involve [fyew] also public grounds of ' quarrel with them [sc. rous irapavofjiovvTas]. For the sentiment and language, cf. Dem. Mid. 225 Set rotvvv rotfrots

vonlfciv. ?x.6iv, 'involve,' 'carry with them,' as often:

Isocr. Philip. 68 ra rotaura ruv Zpyuv (j>dt>vov &x l /ca ' Sv(TfJt.^veiav

Kal TroXXAs /SXa(r0?7^as. 7rpod

(i.e. false causes), but often, as here, 'grounds,' 'occasions.' For of a discussion of the significance the word as used by Thuc. , who couples it with alrLa (in. 13 rotairraj ^x"TS 7r/>o0dreis Kal amas), see Cornford, Thuc. Mythist., pp. 56-9. c. 3. 7-10. The enormity of Leocrates^ offence makes the case before you unique among state prosecutions. I am at a loss how to characterize my charge, and the laws provide no adequate penalty. Death, the extreme penalty of the laws, is not sufficient. Thefailure to devise a punishment suitable to LSs crimes is due, not to the indolence offormer legislators, but to the circumstance that no case of equal heinousness was on record nor was expected to occur in future. And so in this case you must be not merely but decision will be an to iudges > legislators. Your example pos- terity, and will also have a wholesome influence on the youth, whose character is moulded by two factors : (a) the punishment meted out to transgressors, (b) the prizes awarded to virtue. 7] NOTES 67

' 7. ^v...jidXrTa84] cum... turn maxim e? fwyaXovs: 'im- portant.'

rovs 8T||j.ocriovs d'ywvas] dyuives 5??//,6

Public actions, with the exception of such flffayyeXtai as were decided in the Council or the Assembly (see note on I supra), were tried before a jury court; private suits were often brought before arbitrators (Siotri/rat), a practice which aimed at securing a compromise which should be acceptable to both parties, with- out the necessity of facing a trial in court. In a public action, the prosecutor, as a rule, did not benefit pecuniarily by the conviction. if he either before the of the accused ; and dropped proceedings trial or failed to obtain one-fifth of the judges' votes at the trial, he incurred a fine of 1000 drachmae (ras %iX/as 6\eiv) : cf. supra

3 TOV idiq. KtvdvveijovTa. n. In nearly all private suits the object in dispute or the damages went to the plaintiff, who similarly in certain cases was penalized for non-success by having to pay to his successful opponent one obol for every drachma of the sum at issue, i.e. one-sixth of the whole (ij ^7rw/3e\ict).

virep ov] The use of virtp as an equivalent for irepi is character- istic of Greek ru>v TOIOIJTUV Lyc.'s (cf. infra 9 rty v-jrep Ttfiuplav ,

147 virep TUIV (j.yicrT...ddtK'r]fji,dT(>}v...\f/TJ^)OV tpeiv), and is fairly frequent also in Lysias and Demosthenes.

TT)V \Jn]4>ov <|>piv] sujfragium ferre, 'give your vote.'

orav (ifcv yelp K.T.X.] 'For whenever you give judgment in indictments for unconstitutional proposals, you merely rectify a detail and prohibit the operation of a particular measure in so far as it is calculated to injure the state; whereas the present case has a far-reaching constitutional significance and is of no transient interest : on the contrary, it affects your country 52 68 NOTES [7

as a whole, and the verdict you pronounce will be bequeathed to, and held in everlasting remembrance by, your posterity for all succeeding time.' rels TV irapav<5|j.a>v -ypcufxxs: at Athens, the

ypcufrr) irapav6fj,(t}v was a safeguard against hasty or inconsistent legislation. A new legislative proposal, after certain formalities had been observed, was first discussed by the Council who, if they approved of it, submitted it as a irpo^oij\evfji,a for ratification

: if it or by the Assembly so ratified, became properly \f/ri(f>ifffj.a 'decree.' Such a psephism might be intended merely to serve a temporary purpose, or to become a permanent part of the con- stitution, i.e. a v6//os, in which latter case it was referred for consideration to the court of the vo/j-odtrai, a committee of dicasts appointed for the purpose. The measure, if pronounced upon favourably by the vo/j-oOtrcu, was then registered as a law. At any time between the date of its passing the Council, however, and the expiration of a year after its becoming v6fios (if it were raised to this status), it was competent for any citizen to prosecute the proposer of such a measure on the ground of its being in conflict with an existing law, or perhaps even on the general ground of inexpediency. Notice of such intention to prosecute was given by a virw/j.o

tv : to contest he was said eav (TOV vb/j,ov] virajjULOfflg. if he decided the point, the matter proceeded in due course to trial, in the ordinary way, before a jury court, on whose verdict the subsequent ' fate of the measure depended. SiKatrrre: SiKafeiv = sit in judg-

K.r.X. : lit. ment on')(5iKafe(r0cu = 'goto!aw.' TOVTO JJLOVOV 'you merely correct this point and prohibit this action (i.e. prevent the new proposal from becoming operative), in so far as,' etc. forward and are TOVTO and TO.TJTTJV TTJV irpa.j;ii> both look to, defined by, the clause KO.&' offov...^\dirTeiv Tyv ir6\iv. 6...ev-

Ep. apud Dem. De Cor. 157 rou epeorwros '

8. wore H.IJTC KdTTj-yopCav K.T.\.] See Crit. App.

' ' (TOV) JIT' (3oT]6ij

' TO jt^v yap IACYICTTOV K.T.\.] For the greatest and most extreme penalty, death, though a punishment that the laws require us to be content with, is yet inadequate to L.'s offences': a common complaint with the orators: cf. Lysias, xxvui. r wore oik &v fj,oi doKi d6i>aff6ai 'Ep-yoK\T)$...Tro\\a.Kis dirodavwv 8ovvcu diKrjv alav. |AV...S: 'though... yet,' often so best rendered, like sicut,..ita in Latin. Ka0

9. irapicr0ai] Emphatic by position and introducing the main thought of the paragraph, with which may be compared Lysias, or. XXXI. 27 ov yap oterai u/xas yvuo-effdai on 8ia rb fji.4yf6os TOU d5t/c?7/*aTos ouSets irepl avrov eypd^rj v6/j.os. ris yap &v

Trore p'fjTwp ^veOvfJi^dv} $ vofj.oQtT'rjs fjXiriffev ('expected') afj-aprr]- ffeffdai riva r

(XT|8'...lirSofjov ctvcu yVTjvai (sc. M.eyd\i) 7r6Xis), 'was expected to be captured,' Isocr. Areop. 48 rous 70 NOTES [9 eiri86}-ovs afiapririffecrdai, 'those on whose part an offence was apprehended' (Jebb). Cf. the passive use of irpovdoKav, Dem.

F-L. 170 TWV &\\wv...irpo

8iKdovras /trj JJ.OVQV St/caoras dXXd KOI vonodtras avrovs yevtvOcu, eD e/56ras 6'rt, STTWS &v u/tets vvvl Trepl af>ruv yv&re, ourw KO.L TOV

&\\ov ' 1" "xjibvov i) ir6\is avrois xp'nffTa Conversely, we have or.

XV. 9 HffJLVTJffQai XPV &T<- OV VO/J.odT^ffOVTS TTpl O.VTWV TJKfTe, dXXA /card TOI)S Keiptvovs v6fjiovs ^(ptotinevot. vopo0Tas: here,

' and in the Lysias passages quoted, in the general sense of legis- lators,' 'law-makers' : technically, the vopodtTcu, at Athens, were a select committee of the jurors (8iica.

ocra |xev -yap K.T.X.] 'For in the case of such offences as are clearly defined by a particular law, it is easy to employ this as but in the your standard and punish transgressors ; case of such as are not expressly specified by the law, through its including them in a single designation, and when a person has committed greater enormities than these and is chargeable with them all alike, your verdict must necessarily be bequeathed to posterity as an example.' TOVTW KO.VOVI: 'this as your standard' (predica- tive). Kavdv, (a) in the literal sense, the carpenter's or mason's rule (Lat. amussis), (3) met., 'rule,' 'standard' (Lat. norma, re- gula). Both uses are illustrated in Aeschin. Ctes, 199, 200 zo] NOTES 71 uxrirep yap tv TTJ TCKTOVIK^, orav ei8vai /3oiXc6/xe0a TO 6pd6v /cat TO otirw Kal tv TCUJ fi-fl, TOP Kavbva irpoepofj,j', $ dtayiyvdjffKerat, ypafious r&v irapavbfjiwv Trapd/ceirai Kavwv rou bi.KO.iov TOVTL rb o

. . : 6 68pa irep\.d\i]$tv .irpoa-a.yopeua'a.s ireptetXyQev (sc. t>6fji.os) and is here practically equivalent in sense to 5ic6/>i/ce preceding, evl 6v6fia.Tt goes closely with irpoffayopevo-as. The argument is that the law, in providing penalties for an offence to which it gives a specific designation (e.g. murder, treason), implies the inclusion in that designation of kindred offences which it does not, or cannot, expressly label : it 'calls them by a single name' or. X. (evl 6v6/j.aTt irpo

TroXi) yap Zpyov rjv r<$ vofj-odtrr} airavra ra ovo/J-ara ypafaiv,

' offa TTJV avTTjv dvvafj.iv &X i aXXA irepl evbs elirwv trepl iravrwv

. Thus Lycurgus would make the crime of 'treason'

a), of which he accuses L., include several others, such as 'impiety,' 'desertion,' 'maltreatment of parents,' etc. (infra 147). The inadequacy of the law to provide for every conceiv- able offence is a common topic with prosecutors, who frequently appeal to the jurors to judge according to the spirit of the law where the letter is deficient : this was known in Latin as dilatare legem or extensio legis (Rehd. ad loc.}. To defendants, on the other hand, the same circumstance naturally afforded opportu- nities for quibbling and evasion : see especially Lysias, or. X (quoted above), 6-14, also xm and xiv; Dem.'s speech Against Midias, and particularly the argument prefixed thereto.

Kpicriv : 'decision,' 'verdict.' 1 0. KaT\Jrq<|>ur|iVOi] = si damnaveritis. 8vo yap &TTI...TOUS Wovs] The editors compare the didactic and moralising tone of Aeschines, c. Ctes. 246 e5 70,;? fore, w

<*' TO. oi;5' avdpes 'A., 6'n oi>x TraXcuoTpcu ovfie 5i5a

[ibvov TraiSeiJet TOUS veovs, dXXd TroXu yuaXXo*' rd 5r)fjt,6o'ia Kr)p6y/j.aTa.

Cf. also supra 4, infra 79. ' . . Is the bounties to r\ .TOIS a-yo-Qo StSofievr] Scopea] awarded good men': these would include drAetct, exemption from some or all 72 NOTES [io

of the state burdens tv (XriTovpylai) ; alrrjai^ irpirravflq, public maintenance in the state-hall, etc.

' irpos KdTpov...diropX.irovTs] with an eye on each of these,' i.e. having regard to the terrors of the one and the encouragement of the other. d7ro/3\^7retv is regularly so used of a pattern or

authority which sanctions or influences one's c.onduct : e/s inter-

changes with 717)65 as the accompanying preposition. ' irpo

in irepi TrAeiWos Troir/

' 11. iroi-qcrojicu & ica-yco] I, too, on my part, shall conduct the prosecution fairly': 5tKalav echoes TOV diKaiov of the previous

clause. For Troi-fja o(j.ai...T-rjv Kar-ijyopiav, cf. supra i rijv apxty

...troi'/icrofj.ai n.

? TOV irpd-yfJiaTos] 'extraneous to the point at issue,' extra causam dicere (Cicero). TTpayno. = res de qua agitur, is very fre- quent in this phrase in the orators. to a TWV els vjjicis l

: cf. i r65e going to vote' Lysias, Pro Mil. [or. ix] rj ^v (sc. ort irepl roD irpdyjJiaTOS TrpoT

= consulere aliquem. Cf. Her. II. 107 rbv 5e ws fj.ade'iv roOro, avrlKa d oi av/j.fiovXevo'a.i, /c.r.X.

' ' ' ' iravra : accusative of the extent or compass of the action of the verb: ov = IKCLVO ov. Madvig, 27. TJ irepl -r} irepl YV|j.Tjv airijvao-0cu] 'declare one's opinion': yvdj^rjv with- out the article in this phrase is the regular idiom : see exx. from Dem. cited by Sandys on First Philippic, i.

12. vpis (J^v ctt|iovv...avTov>s 8 HTJ] 'while they ask you... ' they themselves should not : cf. supra 8 . The speaker in' Antiph. Z>

vp.ets] emphatic, 'you yourselves.'

TTJV -yo-P &.OVO-LO.V Tavniv] Cf. Dem. De Cor. 138 dXXd 12 74 NOTES [

6ei TLVL

/ cf. Antiph. De Caed. Herod. 17 ^S^di)v... jrapavofj.uTaTa dircu'TUv a.v6punrwv, 'in a far more unconstitutional way than ever man was.' TO 4v 'Apcu> 7rctya>

e' 'A. Areopagus (otherwise styled 77 ftov\rj r? 'Apelov irdyov, ij e^

IT. v 'A. IT. /3., TJ /3., or simply "Apeios ircfyos), the mythical origin of which (Aesch. um., Dem. contra Aristocr. 66, Paus. I. 28. 5) points, at any rate, to its extreme antiquity, was now, as indeed it had been for more than a century past (since the reforms of Ephialtes, c. 462 B.C.), but a shadow of its former self, in respect of the large and undefined powers which it had originally exercised. These included (a) a general supervision of all magis- trates and law-courts, () a general guardianship of the laws, (c) a general control of education and censorship of public morals, (d) power to assume dictatorial authority in grave public emer- gencies, as in the stress of the Persian wars (e.g. before Salamis, Plut. Themist. 10). These indefinite powers were almost entirely abolished by the reforms of Ephialtes, and transferred either to the Council of Five Hundred, the Assembly, or the popular law- courts. But the Areopagus still retained one of its traditional definite powers jurisdiction in certain criminal cases wilful homicide, poisoning, and arson : cf. the emphatic language of Dem. C. Aristocr. 66 TOVTO fwvov rb SiKaffT^ptov o&xt rvpavvos, ou/c

6\iyapxia, ov 8rnj.OKpa.Tla rets oviKas 5/Kas de\o~dai Ter6\p.riKev.

But while the Areopagus had thus been shorn of its political 13] NOTES 75 significance, its time-honoured associations as the guardian of religion and morals secured for it a considerable amount of prestige and explain the extreme respect with which the court is mentioned down to the latest orators. For the justice of its judgments, as asserted in this passage, cf. Dem. I.e. evravOoi p.6vov ovdds ir&TTOT ovre (ptvytav d\oi>s ovre SIUKWV TjTTtjdds Q-fi-

\eyt-ev &s adiKws tSiKavdi) TO, KpidtvTa. Trap* avrois 6(10X0- ycwrOat: sc. avrb (i.e. TO tv'A. TT. crvveSpiov) as subject of 6/xo- \oyeiffdaiy which is used personally (r6...ffvvdpLov 6/j.o\oy?Tai oi.Ka.lav iroieiffdai TTJV Kpiffiv). For the const., cf. Xen. Anab.

I. 9. I ofJLoXoyetTai, irapa. TTOLVTUV, Ib. 20 6/woX. irpbs TT&VTWV.

' ' TOIS dXi

/3e/as, etc.). 13. irpos S-.-diropXeirovTas] o: sc. TO ev 'A. IT. aw. diro- pXeirovras : cf. supra 10 n.

eiriTpc'imv ToiS-.-Xe'-yovo-tv] For this absolute use of eirirptirtLv c. dat. = 'give way to,' 'indulge,' cf. Her. II. 120 aSiictovTi. ry d5e\0e /j.v irepl TOV irpdyfj,a.Tos Xtyuffiv, av^xeTai V fiovXr) [the Areopagus] Ka.6' riavxia-v aKotiovffa.' ty d rts r) (ppolfjua fling Trpb TOV \oyov... 1) olicTov

77 5eii>uffiv tfadev t-rrdyri T<^ irpdyfj-ciTi, TrapeXQwv 6 Kijpvt; Ka.Te

TTT/crep evdvs, OVK t&v \rjpeiv irpbs Trjv fiovKyv. OVTW -y^P &TTai K.T.X.] 'For by this means cases will be conducted so as to shield defendants from false accusations, prosecutors will have least chance of bringing vexatious charges, and you will be in a position to give your vote in a way most in keeping with your oath.' The mixture of subjects to &TTCU (subst. followed by two infins.) is due to &TTCU passing over into the meaning of eeavTeiv : regularly, in the orators, of malicious or vexatious prosecution, as Lysias says, or. XXV. 3 TOVTUV (sc. TWV ffVKotyavT&v) Zpyov &rr2

Kal TOUS p.i)okv fyuapT77/c6ras els alTlav KadiffTavai, often with the 76 NOTES [ 13 added implication that the object is personal gain. There seems no justification for the meaning 'inform' or 'informer,' as pointed out by L.S. s,v. avKotfravrys. evopKoraTrjv : a clause in the dicas- tic oath ran : aKpodffOfiai rov re Karrjy6pov icai TOV diro\oyovfj^vov

dSvvarov ydp O-TIV K.T.X.] 'For it is impossible for you, I a without such a speech (i.e. such as have described, speech which keeps to the point), and unless you have been rightly in- structed, to pass a right verdict.' (M) 6ixa(cs ScSiSa-yfUvovs is explanatory of &VCVTOV due Nicolai: see App.] c. 5. 14, 15. The notoriety of the accused and of his conduct must make your verdict of more than merely local interest. In dealing with him, you must remember your hereditary reputation for piety and patriotism.

14. Set...p.T]8t ravra Xa0iv vjtds] A common formula of transition to a new point: rat/ret (roOro) [like etcetvo, illud} is

cf. I. prospective: Dem. Ol. 25 ju,?;5 ro00' y/uas Xavdavtrw,

Isocr. Antid. 295 XPV V*P A"?8e rouro \av0dveiv v/j.as.

'the case of L. is etc. : a ox ofjioios] quite different from,' very common litotes with this adj.

irepl ji^v -ydp d-yvwros K.T.X.] 'Were it a case of an individual who was unknown to the Greeks, the reputation of the verdict passed by you, be it good or be it bad, would be confined to

' your own community : the protasis of the sentence is contained

in the prepositional clause, which is = e/ 071*0)5 yv avd. rots"E.,

'if the individual was unknown' (but he is not) : Goodwin, M. T. 472. For the thought, cf. Lysias, In Alcib. I. [or. xiv]. 12

iav fj,ev Toivvv roi)s ayvGoras /coXd^re, ovdels &TTCU otidels efoerat TO. peXrlw yap v' vp.&v KaTa^rjfaa-BtvTa- edv

ir rote ^7Ti0aj/e(rrdTou$ TUV f^afj.aprav6vT(>)v Ti/j-upTja-Qc , irdvres

Tai, or. VI. 6, Gorgias, Palam. 36. ' &TTCU Xd-yos] will be talked about.' ot

' ' the defendant's conduct : so rA eu-ol TreiroXtTev/tevo, 'my political acts, career': Madvig, 38. g.

eirujxxvijs] 'a marked man,' 'notorious.' about not rqv dirayy\iav...ica0' vjixSv] 'the report... you,' necessarily 'against you,' 'to your detriment,' though, in point of fact, L.'s report was so: cf. Arist. PoL V. 7. II TOVTO etprrrai

Kara Tracr&v T&V iro\iTeiG)v (d5? omnibus civitatibus], of the official irpos T Tqv ird\iv...Tots iri8T]jjLov

Sia rrjs oiK0/j.i>r)$, also IV. no airofiaffai diro TUV irXoitav al

'A/ia^oves udot.ir6peov es rr)v oiKeofjLtvrjv, the expression is used in

' ' ' the narrower sense of the inhabited country' as opp. to desert : the of the latter = citation passage by L.S. s.v. oiKov^vrj ( 'the inhabited world') is therefore hardly accurate.]

8t' 4pYacKav] 'in pursuit of their calling,' lit. 'for the purpose

' of trade': of this use of 5iA c. ace. = for the sake of,' 'in order

four : to,' exx. are quoted from Thuc. n. 89 8ia TTJV eTtpa.v d6%av, suae gloriae causa, IV. 40 5t' dx^Soj'a, 'in order to vex,' Ibid. 5ta rb 102 irepiexew (TTJV ir6\iv) (?), V. 53 Sia rov Qvparos rrjv ^(nrpa^tv. < A. TiKT]KO(rav] 'what they had heard from L.': for the simple gen. of source, cf. Plat. Apol. 178 vfneis e/u.ov aKofoeo-Qe iraffav TI\V a\r]6iav, Soph. EL 424 roiavra TOV irap6vTos..^K\vov.

So also Trvf0dvo/j,ai t Ar. Av. 1120. 78 NOTES [ 15

< irp6s TC TOVS 66ovs... yovis...iraTp8a] The speaker has pro- bably in his mind concrete historical examples: we may compare generally the compliments of the banished Oedipus in Soph. O.C. 260 el rds 1006 ef TIS y' 'Afl^as ao~l 0eo

deot/s ^TrlffTarai TI/J.CUS rovd* eirel yf) \ aefiifcw, Tjde VTrep

yovtas infra 94 : Blass (with Es) changes everywhere to 70^^05.

TTJV irap' v(jLv...Tifjta>pCav: "the substitution of the more closely " defining preposition for the simple case made steady progress (Rehd., App. 2, p. 127): cf. infra 26 TTJV irapa r&v deuv

/3o?Jfieta', 82, 97, 123, 129. C. 8. 16-19. / must begin with a brief recital of the circum- stances of the case. After Ckaeronea, the people passed a decree, directing the women and children to be conveyed into the city, and the generals to provide for the defence of Athens, as they

should see fit. But Leocrates, with a supreme contempt for these regulations, and in utter heartlessness, packed up his belongings and sailed away to Rhodes, where he noised abroad the dis- comfiture of his native city. The Rhodians believed his tale, and stopped shipments of corn and other supplies for Athens all which I can prove by witnesses.

' ' 1 6. 8id T\OVS] throughout,' to the end,' a common idiom in both poetry and prose, the root idea being the 'between' (cf. dia.T\eiv) that extends right to the end. Sometimes the idea of 'time' is prominent; sometimes rather that of 'thoroughness,' 'completeness,' as Soph. Ai. 685 5td rAous...etfx u TeXe?<70cu ' rovfj,bv

1 l fulness" (Jebb) : cf. Wunder adloc. : Lobeckius, Sia rAous, inquit, ab Hippocrate semper pro 5ta iravTbs TOV XPOVOV && affirmat Galenus..,sed Sophocles hoc loco pro reX^ws posuit, ut Aesch.

Prom. 275 (ws fjt.dd-rjTe Sia rtXovs rb irav).' But the two ideas often seem to merge into one. rots alrCots...Kal 81* ovs] The persons intended in each case 17] NOTES 79 are identical; but the const, is varied by the substitution of a relative clause for a second adj. or a ptcp. (rots atrlais ical

IT. r. : cf. ol dvayKdfovffi pe /*.) Dem. De Cor. 35 rives Tjffav irapd TOIJTOV \6yoi r6re pijdtvTes nal St' oOs aTrcwr' cforwXero, F.L. 132

rbv OLTrdvrwv T&V KO.KUJV atnov Kai 6v ei'X^0ar' . . .TOVTOV dfaivai.

yap] narrativum (introducing the story) : do not translate. \|/T|<{Ho-aTo...KaTaKO[utiv] 'passed a resolution... that they should be brought in,' is the Eng. idiom, but Gk. in these cases prefers the infin. active (or middle), the subject being under-

stood: cf. c. elirev . . .' e.g. Dem. Timocr.$n \f/-/)iu>i> e\&8cu frjTTjTds, 'that commissioners should be appointed.' The

proposer of the decree was Hyperides : cf. infra 36, 37. TOVS 8^ orpaTtj-yovs K.T.X.] 'and that the generals should appoint to the duties of the defence Athenians and others resident at Athens, as they should see fit.' vXaicas (ace. plu. of 0vXaK^), 'defence duties' rather than 'defence forces,' 'gar- risons,' though the word is capable of the concrete meaning (cf.

custodia) : cf. Thuc. VII. 17 rifrrfj NauTrciKTy 0u\a/c?7 (of a squadron followed of ships), immediately by rijv . iroio^fievoi (abstract); also in. 114. TWV 'A0Tjvafo>v, with rarrav: partitive gen.

Ka0' o Ti...8oKTJ : the usual language where 'discretionary powers'

are concerned : cf. the familiar irap^Soffav

o TI &v /3oi)\w^Tat. The phrase looks like a quotation from the actual decree. 17. A. 8^ TOVTWV K.T.X.] For a similar dereliction of duty, described in similar language, cf. Lysias, xxxi. 8 sqq. (of Philo after Aegospotami) TO, evavria. airaai rots &\\ois TroXirais

TWV with /car6/c6 ' with the of his oiKCTwv] /ui(re, help

' slaves : they do not embark with him. X6n(2ov..,vws] The Xe/ij8os is the small 'cock-boat' (rb fUKpov

TT\oidpiov, rb tb\Kiov Hesych.), which L. used to convey his belongings to the larger vaus which was 'already lying off the shore.' This arrangement would be dictated either by the un- 8o NOTES [ 17 desirability of bringing his vessel close in, and so attracting notice, or by the impracticability of doing so, as his point of departure is K TTJS CIACTT/S and not etcrw TOV Xt/x^os, 'inside the the (regular) harbour,' infra 55. i] O/CTTJ meant specifically southern peninsula of the Piraeus : ^7ri0aXa,TT5t6s TIS /j.oTpa TTJS 'ArriKijs, Harpocr.

[teret TTJS irafpas] unimportant, but 'showing the man' (Rehd. adloc.).

8id T-qs irvX8os] 'through the postern gate': the walls of

' ' Athens, as of other cities, included a number of such posterns, to as distinct from the main gates (TrtfXcu): it would be clear Lycurgus' hearers, from his narrative, which particular one he meant. So at Torone some of Brasidas' troops are admitted /caret Tyv vv\t8a (Thuc. IV. in), Xen. Hell. II. 4. 8 (of Eleusis).

\6TO (JKxrywv] the impf. ptcp. (instead of aorist) with

<5v rr\v v\a,Ktjv ^pT]|iov...KaT\ei'7rev] 'which, for his part, he was leaving defenceless,' another way of expressing a fyr)/u.a 0uXa/c?7s.../caTA.ei7rej>, perhaps with a suggestion of the legal use of the adj., 'let it go by default.' TO Ka9* avrov [xe'pos: 'for his is to part,' quantum in eo erat. It interesting note Lycurgus' variety of phrase: (a) here, and infra 144, rb /cct0' avrbv a0' fitpos, (d) 97 Kara TO eavrov fdpos, (c) 26, 147 r6 eavrbv,

(d) 78 TO TOVTOV fdpos, (e) 45 xd ^TTt Totirtf //.^pos. Es, among others, lays it down that the three forms recognized by the classicists are (a) rb faflvov /u^pos, (b) rb e-n-l TOI)TV, (c) TO /ca0' avrbv, and would make variants such as TO /ca0' O.VTOV pepos,

/card TO eauroO fitpos, etc. (which he regards as the work of copyists) conform to one or other of the types, by the omission oi the prep, or of ptpos, as the case may be. This method, however, does not take sufficient account of the elasticity and 1 8] NOTES 81

constant change of language; and Rehdantz, in an exhaustive note (App. 2, pp. 128-9), suggests, with more reason, that Lycurgus (like Dinarchus), either for variety or expressiveness, strengthened the more general rb /caret by the addition of the

more definite /*fyos.

A. TOV

' ' save him. ...

' dopo>v Kal n-poSiSovs] as he viewed from afar [the acropolis, etc.], which he was forsaking,' we should probably say, instead of the co-ordinate const, in the Gk. Rehd. remarks that the order in which the various objects are mentioned (Xi^vas, rcix-rjt etc.) corresponds with that in which they would present them- selves to the view of L. as he put out to sea: the last three [Acropolis, Temple of Z. Soter (in the Piraeus), Temple of A. Soteira (near the sea, in the deme Corydallus)] he would

'behold from afar' (aopS.v).

Tas echoes, of course, TOV (ra>r^/3os...r^s ffw- reipas, and is a somewhat harsh extension of the final use of the future ptcp.: 'to save him.' Cf. infra 143 eTrt/caXeVercu rots 0eoi)s (Tcicrofras avrov K rSiv Kivdvvwv.

18. crirp...tiaYyXi,6[j.vos] 'as though he were bringing glad tidings of great good fortune for his country': rrj Trarptdi depends upon ei)rix/as. Cf. Ar. Eq. 643 \6yovs ayadofa evay- Kal i, Dem. De Cor. 323 rty de^Lav irpordviav etay-

, 'offering my congratulations.'

' TO ao-ru rrjs ir6\a>s] the city proper,' tr6\eus being a partitive gen. and 7r6Xis including both the &

. . .iroXiopKOvjievov] 'captured '...' in a state ofblockade.' Kal OVK gayKdov

upon, a following predicate (here civ cryj'c&r erect... rcis fiaprvpias), see the elaborate excursus of Rehd., App. 2, pp. 1-29-133. dvcryvcuo-TcuJ sc. 6 ypan/j-areus, 'the clerk of court.'

4>upKtvov] probably the farmer-iii-chief of the Trevr^KooT^ : see note below.

TO> of Sv-.-KaTTj-yopovvTa |y 8-rfp.a) TOTJTOV] 'whom most you as ' know the accuser of L. before the Assembly : the pres. ptcp. expresses the standing relation, being equivalent to Karftyopov ovra. or yeyevytdvov, in which case Karfiyopeiv = 'to be (have been) some one's prosecutor,' may be compared with adiKelv, 'to be

guilty,' rkretj', 'be the mother of (Eur. Ion 1560 yde rkrei ere) : Goodwin, 27. S Kal jie-ydXa. .fj.Te'xa>v atmfjs] 'on the charge that he had also seriously damaged the 2 per cent, tax, in which he had an interest.' The TrejT^Kcxm?, at Athens, was a duty of one-fiftieth or 2 per cent, on all imports and exports, imported corn, manu- factured commodities, etc. These duties were collected by the

TrevTt]Koa-TO\6yot (Bockh, Publ Econ. Ath., pp. 314 sqq.}. From an important passage of Andocides, Zte Myst. 133, 134, it appears that it was customary for a company to lease the tax : at the head of such company was a chief farmer (apxuvris), by whose name it was called. The lease was sold to the highest bidder the and is by TruX^ral near the White Poplar (77 Xetf/c?;), mentioned by Andoc. I.e. as twice realizing 30 talents and once et" 36 talents. A member of such a company was said /u,eTe*x T??S TT. TT (Andoc. I.e. 'Aytpptus yap ovTO

' with, though it may also be taken as intensive in force = very seriously.' For the text, see Grit. App. 62 84 NOTES [20

c. 7. 20. You are familiar "with the variotts influences which are brought to bear on witnesses to prevent them doing their duty. Request them, therefore, either to give their evidence

withoutfear orfavour; or else excuse themselves in the prescribed form. 20. dvo.paCviv] Said of a witness who at the trial 'mounts tribune ' to his as in at the the (firjfji.a) acknowledge evidence put avdicpiais or preliminary investigation before the archon: see note on ^ Xa/36ras TO, ie/xi...eo/t6

practices in getting up or conducting a case : cf. Lysias, XXVIII. II O&K dt(w vfuv r?7S TOVTWV TrapcKTKev^s i]TTao-0ai, Isaeus, VIII.

' 5 irapao-Kevas \6yuv, fabricated statements,' Dem. xxx. 3, Aeschin. Ctes. i, etc. So also TrapaffKevd^etv and wapao-Kevd-

: Lysias c. Agorat. [or. Xlll] 12 dtKa.ffT-/ipiot> irapacrKevd-

'having packed a court for his trial,' Dem. xxix. 28

if/fvde'is Trapeo'Kevao'Tai, etc.

rots 8ci]

them off' : cf. Aeschin. Ctes. I ras /cara TVJV dyopav 5e^

Dem. F.L. I at TUV irapa.K\'fiTuv (advocatorum} 5e^o-j. For exorare, cf. infra 139, Lysias, XIV. 20 eav ptv T&V ffvyyev&v avrbv tai.Tu>vTai, Dem. Mid. 99, etc. Xpi]|xaTft)v...xdpiTos] 'for a fee or as a favour,' i.e. from a desire to oblige. So ras x^Ptras below. For the various shades of meaning of which x^P's is susceptible, see L.S. s.v. Kal TTJS TroXews] gens, of comparison after Trepl TrXelovos not with ras x^-PlTas: this would be made clear in speaking by a short pause after x^ptTas.

' diroSiSovai] reddere, duly render.' T

De Cor. 138 TTJV virtp v/jtwv rdj-iv, Ibid. 173 TTJV rijs evvoias rd^iv tv ro?s deivois OVK t\nrov. -. j rd 'or else to take the TJ XafSovras Upd...c^o|i6(ra(r6ai] oath of disclaimer with their hands on the sacrifice.' All depositions 20] NOTES 85

relative to a case, at Athens, were required to be put in at the UK a no fresh evidence could preliminary investigation (av pi is), and be admitted at the actual trial. A person, however, who refused to appear as a witness at the avdicptffis might be required by either of the parties to attend in court on the day of hearing, when he might be called upon to mount the platform (dvafiaLveiv) and either depose to the truth of a written statement drawn up by the litigant and read out by the clerk, or swear that he had no knowledge of the facts as set forth in the document. In case of his refusal to obey, he was liable to a fine of 1000 drachmae.

(See Wyse on Isaeus, or. IX. 18. 8, 9.) A witness who in such

cases affirmed his ignorance on oath was said ej-o(ji.6ffa(rdai, and

his disclaimer was e^w^otrla. : Dem. XLV. 60 17 ftapTvpeir' TJ

j-ofjt.6

Dem. XXIX. 20 fj.aprvpeii> rj %o/j.i>veiv, F.L. 176, where

eofju>ijuv

' hand laid upon the sacrifice (Jebb), Dem. c. Aristocr. 67, 68 (of the accuser before the Areopagus) 5io/ietTcu...

TOfJ.ln6v avrovs] In respect of the preliminaries to the actual trial, KXtjreijeiv is said (a) of summoning in the presence of K\rjT7)pes, i.e. witnesses to the proper service of the summons,

Dem. De Cor. 150 ris ^K\^Tevffev was ; (b] to act as K\-rjTr)p. In what sense is it said (as here) of recalcitrant witnesses at the actual trial (see previous note) ? It seems to be generally under- stood as 'to formally summon to depose,' in other words, to a witness require naprvpeiv ?} to/j,6s OVK rj /maprvpetv TJ e^o^baaffdai eldeL-rj TJ /JLTJ irapelij -fj

XiXias dirorlveiv. K\r)Te6e eiri T<$ ras x i^a ^ Kara-

^SaXeij'. Harpocr. : X^erai 5e KKtireveadai /cai eKK\fjre^ff6ai eirl T&V OTO.V VTraKovaxri ev fj.aprijp<>)v t /JLT] wpbs rrjv fj,aprvpiav rots diKaarriplois, Kal es 'Icraioj ev r virep KtiQuvos airoffraffLov. From Aeschin. I. 47 it would appear that eKK\ir}Te6eo6ai was equivalent to TO

(tcLv Se trpoaipijTai 4KK\yjTev6r)vai } Trpoatp^fferaii

d.TroTi

' we shall set in motion against them the recognized machinery for punishing contumacy,' i.e. compel them to pay the prescribed fine of 1000 drachmae. Otherwise it seems necessary to read

eKK\-rjTe^ffofjiei', with Dobree. [So, in substance, van Es, who says: testes K\v)revovTai, i.e. citantur ad testimonium dicendum

aut eierandum . , .cum Lycurgus autem indices oraverat testes inhere dicere aut eierare, nihil reliquum erat, si horum neutrum facerent, nisi eos eKK\r)Te6eiv, quare omnino probanda est Dobraei

c. 8. 21-27. When the falsity of his tale was exposed, Leocrates in alarm quitted Rhodes for Megara, and lived there for more than five years tinder a Megarian patron. How com- pletely he had condemned himself to perpetual exile is shown by the arrangements he made for the disposal of his property and slaves at Athens, for which I shall produce evidence. Worst of all, however, he transported the sacred things of his country 22] NOTES 87 from their consecrated soil and made them to share his exile. All this he aggravated by engaging in the export of corn to foreign places, an act forbidden an Athenian under the most severe penalties. Will you not then condemn him?

' 21. Y6VTo...diKViTo] when an interval had elapsed... and vessels were keeping arriving': note the tenses. ' of3T]0is] taking fright ': Goodwin, 55. irpo(TTaTt]v ?xwv Meyapfo,] 'with a Megarian as his patron':

the practice at Athens whereby a resident alien (/i^rotjcos) was

required to choose a citizen as his Tr/JooTdrrjs (cf. patronus), who represented him in the courts and otherwise looked after his interests, appears to have been customary in other states. The IJLTOI.KOS was technically said vtpeiv irpoyTa.Trjv (whence Es would

read vt/j.uv here, but irp. fyeiv was also said, Rehd., p. 134) : his state was also described as tiri irpoffTarov olKeiv: cf. infra

145, Lysias, XXXI. 9 tv 'O/>w7r iif.rolK.iov Karandels tiri irp. $Kl. ai

ev yeiTovwv...|JiToiKwv] 'living as a stranger next door to the country that brought him up': kv yeiTbvwv, sc. X^PI- or O%KOIS, but the phrase, like e* yeirovuv, which some read here, has come to be virtually equivalent to Tr^Xas or TrXrjffiov. Cf. Luc. Philops. 25. 22. Kal OVTWS...<})VYI]V] Cf. Lysias, In Alcib. I. [or. xiv]

38 dXXa (fivyrjv avrov Karayvovs, Kal Qpq,Kr)S Kal irdo"r)S elvai 7ToXtT7;s yevtadai fj,d\\ov rj TTJS warpidos

VTv0v] in relation to L., from Megara; in relation to the speaker, from Athens. ei>Teu0ei> might mean either, the first being the more likely. Tov...^xovTa] 'him who had to wife,' a common idiomatic meaning of %w: cf. Thuc. n. 29 Nvn6dupoi> TOI> IIy0ea>...oi5

TWV \wv] partitive gen. 88 NOTES [ 22

'of Xypete,' a deme of the tribe Cecropis, W. ot Athens. TOV Ki]8rTov] 'his brother-in-law': the word means 'a con- nexion by marriage' (Lat. affinis] and takes its colour from the context.

diroSocrOai raXavrov] 'he sold them for a talent': irwXeti',

'have for sale')(d7ro56

' ' ' ' diro TOUTOV] from or with this money, sc. Ta\dvrov. irpocrTa|...6

rots 1 his airodovvai ra 6

TOVS Ipdvovs 8iev\Kiv] 'to pay off his loans,' i.q. dia\ij

(L.S. s.v. 8iatpd}). fyavos seems capable of the following meanings: (a) 'a. meal to which each contributes his share,' 'a pic-nic' (cenct collaticio), opp. to elXairlvij, Od. I. 226;

' (b) a subscription,' for whatever purpose, and especially (c) 'a contribution' made by friends to assist a person in difficulties,

'a friendly loan' (Antiph. Tetr. A./3. 9 tpavov irapin r&v

Isaeus XI. 43) : this seems to be the meaning here; (d) figuratively, a 'contribution' or 'offering' to a cause: Thuc. n. 43 Ka\\i(rrov...

Zpavov avry Trpoit/j-evoi, 'lavishing on the city the tribute of their lives' or for social or for (Jebb); (

' ' TO Xoiirov] the balance. 23. *Axapvi] ' of Acharnae,' one of the best-known Attic demes.

dp*yvpkov 8^...8ovvai] 'not being able to pay cash.'

jiCav }ivav TOKOV ?epev] 'he paid A. one mina as interest': 25] NOTES 89

this, if calculated in the ordinary way as so much per mina per cent, month, works out at 2-f per cent, per month or 34^ per per annum, which strikes us as an extraordinarily high rate, especially in a transaction between relatives. The text is generally

suspected, and Matzner's (Rehd.) -fj/MifAvaiov for fiLav pvav seems most attractive: ^uywcuos ('half-mina') T6*os would accordingly represent about 17 per cent. Other suggestions are: /J-iav ? dpax/J-Tlv dva fj,vav Meier, 8paxfjLr)j> TTJS /was Es, filav TTJS /t^as Blass. [Common rates of interest among the Greeks were 12 p.c.

and 1 8 p.c. per annum (eirl dpaxw, TT' evvta d/3oXots, respectively, on the per mina per month basis), and the former was considered low].

Xo-yov] 'an idle tale': Dem. Lept. 92 tV ovv /*TJ \6yov \4yw fjibvov, Ibid. 101 CKCIVO 7' oft \6yos. dvaYvwo-erai] Cf. supra 19 n. = irapei\6|j/r)v] sc. fiaprvpa, as a witness. vwl tirct8riirep

rtOvt)K. VJJLIV: ethic dative, or dative of the person interested in the action, common in calling upon witnesses or asking for documents to be read: cf. the familiar Ka.1 pot \tye (Xa^,

avdyvdodi) ryv p.a.prvpia.v^ and infra 114 Xa/J 5' ai^Tots rd ^0i(r/ia, etc. KaXw: future.

' 24. direXapc] duly received,' of payment to which a person is entitled, as diroSovvai is 'duly pay' (cf. supra 2O.): Xen. Anab. VII. 7. 14 djroX. rbv 6

S pa

refer to Dem. Phil. III. 71 eKirtniruiJLfv Trptcrfieis 7rcu>raxoi...d?s

/SacriXea \ty

ceive a hatred of : for the force of the aorists, cf. Goodwin, 55. Tovrovl A.: ovroa-l usually follows its subst., but some- times precedes it, as here. 90 NOTES '[25

ov -yap jpK6ov precedes dpKei (eap/ret ), it is to be joined with the infin. rather than with the verb impers. (Rehd. , App. 2, p. 134).

' ' vireK0

Her. VIII. 41 ws 5^ ras TO, lepd. iraTp^a...iraTpiois: the adjs. are usually distinguished as

'belonging to' or 'derived from' one's father }( one's fathers'. paternus)(patrius, v. L.S. s.v. irarp^os', and the distinction seems applicable here, where r& Trarpya has reference to L.'s own family) (rots iraTpiois, 'ancestral,' 'hereditary,' in a general sense. But it is doubtful whether any of the canons which have been laid down regarding Trarp^os, Trdrptos, TraTpiK6$ is of universal application: the first two especially are sometimes hard to separate. Bekker, Anec. I. p. 297 (quoted by Sandys on Isocr. Ad Dem. 2) lays it down : Trarpt^a Xtyovviv oi p^ropes TO, roi Xp-/lfjLaTa. Kal KT-fifiara Kal rbirovs, Trdrpia 8e <-6r) Kal v6fJ.i/JLa 8 Kal ra fj.vl\ov TJ fydpbv.

|i6Teir6(Jt\|/aTo ls M.] 'sent for them (and had them brought) to M.' : a 'pregnant' const. ov8i TT]V irow>|i.Cav...<|>opT]6s] "not dreading even the ap- pellation of 'family images,'" i.e. the sanctity implied in their very name : T&V iraTpyuv iep&v is a gen. denning tiruvvulav. on introduces the motive for his fear : 'in that,' etc.

Kivi]Miltiades at Paros) birepdopbvra 5e llvai. eirl TO fj.tyapov...ftT

KLvf)

(Rehd.), brings the three infins. into line (all passive), though iSpfoaffdai is quite defensible. eirl VTIS: sc. 777$, 'on foreign soil.'

- to the 60veia TTJ X^P?- K T-^-] 'alien country and to the rites sanctioned by custom in the Megarian community.' 66velos, rather a rare word)(oiKetos: cf. Harpocr. s.v. : 'laeuos tv r< Kara 2rparoK\^ous [or. IV. 18] dvrl rov aXXorptovj u>s Ka.1 irapa nXdrton iv a No/iwi/, Plat. Protag. 316 C ras TWV &\\uv

26. TTJ 'A07]v^] depending upon b^vv^ov following. For the reading, see Crit. App.

' S Tqv x<*Pav elXrixvCq,] on the ground of her having received the country as her portion': \ayx^v(a is tnus used, esp. in the perf., of the tutelary deity of a place: cf. Her. vu. 53 rol HepviSa yrjv \e\6yxa.(ri, Plat. Tim. 230 rj TTJV iro\tv Aax (of Athena). Here, and in other passages relating to Athena, there may also be a suggestion of the traditional contest between the goddess and Poseidon for the possession of the Acropolis (Her. vin. 55).

ofJLwvvjjLov] From another point of view, A. was the 'epony- mous' goddess of Athens: cf. the 'eponymous heroes' and

supra i rots Tjp(i)

here, of a purpose that was to hold good for all time : Goodwin, 3i8.

TO KaO* iavTov] Cf. supra 17 rb Kad' avrbv /x^pos n.

< l JLOV 'made the of heaven cga Y<0Y } v|xiv...iror]o-6] very help one of your articles of export': vfjuv, which it is difficult to give 92 NOTES [26

force to in translating, may be described either as an ethic dat.

or as a dativus incommodi. : cf. njv irapd TWV 0

15 rijv ?rap' fifiwv . . .Ti/j.p(i,i[j] working capital': cf. Dem. Pro Phorm.

[or. XXXVi] 1 1 el yv I8ia rts aQopw rovrql irpbs TTJ Tpair^y, 'any private capital at the bank.' KXeoirdrpas] Sister of Alexander the Great, and wife of Alexander of Epirus, who was also her maternal uncle. It was at her marriage that Philip was murdered (3368.0.). During the absence of her husband on his campaigns in Italy, she apparently acted as regent. AevKaSa] Leucas was an island (since the time of the Cypselids, c. 6256.0.), originally a peninsula, off Acarnania in N.W. Greece (now S. Maura).

27. TovTv]neut., and referring to the clause edv rts. . .wsu/xas.

rds lo^dras Ti(jta)pCas...criTT]YqcrT|] As Athens, ace. to Bbckh, Public Economy of Athens, p. 81, was dependent upon sea-borne corn to the extent of at least a third of her consumption, it was natural not only that the exportation of corn from Attica should be forbidden, but that stringent supervision should be exercised over the sale and distribution of what was imported. This was managed by a board of fifteen o-iro^tfXa/ces, five of whom seem to have been charged with the duty of keeping a register of the imports of corn at the Piraeus (Dem. Lept. 32 K TTJS irapa rots rj$) : cf. also Ibid. 31 ir\d

2irira] 'then,' 'after all this,' characteristically (cf. etra) intro- ducing a question at the end of an argument which is thought to make the answer self-evident : cf. infra 115, 121, 148. vnro cf. 2. rg vjxerepa t|ni&>] supra 28] NOTES 93

dp'] apa denotes 'subjective consequence' (Madvig, 257. t) : 'it follows that,' 'well then.' C. 9. 28-30. To show you the fairness of my procedure, I challenged the defendant to allow his slaves to be tortured one of the fairest and most reliable means of ascertaining the truth in a case of this kind. Leocrates, htnvever, convicted by his own conscience, declined the challenge^ and stands self- condemned by his refusal.

28. Ku>, Kal ypd\f/w 5, 'and, what is more, I'll move': Madvigj 229. a, '/cai being both and and also, the Greek was obliged to have recourse to 5 to express and also In Attic, the word that has the emphasis comes between.' ravra : here prospective, referring to the account of the challenge which follows (so often ^ceti/o).

jiov, with rauTa: this use of the gen. = 'in me (you, etc.),' 'on my (your, etc.) part,' is very idiomatic of something that one praises, blames or wonders at on the part of another : cf.

I. 6 Thuc. 84 TO fipadu, fj.t/j.ovTai /idXitrra i)fjt,uv, Plat. Apol. 17 A

/xd\t<7Ta aurwj' (sc. r&v Ka.rtjybpwv) v datifji.a

Mem. I. I. 12 Kal irp&Tov fjv Sw/cpdr^s atr&v (sc. TUJ> ra

/jLertupa epevvwvrwv) eaKbirei, irbrepd TTOTC vo/j.l

' evidence in court. Now I made them (avrovs, the opposite side') a challenge, in writing, referring to all these points, and claiming to put the defendant's slaves to the torture.' The evidence of slaves under torture was considered to be (or rather, perhaps, was made out to be see infra] of great value in Greek

it for to law-courts ; and was customary a litigant challenge the 94 NOTES [28 other side to allow his slaves to be tortured, or to offer his own slaves. Such challenge was made in the presence of witnesses, and frequently in writing (ypd\f/as). The challenger was said els to irpoKoXelcrOat pdvavov ; accept the challenge was 5^xeK\vi, TTJV Qdffavof, to decline it was TTJV IT., ov to ffer one's slaves for rV /J., rbv e\eyx ^ torture, 8i86vai, e/s to call for irapaSidbvat, /3. ; the other's slaves, e^aiTtiv, to with the eKSidbvat to have slaves so comply demand, ; given up, TrapaXanfidveiv. When the speaker says that 'the witnesses should submit to a test of veracity before, and not after, giving evidence,' he means that they should come into court with their evidence supported by that of slaves previously obtained under torture. In that case they might be regarded as having already passed the test of veracity (5e5wK6ras) : otherwise such test would be merely prospective (SuffovTas) in the shape of a possible trial for perjury (^euSojua/arv/xwj'). For a close parallel to the whole passage, cf. Isaeus, vni. 10 /3ovX6/te'os ovv irpbs rois virdpxov

xreiv i:\tyxov d\\' rfSi) 5e5w/c6crt irepl uv naprvpov&i,

[my opponents] fjj-iovv eKdovvai rds depairaivas Kal TOI)J

trepi re TO^TUV /cat Trepi rCov &\\wv airavrdiv ova. Tvyx^ vovffl

s, and the whole section 10-13 of Isaeus with 28-30

r < of Lycurgus. irpovKa\6

[Dem.] LIU. 22 Trepi TTJS Tr/Jo/cXijo'eajs...^!' ovroi r' efte irpovKaXe- ffavro Kal ey

t|s O.KOVO-CU at,6v

29. aKovere] The pres. is so used, in reference to a docu- ment, decree, etc. which has just been read, with the force of a perf., as we too may say, 'Gentlemen, you hear (have heard) ': so the evidence infra 37 , 115, 121. ap.a...ovK e8e'xeTO...Kal KaTCfiaprvpei] lit. 'no sooner did L. decline... than he bore witness against himself,' i.e. by declining... he bore witness, etc. : cum noluit, se damnavit. Cf. infra 50,

Isocr. Paneg. 119 cfyta yap ^/iets re TTJS apXW airo-Tepoij/Ji.eda

' Kal rots "E\\ijcriv dpXT] rwv KO.K&V tylyvero, the loss of our apx*! ('dominion') was the dpxr) ('beginning') of troubles for the Greeks.'

6 -yVY"V K.T.X.] 'for he who has declined the test afforded by the examination of his accomplices has admitted the truth of the articles of impeachment': \eyxov s aKptpeffTdrovs eXtyxovs. TOV irapd TWV orvveiSdrcov: see Crit. App. S-qnoTiKwrarov] rather a hard word to translate : the root idea is no doubt 'most in keeping with the spirit of democracy,' which to the Athenian was the ideal government: 5r}fj,oTiK6s-

Xa-lpw T$ 8i]fJi.oKpaTia, says schol. on Aeschin. Ctes. 169. Thuc. (VI. 28) (of Alcibiades) speaks of TTJV &\\t]v O.VTOV...OV dr]/j.oTtK7]v -jrapa.vofj.Lav, 'his general contempt for the law, so opposed to the spirit of democracy' (Dale), and Dem. (De Cor.

6) describes Solon as etivovs (JLV vfuv Kal 8-r]fj.oTiK6s, where Drake suggests 'a friend of the democracy,' 'a lover of equality.'

orav olicfrcu T] 0tpaTraivai...iri(rTCveiv]

familiar j Xo-yois: a somewhat harsh extension of the \6y(t)..Jpy

antithesis, TOW ^/ryois again referring to the evidence of slaves as g6 NOTES [29

something that has been established 'by deeds' (i.e. by the physical test of torture), whereas that of free witnesses is substantiated only 'by words' (rots \6yois). For similar com- monplaces on the value of torture, cf. esp. Isaeus, viil. 12

(already referred to), where the speaker asserts that, while free

witnesses have been known to give false evidence, T&V dt /3a e/c r&v fiavavuv elir6i>Tes, Dem. xxx. 37 (practically a repetition of the Isaeus passage), Isocr. Trapez. 54. Against these appraisements of the orators must be set the following practical considerations : (a) The evidence of a slave so obtained was not necessarily good, as the slave, in such circumstances, unless unusually obstinate and unless the fear of what might happen to himself afterwards at the hands of his master outweighed the physical pain of the moment, would give the answers which he saw his torturers desired (cf. the instructive passage in Antiph. De Caed. Herod.

3 T 3 2 )> (^) the cases where we hear of the torture being actually applied are negligible compared with the challenges : this would seem to argue a mistrust, on the part of Athenian juries, of evidence obtained by the rack; (c) slaves could not be tortured except with their owner's consent and on the conditions which he chose to prescribe, a circumstance which no doubt suggested to a litigant as his proper cue the formulating of such conditions as would almost certainly be refused, and then quoting such refusal as an a priori weakening of his opponent's case at the actual trial. We may therefore conclude that 'challenges were not serious attempts to reach a settlement, but were designed to influence the dicasts. The aim of a challenger was to construct such a proposal as would be refused, in order to be able to denounce his opponent in court for concealing the truth from fear of revelations; the opponent sought to turn the tables by an inconvenient counter-challenge, and both sides recited to the judges commonplaces on the use of torture as an instrument to elicit truth.' (Wyse, Companion to Greek Studies, 421.) 30] NOTES 97

30. TCHTOVTOV owf^oTTijica Tov...iroii]

for any injury they might sustain through the torture : cf.

[Dem.] Lix. 124 ijde\ov...ft n K TU>V ftaaavuv p\adelr] ol

avffpuirot, aTrortveiv o n (3\a(3el-riffav.

Iv TOis...olKerais...Tov gXe-yxov ycvlfrfai] 'that the test (i.e. the means of discovering the truth) should consist in (should be furnished by) the torture of L.'s slaves': they were to be the

instruments by which the truth was to be ascertained : for this use of fr, cf. [Dem.] XLVII. 16 iO\eu tv T$ avdpuiry rbv

yiyveffdai, XLIX. 55 ijj-iovi' avrbv tv ry avrov dtppaTi rbv 8id6vcu. So more generally Thuc. VII. u TO, TrpaxQfrra...

' ev ^TrtcTToXats tyre, ye know...^/ letters,' etc. rois...pa

together in the masc. as a single idea : cf. TOIJTOVS of the pre- ceding section. 8 id, TO

either in nom. or dat.:' Plat. Apol. 21 B

sc. TT\V ficuravov or TOV ZXeyxov, as above.

TWV -Yvo|j.evttv...KaTe\|/v

prejudice of their own master,' and so he should have had all the less reason for refusing the challenge. The slaves would be deterred from the latter course by the damage it would do to their prospects of freedom : cf. Antiph. De Caed. Herod. 31, 32. C. 10. 31-35. Leocrates will exclaim that he is an amateur who is being swept off his feet by the cleverness of the pro- fessional speaker ; yet with strange inconsistency he has. elected to come before a court which is liable to be influenced by the P.L. 98 NOTES [31

tricks of^ rhetoric rather than give up his slaves, who would have been proof against such devices. His reason can only be that he is afraid lest the convicters and the convicted be forth- coming from the same house. If he admits the truth of the be indictment, he must punished; if he denies it, why does he

refuse to surrender his slaves ? His rejection of a fair offer is tantamount to a confession ofguilt. " 31. xw P^s TOIVVV TOVTWV] now 'apart from' or 'besides'

all this" : cf. infra 56. A. dvapoi]

' fessional knowledge, 'a layman' as we sayX/r^ru/), a professional'

speaker : cf. Isocr. Paneg. 1 1 TWV \6ywv rots birtp TOJ>S iStc&raj Ixowt *cal \lav dinjKpi^w/j.^j'ois, 'speeches which are too highly elaborated and beyond the range of ordinary hearers,' Thuc. II. 48 Kal larpbs ical idubT-rjs, VI. 72 t'Stciras, ws etVeti/, x i POT^Xva^ avTay&vio'a.fJi.tvovs (of the Syracusan seamen as opp. to the

Athenians). TOV pijropos : the article marks the class 'the professional speaker' and the word has perhaps the slightly unfavourable sense which is attached to it at the three places

where it occurs in Thuc. (ill. 40, vi. 29, vm. i), and freq.

in Isocr., e.g. Panath. 12, De Pace 129, though in these passages the reference is mainly to the regular speakers in the

Assembly. dvTou : cf. supra 13 n. SIVOTT)TOS : esp. of 'cleverness' in an orator, 'rhetorical skill': Thuc. ill. 37 Seo^TTjTt /cat Zvvfoews ay&vi ^Tratpo/i^ous, Dem. De Cor. 242, 277, Isocr. Ad Dem. 4 rrjv 5. rryv v rots \67ots, 'oratorical

power.' dvapira^ojJLtvos : the vb. occurs several times in Dem. [Mid. 120, 124; [Dem.] Phil. IV. 18] in the sense of being 'carried off by force' (before a magistrate, to prison, etc., rapi in ius), and it may possibly partake of this meaning here: ' probably, however, the sense is .more general, that he is being annihilated': cf. Aeschin. Ctes. 133 (of Thebes) IK 32] NOTES 99

'EXXaSos dvrjpiraffTat, 'has been extirpated,' 'blotted out,' de media sublata.

avTiv] Cf. supra 13 Kal rots Si&Kovaw rJKKrra

avTclv n.

ct[j.a...irpoaipto-9ai Kal JtjTeiv] 'in choosing this role (i.e. that of the (rvKo

XtopCa] in the rhetorical sense, 'themes,' 'topics,' i.q. rdwoi,

Lat. loci, somewhat as at Thuc. I. 97 rots irpb euov diraffiv

KXt7rs TOVTO rjv TO xwpiov, 'this subject,' 'department.'

4v oIs-.-iroi-qo-ovTai] final, 'in which they can practise.' irapa\o-yr[i.ovs : 'false reasonings,' 'quibbles,' divided by Aris- totle into ol irapa r-r\v \Qiv (verbal) and o ^w r^s A^ews

(material) : Soph. Elench. 4. 9 sqq.

TWV...TCIS KpCv] Cf. Dem. De Cor. 46 TOIOU- 6 vvv TOV dywi'' evffTTf}

TOVTOIS] neuter, ace. to Rehd., but the masc. (sc. rots deivols

Kal ffvKocf). e-jrixeipovai) is certainly defensible.

uxrirep i]|J.is] sc. iroiovpev.

32. irap* vjxtv avroisj apud vosmet ipsos: indicantjs.

rCvas dSvyarov -qv] The impf. is probably potential in force : 'whom would it have been impossible?,' 'who might have been expected to be proof against being misled?': Goodwin, 416.

' ' rats irapao-Kcuats rais TOV Xo-yov] the tricks of speech : cf. supra 2oras Trapacr/feuas TWV Kpivofj-evuv n., Dem. Mid.

191 ?

Kara v 0pa

irapaSovvcu &j>trye] 'shrank from surrendering': cf. Antiph. I. 13 tyevyov TU>V Trpaxdhruv TTJV ffa^veiav Trvdfodat, Plat. 26 A Apol.

Ant. 263 tyevye py ddfrai, 'denied knowledge of the deed.' * teal TO.VTO. oi;K dXXorpiovs : and that although they were not another's': concessive. Cf. supra 12 Kal ravra Kd\\i

fyovres. . .irapddeiyfj.a.

33. \|/vxa-ywyTi

10 avrais rats evpv0fj.lais Kal rals avfifierplats ^u%a'yaryoO(rt TOJ)S Nicoc. rovs d/coi/ovras, Ad 49 dicpowfjitvovs \{/., [Dem.] Adv.

Leoch. [or. XLIV] 63 rats KoXa/cefais oi ir\fi

fj.evoL...iroi-r)Tovs inets iroiovvrai. In a rather different application, rhetoric is defined by Plato (Phaedr. 261 A, 271 c) as a ^vxaybjyla, 'a winning of men's souls,' 'persuasion.' rqv tryp6rr|Ta...Tov VfOovs] 'their pliability of temper': so also vy. 2ews, Plut. 2. 680 D. For vypbs in the metaph. sense = mollis,facilis, cf. Plut. Mar. 28. i vyp6s TLS elvat pov\6fji.evos Kal

5?7/iOTiK6s, Suit. 30. 5 irpbs OLKTOV vyp6s, Peric. 5. 3 rb

' vypbv, his good humour,' 'complaisance.' ls 2X.ov irpoa-ya'y^o'Oai] So Her. II. 121. 24 ^s

' ' n-poayaytffdai, to move to laughter. IvravOa] with \r}\vdev, 'here,' 'to this court,' For tvravQa used where motion is implied, cf. Her. v. 72 oft defurbv irapitvai evdavra, Aesch. Pers. 450 tvravda irtjAirei,

Plat. Theaet. 187 B evravda jrpoe\'/i\v6as. variant for the ovdev ovStv rpov TJ] an unusual commoner

it not to differ in : a\\o rj, from which does appear meaning 'simply and solely because he feared.' Lye. seems to affect variations of the ovdtv a\\o $ idiom : cf. infra 92 ovStv irpbrepov iroiovffiv ot>8v a8tKov]

' ' Trpo4>ao-6cov . . . \6-ywv . . . criaj\(/&>s] pretexts . . . pleas . . . excuses.

For irp6

Mid. 41 Trola Trp6a

TWV ireirpayfj^vwv O.VT<$ ; The combination of the three, as Rehd. 35] NOTES 101

remarks, is probably intended to lead up to the triple-headed asyndeton immediately following. dirXovv rd SL'KCUOV, K.T.X.] The asyndeton belongs to the elevated its style, and 'gnomic' character (yi>6fj.-r} t 'maxim,' sententia) imparts a touch of ydos (yQiKOv Troiet TOV \6yov,

indicates the character of the speaker) (Rehd. ad loc.}. We may compare generally the famous passage of Eur. Phoen. 11. 469 sqq.

etTrXoOs 6 /j.v0os

and Cicero, De Off. I. 13 quod verum est, idem simplex est.

34. otriaj stronger than Skcua : Lye. applies the standard offas, he is not content merely with ius. TTJS K TWV vofiwv Ti|Apias] cf. supra 4 rots K TUV

irpoov fapew n.

irapaSiSovai] sc. TOI)S ot/c^ras as obj. $a.tw : 'to be tortured': Goodwin, 770. 35. Karap.|JMipTvpT]Kw$] concessive. Kal irws] introducing an objection, with a suggestion of in- or cf. 6 e credulity absurdity: Soph. O. T. 1019 Kal TTWS {iaa.s laov rip fj.-r)5ti>i;

TOV TI]V Qovtriav . . .trfpiT\pr\[i.{vov] 'a man who has robbed himself of the privilege of defence by declining a fair offer, as well as by many other means': cf. Dem. F.L. 220 Kal fi6vov ' ov TT)V 'A.TTIKTIV v/jLuv Tre/Hfl/^Tcu, have all but robbed you of A.' TOVTOV : for the resumptive pronoun, rather a favourite const, with Lye., cf. infra 46, 82, 93, etc. vir^p: cf. supra 7,9- c. 11. 36-45. The desertion of Leocrates was aggravated by the pitiable plight of Athens after Chaeronea Athens, once 102 NOTES [36

' the arbitress of Greece, ' now none so poor to do her reverence. But the defendant shirked personal service at a crisis when even the dead might be said to be contributing to the defence of the city : did not even help to bury the men who fell at Chaeronea. Who then would acquit him ? ovi> 36. (i^v ouv] fjLtv (like /JLV 5iJ, and often ^v alone, cf.

Thuc. VII. adJin. ravra ph ra irepl Si/ceXicu/ yev6fj.eva) indicates that a definite stage in the argument has been concluded, and that fresh ground is to be broken. The speaker assumes the fact of L.'s offence to have been established: he now proceeds, with a good deal of averts ('amplification') and ('rhetorical heightening'), and by numerous digressions pdo-eis) covering a wide field (ancient history, ancestral usage, legend, the poets, Sparta, etc.), to emphasise the seriousness of the offence and to marshal an array of precedents for its condign punishment. ' ' on ojjLoXo Yoxifxevo v ecrnv] lit. that it is an admitted thing : stronger than 6/aoXo /ye?rai. fji[ia0T)Kvcu] 'that you have been instructed': /j.av8dvta acts as pass, of 5t5<0vcw. Iv ots Si Kcupois...o(rav...irpoS&6>K6v] '(I wish to remind you) of the gravity of the crisis and the magnitude of the perils ' which beset the city when L. deserted it : the stress, as often, falls on the ptcp., which is impf. in tense. The trans, offered does not fully represent TrpoS^Sw/cev, which combines both past

: iv ofs and present elements /cat/sots i] irbXts T\V (a) ore A. irpoti- early. , (b) ^s 7rpo56r>;s dva-yt-yvwo-Ke] *Xa/3 statim et celeriter peragendum, ava- ylyvwo-ice aliquid temporis postulatj Schoemann (Isaeus, p. 236). 'YirepefSov] Hyperides, 'the Sheridan of Athens' (Jebb), was a contemporary of Lycurgus and Demosthenes, and a vigorous supporter of the latter's anti- Macedonian policy both before and after Chaeronea. After the death of Alexander, he

was closely concerned with the so-called Lamian War, and pronounced the funeral oration (of which considerable fragments 3 8] NOTES 103 survive) on the general Leosthenes and the Athenians who fell with him. When Antipater (after the battle of Crannon) de- manded the surrender of the leaders of the war party, Hyperides fled, but was captured and put to death, 322 B.C. Six of his speeches (including the Funeral Speech above mentioned), mostly in fragments (that For Euxenippus entire and that Against Athenogenes nearly so), have been discovered among Egyptian papyri at various times from 1847 onwards.

37.

tr\v (JovXtjv TOUS ir.] the language is official, and also dis- tinctive: 'the council of the 500 ')(TJ /SouXy? ^ e| 'Apet'ov irayov,

still fuller ol TT. oi supra 12. A designation was rj ft. \a%6vTes For the apposition, cf. Lysias c. Agorat. 35 tv T$

ev 5t(r%tX/ois, etc.

: cf. 18 TO Ka.Ta(3aviv] i.e. from TJ avw TroXis (&

&CTTV T?)S 7r6Xews n.

XP^H-aTiovo-av] 'to consult about,' agere, a technical word of official etc. bodies, lKK\r)ffla. y TrpvTaveis, aTparrj-yoi, )( xp^^arl-

' ' frcrOai, transact business to one's profit,' make money.' irpaTT6iv...o rt av SoKig] 'take such measures... as should be deemed advantageous,' etc. : the editors compare with this (no doubt a quotation from the actual ^^0io-ytta), the terms of the Roman senatus consullum ultimum, 'videant consules, ne quid res publica detrimenti capiat? 8i

ot d6i|i^voi TOV

(xiKpot Kal oi TvxovTs] 'slight or ordinary' is our idiom : for the cf. Kal or Gk. usage, \6h irptJo-rjv, 'yesterday the day before,'

' Plat. Apol. 23 A 6X1701^ 8ta Kal ovdevos, worth little or nothing.' For ol Tvxbvres, 'ordinary,' 'such as may happen to any one,' cf. infra 62 t*. T&V rvxbvTuv avdpuTruv, Aeschin. Ctes. 250 ov irapa rCiv TV^OVTUV avdpAiruv dXXa irapa. T&V irpwTevbvrwv K.T.\. ' 38. Iv ots] sc. 06^3ois, Yet it was then,' we should say. 104 NOTES [38

' ' igcKO|u Upd TCI irarpwa, cf. supra 25 n. Kara n^v TOVTOV -irpocupecriv] 'if L. had had his way,' lit. is 'according to his deliberate purpose': ij irpoaipeffis the characteristic of moral action in Aristotle's Ethics.

vaoC] so the MSS. here, but ol pey, TOUS veto elsewhere (cf. supra i, 25; infra 43, 143, 147): cf. the interchange of yoveis and yovtas, supra 1 5 n. The more archaic form heightens the effect of a passage marked by delvuais : see also Grit. App. 8' at 'the walls would have been left <=pT)[j.. TWV T6i\wv] defenceless' we may render, but the Gk. really is, 'the defence (or rather 'defence forces') of the walls would have been left

' unprovidedfor : cf. supra 1 6 Turret? els ras

^X^XenrTo] The plupf. denotes the state resulting from L.'s action: 'would have been abandoned' (and so remained).

39. TS OWK av...liriSc8T)p.T]K(rts] For tirid-rj/jieiv, cf. supra

14 T&V dfjLTrbpuv TOIS iri8-r)/j,ov(ru> tKeT n. For the sentiment, cf. [Lysias] Epitaph. 40 (of Athens before Salamis) rls oi>K av 0ewi>

av...viro|Ji6ivai] Const. 6crris edvvr)6r) av virofjieivai Idelv avrbv araKTov (OVTO). The expression is no doubt redundant, but the text is probably sound : Blass (with Corais) reads otms av AT.

avrbv VTrtfteive I8eiv.

r<3 < errpar^ > ] with rb yeyovbs irddos. For the arrangement of the words, probably due to a desire to avoid the cacophony rb r$ r.> y. TT., see Kiihner, Gr. Gram. 464. 8. See Grit. App. 1 8* TOIS 'and the was in a state of opBi ! f\v...en\ trvjxp.] city = tension in view of what had happened': for 6p6^ s^>e or metu erecta, cf. Isocr. Philip. 70 rrjv 'E\\dda ira

for rots vnfy TTCVTIJKOVT' $TT]] Technically, the age military service at Athens extended from 18-60, the first two years (18-20) of which period were spent in service in Attica : from 20-50 a citizen was liable to service outside it. Men above 50 would be a last line of reserves, charged with the defence of the walls in cases of extreme emergency.

40. opav 8* ijv] licuit videre, 'one might have seen.' irepuf>opovs KaTcirrqx.vias K.T.X.] 'crouching in terror and asking, Is he alive? one for a husband,' etc. : the edd. com- pare Horn. //. VI. 237 "E/crwp 5' tbs 2/tcuds re TrtfXas /ecu 077761*

fj.i.v Qiov iKavev, \ dfJKp' apa Tp&wv aXoxoi rj5 dvyarpes \ eipbp-evai TrcuSds re re eras re Kal and XXII. KaffiyvriTovs \ Trcurias, Livy, 7. 7 (of Rome after Trasimene) matronae vagae per vtas, quae repente eludes allata quaevefortuna exercitus esset, obvios percunctantur, etc.

6pfjL'vas] This, the MSS. reading, seems pointed enough, be- cause it was unusual for Athenian women to be seen in public, esp. in such a plight : among the substitutes suggested are dSvpo- /xeVas Orelli, pwo/ieVas? Scheibe, upvo/j-fras Rehdantz.

rats -qXiicCais] a defining dative, cf. maiores natu. ai yXiKlat

' signified the years embraced by the 'military age at Athens (Harpocr.). [rats r)\iKlais is due to Suidas (Sch., Bl., Thalh.) and

: rets goes well with rocs

lirl "ytlpMS 68d.] 'hurrying about helplessly, on the threshold that leads from age to death' (Jebb). e?ri yrfpaos ouSy is a Homeric phrase (//. xxn. 60, xxiv. ^87, Od. xv. 348), which is variously interpreted as 'on the path of old age' (oi)56s = 656$, so Leaf on //. xxiv. 487), 'on the threshold Q{ old age,' i.e. either (a) 'at the beginning' or (b] 'at the end' of old age

(cf. schol. on //. XXII. 60 : tirl ry TOV yripws ^65^, tirl r r^>/*art,

Eustath. virei.uv Kal irpbs ry 6a.va.Ti>} 0ipO|j.6vovs : cf. Isocr. Ep. IX. 10 tv pdiceo-i Trepi.

' StirXd 0al|xdria [i.e. ra t/xcirta] |xir6iropirT]fi.vovs] with their 106 NOTES [ 4o

' cloaks pinned aboutthem double (predicativeadj.). which was the loose outer garment worn above the XIT^V or tunic, was ordinarily held together by the pressure of the arms (esp. the left upper arm) against the body; but it might also be fastened on one shoulder by a fibula (ir6pin)) the method of wearing which we might expect in old age. The pinning of it

'double,' and the consequent shortening of it, would permit a

freer use of the limbs (cf. succinctus). [From an interesting passage of Polyaenus, Strategemata, iv. 14, it would seem that the expression was used contemptuously of poor, or poorly equipped, fighters. The passage runs: "Polysperchon, when the Peloponnesians were guarding the frontiers, encouraged his men thus. Donning an Arcadian cap (irlXov) and pinning a cloak a about him double (Tplfi&va dnrXovv iLiropir-r)CFa.}jievos) and taking stick in his hand, he said: 'Fellow-soldiers, this is what the men

who are going to fight us are like.' Then discarding these things

and assuming his full armour, he said : 'But those who are going to fight them are like this....' Whereupon the soldiers asked him

to lead them to battle without delay."] Bal/Jidna e^ireir. : for the ace. induendi et exuendi, cf. Her. VII. 77 MiXi5at...ei/i ara eve-

41. iroXXwv 8...-yi'yvo|JKVttV...iiTvxT]KOTa>v] concessive. roils H^v SoijXovs eXcvOe'pous K.T.\.] sc. elvcu. Cf. [Dem.] XX VI.

11 ore 'YirepeiStis ypa\f/e, T&V irepl Xaipuveiav d,Ti/x 77Atc*T&H'...

yevoiJ.vwv...dva.L TOI)S CITROUS eTrn-fytovs. The 'enfranchising of the disfranchised,' like .the other measures, showed the gravity of the crisis: two other such occasions, at least, in Athenian history are cited by Andocides, De Myst. 107 (before Marathon), 80 (after Aegospotami). os] emphatic, 'that people which.'

: no of avroxOwv] The special boast of the Athenians eulogy Athens is complete without the word : cf. the Eur. frag, quoted

'' infra 100, also Thuc. I. 2 ri)v yovv A.TTtK-f)v...&vdpuiroi tpKovv ol Isocr. Panath. etc. So also avrol del, Ibid. 6 ; 124, Pancg. 24, uv, Aeschin. Ctes. 190 (epigram). 43] NOTES 107

42. KXPTro] 'had experienced,' of good or ill fortune: cf. utor.

ri]s iSCas] Philip, ace. to Dem. De Chers. 39, was O\TJ Trj ir6\ei KO.L ry rrjs 7r6\eo>s e5d0ei, 'the very ground on which it stood': cf. also xxvi. 11 (quoted above) /ecu TT?S 7r6Xews virtp avrCov r&v edafy&v ei's idvSvvov ^yiarov KaraKK\et-

A. Kai II....poTi06v lireKaXovvTo] The language is no doubt general: specific occasions on which Athenian help was either asked or received were the traditional summoning of Tyrtaeus (cf. infra 106) during the Second Messenian War, the Helot revolt of 464 B.C. (expedition of Cimon), and the latter part of the Theban hegemony (campaign of Mantinea, 362 B.C.). ol rr\v > Ara%'2n. 'a nor.' fjttJTe...(jLtJT] generic: man who neither... For the form of the sentence and the negatives, cf. e.g. [Dem.] or. XLII. 30

^TTLTa...TOV OuVw KClTCK/XZJ'tDs fV Q.1tO.

Kal loluv dir6 , /Aiyre r&v vb^uv (f>povTL(ravTa...fi'fjTe TUV 6/j.o-

\oyiuv .. .TOVTOV diKalus \f/7} oirXa Olpevov] took up arms is the Eng. equivalent of the phrase here: for its various meanings, see L.S. s.v. rLdtjfu^ A. n. 10. The article is rightly supplied in view of the almost universal practice of Greek authors in respect of this phrase: cf. e.g. Her. ix. 52, Thuc. iv. 44, Lysias, or. xxxi. 14 otfr' tv T$ HeipaieT otfr' h r$ forei Zdero TO. 8ir\a (of Philo).

TO o-wjjwx Trapao-xovra T

47 otiSe fjilav irapo'X t' aurov rj/J^pav rdai TOIS ffrpaTrjyois, Lysias,

In Alcib. I. 7 (J.6vos ov iraptffxe ^rot. r&v &\\a)v eavrbv rd^at,

In Philon. 9. For the act. infin. with Tra/^xw, cf. Ar. Nub.

441 TT. TO ffu/jut TtiirTeiv, Plat. Apol. 33 B TrXouo-^ Kal irfrqri

irap^xu ffJ-o-vrbi' epwrav.

<{nX.67roX.is Kal c\i

(rvvrjyopov TOV ATjfj.off6i>r)i>, and the still commoner irapa.-

T6v...TO\nii(ravTa] Note that the const, is carried on as though

97 p-f)Tf1)p...^oijd'f]ffi.e did not intervene. The explanation no doubt is that the main emphasis of the question falls upon diroXt/o-eiey, the influence of which overrides the following clause and makes it practically a parenthesis. TOV ov84...ov8^: 'the man who did not even. ..no, nor yet,' a particular case: contrast TOV /i^r.../i?jre above. For ovd...ovdt, which marks a stronger opposition than otfTe...oflre, the second negation being usually the stronger of the two ('not even... no, nor yet'), see L.S. s.v. ov8t, A. ill. roXjiij-

' ' o-avTa : : in had the grace to ToXftav is regularly used (cf. ?T\Tjy poetry) of overcoming some strong natural inclination towards a course of action opposed to that indicated by the accompanying infin.: Lat. sustineo. 45] NOTES 109

o0* see TCI r\ jiiv \opa.~\ Crit. App. 8v8pa...rds 9i]Kas...Td

oirXa. The first would be used for palisades (TTJS xaPaK(*>'e M below), though in ordinary times the olive trees (of which the is the speaker probably thinking) were protected by law ; second for TWV K Thuc. I. the walls (TTJS reix&v araoTceuT/s) , as 93 speaks of gravestones being freely used for the hastily built wall of

Themistocles ; the third would be 'dedications' (dva^^ara), which would be used only under great pressure.

44. OVK &TTIV TJTIS] i.q. otde/uda. For a discussion of this idiom, see Rehd., App. 2, pp. 137-8. T6ixv...Tapa>v...xapaKtt' ovSevos] 'in none which departments': gen. said of that which one is 'engaged in' or 'set over,' frequent in the designation of officials: cf. ol tiri TUV irpayjJidTwv, 'charges 1 d" affairesJ 6 eirl rCov SwXcov, 6 eirl TTJS 5to6K?J

58 tytvero tiri TWLir-rjs TT}? tpyafftas.

TO

- 45. TOV |irj8^

Ceramicus (e?r' K(f>opd,v tXQeiv). ffvufapew and eKtpeiv thus denote two distinct moments in the process of burial, whereas Dobree's (Bl., Sof.) opav t\6eiv

(Rehd., App. I, p. 108). See Crit. App.

< S T& eirl TovTa>...Ye yvri|jUvwv] This would be one of th^ no NOTES [45 speaker's strong cards, when we remember that the burying of those who fell in battle was a most sacred duty to a Greek, and that neglect of it was viewed with peculiar abhorrence: cf. generally Thuc. II. 34, Xen. Hell. i. 7, Soph. Ant. For rb tirl cf. Totirq /x.^/)oj, supra 17 rb /ca0' avrbv fjitpos n. v] 'whose very tombs the defendant passed by with never a qualm, when he greeted their country eight years afterwards.' Cf. infra 142 av euros ovdt T&

Kfyfia...eiraviwv...rifj

Trpocro.'yopeijwv : here = salutare (Trpoo~ayopevei cunrdfcTai.

Hesych.) : cf. Aesch. Agam. 514, Ar. Ach. 264. C. 12. 46 51. The praises of brave men are a condemnation of men of the opposite character, and should not be neglected at public trials. The heroes of Chaeronea, trusting in their valour rather than in walls of stone, laid down their lives for the freedom of Greece: they were victorious in death and their glory survives them. Those men carried the liberty of Greece in their persons: the liberty of Greece is buried with their bodies. You alone among the Greeks, Athenians, know how to honour the brave, as witness the statues you erect to brave generals and slayers of tyrants rather than to victorious athletes. The signal honours you pay to public benefactors should imply equally signal penaltiesfor public traitors.

' [The section summarised above is nothing but a condensed funeral speech on those who died at Chaeronea,' the relevancy of which, such as it is, serves merely 'to point the contrast

between the patriot and the traitor' (J. F. Dobson, The Greek Orators, p. 278).]

46. 1Tpl V] SC. TUV tv X. Te\VTr)ffdl>T. p.iKpu> irX

KpaTlas d\\oTpia, 'practices... alien to every democratic principle.' rows TOIOUTOVS < Xo-yovs > looks forward generally to the 'eulogies' following: roiouros will then be, as sometimes, pro- spective in force: cf. Thuc. iv. 58 TOLOVTOVS \6yovs clirev, 'spoke as follows.' TWV 8i]|j,ov : cf. supra 7 TOVS drjfj.oo'Lovs ay&vas n. For the text, see Crit. App.

cu -yap vXo-yai...iroiovo-iv] 'for the eulogies of (i.e. 'bestowed upon': obj. gen.) brave men constitute a clear condemnation of

' ' those who practise the opposite principles : lit. make the ground of conviction (tXeyxov) clear against (/cord) them.' gircuvov, os jiovos cC6\ov] For the sentiment, cf. Dem. F.L. 313 KO.L nyv T&V fjv AXXwf ayaddov ov /u^reart rots redve&ffiv, oi 5' ^Trl rot's /caXtDs irpa^deicnv ZTTO.I.VQI r&v OUTW rereXefT^/corajj' tdiov

KTTjfjf etcrlv ov5 yap 6 06vos avrois trt, TyviKavr' evavTiovrat.

TOVTOV] resuming and reinforcing rbv ^Traivov : cf. supra 42

TOV drjfj.ov ...TOVTOV ZSei n. is: 'as iirt\.$r\ Kdl Ktvoi] The connexion of thought they gave their lives for the safety of the state... so their praise should not be neglected at trials affecting the state.' The state aspect of the matter is strengthened by the addition of 5?;/iO(Ttois to

/coivots, the latter of which in itself would be a sufficient balance

to KOIVTIV preceding. eirl 47. rots 6pois TTJS B.] i.e. at Chaeronea : Thuc. iv. 76 &m

Botwr/as Trpos TT; QavoTidi TTJS $aj/ct'5os.

ptcp., 'to fight.' iroiiv irpoep-evot] terram devastandam relinquentes (Sofer). Cf. supra 43 TO

28 r)yovfj.voi. TavT-rjv 5rj/j,oKpaTias eTvat v\aicr]v, Isocr. Bus. 13. T<5v Xi6vwv irpip6XcDv] We may compare the language of Demosthenes in vindicating his policy, De Cor. 299 oti \idois dTelxura ri]v irohiv ovde ir\ivdois tyu, also Nicias' address to his army at Syracuse, Thuc. vn. 77 avdpes yap Tro'Xts, /cat ov

ov$e vrjts avopuv nevai, and Soph. . O, T, 56, 57 wj ov$fr 112 NOTES [47 otfre otfre vavs The earliest occurrence of irvpyos \ tpwos avdp&v. the sentiment in Gk. is perhaps Alcaeus, fr. 23 avdpes TTO'XTJOS irtipyos dpei'noi.

njv 8 Gpe'iJ/curav] sc. yfy or x<*>Pav ' Infra 85 we have T^P

0pe\j/a/j.tvr]v without any apparent difference of meaning. clicoTws] 'and rightly so,' 'and with good reason,' regularly (nine times) so used by Lye. at the end of its clause (as occasionally by Isocr., Dem., and Aeschin., once by Lysias, not by Antiphon and Andocides: Rehd., App. 2, pp. 138-9), with yap immediately introducing the supporting argument. 48. worircp Yap...8taKivrai] 'For just as people universally (airavres) do not entertain feelings of equal affection towards natural and towards adopted fathers, so they lie looser (are less well disposed) to countries to which they do not belong by birth but which they acquire later.' The sentiment was no doubt (as Rehd. and Sofer remark) a commonplace of the rhetorical schools, and appropriated especially in praise of Athenian 'autochthony.' Cf. Isocr. Panath. 125 Kal ffTtpyovras af>ri]v (SC. TT\V X&PW] 0/J.otuS WffTTep Ol pt\TlS TTttT^aS KO.I TO.S prjrtpas TOS avT&v, [Dem.] XL. 47. TWV irarepcDv: partitive gen. TCUS evvohus: 'feelings of affection,' if we are to press the plural) ('benevolences,' in the concrete sense, of presents offered to Athenian commanders by subject states, Dem. Z>

ras J iTay 6 txOp -** 8 evrvxtas, 20 ras xo-P i infra 64 ras

Siavofas, 140 ras 0i\ort/*ias, etc. 4iriKTi]TOVs : lit. 'acquired besides' or 'in addition,' as of land added to one's hereditary property, Plat. Legg. 924 A; ttrlKT. 0/\oi, 'newly acquired ')( Plat. apxaioi, Xen. Ages. I. 36; ra eirlKT.}(Ta tiffet ovra, Rep. 6180. Our 'adopted country' is the idea here, and we may correlate the terms as follows :

natural : adopted . . native : adopted. 49] NOTES 113

ToiavTcus 8 YvcS|mis...iicoivcovT]

were less fortunate than brave. TOIS dpCorrois avSpdonv : with

e iffov, but partly also with /j.eTaSicily, born 485 , embassy, 427), with whose dead 'though they died, loving sorrow died not with them, but immortal in bodies bodiless it lives though they live not': Toiyapovv avruv diroOavbvruv 6 Tr60os

ot vvvoiiredavev, dXX' dddvaros ev dcrw/idrots ,ua<7t tfj 01) S&VTWV (from a fragment of Gorgias' Epitaphius). Reference may be made generally to the Funeral Speeches of [Lysias] and Hyperides. The closest parallel to Lye. here is perhaps Isocr. Paneg. 92 (of the Spartans who fell at Thermopylae) faas 6e

01 fj.v 5ie(f>ddpr)

(ov yap 5rj roOr6 76 dtfus eiweiv, u>s TjTT'rjd'rjcrav oudels yap

T]s...apTTis] 'the fruits of their valour.'

dfxvvovTcs] unusual for dfji.vv6fji.evoi, though the active is quoted also from Plat. Legg. 692 D d/*. vwep r^s'EXXdSos, Polyb. VI. 6. 8 irdvTtav. dfji.. irpb 49. el 8e 8i...viK(5vTS direOavov] 'and if I may use an expression which is highly paradoxical indeed, but nevertheless ' true, those men were victorious in death : el Set is apologetic in tone, cf. Isocr. Nicoc, 26 d 5 5ei TI Kal T&V dpxaluv direiv,

' if I may be allowed to quote examples from antiquity,' Dem. Ol. II. 28 el del TL T&V 8i>Twv /cat nepl T&V arpaTijyuv elireiv> 'if one may say a word of truth about the generals as well.' & ya.p &6Xa] see Crit. App. a#\a, honourable prizes of and selfish the two are con- war)(X?7/i/tiaTa, personal gains: P.L. 8 H4 NOTES [49 trasted by Dem. 01. n. 28. dperij: 'reputation for valour' (dpeTTj- dvTl TOV evdoia Harpocrat.). Cf. Hyper. Epitaph. 41 ClXXo. KO.I fJt,/J,VTJ(T0ai. fJ.T] JJ.6VOV TOV QO.V&TOV T&V TTe\CVTT]K6T(i)lf,

Trjs aperijs 175 Kara\e\olTra

ov8* olov T* TTlv...i]TTTJ

Tovs...jtT] irrt]avTas...4>6pov] 'men who did not quail in spirit under the terror of their assailants.' L.S. s.v. Trrr\aa

that 'in the strange passage rats dtavolats /XTJ Tm^ctj'Tes Qbftov

[giving reference], 6^ov must be taken as a cognate ace.' [like in case rdv . deSoiKfrat, . Tapfieiv, which tiribvTuv will ' the fear felt of their be objective gen. , which they assailants']. This, if possible, is certainly somewhat strained; and the syntax of the passage is simplified by taking TWV eiribitrw as subjective, 'the fear which their assailants inspired': cf. the use of 06/8os with preps, denoting the source of the fear, 0. d?r6

TWOS, ZK TIVOS, as infra 1 30 6 irapa T&V iro\iT&v (pbfios, and

Xen. Anab. I. 2. 18 KCpos 5' ^0-0?; TOV e/c T&V 'EXX^wv es TO^S is Papfidpovs 6/3ov I86v. In the latter case, bfiov an ordinary

external ace., as in wT-^ffffeiv dTreiXds, Aesch. P. V. 175, which also in the sense but his Rehd. quotes same (App. 2, p. 139) ; interpretation of T&V tinbvTuv as='the future' seems, in this

context, improbable : cf. infra 57 TOVS tiribvTas afj.ijvaadai. povovs] See Grit. App. ov8* dv ts] o&de eft (which is never elided unless a particle, as often, intervenes) is a more emphatic ovdeis, 'no one whatever.'

4>v-yovT6s] 'in seeking to shun' : Goodwin, M. T. 25.

50. cSijXiixrc] 'was proof of the truth of my statements, = latter rather than 6^X17 77 v, though the is possible [and approved by Rehd.]. ajia -yap ouToi...}iT^trerv] 'for no sooner did these men die ' than the fortunes of Greece changed to slavery : the two events were coincident. For dfji.a...Kal = stmu/ ac (except that the latter is never separated, the former always), combining two clauses in what is virtually a cause and effect relationship, cf. supra 29 51] NOTES 115

dfAa rolvvv . . ,OVK edtxero, Ka ^ /care/iapri/pei n. rov (3(ov |X6TaX-

Xcunrciv, -'to exchange life' (for death), with the notion of to 'quitting' it, hence 'to die': so also ^eraXX. xupav, 'to go ' another country, cf. infra 86. TCI rtjs 'EXXdSos: practically ' as = Greece.' els SovXefav nerenwev : p,erairlirre<.v generally, here, in deterius> but also in melius : cf. infra 60 CK rov

i] Ydp...\v0pCa] Cf. the famous sentence, [Lysias], Epitaph. 60 WOT' &^ov yv eiri ry5e r< rd^if r6re Keipaadai TTJ

'EXXd5t...ws ffvyKa.Ta.dairTOfj^i'ris r^s a^rtDv tXevdepias ry TOIJTWV apery (of those who fell in the Corinthian War, 394 B.C.), and with the whole passage [Dem.] LX. 23.

< < 4>avep6v iraeriv eiroi ri

all etc. : is constructed to that they were not warring,' . ciroiijcrav with a ptcp. like avfpol rjcrav (yvovro) TroXe/toupTes,

TroXc/ioujres. Cf. Her. VI. 21 drj\ov iroiri

Thuc. III. 64 5rj\oi> Troi-/i al

(of Mandrocles) avr$ ^v avov ireptdeis, 2ia/j,iot

51. Kai Si* a OVK dXo'-yws K.T.\.] 'and why they showed

reason in the exercise of their valour is, that you, Athenians, alone among the Greeks know how to honour brave men':

according to this interpretation, which makes Tri

the cause and not the effect of tirerrjdevov (' because they showed

reason... you know how to, etc.'), Si' a is to be taken as looking forward to, and in apposition with, ^7rtVrao-^e...Tt/xaj', as though we had: 5i' a OVK d\6yd}s...TrerriSevoif, raftr' evrlv, ori e-rriffracrde AC.T.X. For the position of 5i' a at the beginning of the sentence, Rehd. cites the somewhat similar use of odev in Lys. xn. 43, Isaeus, vi. 8, etc. But the text is suspect: see Crit. App. For the claim made by the speaker, we may compare Dem. Lept. 82 Ii6 NOTES [51

141 irp&TOv i*,v fibvot T&V iravTuv avdp&Trwv dr)fj.offiq, iroieire \6yovs liriTa^iovs, ev ols KO&fAeiTe TO, T&V ayad&v dvdp&v tpya. Kalrot TOUT' e')(xaXffou5 dvaKeiffdai : cf. Theocr. X. 33 xp&reoi dveKelpeda. In Dem. F.L. 251 we have both the person and the statue as subject: 107; rov SoXwi'' avaKei

nrap* vjjLtv...Conon, Iphicrates, and Timotheus (Rehd. ad loc.). TOVS TOV rvpavvov airoKTvavras] Harmodius and Aristo- giton, who slew Hipparchus, son of the tyrant Pisistratus (Thuc. i. 20, vi. 54-57), and were consecrated for all time in the Athenian mind as the doyens of tyrannicides: their de- scendants were voted special privileges: cf. Dem. Lept. passim, F.L. 280; Andoc. De Myst. 98 [NOMOS]; infra 87 tv

TrpvTaveiy...

' Kal TOIOVTOVS fj.v...vpeiv paSiov] of such men it would not be easy to find a few even from the whole of Greece' : the form of the clause might lead us to expect ou5' ci7rci(7??s...7roX\oi5s, but oXlyovs is to be taken in a positive sense. TOWS o-T(|>aviTas a-ywvas] lit. 'games in which the prize is a wreath ((rr^cwoj),' esp. the four great athletic festivals of Greece, the winners at which were considered to confer great honour on their native cities and received high honours from them: cf. generally the Odes of Pindar, and Dem. Lept. 141 elra /a-eyicrTas 5t5or' (K iravTbs TOV Xf>vov Sw/>eas rots TO&S yvftviKovs viKUffiv ay&vas TOI)S (rre0cw'Tas.

iro\XaxoOv] with yfyovoTas. Polle (^V. Jahrb. f. PhilcL, 52] NOTES 117

to the 1869, quoted by Rehd., App. 2, p. 140) states that, up statues of year 330 B.C., we have knowledge of as many as 104 Olympic victors in the whole of Greece; at Athens of one at most, and that not absolutely certain. Lyc.'s'disparaging reference to the athletic games here may have been inspired by the cir- cumstance that Athens, two years before the date of this speech, had been temporarily debarred from participation in the Olympic games owing to quarrels with Elis. Euripides, before Lyc.'s time, had had some severe things to say about athletes, cf. fr. 284 (Dind.).

evep-yerais] the word is technical of state benefactors, and occurs frequently in inscrr.

(W-yfo-Tas] without article, absol. 'very great.' [ ^7., however, which would balance TCUJ etrxdrcus TifMupiaus, is read by Reiske and Heinrich.] SIKCUOV] Blass's diKatoi is attractive, but diKaiov without fori seems easier than 5t'/ccuoi without earL c. 13. 52-54. You have no choice but condemn Leocrates, if you do your duty. His case has already been decided (a) by the action of the Areopagus in similar cases, (b) by your own sentence on Autolyctis, (c) by the decree of the people prescribing the extreme penalty for public defaulters. Will you reverse all these?

52. ovS* ev vfuv IO-TIV] 'it is not even in your power,' 'it does not even rest with you' : cf. Dem. De Cor. 193 fv yap rip &$ TO T01JTOV Tt\OS TJV, OVK 6/U,oL [^0' V(U1> Cl. Bk. (Bl.).]

' rd SiKCua 7rotov

Cf. [Dem.] c. Aristogit. I. 2 UTroXa/^Sai/w TT]V p.tv Karrjyoplav . . .

Zdovs eiVe/ca...5etJ> TronJcracrflcH, KeKpiaOaL d TOVTO TO TrpayfJLOL

TraAcu virb TT)S e/ca'crrou 0i;crews OLKodev.

' p.T|8eis |ioi 0opvpTJ

: the vb. is also used acclamare, in Ciceronian usage) , however, oik 6 Troteiv of applause: cf. Isocr. Panath. 264 t6opijpT)(rav, redo- tiri rots x ctP t^ l^" ws StXe7/A&

IT. rather than a case of ravrriv] sc. TTJV tv 'A. pov\i?)i>, 'predicative attraction' of the pronoun. Tore] i.e. immediately after Chaeronea. For the dictatorial powers exercised by the Areopagus in grave public crises, cf. Plut. Themist. 10 (before Salamis), Lysias, c. Eratosth. 69 in the (after Aegospotami), Dem. De Cor. 134 (intervention case of the traitor Antiphon), also supra 12 n.

: cf. 112 Kal Xapovcra] i.q.

OVIKO. d8iKi](utTa] the special sphere of the Areopagus under the full democracy: cf. supra 12 n. 6

6 53. dXXcl \i-f\v 'A. -y vjieis] dXXa fify, verum enimvero, s.v. 'alleging what is not disputed' (L.S. /A-ffv, 3), introduces a fresh and emphatic point. AtiroXtiicov and u^ets are both em-

ev IT. phatic: A. )( other offenders: /ue?5, the Heliaea)(^ 'A. ftovKri. Lye. tactfully says nothing of his having been himself the prosecutor of A., who was an Areopagite (Harpocr. s.v. Aur6Xu/cos, quoting the present passage) : cf. also the Argument to the speech, ad Jin. A. has been supposed to be the person alluded to (in conjunction with Leocrates) by Aeschin. Ctes. 252, but the account of him given there does not tally with the present passage: frytvr6 ris...&vijp t'Stctrr?;?, 6s ^Kir\eiv eis Sd^ioi' wj inrb 'A. irfXr ipri

' But Plat. Gorg. 503 B Si' SVTLVO, alriav %x V(J LV 'Afl^euoi jSeXrt'ous yeyovtvat, 'are reputed, 'are credited with.' For vircicO&rOai, cf. supra 25 T& xp^A"""a-..

OVK dire'StoKe rd rpo<|)ia TJJ ir.] 'failed in duly rendering to his country the price of his nurture,' to which his country, as as TJ dptyava (21, 47, 85), was morally entitled, even aged parents were legally entitled yrjpoTpo^tjdrjvaL (infra 144). Cf. [Lys.], Epitaph. 70 rrj irarpidi ra rpofpela a7roS6Kres, Lys. c. Andoc. iroia ai>T

!\{n](j>io-aTo] on the motion of Hyperides : supra 36.

IVOXOVS...TXJ irpoSoo-ftj] 'amenable to the charge of treason': cf. supra 4 roi)s t>6x<>v$ Tots...^7rtTiyU^oi$ n. TOWS 4>v-yovTas] 'those who sought to shirk': cf. supra 49 TT]v dovXeiav fatiyovres n.

54. 8-q] igitur, concluding and summing up.

irapd Tw...] Trapot, c. dat. iudicantis: cf. Her. in. 160

jrapa Aapet'y KpLry, trap' e/j.oL = me iudice, etc. So also TrapA ry

5?7Aty immediately following, for which cf. supra 12 Trap' aurots 6p.o\. rots aXiCTKOfJievois n.

TWV Sneaky XaxovTwv] 'the duly appointed judges.' The designation is common of officers or official bodies appointed by

' lot (\a.yx&v, etc.: cf. supra 37 rV jSouXryv roi>s Tre^ra/cotr^oi/s . The dicasts were chosen by lot from the body of the citizens who were over 30 years of age and in of their full civic possession rights (tirlTi/j.oi) , Arist. 'A0. IIoX. c. 63. 120 NOTES [ 54

TOVTOIS] referring formally to a ('offences which'), but in substance to the content of the three preceding clauses, and so = ' these decisions.'

cf. ap'] supra 27 ir&VTWv #/>' dv6pjiov&rTaToi] 'most unconscionable.'

' eXax/o-Tovs ^|cT6.. .Kiv8vvuovTas] and shall find very few who will be disposed to run risks on your behalf : cf. Antiph. Tetr.

A- *y* ad Jin. Xd(r

irvvOdvojxai] a formula of 7rpo\'ar(iX7;^ij, anteoccupatio, 'antici- pation of an adversary's arguments,' with a view to weakening or defeating them. Trwtfdi'o/uu introduces the first of a series of such 'anticipations,' e.g. infra 59, 63, 68, 90.

' ' Apropos] as a merchant. [ < 6Vi > w$ /ATT. Es. ]

' Kard TavTqv rtjv !p-ya

n-pwTov |ifcv...imTa] 'in the first place '...'in the second place,' 'then again': the ^retra may, or may not (as here), have a 5e &TI answering the preceding yv : cf. Thuc. I. 33 irputrov fjv

aftiKov/jt,frois...TreiTa irepl T&V /ieytVrwv /c.r.X.

K TTJS O.KTTJS KttTci TT]V 1TV\8a] cf. SUpm 17. opwixevoi Kal diroo-reXXonevoi] 'being seen off,' in popular

' is in full all their language ; but op. emphatic, view of friends,' as contrasted with the furtive flight of L.

ficra TTJS eraipas] cf. supra 17.

(xovos] sc. tpfiaiitei 6 fyiropos. [/JLOVOS, which the Aldine (Bl.)

corrects to /iovoi, seems somewhat harsh after ol /car' dp. icMovres,

but the change to the sing, serves all the better to point the

contrast to L. Also TTJS erafy>as...7rcud6s rou dtax. are difficult

with /X.6FOI.] Bl. rbv 56. TOV 'A. fywropov] Ace. to this reading [Bk., ; 'A. ws ^TT. codd. (Rehd., Thalh.)], rbv 'A. seems best taken as

' attributive, the article adding a touch of sarcasm : our Athenian merchant.'

kv M....TO. lepd...rr]v olicCav] cf. supra 21-25. ircoXeiv] 'advertise for sale ')(aTrod6

wpod. re TT]V TT. Kal K.T.\. But exceptions are frequent : cf. in

consecutive chaps, of Thuc. (iv. 9, 10), dcrirtav\ais Kal re Kal ol(Tvivais and 171' e^Xco/^e^ fieivai ^...KaraTrpodovyai. B Kal TrdvTv...i] 'and so it would be the most absurd thing

' imaginable, if etc. For this use of the neut. relative, referring generally to what has preceded and explained more particularly by a clause which follows, introduced often by el (as here), see Madvig, 195. d., and esp. Rehd. (App. 2, pp. 141-3), who distinguishes three separate uses, (a) 6, (b) o 5t, (c) 8 /cat. The first, he contends, is retrospective in force; the second, pro- 122 NOTES [56

the half : spective ; third, retrospective, half prospective see the numerous exx. quoted by him, I.e. We may compare the somewhat similar use of quod in Latin, in adjurations : Virg. Aen. II. 141 quod te per superos,..oro, VI. 363; and for the 6 /cai rrdvrwv present passage infra 82 av (t-rj detv6TaTov, rovs l^kv trpoybvovs K.T.\. diro\v

' Kvpioi -yv6(jLvoL TTJS \|n]<|>ov] now that the verdict rests with you,' somewhat like supra 2 ?x ol/ras v^b T V ^0V- For Ktpios, cf. infra 59 otfre yap vewplwv Kijpios n. Xpls 8^ TOUTWV] cf. supra 31.

57. TOVIS piv. . .TOVTOV 8^] The regular paratactic (co-ordinate)

arrangement in Greek, where we use the hypotactic (subordinate) : cf. supra 8, 42, notes.

4v TOIS Tore KcupoLS Kal KttT* tp-yacrtav] /cat, which at first sight might seem to go intensively with JCCIT' tpy. KTT\IV, ' should actually leave on a trading voyage,' is probably rightly

taken as simply connecting i>...Kaipois and /car' tpyavlav, at the same time throwing considerable emphasis on the latter: L.'s

crime consisted in (a) sailing (at all) at such a time and (6) on a trading voyage (of all things), i.e. with a view to private gain, this aspect of his epyavia being made more explicit by ijvlKa....

TrpocrKTri TTJV TrtiXiv yevo^viji', vavK\rjpQv OVK T6\/J.r](rev...(r'iToJ>

c50eX^(rai TTJV TrarpiSa. dXXa /H^TOLKOL iitv Kal %voi...

TT]v irb\iv eladyovTes.

ov8* av ets...av 1 TT

1 : in TCI irpo

' ijSe'tos 8* dv avrov Trv0oCp.Tjv K.T.\.] I should like to ask him, by importing what merchandise he could have served the state better than by submitting himself for enrolment in the ranks.'

This rendering, it may be said, suggests rather rj ira.pa.axuv as the natural Greek : TOV Trapao-xfw, on the other hand, suggests that the question should be, 'What merchandise that he could have imported would have been more useful than personal service?' There is thus probably a mixture of the constructions TiV av and riV /j.ir. elffdywv x/oi7

elff. )ir ffL Jl-

fyo (iiv ovSejxiav] The 'isolated' ph is common in the orators at the end of an argument, emphasising the speaker's own conviction and implying opposition to others: 'I don't see' (whatever may be true of you): cf. Madvig, 188, R. 5. So

Dem. 01. III. 8 eyw fj.ev ou% bpu>, c. Timocr. 157 eyu fiJkv oi>8&* av ot/jut, Xen. Cyr. i. 4. 12 ^yw ptv OVK ol8a. 58. avrw] The unusual position of the unemphatic aury is probably due to a desire partly to avoid the hiatus ctury dpyt- feo-dai, partly to make the antithesis 5ia TTJV irpaiv Tavnjv...8ia

: cf. Rehd. ad loc. rbv \6yov TOVTOV more strongly marked , , who quotes Dem. Lept. 33 ou /J.QVOV vfuv IKO.VOV alrov dTreoreiXei', dXXa TOffovrov /c.T.X., Ib. 70 diowep ov fibvov ai/rip rrjv areXeiav ISw/cav ot rare, dXXa Kal x.a\Kriv &&..'.fonprar. ovdtirore ovSi irwiroTc] '"oifTTore, cum verbo futuri temporis ; ouTrwTrore, oudeTruwoTe cum verbo temporis praeteriti constru- untur," Brunck's Index Aristoph. Lobeck, Phryn. pp. 457, 458. But the rule is neglected by late writers' (Hickie on Andoc. De Myst. 22). -yevTo irl...p-Ya

KKTT]To xaXicoTviroxis] 'he was a master smith,' i.e. owned a number of slaves who were so employed, as Lysias and his brother owned a shield factory, Demosthenes' father a cutlery factory, etc. The verb is almost technical in this sense. XaX*oTi57ros probably signifies a 'smith' generally, cf. xa^K6^ s

(%a\K^as (sc. KaXovcri) robs rov fflSrjpov epyafafjifrovs, Arist. Poet. 25. 14), though the two are distinguished in Xen. Hell. in. 4.

o'i re Kal oi T^KTOVCS Kal oi v< s.v. 17 xaX/cortfTTOt ^aX/ceis ( L.S.

' cnro8T]|j.ij irtvrrjKoo-TTJs fUT^wv] cf. supra 19 rrjv TT. avrrjs n.

< Vjv OVK av KaTa\i irwv..,dir68T](ii] The impf. in the apodosis denotes the action as extending over a considerable time (in the past): 'he would not have abandoned it (act) and engaged in ' trade abroad : dired^/JLTjo'e would have referred rather to the act cf his departure: cf. generally Goodwin, 410.

dv ^v TI] The ^v here is probably not 'isolated' (cf. stipra 57 ^7^ /*" otfSe/uaj' 6pu> n.), but is balanced by the 5 of the next paragraph.

X4yjj] conative, 'attempts to say.' = ' ov&' vjicls eiriTpolfeiv] u/xas oi>8' eiriTptyeiv, I think you will simply not allow him': the subj. is inserted between oi)5 and

eirtTptif/eiv, which last the negative really qualifies : cf. Soph.

Ant. 280 iravcrai, irplv dpyrjs /ecu /ie //.eirrcDcrat X^wi/, 'ere thou

dost utterly fill me with wrath,' where /cd/x (C. and A.) is pointless : see Jebb ad loc. C. 15. 59-62. He will perhaps advance a plea suggested to him by some of his counsel that he is not amenable to the charge of treason because he had no specific duty assigned him. If he had not, this only makes his case worse : he betrayed the whole state and not merely one department of it. Treachery -on the part of particular officials would have meant, at worst, the enslavement of the state, from which it might have recovered ; Leocrates' desertion involved its desolation, and there is no 59] NOTES 125 recovery from that. For proof of my statement, I have only to refer you to the history of Athens, Troy, and Messene. will in 59. TJ(ji 8' tpo|JLvos] 'But perhaps he come his impetuous course to the plea which,' etc. Both fapwv and of epofji.evos are thus used idiomatically along with another verb motion, and seem to convey the notion of haste and recklessness.

The const, occurs at least four times in Aeschin. Ctes. : 89

KaXX/as 6 XaXKi5eus...7rd\tv rjKe vcriv,

'returned headlong to his old practices' (of bad faith), 82 e/s

TOVTO tptpwv irepito-TTjo-e ra irpa.yfjLa.Ta, 'speedily gave such an evil turn to events': so also 90, 146 (Qtpwv in both cases): Goodwin, M.T. 837. A more literal use of the ptcp. can be seen (I think) in such as Her. vni. 91 ep6fji.i>oi ' TOVS AlyivrjTas, 'fell upon them at full speed, Ibid, 87 ej^/SaXf v-rft i\tr) (of Artemisia at Salamis). avTto cf. ov o-ujxpep.] supra 11 77 yap ..,Trepl t&v KOiv&v Trpay/j-druv n. TWV o-vviTYopwv] These were not professional advocates, in our sense, but (usually) personal friends of the parties in a case, who were allowed to speak on either side after the case had been opened by the parties themselves. Athenian theory pre- sumed that every citizen was capable of conducting his own prosecution or defence. Some would distinguish evvriyopos = plaintiff's counsel )(

rfj irpoSoo-hj] 'the charge of treason.' ovT6 sc. tense of the -yd-P vecopiwv Kvpios] rjt> (the mood and ' recta : the speaker imagines L. to say I was not responsible,' ov Kvpios ty), 'for he was not in charge either of arsenals,' etc.

Kvpios, of that of which one has the disposing or control : cf.

Dem. F.L. 183 ei'cri yap ol irptfffieis ov Tptypuv ovdt TOTTUV ovo' OTrXtruH' ou5' aKpoiroKewv Kvp(.OL...a\\a \6ywv Kal x.pbvwv. The enumeration vupl(i)v...irv\Cov...ffTpaToiro(i}v has specific reference

i : cf. to the scope of the p6/uos elffayyeXriKOs (supra .) Poll. 126 NOTES [ 59

8. 52 eytvovTO els...ovSevos] 'nor in short of any state department ' whatever : 6'Xws marks a climax, as often, nee denique, neque omnino: cf. Dem. Mid. 101 O#T' eXecD? o#0' 6'Xws

ryw 8* iyyovn.

a/ fi;/A^ai5 ^f?//xiouro, ouros 3 irpoSofc o\i)v TTJV Tr6\tv /c.r.X.

^KSorov iroirjo-ai: a stronger TrpoSoOpcu, cf. Aeschin. C^. 142

ZicSoTov TT}V Boiwr/aj' Traera?' eiroLTjcre Q-rj^aiots, 'abandoned,' 'be-

trayed,' Ibid. 61 : infra 85 tKdoTov,..Traptdo(rav.

TOVS T6T\euTTjKOTas] I have followed Herw. (Bl.) in omitting /cot TO, iv TV x^PV- k/^j which the MSS. give after rereXeuTTj^ras.

' r3v irarpCwv vop.ifj.wv airo

oOs...Ta06'Tas tv T-fj ypeTtpq. ^TLfj,ufJi.v...^ffdrifJ,affi re Kal TO?S dXXots

vofj.lfji.ois. [iraTpluv Schoem. (Rehd.) : iraTpywv codd. : cf. supra

IJ-ITO 60. Kal jjtiv cKeCvwv K.T.\.] 'Moreover, had the city

been betrayed by them (TU>V nvos icvpluv 'heads of depart- ments'), the result would have been that, though enslaved, it still be inhabited in the that L. abandoned would ; but way it,

it would have been made desolate' : the protasis of the sentence is contained in Trpodo0ei

present, si urbs prodita esset, tamen incoleretur : cf. Goodwin, 410, 411. So oiicei(r6ai= 'would still be inhabited' (present

' state) : doli av yevtcrdai = would have been desolated' (act).

For oiKelo-dai, cf. [Dem.] c. Aristog. I. [or. xxv] 26 et raura

iroiolfj-ev, OT' ZTI Trjv Tr6\tv otKeiadai; 8v 8^ rpoirov: the modal accusative is generally preferred to the dative by Greek prose writers in these phrases with rp^Tros (TOVTOV TOV rpdirov, riva

Tp6wov ; TOV avrov Tpbirov, etc.), though rotfry ry Tp6ir<{) in 61] NOTES 127

Andoc. De Myst. 41, De Pace 20, De Redit. 18

Tpb-rry, and always fjLtjdtvi rpdirff). (Hickie on Andoc. De Myst. U)

TV)(iv...lK6s

...padius xeip(i)

' Kal TO>V KOIVWV eXiriSwv] even of ordinary hopes,' i.e. hopes that are common to all men alike.

IXirls-.-ncTaireo-eiv] For aor. infin. with e\irts, cf. ruxeiv... et'/c6s effTiv and note above : for in melius, cf. 5. /ueraTreo-etv supra OIJTW Kal irepl rds irdXeis K.T.\.] 'so too it is true of cities that their misfortune reaches its climax when they become desolate': i.e. there is no longer so much as a chance of to For lv f a limit which dvvTvxla changing curved. irtpas Zx > may not be passed, cf. Lysias c. Eratosth. 88 exetJ/ot Se...

Tbv fiiov Tr^pas ^oucrt TTJS T&V i-)(QpC)v (subj. gen.)

s, Isocr. Paneg. 5, Philip. 141, Dem. Lept. 91.

61 . ei -yap 8ei] cf. supra 49 el 5 Set Kal trapado^TaTOv fj.ev

elireiv, dXrjdts 5^, n.

iroXews ea-Ti 9avaTos...YV

subject of the infin. (afrrijv, TTJV Tr6\iv), cf. Goodwin, M.T. 744-

< " 8^ lCT r sc. which seems to be reK|j.i]piov (JL Y v] .effTiv, regularly omitted in this formula. 128 NOTES [6i

TIJAWV -yap] yap introduces, as regularly, the matter of the

TfKfj.-fjpi.ov : do not translate.

TO jj^v iraXai6v...To 8' vorepov] 'of old'... 'later ': accusatives,

like TO Trp&Tov, rovvavrlov, etc. . VTTO TWV Tvpdvvwv] Pisistratus and his sons, especially Hippias,

who between them ruled Athens for fifty years, 560-5108.0. viro TWV TpiaKOvra] The Thirty were installed in the summer of 404, and held office till May, 403 B.C. rai Tet\i] Ka0r|p0T]] 4048.0. (April).

K TOVT(i>v...d}xOTCpwv] neuter, 'from both of these plights.' The liberation from the first was effected by the Alcmaeonids, headed by Cleisthenes, who procured the help of Sparta; from the second, also through the intervention of Sparta, following on the defeat of the Thirty and their adherents by the exiles under Thrasybulus (May, 403 B.C.). TTJS TWV 'E. cvScupovCas] The term evdaifj,ovla, which Dem. (Mid. 143) and Isocr. (Paneg. 103) had used of the Greece of the fifth cent. B.C., was hardly applicable (as Rehd. observes ad

/of.) to the Greece of the fourth, even though the speaker may have had in view the period following the victory of Cnidus (394), and the building up of the Second Athenian Confederacy. Nothing is to be gained, however, by substituting eXevBepias or

rjyefjioi'las (Es), as neither the one nor the other holds good for both centuries.

- i 62. dXX* ov\ o

' TOVTO jj^v... TOVTO 8^] on the one hand '...'on the other,' a common formula in introducing examples : frequent in Herodotus. el Kal iraXcuoTepov elimv O-TI] 'though I may be quoting somewhat ancient history,' lit. 'even if (as I grant) it is rather ancient to mention' (?raX. goes with eiiretv: Goodwin, M.7\ 6 2 ] NOTES 129

763) : cf. infra 95 d yap KCU nvQudtffTepbv tcrriv, d\\' appovei

/r.r.X. For the distinction between ei icai and /tat et, the former allowing, but minimising, the affirmation of the condition, the its latter rather asserting improbability, see L.S. s.v. ical, B. n. d. 3 ; Madvig, 194. Tqv TpoCav] a good example of 'anticipation,' but due also to its balancing 'M.e

I. 8. 21 (Kvpos) ij8i avrbv (sc. f3a

' irao-T]s eirdp|a

(of Agamemnon) Xdyy ptv irpbs fj.iav wb\iv 7ro\e/t?j

Trpos airavTas TOIIS TTJV 'A

TOV alcova doiK-qTos 4

Plato, Tim. 38 c irdvTa at. (di' ai&vos in Trag.) : so also Lye. himself, supra 7, infra 106, 1 10. TOVTO 8e M(r

' ' Mt. Ithome, and the town itself was formed by synoecising

(i.e. combining into one for political purposes) the neighbouring P.L. 9 130 NOTES [62

districts, the effect of which was to make Messene the Messenian

state, as Athens was to Attica (cf. Thuc. in. i ZwoiKLfrvtri TTJV

Afofiov ts TT)v ~M.vTiXr)vr)v). The speaker's contention is that the

'synoecism' was effected so easily (K T>V T. a,v6.) because Messenia had never become avaaraTos, the inhabitants who had survived the early traditional wars with Sparta and any remnant that remained after the settlement by the Athenians at Naupactus in 459 B.C. remaining on the land in the condition of Helots, so

that Messenia y'/cetro 5oti\T) ovcra. irVTaKO

' reckoning from the First Messenian War,' the central date of which is placed c. 725 B.C., whereas Lye. would bring it for- ward to about 870 B.C. Dinarchus, who speaks of 400 years

(i. 73 ~M.ewr)vijv TerpaKoo-LOffTip tret Kar^Kiffav), apparently reckons from the first war; Ephorus, with whom Pausanias practically agrees, gives 300 years; Plutarch (Apophth. Epam. 23) and Aelian, only 230 years. The last four authorities evidently refer the conquest of Messenia to the 'Second Messen'ian War,' with which tradition connected the names of Aristomenes and

Tyrtaeus (for the latter, see more particularly infra 106 .), and which may accordingly be dated to c. 640 B.C. &c TO>V TVXOVTWV dv9. : e/c is hardly to be explained as a somewhat rare equivalent of virb with a passive verb, but has reference rather

to the composition of the inhabitants (cf. constare ex) : cf. Xen.

Symp. 8. 32 ffTpdrev/jLa tj- tpaaruv, 'composed of lovers.' TWV

Tvxbvrtav : cf. supra 37 u-iKpol Kal ol ru%6Kres 06j3ot n. C. 16. 63-67. Perhaps some of his advocates will have the face to plead that none of the results I have foreshadowed could have depended on the action of a single individual. But the safety of the state depends upon each individual doing his partictdar

' duty : he that offends in one point is guilty of all? The truth of is the ancient in this principle attested by spirit of legislators , who 63] NOTES 131 assigning penalties did not discriminate between greater and lesser offences, but had regard to the principle underlying them. You would not tolerate the erasing of a single law on the ground that it made no difference to the state. In the same way, you cannot consider Leocrates apart from the rest of the citizens : you miist have regard not to the individual, but to the principle.

63. Ttov a-uvtyyopwv avT(|>] = TUP aury (rvvyyopotivTiav : for

the const., cf. (in a slightly different sense) Soph. Trach. 1165 uavreia Kawd, rots TrdiXcu %vvf)yopa, 'agreeing with,' 'supporting,' [Dem.] LIX. 14.

' [iiKpov TO irpd'yjxa irouov] seeking to represent the matter as trivial ')(uiKp6v iroiotiuevos, 'regarding it as trivial,' in the sub* jective sense. The distinction seems good here, though not ou perhaps universally : cf. Isocr. Paneg. 59 yap irapa /j.iKpbv tirotyo-av (of the Athenian protection of the Heraclidae), which seems equally subjective in sense with irapa uiKpbv fjyeiffdat Id. iroielffdai Phil. With the Philip. 79, or e^ ff/MKpy Soph. 498. present passage, cf. Isocr. XX. 5 ftrws oVv Aoxiri/s ^Trixetp^crei fUKpov Troieiv rb wpayf^a, diavtipuv TTJV Karyyopiav K.T.\.

s ovSfcv av Trap' ^va...l-y^VTO TOVTWV] 'that none of those calamities could have been brought about by the action of a single individual': for irapa c. ace. 'of that which turns the scale, and on which the result critically depends' (Madvig, 75),

cf. Dem. Phil. III. 2 o# Trap' v oi)5e 5i/o els TOVTO ra TrpdyfAara

a0t/crcu, Isocr. Archid. 52 virb TT&VTWV av uuo\oyfiTO irapa

TOVTOV yeveffdai. TTJV ffurrfpiav avroils, Dinarch. I. 72. The use of the prep, in this sense with persons appears to be somewhat rare and late, v. Rehd., App. 2, p. 144.

TT\V irarpiSa CUJTOV eKXiimv] The strictly correct order in a case of this kind appears to be TT\V irarplda (obj.) K\nreiv avrbv

(subj.) : Hickie on Andoc. De Myst. 16, where he quotes as a V. 5e ravra ov type Antiph. 39 eyo> (f>ij/jii \tyeiv avTov, and adds 'and so the prose writers passim.' But the precise relationship of the aces, is usually easily determined from the context.

' TOVTO... TOV ju-yc'Oovs] 'the point of fact '...'its importance. 92 132 NOTES [63

: 'the usual form of the imper. from the Macedonian period,' Rehd. In inscrr. not before 300 B.C. [t&vruv Es (Blass).]

el 8* oXws (iTjSev] 'but if they roundly assert his innocence,' we might say : for o'Xw?, cf. supra 59 otid' 6'Xwj TWV r^s 7r6Xews ovdevds n.

64. TOVTOIS] personal, sc. rots

(TOVTO 7T7roti7Kc6s = 7ra/3ew/3a/cws). For the sentiment, cf. Isocr.

Nicoc. 48 /j.i)Sevb$ dXiyupeire /j.r)d KaraQpoveiTe T&V Trpoffre- a>s o^ TOUT' dXX' tos , {nro\aiJ.I3dvovTes irapa, r) -J) atiinra.v %ov, o#rw ddfere irepl avr&v, i.e. 'neglect no duty, however trivial, under the impression that nothing depends upon it, but perform your duties with zeal, remembering that, as the parts are, so will the whole be or bad? diravrwv: good !<{>' 4vos...<{>' &r='in the case' or 'matter' of: cf. Dem. Mid. 38 OVK eiri rotirov /j-bvov, dXX' iirl Trdvrcov (palvercu trpaypijfj.fr os fjC vfiptfeiv, Ibid. 44. TWV dpxtt^wv vo|Jto6Tc*v] Esp. Draco and Solon, to one or other of whom, especially the latter, the Athenians were inclined to attribute the bulk of their ancient statutes: cf. Aeschin. Ctes.

175 6 yap 26Xwj' 6 7raXc6s PO/AO^TT/S, Dem. De Cor. 6 ol r6/4ot...od$ 6 ridels et- &pxys 26Xa>', /r.r.X. 'Draco's laws were specially called 0eo>ioi, as distinguished from Solon's v6/j.oi' (Pape, quoted by Hickie, Andoc. De Myst. 81 T^WS 8t xPW^aL rots S6Xw'os j>6/iots /cat rots AP&KOVTOS 6eo~fj.ois. But Solon himself spoke of his laws as decrfioL : v. Sandys on Arist. 'A0. IIoX. c. 4 init.} vofJiodeT&v...6.irol3\tyai'Tas : cf. supra 9, 10, respectively.

65. IKCIVOI -y^P K.T.X.] The code of Draco especially was 65] NOTES 133 proverbial for its severity : Demades the orator said of him on

6V aifjtiaroj, ou dia /zAavos TOVS PO/IOUS Zypa^ev, 'wrote his laws not in ink but in blood' (Plut. Sol. 17). It probably got this character as a whole from the severity of the punishment meted out to certain minor offences : we know only that part of it which dealt with murder and homicide. Cf. with the whole ,

Dem. c. Timocr. 113 sqq., Mid. 44 sqq. Note that the force of 01) extends to the second clause ry 5e 5&a K.r.X. as well : so also the oi)5e's following.

TO> jj^v KttTov. . .TO> 8e 8Kd 8pa)(|jLas] Cf. Dem. c . Timocr. 114 1

Kal e? . . rt (of Solon) TIS y K AVKCIOV .Ifidriov fj \yKtiOiov fy aXXo el 0avX6raroj', r) r&v netvuv TI T&V CK r&v yvfj.vao'lajt' i0Aotro ?}

K T&V \i[j.ev wv, virtp 5&ca dpaxuds, Kal TOIJTOLS ddvarov

Otrrjo-ev elvai r^v fofilav. iirirl\Liov, 'penalty': cf. supra rots iK T&V vofjiw 4TUTi[j.ioi5 ., and Aeschin. Ctes. 175 6 ...ev rots aurots ^Trm/^ots faro 8eiv ^^x ff ^ai v affrpdrevTOV Kal rbv XeXoi7r6ra TTJV rd^iv Kal rbv SeiXbv 6/uo/ws.

TOV (JteyaXa Upoo-vX-rjo-avTa] 'a man who had committed great sacrilege': Madvig, 27.

Tificopia KoXa^ov...wpi(rav] For Ti;uw/)e?cr0cu)(/coXci'e', see infra 123, 146, nn. Note the impfs. d-jr^KTeivov, K6\a?ov, tfrfjilovv, 'nor was it their practice to,' etc.)(ract*', u>pi

ov& TOV \Av oiKeTT]v...tp-yov TWV vo(xi|jLwv] 'nor did they impose a money fine on him who had killed a slave, while they ' excluded him who had killed a freeman from the public rites : oiKtryv is obj. of diroKTeivavTa, which is to be supplied after TOP

5 tXetidepov. elpyov TWV vopifjuav : cf. Antiph. Zte Chor. 36

6 oCrws l eiretddv rts yap v6fji.os ?x > dTroypa(f>y V vo^l^wv^ Dem. Lept. 158 6 ApdKwv...ypd6fov ffirovduv, KpaT-rjpuv, lepuv, dyopas. Cf. also supra 5 els rrjv dyopav e/x/SaXXovra /cat r&v KQIV&V iep&v fjLertxovTa n., infra 142.

aXX* op-oicos eirl irdcri...TT)v tilP'^av] 'but for all offences alike, even the smallest, they defined death as the penalty.' For eirl 134 NOTES [65 c. dat. 'in the case of,' cf. the common vb^ov nQfrai tirl TIVI,

'to make a law in the case of a person' (for or against him) : so v6/j.os /cctrcu tirL TIVL. Kal TOIS IX.: the Kal is intensive = etiam: rather different is the 'corrective' use of the conj. in e.g.

Dem. De Cor. 12 /neydXas Kal rds , etc.) where it stands in predicative apposition to rr)v fyfj.lav, 'the (legal) penalty,' which latter, however, is often anarthrous: cf. Thuc. in. 44 Qo.vo.rov foftlav Trpoddvi, and other exx. cited by Rehd., App. 2, p. 145.

' 66. ov -yap irpos TO tStov K.T.\.] For they did not severally have an eye to the individual aspect of the deed that had been done, nor did they gauge the enormity of a crime by that standard (vTevdev = airb TOV idiov TOV y. 7r.):"what they con- sidered rather was just this, whether the particular offence was calculated, if it acquired a wider scope, to inflict serious injury

' on the community : r6 IOLOV represents what we may term the material aspect of the crime (e.g. whether it was a sacrilege or a petty theft, etc.), as opposed to the moral aspect and the motive behind it. For dirt(3\eTre, cf. supra 10 Trpbs eK6.Tepov...a.irop\t-

Tropres . eXajipavov : 'judged,' 'estimated': cf. Thuc. II..42 rijv r&v tvavTLwv njj.wpLav irodeivortpav Xa/Sovres, 'holding it more dear to them,' in. 20 (of the Plataean besieged) T^V el ^vfj./j.^rpT)ffiv T&V K\iiJ.a.Kwv oOrws fXa/3oj', Lys. X. 13 OVTU TOVS j>6fj.ovs \a/j,(3dveis. el ir|>vKe : the tense of the recta : they asked ' ' themselves dpa irtyvKe, is the crime calculated ? etc. : for

irXetov : TrtyvKC, cf. supra 4 6 j/6/xos 7rc0. irpo\tyew n. lirl eX06v conditional, 'if it went to greater lengths,' 'by acquiring a wider scope.' to Kal -yap aTOirov...f-6T

Trjs...iriypaTJs a&bv tarw ^erdo-cu, Ib. u. 66] NOTES 135

a were 'p -yap, K.T.\.] 'For supposing, gentlemen, person to enter the Metroum and erase one law, and then plead that its erasure made no difference to the state would you not have condemned him to death ? Yes, and rightly, to my mind, if you were to guarantee the preservation of the rest' (roi)s aXXous sc. serves to v6/m.ovs). For tpe 'before a question which usually

refute another,' v. L.S. s.v. <]>tpw, IX. 3 and reff. TO Mryrp^ov : the Metroum, the temple of Cybele, mother of the gods, stood

in the marketplace near the council chamber ((3ov\evTripiov) : it

was the work of Phidias, and in it the state archives were kept :

cf. Dem. F.L. 129 v TCHS KOIVOIS ro?s Uyuer^pois ypa./u,fia

WTpipi,), Aeschin. Ctes. 187, etc. 6i...4aX\|/iv...diroX.o'YOiTo

...OVK av dirKTevaT6 ; We have here a mixed conditional sen- tence, which it is quite easy to make conform to type by reading

> fri\i\j/ei'...aTre\oyetTO (Dobree) or a.iroKTelva.iT (Es). But there is no reason for suspecting the text, the indie, in the apodosis being explained by a sudden change in the point of view of the speaker, who concludes as though he had put (more vividly) a supposed case in the past (indie.) rather than one of remote future contingency (opt.): Goodwin, M.T. 508. ^aXe/^etev, of the act) (d7roXo7otro, of the attempt (conative), 'should seek

' to put forward the plea. tiro. : so regularly (without KcU) in conditional clauses, 'marking continuation and further conse- quence' (Madvig, 185, R. 6): cf. Dem. 01. I. 12 el 5t

Trpo"r)

eiv, but just immediately |X\\T...'irotTJ

(aor.) or a continuous process (pres.) : the fut. may represent either.

67. TOV avTov...Tpoirov] Cf. supra 60 ov 5e rpbirov OVTOS e%e\Lirv n. KoXaor&v 4

(Ko\ao-Tos terlv oBros) : contrast the Latin usage in the case of verbs that take an object ace. So infra 135 TOVTOV... ^aiTTjrtov. dXV ls TO irpdvp.a] sc. \oyietcr6e, 'but you will have an eye to the fact,' and the principle which it involves, els TO irp. seems capable of being joined with \oyteia-0e on the analogy of \e~yetv els ai)r6 TO Trpay/j,a, KaTrjyopeiv els avTO TO TT. (cf. Dem. LVII. 7,

Antiph. VI. 9, etc.) and other exx. cited by Rehd., App. 2, ad loc. The text, however, has been freely emended ; see Crit. App-

ro p] iroXXovs...ii}XTpov VTv>xt](ia ctvai] 'that it is a piece of good fortune for us not to have had many such (citizens),' i.e. such as L. : the clause r6 ^...yeveffdai is subj. of i]/j^Tepov...elvat. p-ovos TWV #X\wv] Rather a curious, but frequent, expression

(cf. infra 102 fwvov TUV #XXwv iroiyT&v) for the more logical fj.6vos r&v TrdvTwv (cf. supra 50, infra 131). Infra 143 we have /^POS TWV TTO\LTWV simply. c. 17. 68-74. But I am most indignant of all at the plea that Leocrates' departure did not constitute desertion: did not ourforefathers abandon the city and cross over to Salamis in the war with Xerxes ? As if the two cases had anything in common !

' 1 Who wo^lld not envy the record of those deserters' who forced on thefight at Salamis and saved the rest of the Greeks in spite of themselves, and nearly stoned to death Alexander, Xerxe? 7] NOTES 137 envoy? who championed Greece for ninety years, won by sea and land at the Eurymedon, fixed limits for the barbarian, and gave the Greeks of Asia autonomy ? Where in all this do we trace the spirit of Leocrates ? OUK &TTI from 68. S Tovro...t ns X TO ]

Atfew tarl TO. a, ei 'AvdoKid~r)s...8ld(t)ai SlK-rjv, c. Theomnest.

6. vxeTO must be translated as a plupf. (cf. Goodwin, 37)* as its action must be referred strictly to the case of L., 'that departure from the city (on that occasion after Chaeronea) cannot be construed as treason.'

ore irpos H. eiroXfi.ovv...8UpT]

orTlv...KaTairpovT]Kci)s] The periphrastic perf. 'expresses more fully the continuance of the result of the action of the perfect to the present time': Goodwin, 45. wore TO KoX\i

ToX/u yap \eyeiv o?s 'AXKi/3tetiyoi>Tas ^V\TJV KardXafieiv KOL dfr8pa re^eiv KO.L irpbs ra

irpoafiaXeiv, xai raura TrotTjcraj'Tas OVK o^etSos ro?s iraial

' ', dXXd Ti/j.r)v...KTr]O'a(r6ai. rj^iuffe : has presumed': Goodwin, 58.

69. TOV TOTTOV |Jt6TT]XXa5av] Cf. supra 50 rbv filov fj.er- ifi\\aav n.

70. 'EreoviKos [t^v -yap K.r.X.] For the preliminaries to Salamis, cf. generally Her. vin. cc. 49-82, and esp. cc. 56, 70,

74 for the attitude of the Peloponnesians : also Isocr. Paneg. 93 d0tf/ws yap airdvTuv TWV (Tiyiyudxwp Sta/cei/i^vwv, /cat IleXo-

jrovvrjffLwv fjifr bi.arei.'x^^bvTwv rbv 'Icr^yudv /cai ^T\ro{jvrwv Idiav aurols crwTTjpiav, K.T.\. Note, however, that in Herod.'s account

(a) the Lacedaemonian commander, who was also commander of the confederate fleet, is Eurybiadas, not Eteonicus. Lye. is ap- parently thinking of the Spartan general of the latter name who 138 NOTES [70 appears towards the close of the Peloponnesian War, and in the Corinthian War, and is mentioned several times by Xen.

{Hell. i. 6, II. i, v. i); (b] the Aeginetans support the Athenians and Megarians in urging the expediency of fighting at Salamis

(c. 74). The Peloponnesian scheme of falling back on the Isthmus would of course have meant the sacrifice of Aegina.

The part which Lye. makes them play here (as Rehd. well remarks, App. 3, p. 170) would no doubt appear quite plausible to his hearers in view of the traditional enmity between Athens and Aegina, which was bitterly intensified by the subsequent expulsion of the Aeginetans from their island about the beginning of the Peloponnesian War (431 B.C.). TO A. vavrtKov: Aegina was represented by a contingent of thirty ships at Salamis, Her. vin. 46. avTois...irop(6

141 irapa.Kadio'afji.frovs eaurots. cYKaTaXetiron-evoi] 'finding themselves threatened with aban- ' : like to ': donment' cf. infra 95 ^y/caraXa/i/Sai'o/uej'oi', be caught Goodwin, 25. Pta...t]\v9pw(rav] ceteros quoque etiam invitos liberaverunt: ' often (3ia, in spite of themselves,' here without the gen. which accompanies it : Thuc. i. 43 fila TJ/ULUV, Soph. Ant. 79 filq.

The 'compulsion,' according to the well- known story, came from Themistocles, who sent Sicinnus to Xerxes with a message that the Greeks intended to sail away in the night. Xerxes thereupon proceeded to block up the straits to prevent their escape (Aesch. Pers. 353^-, Her. vm. 75, 76). Cf. Isocr. Paneg. 97 ^vayKdud^ffav (sc. ot IIeXo7roj>j/?7

ri)v dpcT^v O.VT&V (sc. T&V 'Afl^cuwj'), /cat vopl-

cos Ka.T^pa>v irpoo-TJKe] sc. Trepiyevevdai. Cf. Isocr. Paneg. 72

j.(poTpuv (sc. rQi

aWpO)^ TTpO(TTJKV. 71] NOTES 139

Either TOWS \ikv Vp-y6TovvTs, revs 8fc [Lo.\6[uvoi vtKwvTts] in (a) evepyeTovvres and fj.ax6fj.evot. VIK&VTCS ('conquering battle') with go irepiyeyovacri, or (b] evepy. and /tax- are both subordinate to VIKUVTCS. Rehd. and Sofer both explain as (), but VLKOLV fj,ax6/mei>oi is so frequent in Gk. that it is impossible to decide between the two: cf. Rehd., App. 2, ad loc. apa Y* ofjioioi] 'A good match, forsooth, for the man who ' fled his country on a four days' voyage to Rhodes ! apd ye introduces a question which constitutes a reduclio ad absurdum in the c. Aristocr, light of previous argument : cf. Dem. 43 r6 apd ye fjuKpbv ?} rb TVXOV tffnv virep ov del XC

1 infra 19, 123. TO> v-yovTi : perhaps, though not necessarily, impf. ptcp. : Goodwin, 140. TTTapcov ^p.pwv irXovv: a secondary ace. of 'the extent of the action' denoted by the verb: 'he fled his country a four days' voyage': Madvig, 26. of I 71. T| irovTax&os K.T.X.] 'One those men, suppose, would readily have brooked such conduct (as L.'s), instead of stoning to death the man who sought to sully their valour' : the slight inconsistency ('one... their') in the rendering offered may be said to reflect the change of subject in Tivttrxe ris...Kare- \evcra.v, scilicet of ironical see TI TTOV, sane, opinor, ', conjecture: further below. rax^ws : cf. the corresponding use of \rj, lit. ' ' at one's leisure,' which comes to have the meaning scarcely,'

'hardly': freq. in Plato. TOIOVTOV: this is the regular form of the neut. in Homer, and the best MSS. of Plato give rmovrov, rrjXiKouTov, TOVOVTOV, Tatirdv, rarely the -o forms : Meyer, Griech. 3 Gr. p. 519. dXX* OVK av KareXevorav: the OVK is not redundant or contradictory, as may appear at first sight, if we remember that the whole sentence is under the influence of r) TTOV and that the Greeks said dXX' ov where we say more naturally 'a^not': the sense therefore is, 'I suppose they would have tolerated it... and not have stoned (or, instead of stoning) to death.' rbv TOV KaTawr^vvovra : conative : cf. supra 53 TOVS (fietiyovras rrjs Trarpidos K'IVOVVOV n. 140 NOTES [71

yovv] yovv indicates the transition from conjecture to historical fact : 'they would have stoned L. : at all events they stoned A.' TOV impel g. irpwpcvTTJv 'A.] Alexander of Macedon, son of Amyntas I, had been obliged to submit to Persia as early as the expedition of Mardonius in 4926.0., and accompanied Xerxes in his invasion of Greece in 480 B.C. On the latter occasion, he dissuaded the Greeks from attempting to defend the pass of Tempe (Her. vu. 173), and Herodotus makes him appear again at Plataea to warn the Athenians of Mardonius' intention to attack on the morrow (ix. 44, 45). He is described by Herod, as irpo&ivos Kal evepytTTjs (vin. 136) and again as Trpo&ivfo re Kal TWI> i\os (sc. 'A.dr)i>alwv} (Ibid. 143). The only mission that we hear of his having undertaken to Athens is that described by

Herod. VIII. 136 ff., in the interval between Salamis and Plataea, when he came as the immediate representative of Mardonius, not 'to demand earth and water,' but as the bearer of most honourable terms for Athens on condition of her accepting the status of a free ally of Persia. The offer was rejected, but we

' ' hear nothing of Alexander being almost stoned to death a treatment indeed which would be strangely inconsistent with the uniformly friendly relations between Athens and the Macedonian king to which other sources testify. Herodotus, however, goes on to relate (ix. 4, 5) the episode of the stoning of Lycidas

(cf. infra 122) for proposing that a similar offer of Mardonius, conveyed this time by one Murychides, should be accepted ; and we can hardly help concluding that Lycurgus has simply confused Alexander's mission with the Lycidas incident. (Cf. Macan,

Herod. Bks. vn-ix, vol. II, p. 41.) yr\v Kal v8a>p: 'earth and water,' the Persian tokens of submission. [xucpov 8iv: infin. absol., 'almost': Goodwin, 779. oirov 8...^ irov K.T.X.] 'When therefore they thought fit to exact vengeance for mere words, they would have refrained, I imagine, from visiting with severe penalties a man who had in deed given over their city to the mercy of their enemies': for this type of sentence, in which STTOV (in a causal sense) introduces 72] NOTES 141 a case just established, or not disputed, with ^ irov introducing an a fortiori argument based upon it ('much more' or 'much less,' as the sense requires), cf. Andoc. De Myst. 86 OTTOU ovv TTOV ctypci0(fj v6/J.<{3 OVK eTJ lcrpart, Travrdiraa-iv ov del xM"a

(like the present one) seem capable of being taken as either. [Rehd. and Thalh. place a point of interrogation after

I follow Matzner (Sch., Bl.) in omitting it.] TOV \6yov .. . a somewhat forced example of the favourite antithesis. TOU \6yov refers more specifically to A.'s message: A. offended only in words, L. in deeds. ov p-ydXcus...CK6Xa(rav: ov by position belongs to yueydXcus perhaps rather than to ic6\a(Tav, but the sense is the same: 'I presume they would have visited with light (ov peydXais) penalties'...'! presume they would have refrained-from -visiting (OVK eKbXaaav) with heavy penalties.'

72. VVi]KovTa fi^v ^TT]] e^SofJi^KovTa [to which Taylor (Bl.) corrected frev. of the MSS., and which Lye. may really have written, for numerals are notoriously liable to confusion] would better with the of other certainly agree figures writers ; but there is in for nothing intrinsically improbable ^vevfjKovra, Lye. , whom we have already detected in an error of 200 years in regard to Messene (supra 62 n.), might quite well be 20 years out in his reckoning here. The terminus ad quem of the first Athenian empire was no doubt Aegospotami (4056.0.): the terminus a quo seems to have been less certain. [Lysias] (n. 55) speaks of 70 years; Isocr. Paneg. 106, 70 years, Panath. 56, 65 years; Dem. Phil. ill. 23, 73 years. If we take in conjunction with

Dem. I.e., [Dem.] De Syntax, [or. Xlll] 26 flr&re /ue^ /cat 9 T&V rerrapdKOVT ^TTJ 'RXXrjvuv rip^av CK^VTUV iKeivoi (sc. ol irpoyovoi), where CKOVTUV means 'up to the Peloponnesian War,' 432-431 B.C., Dem.'s 73 years will be as nearly as possible 477-405B.C., giving as the (usually accepted) terminus a quo the capture of Sestus. 142 NOTES [72

Kttt K. eiropBTjo-av] Perhaps a rhetorical exag- geration of the victory gained by the Athenians off Salamis in Cyprus over a combined Phoenician and Cilician fleet, after raising the siege of Citium, in the course of which Cimon had died (c. 449 B.C.) : Thuc. I. 112 Klfuavos 5e aTrodavbvTos...

dirb Kiriov, Kal ir\et

oli>tt-i Kai KiXi^tv ^vavfj.dx'n^a.v Kal eTrefo/x.d^Tjcraj' a/ia, Kal viK-rio-avres d^orepa dirf^ptiffav ^TT' OLKOV. The objection that this victory was some 18 years later than that at the Eurymedon, and would naturally have been referred to after and not before the latter, need not be regarded as serious in an orator whose strong point is not historical accuracy (see notes at is on the two preceding ), and who best summing up in a few graphic touches the main features of Graeco-Asiatic relations over an extended period. eir* Evpv[ie'8ovTi] 'at the Eurymedon,' a river in Pamphylia, where the Greeks under Cimon won a brilliant double victory by sea and land over the Persian fleet and army (c. 467) : Thuc.

I. 100 ; Diod. xi. 60-62; Plut. Vit. dm. 12, 13. 8 IKO.TOV rpii]pis...Xa|3ov] Thuc. Lc. Kal el\ov rpi-/ipeis QoivlKwv Kal ditydetpav ras ?rdcras cs diaKocrias, which seems to mean, as we say, 'they took or destroyed 200 in all.' Plut. dm. 12 ad Jin. makes them capture 200. If Lycurgus' figures are to be pressed, we may suppose (a) that he is giving the number of vessels captured at the Eurymedon, as opp. to those destroyed (cf. Diod. xi. 60 and inscr. ibid. 62, which, however, be that is the at the may not relevant) ; (b] he confusing victory Eurymedon with a later victory (itself a confusion with that won at Salamis, supra?) off Cyprus, attributed to Cimon by Diod. and Plut., in which the former (xn. 3) makes him capture '100

vessels with their crews'; (c) that he is not referring to the immediate results of the Eurymedon victory at all, but to the results of operations extending over a considerable period.

73. TO KccfxxXaiov TTJS VKT]S] 'to crown their victory,' an expression roughly in apposition with the thought of the sentence, 73] NOTES 143 like Trai> Tovvavriov, etc. : cf. infra 92 TOUT' avrb irp&rov, K.T.\. :

Madvig, 19, R. 3, 31,*.

d-yairTJ

' Cyanean islands and Phaselis.' This bridling of the barbarian' is a favourite topic with the Greek orators, and with the present passage should be compared the substantially similar statements and language of Isocr. Paneg. 118, Areop. 80, Panath. 59; Dem. F.L. 273; Plut. Vit. dm. 13; Diod. xn. 4. All the passages cited agree with Lycurgus in respect of the sea-limit prescribed, except that Dem. and Plut. substitute 'the Cheli- donian islands' [S.W. of Phaselis] for Phaselis; the land-limit (which Lycurgus omits) is specified by Isocr. (Areop., Panath., ll.cc.) as 'this side the river Halys' (evrbs "AXuos TroTct/xoO), by

Dem. and Plut., ll.cc., as 'within a day's ride of the sea,' and by Diod., I.e., as 'within a three days' march of the sea.' The last-mentioned further makes 'the independence of all the Greek cities in Asia' one of the articles subscribed to by the Persian. From a comparison of Lycurgus and the other authorities quoted, it further appears that Lycurgus, Plutarch and Diodorus expressly, and Isocrates and Demosthenes presumably, connect this circumscription of Persian power with the victory at the Eurymedon : sometimes it is represented as an ipso facto result of that victory (Isocr. Paneg. 118, Areop. 80), but Isocr. at another place (Paneg. 120), and Dem., Plut. and Diod., ll.cc., as Lycurgus here, speak of a definite 'peace' (dp-fjvri) or 'con- vention' (0-W077/CCU) concluded between Athens and Persia. Dem., Plut. and Diod. all name Callias as the Athenian ambassador to

Persia, though the first two are sharply at variance as- to the treatment accorded him on his return (Dem. I.e. KdXXiav rbv

'lTnroviKov...6Ti ScDpo. XajSet*' 5oe Trpecr/Seucras, [UKOOV CiT

' Plut. I.e. 0a(ri 5e /cat jSw/iov dprjvrfs 5id Taura TOVS 144 NOTES [73

i5ptirws). Plut. further mentions that a copy of the convention was to be found

'in the c. tv rcus collection of Craterus' (flor. 2508.0. \j/r)l

Cimon), which is now generally dated (by those who accept it) to c. 448 B.C., or some twenty years later than the victory at the Eurymedon, is evidently wrapt in an obscurity of long standing, and modern historians are divided in opinion as to its historicity. We may perhaps safely assume that a definite understanding resulting in peace was come to between Athens and Persia about the date mentioned, but that the conditions subscribed to by the latter were in course of time much exaggerated by Athenian vanity, which required, at a later date, a plausible off-set to the discreditable Peace of Antalcidas (386 B.C.). In particular, the limit prescribed for the operations of the Persian land forces (the river Halys) is ridiculous, and the Great King 'certainly did not stoop to the humiliation of formally acknowledging the independence of the Greek cities of Asia.' Bury, H.G. (1900), p. 360. See also Grote, H.G. (1904), vol. iv. pp. 422-8;

Holm, H.G. vol. n. pp. 176-8. ficiKpw irXouu : 'i.q. navis longa, the long and narrow ship-of-war)(0-rpo77i5\77 vavs, 6\/ccts,

' yaOXos, navis oneraria, the rounded and roomy merchant-vessel (Sandys on Isocr. Paneg. 118, s.w. fiaKpbv TT\OIOV). K.uavv ...^cunjXiSos: the Cyanean islands (or rocks otherwise the Symplegades) were situated at the entrance to the Euxine (Black Sea): Phaselis was a sea-coast town of Lycia, standing on a headland overlooking the Pamphylian gulf. 'The light sailing-boat called the phase/us is supposed to have been in- vented there, and was commonly represented on the coins of the place.' Sandys, I.e. [The dictt., however, derive from 0

l 74. ol'eo-0' av...TovTv av TI -ycveo-Oai] av is sometimes used twice, or even three times, with the same verb... to make the conditional force felt through the whole, especially when the connexion is broken by intermediate clauses': Goodwin, 223. yvr0ai...KaToiKtv] 'would have been achieved '...' would still be inhabiting.' vjxas is necessary to distinguish the subject of Ka.Toi.KeLV from that of yeveffdai, and is also intended to balance

the iVas which follows y^x^^'n as obj. below. c. 18. 75-78. Your attitude to^vards such cases as Leocrates' is attested by your ancient laws and by the oath which all the citizens swear when they come to man's estate. If Leocrates took that oath, he has palpably perjured himself; if he did not, he has manifestly made up his mind to shirk his duty from the first. The oath you shall now hear. Leocrates has flouted every clause of it. Will you reserve your vengeance for those who have violated but one clause^ and so put a premium upon great crimes ?

75. rva rpoirov vvo|iiKare] 'what your standing attitude is to cases like these,' lit. 'what manner you have adopted

(made customary).' irepl TOVTWV : TOIJTUV may be either masc. referring to robs KO.KOVS of the previous sentence, or neut. referring to L. 's actions, the latter being the more probable. irws ^X T TCt^s Siavofrus] Cf. supra 48 oi>x 6/xo/ws tyova-iv... rats evvotais n.

OJJLWS KcUirp irpo9 clSoras BicXOctv] i.q. Kalirep irpos ei'Soras, 3/iws 5ieA0etV. For the position of fyius close to the protasis, though really belonging to the verb of the apodosis, cf. Thuc.

VIII. 93 ol TfTpaK6ffLoi...6fJi:Us Kal redop\i^r]fJL^voL vv\yoi>To =

Kaitrep reOopv^^voi, 6/x.ws ., and other exx. quoted by L. S.

s.v. II. : ofjuas, Trpos etSoras BieXdeiv so Thuc. II. 36 p.a,Kp-riyopeiv v etd6

ols av irpoo-t'xiiTe] cf. supra 10 irpocr^x iv TOUTC? T<$ aywvi n.

76. iri8dv . . .eyypa<}>ttT]poi -ycvwyTai] 'whenever they are enrolled in the public register and rank as ephebi.' P.L. 10 146 NOTES [76

The institution of tyypela at Athens comes into prominence in the second half of the 4th cent. B.C. and appears to have been an elaboration of a system of training for the Athenian youth, mainly military in character, which was in vogue as early, at least, as the time of Thucydides. On attaining the age of 18, the youth passed a scrutiny (SoKLfMa) . For the next two years he ranked as an tcprjfios and underwent a course of training at the public expense, under the supervision of a chief was assisted ten the officer (KOpoviffTal. For first year the ephebi were charged with police duty at Munychia in the after a shield and along the coast ; second year, receiving and spear from the state, they patrolled the frontiers or garrisoned the forts (cf. the older irepiiroXoi). On the occasion of receiving his arms, or perhaps when he entered upon his course of discipline, the ephebus took an oath of loyalty to his country at the temple of Aglaurus (see infra). The ephebi of each tribe messed together, somewhat after the Spartan manner, and there was a uniform ephebic dress, consisting of a dark mantle and a broad-brimmed hat. Much of our information regarding the 'epheby' is derived from a body of 'ephebic' inscriptions, the earliest dating from c. 334 E.G., embodying lists of ephebi or complimentary decrees respecting them. In the course of the third and following cents. B.C. the military and gymnastic training was supplemented, and to some extent replaced, by courses in philosophy, rhetoric and science, and the whole system corre- sponded more or less to a modern university education. See Aristotle, 'A0. IloX. c. 42, with Sandys' notes; A. Dumont,

ill. 621 ff. Ufcphtbie attiqiie; P. Girard in Darem. and Sag. pp. (1891). TO. Upd oirXa] i.e. the shield and spear given by the state. to 8v KaTcuo-xweiv, etc. : the fut. infins. refer of course op/cos,

6/ji.t>tovffi irdvT$ ol TToXtrcu, the substance of which they embody.

artificial dilemma : the does ov el |JLV 6jjLw|xoK6] an speaker not doubt that L., as a matter of fact, took the oath in his time. 77] NOTES 147

evOvs SrjXos rri irapao-Kevacrajxcvos] 'he has plainly made up his mind to evade his duty from the first.' For irapa.

56cu. os> ovS^v ironfo-wv : see Crit. App. dv0' v: i.q. wcrre, 'wherefore,' drawing the inference from the argument preceding. 77. The 'ephebic' oath which follows is preserved in Poll. viu. 105, Stobae. Floril. XLIII. 48. TOV irapaorTdTTjv OTW av O-TOIXTJO-W] 'the comrade by whose ' side I shall be ranged in battle : irapaffTdrrj^ is one's comrade- on-the-flank, as TryxxrrdTTjs is one'sfront-rank-man, and eTna-rdr?;? one's rear-rank-man : Arist. Eth. Nic. v. 2. 5 d eyKctT&nre TOV

irl is TrapatTTdTrjv, deiXlav (sc. ytverai T) lirava^opd, 'the act referred to cowardice'), Soph. Ant. 671. orot^o'w : of arrange- ment in 'rows' or 'ranks' (

lepwv...6crfo>v] sacra et profana: Thuc. II. 52 (of the plague- stricken Athenians) es 6\iyupiav erpdirovro KCLI Icp&v /ecu ba'uav O/AOWS, etc.

dpetco] 'better' (^/AR, *ctpw, apapiffKw) is the comp. corre- sponding roughly to a/no-ros : epic and tragic, rare in prose.

IT. : = civ 6'

vt]KOTJV del Kpaivbvrwv : 'the rulers for the time being' : the verb is poetical. [I have adopted KpaivovTwv (Blass) for Kpivbvrwv of the MSS.]

' ' TOIS 0

: cf. supra 64 TWV dpxaluv vo/AodeTutv n.

6[iocf>p6vws] with Treto'o/ji.a.i. dvaip-p] conative, 'seek to subvert,' de media tollere.

OVK lirirpexj/w] Cf. supra 13 n. Upd rd irdrpia] Cf. supra 25 TOL lepd ra Trarpfa n. Co-ropes 6o(] 'as witness the gods,' etc. tcrrup occurs twice in 148 NOTES [77

Homer (//. XVIII. 501 eiri foropi irecpap eX&70cu, XXIII. 486 foropa 5' 'ATpeidyv 'Aya^fJivova ddopev a/x-i)$uv opKov. Herod, (vm. 53) makes the Persians scale the Acropolis at the point where this shrine was situated (on the north side, near the cave of Pan), and describes Aglaurus as the daughter of Cecrops (/card TO Ipbv rijs K^/c/307ros Bvyarpbs 'AyXavpov). She and her two sisters, Pandrosos and Herse, were charged by Athena (according to the legend) with the keeping of the chest in which was the child Erichthonius : Aglaurus and Herse, who proved false to their trust, were driven mad and threw themselves from the rocks of the Acropolis (Paus. I. 18;

Eur. Ion, -270 sqq.). Another legend, however, preserved in

Ulpian (quoted by Shilleto on Dem. F.L. I.e.} connected the shrine with the self-immolation of 'Aglaurus' on behalf of the state and the as the ; occasion, further, was represented war of Erechtheus and Eumolpus (infra 98, 99). 'Aglaurus' was thus apparently identified with the daughter whom the oracle required Erechtheus to sacrifice, but whom Lycurgus does not name (rrjv Ovyartpa d 6\j Toivvi> Qa.vo.rov. TJ 'A.ypa.v\os eKOvaa O.VTT]V ^e5

TrpoTTv\aia Trjs TroXeus, /cat eKe?fj.vvov ('went there to take the oath') 01 07^3oi fj,t\\ovTes ivai els TroXe/iov. On the whole, the statement of Ulpian seems to point to a very general confusion between Aglaurus, daughter of Cecrops, and (a namesake ?) the 78] NOTES 149 daughter of Erechtheus and Praxithea, who sacrificed herself for her country. What seems to be certain is that Aglaurus (as well as Pandrosos and Herse) was originally a title of Athena herself, and we may suppose that the legends connected with 'Aglaurus,' which probably have reference to an ancient human sacrifice, were only evolved long after the goddess and these titles had parted company. Aglaurus (Agraulus), in fact, to adapt Prof. Bury's dictum on Lycurgus (the Spartan lawgiver), 'was not a a woman ; she was only goddess.' 'Evvd\ios"ApT]s] These words probably denote one deity, not two; for 'Ewd\ios is an epithet of Ares in his special character as war-god (Horn. //. xvn. i io"Apr)<; detvbs evvAXios), or occurs absol.

'' as his name (76. XX. 69 &VTO. 5' 'EvvaXioio dea yXavK&Tns M^vij: ef. Soph. At. 179, Eur. Andr.ioi6), while the two are distinguished by Ar. Pax 457 and later writers. The names are used of one deity in an oath on an Arcadian inscr. published in 1906. There was a shrine of Enyalius in Salamis, founded by Solon to commemo- rate the recovery of the island from the Megarians. (See Jebb on At. I.e. and App.) 0a\Xw, Av|w, 'H-yejAovT]] 'Growth,' 'Increase,' 'Guidance': the first, one of the Horae; the second and third, two of the Charites (Graces).

' ' . . .6 An honourable and oath ! we Ka\6s y 6'pKos | holy may say, though the adjs. are, of course, predicative. rva 8' av rpoirov] Cf. supra 60 ftv 5e rpoirov n. 78. irov] 'how?,' perhaps, rather than 'where?,' as fre-

T. TTOU ffv el c. quently: cf. Soph. 0. 390 fj.dvns cra(f>^s ; Dem. Aristocr. 58 TTOU 5e yfroir &v ravra; T(VI 8* av...irap8wK6 p.iova irpoSo

rivi be taken as neut. in tion whether should (' by what?'), app. latter with irpodofflg, (so Sofer), or personally ('to whom?'): the is favoured, I think, by rots TroXe/^ois following, and has perhaps some support from Lys. xni. 62 ol (rrpcm/y^o-apTes vfuv iro\~ Xct/cts /ieifaj TTjv Tr6\iv rots diadex ^1' 01 *

(so Rehd., ad loc.). n. TO -yap TOVTOV p.e'pos] Cf. supra 1 7 rb xad' avrbv /j.tpos VJT. e

ctra] Cf. supra 27 ^Treira TOV TrpoS6vTa...ovK airoKTcvetTe ; n. rfvas ovv Tin-wp^o-co-Bc;] 'whom then will you punish?' apa] 'one must conclude': cf. supra 27 n. [tC'ydXa dSiKctv] 'to commit great offences': Madvig, 27.

' el avei

79. Kal (XTJv] introducing a new argument, as regularly in the orators : in tragedy, to mark the entrance of a new character on the stage. Kal /cd/ceivo Tov0'] so often (cf. illud), referring to, and explained by, the 6Vt clause following: cf. supra 14 n. TO cf. o-vve'xov T-qv Sr^noKpaTiav] Andoc. De Myst. 9 tiirep

Kal avvfyet /j.6vov rr]v ir6\iv (sc. TO \l/fj^>l^eadat Kara TOVS tipnovs),

Dem. c. Timocr. i a SOKCI ffvv^eiv rrjv Tro\iTlav, 79] NOTES 151

rpia -yap TTIV] For the didactic tone, cf. supra 4 rpia ydp 4

TO. fj-tyiffTa, K.T.X., 10 860 yap GTI ra iraiSevovTO, TOVS vtovs, K.T.\. 6 ISuoTTjs] the term here means simply 'one who takes no part in public affairs,' 'private individual': as such it is contrasted with

/SatrtXefo, apxwv, 0-77x1x7776?, Si/cao-riyj, TroXireu^Aievos (v. L.S. s.v. n). Rather different is the meaning at supra 31 dpa/SoTjcreTcu

' atiriKa ws t5ic6r?7y wv, where the contrast is with the professional speaker': see note.

ravTT]v irfo-Tiv 8C8w

' ' irta-Tiv = this pledge.' If there is anything in Greek [prose] more certain than another, it is that TOVTO irpay/ua, minus the article,

for this affair, is a solecism of the grossest kind' (Hickie on Andoc. De Myst. 39, where he enumerates the uses of oCros in which the article may be omitted, and cites as parallels to the

passage in the text, Aeschin. Fals. Leg. 40 e^-rjyTjTTjv TOVTOV Xafitbv, 'him as an instructor,' Isocr. De Pace, 4 ra.i)rt\v r^xvW w 'I have this as business' vr v Xen. Oecon. x > my (rrjv r^x l Blass), XI. 14 TrepiTrdry roi/ry xp&pai, 'this as a constitutional exercise').

eUoTcos rows (x^v -yap] cf. supra 47 n.

< Kal iroXXol T)'8ti...a Tr\v0T]

...have not only escaped (i.e. it often happens that people not only escape)... but actually go unpunished for such crimes for the

' rest of their lives : the aorist is here seen in the stage of transition from the ordinary to the gnomic use, a circumstance which makes it more easily coupled with the present (adqol etVi), though the present also denotes the state of impunity as opposed to the act Cf. II. TroXXa of escape (dTreXtfflTyaw). Thuc. 89 trrparoTreSa ijdr} tireaev vir' \a

aXXov xpovov: 'for all future time.' rwv dSiKijuaTtov : i.e. from the consequences of them, 'unpunished for' them. el ot iraiSt's The classic is (it) avros, Y K.r.X.] example perhaps

Glaucus, the Lacedaemonian, who repudiated a deposit : Her. vi.

86 rXatfjcou vvv oifre TL air6yov6v GTI ovdfr otfr' Iffrlrf ov8efj.ta

elvai TXavKov ^KT^TpnrTal re Trp6ppi.fos etc 152 NOTES [79

Cf. VI. otfre 6 debs Lys. 20 yap Trapaxpfjfjia. /coAdfet (dAA' atir-r) fitv iariv avdpu-rrivr] diKfj)' Tro\\ax60ev 5 ?xu TeKfj.cup6fJ.evos ekd- fav, opuv Kal erepovs ^tre/J^ras XP^V 5c5w/c6ras diKrjv, Kal rods tKeivwv dia ra T&V irpoyovuv d/xapTTj/xara, Cic. Z? /Va/. Dear. in. c. For 38 ( 90). irepnrfrrm, agreeing with the nearer sub- cf. 2. d. i: ject, Madvig, R. [Xen.] jft?/. ^/A. i. 2 'A0iH< ^ ai oi Trvi]Tes Kal 6 drjfAos TT\OV $"Xi...TG>v ir\oval

' 80. Tavrrjv irCo-riv ^8oo-av adrois] took' or ' bound them- selves by' this pledge (strictly 'this as a pledge': cf. TOL^T^V irto-nv dldu(ru> in i.e. previous and .), by an oath, 6p/cos, with which T/crrts here is evidently interchangeable, although the two appear to be distinguished in Arist. Rhet. i. 14. 5 olov tipicovs deltas iricrreis AC.T.\. didovai iriarLV (8pKov) is usually said of 'tendering an assurance (oath),' i.e. offering to swear to another party, and

5^xe<70cu or \a/j,j3dvii> irlariv (opKov) of 'accepting such a tender from another': Xen. Cyr. vii. i. 44 TT. Sidovai /cat Xa^pdveiv, 'to

' ' ' ' exchange assurances. When the oath is proposed or ad- ministered' to oneself, dovvai ayry iri

Spxov 6/wo0"(u, 'to swear an oath.'

ov Trap' avrwv eupovrts, dXXd (ii|iT)(rdfJLCvoi T6v...t0wr|xvov opKov] The 'customary oath' is apparently the 'ephebic' oath (supra 77), though the 'Plataean' oath quoted does not resemble it very closely. The historicity of the oath here recorded by Lycurgus as having been taken by the confederate Greeks before Plataea has been generally doubted, both on intrinsic grounds and especially in view of the silence of Herodotus on the subject.

Isocrates (Paneg. 156) attributes to the lonians (after the capture of Miletus, 494 B.C., and the burning by the Persians of the of temple Apollo at Branchidae ?) an imprecation, closely parallel to the 'Plataean' oath of Lycurgus, upon those who should seek to restore the burnt shrines; but here again Herodotus and the historians are silent. It may well be, however, that the loyal Greeks resolved not to rebuild the burnt temples a resolution, indeed, which is quoted by Pausanias (x. 35. 2) as accounting for the ruinous condition of certain notable temples in his own day. 82] NOTES 153

' ' Finally, Theopompus denounced the Plataean oath as an Athenian fabrication. Herodotus, however, does record (vil. 132) a solemn oath taken by the Greeks before Thermopylae to the effect that 'they would tithe, for the benefit of the god at Delphi, such as, being Greeks, uncompelled submitted to the Persian,' and we may reasonably suppose that the more elaborate formula of Lycurgus, which is repeated elsewhere (e.g. Diod. xi. 29), is 'a mere subsequent development of the short and sensible resolu- tion' mentioned by Herod. I.e. See Sandys on Isocr. Paneg. I.e.; Macan's Herodotus, vn-ix, vol. II., pp. 40, 41. iraXcuwv OVTWV] concessive.

ojiws s i'xvos] i.e. as though it were 'a sketch in outline' which can be filled in : cf. ixvoypafaa. See Crit. App.

81 . civcto-To/rov] Cf. supra 60 n.

rots TCI TOV p. irpo\o|Mvas] 'such as have espoused the cause of the barbarian.'

ScKarevcrw] 'betithe,' i.e. exact a tenth part from, by way of satisfaction; but the word as used in threats is clearly stronger than its literal meaning, and connotes 'signal punishment,' 'utter destruction,' as in its proverbial application to Thebes before

Leuctra (371 B.C.): Xen. Hell. VI. 3. 20 ol 'Adyvaioi elxov TT\V

977j3cu'ovs TO \ey6/j,evov 5rj deKarevdrjvai ATTIJ eft;.

] 'rebuild,' reficere.

82. 6V(Jiivav iv TOVT. The simple dative with

' ' in the transferred sense, abide by (rots b'pitois, rats

s, etc.), is usual, but not universal : cf. Thuc. iv. 1 18 adJin. v reus loc. rj fj,T)v ^/AfAeveiv (nrovScus, and Rehd., App. 2, ad irdvTa)v...'Yvop.V yevoir' av dro7rt6- TO.TOV n.

TOVS ykv irpo-Yovovs...v[jLds 8e] 'whereas your ancestors dared to die. ..you decline to punish': cf. supra 8, 42, etc. cvK\iav] a word of poetic flavour, like eiriTi/juov, aiw, etc. For the resumptive pronoun, cf. supra 42, 46 nn. 154 NOTES [83

C. 20. 83-89. You of all the Greeks cannot afford to over- look such offences, because your city has always been an ensample of good works to others. Your ancient kings, like Codrus, elected to die on behalf of their country, and they have found in it honourable graves. But Leocrates has no lot nor part therein, either in life or in death.

" 010 1 is 83. ols irapaSefryK- ] 'which as examples': irapaS. pre- dicative. Cf. Dem. F. L. 276 otf roLvvv ra iraXai' dv ns fyoi [Mvov eiirelv KOI 5ta TO^ITUV T&V jrapadety/JidTuv u/ms etrl

For Athens' claim to antiquity, cf. 41, 100, and notes.

84. eirl KoSpou pacriXexiovTos] Codrus, son of Melanthus, was the last king of Athens, according to the popular tradition, which added that the kingship was abolished because no one was thought worthy to succeed him 'a curious reversal of the usual causes of such a revolution' (Bury, H. G. (1900), p. 169). He is most probably a fictitious character, and the exploits attributed to him are mainly of late origin. Lyc.'s account here of the circumstances in which he met his death his disguise and his encounter with enemy soldiers agrees in the main with that of later authorities : peculiar to Lye. are (i) the famine, as the motive of the Dorian invasion; (2) the communication of the oracle to the Athenians by Cleomantis. According to other accounts, the oracle was unknown to the Athenians, but Codrus got wind of it. For the literature of the subject, see further Rehd., App. 3, p. 167.

The change of the participle in a case of this kind to agreement with the accusatival subject of the infinitive may be said to be the rule rather than the exception : cf. Thuc. I. 53 tdo&v ovv

^fjL^i^do~avTas...TTpo(nr^fJi-\l/ai, IV. 2 elirov 8 TQVTOL ...iTLfj.\r}dTJvai, Andoc. De Myst. 9 vp.&v 5eo[Ji,ai...dKpoa.

...\j/'ri

. . .Ti/jni}pTjffafj.evovy Trapadeiyfj-a TTOI^CTCU. IleXoTroj'j'T/cr/ois: partly ' L V1 with yevojji.fr'iqs a(f>oplas, partly with 5oe. 'Y VO H 1 S opas 8 NOTES 5 ] 155

the occasion of a famine in their (d-priv., 0fyu>): 'on country.' to is IfrvaffTfaavTas : tavla$...

etc r&v II. Aa>/>i&s re /cal'Iawes Qavear-rivav v^ffuv, 171 e^cwaorrdo-T/s irdvijs neXoirovvfivov VTT& Awpt&di', Soph. Ant. 297 r65' (sc. 6 apyvpos) &v8pas e^aviffT'rjfft.v 56/iwi'. Cf. avdararos, and supra 6on.

d'iro

' TT^/XTTW) is exactly the Eng. sent and asked.' tiryptiTwv : the verb is technical of consulting an oracle, as dveXeiv (infra) is of the answer: cf. Thuc. I. 25, etc. d XtjxJ/ovrai: their question 'shall take?': both and was X77^6/ie0a ; we mood tense are pre- served in the indirect question in historic sequence: cf. Dem.

F. L. 122 ej3ovXetfoj'To...Ti'' avrov KaraXetyovaiv (direct: riva

: 2. KaTa\ei\t>ofj.ev ;) Goodwin, 669. ' ave\6vTOS...Tov 0ov] on the god answering them, that,' etc.: v. L.S. s.v. dvaiptw, III, and cf. Thuc. I. 25 6 5 (sc. debs) airrois dvelXe Trapadovvat /c.r.X. l

: Plat. iv diropp-/iTt() Andoc. De Myst. 45, Theaet. 152 c, etc. oiTtos...6wvovs ^x VTS SiCT^Xow] 'to such an extent, it would appear, did they continue to enjoy the good- will even ol foreigners': though oOrws, tam> is frequently separated from its otfrws a lines adj. (cf. ^

T-qv 6p\j/a(iVTjv] sc. 777^ or TrarpLSa. But supra 47 TT]V

6p^\f/affai> O.VTOIJS n. ' SieKaprepovv els TT]V ir.] staunchly stood by their country': so 156 NOTES [85 also L.S. s.v. dtaKapreptv. [I cannot agree with Rehd. that els TT]V TT. is to be joined with Kara/cX^a-fl^res, if eiroXiopKovvro /ecu is kept: see Grit. App.]

86. er^pav (icraXXagai... \wpav] Cf. supra 50 TOV filov

yovv] introducing, as often, an actual illustration of a general statement: cf. 71, 95. irpo

' viz. slipping out by the gate,' a statement which (leaving out of

' account the equation vTrodvj>ai = slip ouf (from), in the absence of an accompanying gen. as at Od. VI. 127 da^vwv virfduffero, xx. 53 KCLKWI> virodfoeai) must be said to convey a somewhat superfluous piece of information. Nor does u7re/c5iWa, Ernesti and Schulz (Bl., Sofer), apparently in the sense of viree\06vTa,

' mend matters, for vireKSwai is properly said of stealing un-

' observed from a place of concealment (cf. Her. I. 10); but even

' admitting that the word can mean, absolutely, to make one's

1 way out secretly or unobserved,' this does not go well with Kara ris TrtfXas the last place where one might expect to do so.

' Rehdantz, in the face of these difficulties, sees only the possi-

' bility of taking /card rots TruXas with 0-yXXyeti>, and Sofer, reading u7reK5iWa, takes /card rds TT. both with the ptcp. and with

With the text as it stands, and taking virodwra in the sense which (I think) most naturally suggests itself, viz. 'going into' or 'under' something, for cover or shelter (Lat. subire), I understand Lycurgus to say that Codrus 'donning a beggar's garb and secreting as himself opposite the gate [till the opportune moment came, presently explained], set to gathering wood before the city,' and

I picture the whole episode thus : Codrus [making his way out of the town it may have been by the gate] concealed himself in a position from which he could watch for the approach of enemy soldiers : the whole narrative, indeed, assumes that he was ex- pecting them. It was essential to his project that he should himself be the first to encounter them, so as to anticipate any information they might gather as to his personal appearance or his whereabouts information which they would presumably be very eager to obtain. Immediately he saw what he was looking for, he left his place of concealment, made a feint at wood- gathering, and indeed did what he could to put himself in the way of the soldiers and pick a quarrel with them without raising any suspicions in them as to his identity or his purpose. For further discussion of the passage, see Crit. App.

diroKTeivai TO> 8peirava> irpoKo8po>...TovK68pov] Blass brackets the first, Taylor the second ; but probably both should stand (as Rehd. points out,

: T App. I, ad loc.) (a) KoSpy is necessary to show that rbv d TrepiXeX. is a subject, not a second object corresponding to rbv rbv out eTepov preceding ; (b] K6dpov serves to bring more sharply the whole point of the narrative. criraordp.vov] The middle seems more frequent than act. in this sense, but Eur. Or. 1194 i0os eiracravTa,, /. T. 322 (f>aov 158 NOTES [87

' ' 0a\|/ai] for burial : cf. supra 43 rb <7w/ia wapatrx^vTa rdj-ai n.

' Karao-xctv] oecupare, get possession of: note the aorist. for vb. collective cf. i] iro\is...28o

otoi>Tcu...Tijpavvov ovra. airodaveiv. re Kal icvovois] The article is regularly omitted in this formula.

ev irpvTavta>...v\r) irpvTaveijovffa,

L.S. s.v. -irpiJTavis), who had meals provided for them originally ' ' in the Trpvraveiov, but later in the 66\os or Round Room (for the two buildings are to be carefully distinguished, though their uses seem to have been largely similar), a number of other persons were so entertained for special reasons, whom Pollux

(IX. 40) classifies as (i) ambassadors, (2) citizens or others who had done good service to the state (oi 5i

diw#6'Tes), (3) those who had been granted perpetual mainten- Aristides ance (e? TIS K TI/J.TJS aelffiros yi>), such as the children of (Plut. Arist. 27) and the descendants of Harmodius and Aristo- giton. Dem. Lept. passim, F. L. 280, 330, etc. 88. dpa V 6|Aos] Cf. supra 70 apd 7' fytoioi T< etiyovTi T-TJV irarpida K.T.\.; n. See Grit. App. (Jtovwrarot] a superlative probably of comic origin : cf. Ar. Eq. 352, Plut. 182: so /iovwraros just below. ' associated with the Trwvv[a.oi TT^S X"PaS] nave their names country,' 'have given their names' to it, as the -fjpwei ^ird)vvfj.oi

were the heroes after whom the Athenian tribes were named :

cf. supra I rots TJpuffL rois... 15pvfj.fr ois n. to-oOeW Tipuv TeTvxTjKOTes] Cf. Dem. F. L. 280 ofls (sc. els v public benefactors) vbfj.(p 5ia rds evepyevlas as virrjp^av V/J.8.S

airaffi rols tcpols tirl ra?s dvalats a-irovdwv.^Kotvut'ovs w^irol-rjadf, Kal ydere Kal TI/UIT' e| foov TOIS Tjpw somewhere here, to balance reflvewres, and give 9] NOTES 159 more force to otfre G>v otfre redvews immediately following: Lobeck (Es) would place it after yap, Halm after to-irotidafov. ' inherit- K\T]pov6(j.ovv] they received a portion in it,' as of an ance: cf. TOUJ infra 127, Isocr. Ad Demon. 2 -n-p^iret yap

7ra?5as

the 89. iopia-QtCi] TTJS x"Pas] e&pifeiv, 'to send beyond borders,' 'banish,' Lat. exterminare: so also virepopleu>. Cf. infra

113 opl(rat (1) T77S 'Arn/tTjs. ov84 "yap KaXov] neque enim decet. TI^V aur-qv] sc. x^Pav or T^ 1'- cc. 21-23. 90-97. He will perhaps tell you that he would never have stood his trial had he been conscious of guilt a proof appealed to by every thief and perpetrator of sacrilege ; but it is a their their Let him proof) not of innocence, but of effrontery. rather disprove the facts of his voyage and of his residence at Megara. The circiimstance of his coming here to answer for his deeds among those whom he wronged is the ivork of Providence. ' Quem luppiter volt perdere, dementat prius.' You will remember how divine vengeance overtook Callistratus . The gods survey all human actions, especially such as relate to parents, the dead, and piety towards themselves. 'The Place of

' the Pious in Sicily has a useful lesson. Leocrates has sinned against all three gods, parents, and the dead.

90. cos OVK av iroTc vir^6iv. . .(rvvctSws] 'that he would

never have faced this trial, had he been conscious,' etc. : ffvveidus

= el a-vvySei. Cf. Antiph. De Caed. Herod. 93 e5 5' ?

ov TTOT' ^X0oi' ets rr}v ir6\ti>, ei n ^vvrjdfLv ^uaury rotourov.

wcrirep ov iravras. . . \pwfwvovs] For this ace. absol. of a. persona!

verb, common with ws or uxrirep, cf. Plat. Protag. 342 C jSpa^etas

dvaf3o\as (popovcrtv, ws STJ roi/rots Kparovvras rdv 'EXX^j/wv TOI)S Aa/ceSat^oi'ioi'S, Dem. F. L. 189 raDra yap rpayydei irepuuv,

ucrirep ovxi TOUS aSi/coDi/ras TOVTWV ovras 7rpo56ras, dXXA TOWS rd

8iKaia TTOIOUVTCLS : Madvig, 182, Goodwin, 853. Kal TOVS K\eirTOVTas...Upo

' ' TOV irpctyjmTos] The anticipated gen. is no doubt meant to give a pointed balance to TTJS avaideias.

TK}JiT]pa>...o-T]jJiiov] 'proof '...'evidence.' The locus classicus for these terms is Arist. Rhet. I. 2. i6ff., where he says: T&V d ffT]fj.eL(3)v . . .TO fj,ev avayKaiov TK/j.Tjpiov, TO 8 /trj dvayKcuov avdjvv^bv tffTi Kara TT)V dia

(rv\\oyifffj.6s, 'of signs... that which is necessary is a demonstration, that which is not necessary has no distinctive name. By "neces- sary" signs, I mean the propositions of which a syllogism is composed.' From this it appears that to Arist. ffrjpfiov is 'proof in general (whether fallible or not), and the genus a-rjf^eiov is divided into two species, TeK^piov and o-rjfteiov, of which the first is a 'demonstrative' or 'certain' proof, and the second a 'sign'

' or probable argument.' Another definition is found in Antiphon, tv frag. XXII. 72 (Blass): (r7;/ietov KO! reKp.-fipi.ov 8ia

Tovadai, ra de fn4\\ovra TK/j.r)plois, 'where (njytteia indications

= : furnished by facts, TK/ui.r)pia grounds of conjecture and so Andoc.

' De Pace 2 irepl TWV neXkovruv (Jebb on Antiph. De Coed.

TO, . .TU>V Herod. 81 ). But cf. Plato, Laches 195 E ff-rjfjiela. effo^vuv. On the whole it seems doubtful whether the use of the terms by

Greek writers accords strictly with either definition, though the Aristotelian distinction will generally apply. The words occur frequently in close connexion, as here : cf. Isocr. Ad Demon. 2 ' reKfjirjpiov fj.kv TTJS Trpos Ujttas evvoias, atj^elov 5 TTJS Trpos crvvrjdeias, Dem. Lept. 140 on TravraTroa't (ptiffeias KCtidas fffTiv 6 $0

91. TOV irpd-yH-a-Tos] 'the fact' (at issue), 'the matter in hand': cf. supra u w TOV Trpa.yfj.aTos X^yuv n.

' etc. : eireC -ye TO IXOeiv TOVTOV] since, as to his coining here,' the articular infin. here and elsewhere corresponds to the ace. of respect or limitation (Goodwin, 795), but the present case differs 92] NOTES 161 from others in so far as the simple infin. could not be substituted, as it be at Ant. TO 5 TroXtTuw' might e.g. Soph. 79 | (Kg. dpdv $w

- O.T* 1417* Thuc. II. 53 TO 7rpo0 TaXai7ra>peu'...oj}5eis

ol(j.at 06v Tiva...rip.wpav] 'I fancy some god brought him expressly for punishment': a common sentiment in the orators: cf. Lys. C. Andoc. 27 0eds \ij6fjv ZduKev, wore els TOI)S fjSiKyfj.ti'ovs O.VTOVS eiredtifjiriatv d0iK&70cu, Ibid. 32 o TI dv ov adiiceiv ev avrbv v/uv xpr)

d\X' VTT& 5ai/j.oviov nvbs aydftevos avh-yKtis, Andoc. De Myst. 137, Dem. c. Timocr. 121. ' Te'pw0i jiiv -yelp aT\ix.wv K.T.X.] for had misfortune overtaken him elsewhere, it would not have been clear whether it was for this (the crime of desertion) that he was being punished': the tense of arvx&v suggests that the sentence should run either ei... i7Ti/x> VK A" SrjXov TJV, or ei'...ci,Tuxot'?7, ofiK &v...etrj (Goodwin,

472) : the first, which represents a condition contrary to the existing facts (as emphasised in the following clause hravda. dt K.T.X.), is the more probable, though it must be observed that the normal form of the condition is somewhat obscured by its presentation as a vivid present. ovirw : here probably a strength- ened form of the negative (L.S. s.v. 2), though the temporal to sense is admissible (' something would still have been wanting prove,' etc.). SrjXov: sc. e

' avrov] Blass reads auToC (adv.), his offences committed here, but ctuToO, 'his very own,' is quite forcible. ravTTjv T^v Ti|xa>p(av] 'this punishment': the retention of the article is supported by TOU dK\eovs...6a.va.Tov above : Bekker (Es) would omit TTJV, Blass rafrrqv.

' 92. ot -yap Beol. . .irapd'yovori] for the very first thing the gods do is to warp the understanding of wicked men,' a characteristic

Greek doctrine which may be briefly formulated thus : the man who is wealthy or powerful overmuch excites the jealousy (66vos) of the gods: he waxes wanton and commits an act of insolence (vfipi.s): P.L. II 162 NOTES [92 the gods visit him with a blinding influence (&rr) daw) which leads him on till the cup of his iniquity is full and he commits the error which causes his own destruction. &rrj the influence ' child which perverts the understanding' is related to i!/3pts as to : Aesch. Pers. 821 parent u/3pts yap %avdovo~' e/cdpTroxre yra.'xyv \

' &TTJS, insolence when it hath conceived bringeth forth .blindness of heart,' as we might say in the language of St James, I. 15. The doctrine here outlined is expounded both by Greek prose writers and poets: the whole career of Xerxes in Herodotus is intended by the historian as a vindication of it, and a similar claim is made by some for the plan of Thucydides' history. For the poets, see more particularly next note. ot8^v irporepov irotovo-iv: certain of the editors (Bk., Bl.) inevitably bracket n-oiovffiv, but Lye. appears to affect variations of these idiomatic cf. ovbev expressions: infra 129 yap irpoTepov ddiKovo~iv r/, and otidtv n. supra 33 Zrepov r)

ets av/ip, K^pdos diffifJievos, | irp6

/cat ot a fj,ev rj /ca/fd, ravr' \tjv a/J.ir\aKii]i> irapdyei, \ IdrjKe SoKeiv,

a 5' av raura /ca/cd, Ant. dyad' elvai, \ eu^tapews, y xp^M. Soph. K K\eiv&v ZTTOS TO KOLKOV doKtiv TTOT' 621 crolq, ydp TOV TrtavTai, tffd\bv r(J)5' lyu.^iei' OT($ tfipfras debs ayet. irpbs drav. The schol. on this last quotes two lines by an unknown poet, 8rav 5' 6 5at'/uwj>

/ca/cd, TOV vovv which dvSpl iropfftivr) | Z(3\a\f/e irp&TOv, y /SouXetferai, Jebb (Soph. Ant. I.e. and App.) thinks were probably the original

' of the Latin, quern luppiter volt perdere, dementat priusj itself a line of uncertain origin, as far as the wording goes, though close parallels are furnished from various sources, the most ' familiar being perhaps Publilius Syrus' stultum facit fortuna ' qium volt perdere. 93] NOTES 163

< XPTJCTJI.OUS yPtu|/avTes] For xpyvpovs, cf- Isocr. Paneg. 171 (the leading statesmen of Greece should have offered counsel about an expedition against Persia : even if they had failed) d\\' ofiv rots ye \6yovs tiffirep ^pijoTAous et's rbv ^iriovra XP VOV &v

' KartXtirov, where Sandys renders solemn, oracular utterances,' quoting the present passage and Aeschin. Ctes. 136 ol/jutt vfuv d6t-eu> ov uaTa'Hri65oi/ elvai dXXd " solemn 7roi97 / xpWf^ (' warning') et's Tty Ayfwffdevovs iro\iTeiav.

pXdirrTj] Cf. Od. XIV. 178 rbv dt TLS dOavdruv p\d\fse 0/>as, etc. "d>77 (daw), as the heaven-sent influence that leads men to sin, is properly 'hurt done to the mind.' Milton, Samson 1676

' Among them he a spirit of phrenzy sent, Who hurt their minds.

Cf. p\a\f/i(t>pw, 0/3ej>o/3Xa/37?s." (Jebb on Soph. Ant. 622 ff.) TOVT' avro irpwrov] ace. in apposition to the sentence, like

jrav etc. : Tovvavrlov, cf. supra 73 TO Ked\aiov TTJS vtK-rjs n. cacupiTCU 4>pevc3v TOV vovv TOV r6Xov] 'taketh utterly from out his breast his good understanding.' The most instructive

parallel to this passage is perhaps Soph. Ant. 1090 (iva yv$ rptyeiv} TOV vovv T' dyw.eti'w r&v (ppev&v ^ vvv 0^pet, where Jebb points out that rbv vovv r&v (f>pev&v must be taken together as = 'his his if is to retained. mind within breast,' ?) be After quoting v //. XVIII. 419 rrjs fj-ev v6os tari /terd (ppeviv, 'there is under-

standing in their breasts,' XXII. 475 es ptva dvfj-os dyepQr), 'the to soul returned her breast,' he adds: 'The word pi)v being thus associated with the physical seat of thought and feeling, 6 vom T&V (frpevuv was a possible phrase.' rpcim] sc. avrov, 'him.'

yvwiiTjv] 'judgment,' 'purpose,' the practical manifestation of the vovs, as they may perhaps be distinguished when in juxtaposition. Cf. Lysias c. Andoc. 22 /ccu'rot TTWS ov de&v ns

TTf]v rotirov yvdb/J.rjv ditydeipev ; c. 22. 93. TWV irp(rp\T'pa)v...T(3v vewrcpcov] These are of course partitive gens, with rts, though it is curious that the verb adjacent to each is a verb which takes its object in the gen. Note the chiastic arrangement. 164 NOTES [93

KaXXhrrpaTov] This Callistratus, son of Callicrates, of Aphidna, was a prominent statesman and orator at Athens in the second quarter of the 4th cent. B.C. He was closely identified with the upbuilding of the Second Athenian Confederacy, and his policy generally was marked by a conciliatory attitude towards Sparta and opposition to the aggrandisement of Thebes. As an orator, his speech on the affair of Oropus (3666.0.) is said to have excited the admiration of Demosthenes and to have given him his first impulse towards oratory. In 361 B.C. the Athenians, in a fit of exasperation at a sudden raid on the Piraeus by Alexander of Pherae, condemned Callistratus to death, where- upon he fled from Athens to Methone, on the Thermaic Gulf. Some years later he ventured to return without authority, and was seized and put to death. TQVTOV <|>vy6vTa] For the resumptive TOVTOV, cf. Xen. Anab.

II. 2. 20 KX&tpxs To\fd8i)f 'HXetoi', ov tTvyxaVfV %xuv ""ap' eau-np .. .TOVTOV aveurelv tutXevffe : cf. supra 42, Madvig 100. . [Sofer, however, explains TOVTOV as = TOP BdvaTov, which seems less likely.]

' T6veT(u TWV vofAwv] he would have fair treatment by the laws' : cf. [Dem.] or. XLIV. 3 ayairu>VTes, av rtj rj/itas 4q. TWV v6fj,

rdv f3w|iov TWV SwScica 06wv] The 'altar of the twelve gods' stood in the new Agora, having been placed there by the younger Pisistratus, son of Hippias, as the central point from which distances were to be measured (cf. the miliarium aureum at

Rome): Her. n. 7, Thuc. vi. 54. It seems to have been a recognised asylum : cf. Her. vi. 108. T& -yap TWV v6|iwv...Tip.wpas rrv] 'for to meet with the laws, for the guilty, is to meet with punishment': with the TU>V reading in the text, n/xeti' goes dirb KOIVOV with v6(j.

TijAWpias, i.e. rd T&V vbfj.wv T\rxelv TOIS 'fjo. eo-ri TO TVX.CLV Ti[j.(*>pias.

' Note that Tifiupias TVX^V is itself an ambiguous phrase : (a) to 93] NOTES 165

'to obtain vengeance' (Thuc. n. 74, Xen. Cyr. iv. 6. 7); (b) Bursian's suffer punishment' (Plat. Gorg. 472 D). [For this reason, to (Bl.) rc/iwpJas, which I have adopted, seems preferable Ttpupla of the MSS.] but the too was 6 8e -ye 0os...KoXdo-ai TOV ctfnov] 'yes, god the connexion right in allowing the injured to punish the guilty': ' but the of thought is, the state rightly put C. to death. Yes, 8t god too rightly allowed it to do so.' The combination ye

appears to have two main uses: (i) as a simple adversative, d\X' 'on the other hand,' 'on the contrary' : Plat. Protag. 334 A Zywye TroXXd oTS' a avdp&Trois per dvwQeXfj etrrt, ical ffirla /ecu TO. 8e 7rord...rd 5^ ye ttyAi/Mt*...rd 8e povtriv /j.6vov, rd 8e Kvvlv ye Totruv per otSevl, SevSpois 84, Dem. Mid. 27 0ei>yoi/Tos fnev 8e ya.p...0' ws Zdei yevecrdai \yeiv, StKaffT&v ye a roiJrots re to a '(j}(p pbvuv ^77 trpoaex^v K.T.\., (2) cap previous statement with a fresh detail which illustrates or amplifies or corrects it: hence frequent in retorts: Dem. F.L. 279 (quoting ( a ^(f>ia-fj.a) Kal rjKeyxQflv&v rives avr&v h rrj j3ov\-rj ov TaXtjQrj

> a.irayye\\ovTesJ oSroi 5^ ye KO.I ev T drf/uup, 'and so were these

1 TTOT' eldov 84 /8pa...,u*,o eyu y dvdp' oVwTra, 'yes, and I too have seen one,' Eur. Ion 1329, del TTOTC. 8e 1330 irpoybvoi'S dd/mapres dvfffj.evels jjfji.e'is [tyTpviaus ye irdcrxovT s /ca/ctDj, 'yes, and we stepsons to our stepdames too,' which last is quoted by Shilleto on Dem. F.L. 90. dire'8a>K...

/foXdcrat rbv afrtoi> : lit. 'granted it (as their due) to the injured to punish the guilty,' not 'delivered up the guilty to punish,' i.e.

to be punished, as supra 87 -fj^iovv Sovvcu rbv /SacrtX^a 6d\f/ai. Cf. Dem. c. Aristocr. 56 rous ex0pd Troiovt>Tas...Ko\deiv dire-

' ' 8wKev 6 v6fj,o$, the law empowers you.

Scivov Y^p ov ^"Hi t...<(>cUvoiTo] 'for it would be strange if the same signs were shown to the righteous and to evildoers,' i.e. if the same interpretation of divine signs was necessary in each

case. 0-77/uetct, which, in respect of syntax, is perhaps predicative, 'the same things as signs,' is here 'signs from the gods,' in which

oracular responses would be included : cf. Antiph. Zte Caed. i66 NOTES [93

Herod. 81 XPV ^ Ka^ TO'S a?ro rd>v QeCjv ovs

\f/i](ple

on dX.\d 'it is a monstrous P.TJ dfiapreiv, jii] K.T.\.] impiety, I will not say to sin against them, but even to decline to lavish our own lives in benefiting them': non modo (non}...sed ne... quideni. rdv avrrwv ptov, i.q. TOV -rji^Tepov avr&v /3. C. 23. 95. Xe'-yerat -yovv 4v S.] For 700^, cf. supra 86 a

See Rehd., App. 3, p. 166. t -yap Kal jivOwSeo-repov IOTIV] It will be, on that account, ^s aKp6a.(riv evTepTrtaTepov (Thuc. I. 22). For el Kal, cf. supra 62 el Kal iraXaibrepov elireiv

' ' Kal vvv] even at this time of day : cf. Isocr. Paneg. 28 yap el p.vd&?>T)s 6 \6yos yeyovev, fytws aur$ Kal vvv of Trpo

III. 116 tppvrj de trepl avrb r& lap TOVTO 6 ptfa TOV irvpos K Try* A.tTvt]s (where the article seems to imply that it was a familiar occurrence). piv] impf. infin. iirl ...Kal 811 Ka] is inserted by Baiter (Es, Bl.): Kal orj Kai introduces an emphatic additional detail : cf. Her. I.

30 (of Solon) Is AtyvTTTOv aTri.KTo...Kal 81] Kal es 2d/>5ts. KdToiKovfie'vwv] sc. ir6\euv, passive: cf. Dem. XII. 5 rets 7r6Xeis ras ev r< Hayavirr) KoXirtp KaroiKov/j^vas, and supra 64 i) yap TroXts olKeirai.. irpeo-purepov ovra ca] Es (Bl.) brackets Kal so as to bring

7r/>exl 5vvap.evov

O.TCOX") but unnecessarily: the difference is merely that between 'You are old, and can't escape' and 'You can't escape owing to your age.'

-yKaTaXa|j,|3av6|i.cvov] 'like to be caught' in the stream (ev) : cf. supra 70 eyKaTa\nr6fj.voi ol irp&yovoi virb iravTWv rCiv 'EXXrji'wv.

' ' : 96. opTiov . . .irpo(rYVO|Jtvov] by the addition of this load (popriov is perhaps suggested by dpajm-evov just preceding, as

CKeivov (sc. rbv $l\iinrov) pei^ov (popriov i) Ka9' avrbv ap6.fj.evov

(vulg. : alpopevov S), 'bitten off more than he can chew,' to use a colloquialism.

TO 0eiov] anticipation : 'how kind Providence is to good men.' jrpippii

. . . KOI airb ro^rwv rb d<|>' wv irpocra'yopevecrSai] i.q. x- irpoaay. The relative clause is simply an additional detail in the story as reported, and the infin. const, is continued accordingly. The same thing is exemplified in' Latin; but Greek goes to greater lengths than Latin in extending the ace. and infin. const, to subordinate clauses.

in next cf. n. yoveis] For the form, here and also , supra 15 97. wo-re Kal v(ias Seiv] The occurrence of 'w

ductory' with the infin. (instead of wore Set, which latter the MSS. give, with the exception of AB) seems to be due, in this case at least, to the indirect form of the preceding paragraph throwing its influence over this as well: the speaker, in fact, forgets for the moment that he has finished his story. Cf. Plat. = uffre Apol. 11 E (after a stop) wore fie Ifiavrbv avepuTav ( * I to avtjptirruv, began question myself '). Tt]v irapdt 6twv...jiapTvpfav] Cf. supra 15 TTJV nap*

v/j.G)v...TiiJi.ii)plav n. n. Kara TO cavrov [xe'pos] Cf. supra 17 TO KO.&' avrbv /tfyos cc. 24-29. 98-110. The action of Erechtheus on the occasion of the invasion of Eumolpus is a proof of the spirit of his age, and Euripides is to be commended for making it the theme of a noble drama. Listen to the speech which he has put into the mouth of Praxithea. If women set their country before their children, how much more is expected of men ? I should like also to quote you some verses of Homer, whom your fathers singled outfor special honour. Hear Hector's exhortation. The influence of such verses on your ancestors is rejected in their heroic conduct at Marathon and elsewhere. Their reputation for valour is attested by thefact that even the Lacedaemonians sought from them a general in the person of Tyrtaeus, under whom they

conquered their enemies and whose elegies are still recited on the field of battle. The Spartans who faced the barbarian at Thermopylae owned his sway, as may be seen from the epigrams composed in their honour. Your condemnation of Leocrates is due to thefairfame ofyour forefathers.

98. ov -yap airoo-TT] 0-0(10.1 TWV iraXauSv] 'for I won't depart from ancient history,' i.e. from seeking examples from it: cf. Dem. Lept. 139 oW eneLvov y' diroo-Tartov TOV \6yov, Isocr. De

Pace 8 1 o /JLTJV dtownj(ro/icu Travrdiracrtv wv dievo^drjv. r&v

is probably neut. (so Rehd. and Sofer), cf. supra 83

T&V TraXatcDi'. . in of {KCIVOI ytu/cpa .5te\0e', spite following ; eVetvoi but certainly makes the case for masc. arguable : cf. the

similar doubt supra 31 ravavrla alveffdai rojJrots Troiovvras n. 99] NOTES 169

'for it is that 4<|>' ols yo.p Keivoi...dTro8X

Dem. De Cor. 160 aivxpbv eo"r'...et eyEleusinian mysteries, and as the first priest of Demeter and Dionysus. He was succeeded in the priestly office by his son Ceryx, and his family, the Eumolpidae, continued till the latest times the priests of Demeter at Eleusis (v. Class. Diet.). Ace. to Preller, 'the historical kernel' of the Eleusinian war 'is the fusion of the Eleusinian rites with the Attic, of Eleusis with Athens.' Isocr. Panath. 193 connects the coming of Eumolpus with the vindication of the claims of Poseidon to be the founder of Athens as against Athena : 0/o^es ph y&p per' Ey. TOV IIoA.a KWV IIo

TT^S xwpas...ap.i

Dem. XXXIX. 19 T^S apxw 'f)/j.

This Erechtheus was the son of Pandion by Zeuxippe, and grandson of Erechtheus (Erichthonius), son of Hephaestus and Atthis (or Gaia) (v. Class. Diet.). The family of the Eteobutadae, to which Lycurgus belonged, traced their descent from his brother Butes.

Kr]4>io-ov] no doubt the god of the river of the same name. Class. Diet, makes Praxithea 'daughter of Phrasimus and Dio- genia.' 99. avrois] dative of 'interest' or of 'the person affected by 170 NOTES [99 the action,' and referring here either to the Athenians generally, or to E. and P. as representing them. |tlXXovTOS...tv] poetic for \6&v N, probably betrays as its origin

another place of the play from which the pija-is following is

quoted : es A. lwi> might be the end of an actual iambic trimeter. T irouov dy VKT]V Xdpoi] 'what he must do to obtain victory.' XpiicravTos...TOv 0ov] Cf. supra 84 ave\6vros 5' atfrots roO 0eoO.

njv 0vyaTpa] The emphatic position of these words lays stress on the hardness of the demand.

irpo TOV 0-ufJ.paXciv TW

0' 1. note on Stfo 6fj.oo-jr6p(t) in 36 of the iambics, infra}. 6 8] The prose uses of 5 in apodosi are succinctly set forth

by Abbott and Matheson on Dem. De Chers. 3, after Buttmann, Excurs. xii ad Dem. Mid. To the exx. quoted by A. and M.,

I.e., may be added Isocr. Areopag. 47, 63, Adv. Callim. 58, De Pace 55; Dem. De Cor. 126, c. Aristocr. 126, all of which are worth careful study. Also Andoc. De Myst. 27, 149, on which last Hickie observes that 'this usage [5 in apod.} is mostly found in sentences beginning with a participle, or with a hypothetical clause, or with such conjunctions as Sre, tirei, ^TreiS^, tirav, oiV, 2ws, etc.' In the present case, the force of 5e is best

described as resumptive, 6 5 at once reinforcing the avrijj at the opening of the sentence and taking up the thread after the intervening parenthesis: 'upon the god answering him that, if he sacrificed his daughter... he would overcome... he then, I say, obeyed,' etc. 100. on T

clause and not at all to the finite verb : so here 'in that, besides being a good poet in other respects, he also elected,' etc. Cf.

Hickie on Andoc. De Myst. 17, where he quotes the present passage, and corrects Shilleto on Dem. F. L. 139, where not i\av6pwirev6/j,fvos belongs entirely to its own clause, and at all to that of irpovmvev. [re r' &\\' r,v Bekk. (Bl., Es).] ' TOVTOV TOV piOov irpocCXcTo TToiTJo-ai] he elected to dramatise this story': iroieiv of artistic production, esp. in poetry (cf.

TrotTjTTjs, Eng. maker, makyr), Plat. Phaedo 61 B eirol-rjffa fjiijdovs roiis AtVc&Trov, 'put them into verse.' p.v6os, in the technical

' language of Aristotle, = plot,' Poet. 6. 6, where it is defined as of the action.' fjt,ifji.Tf](ris rfjs 7rpdews, 'representation irpos as diropX'jrovTas...tXiv] 'by regarding and contem- plating which they should become habituated in their souls to a love of their country.' Trpbs as...L\e?v is to be taken as an 'ace. of the inner object,' defining the scope of aweBtfeo-dai, 'to become habituated in the matter ^patriotism,' somewhat like Soph. Ant. 1105 KapSias e^iffra/mac TO dpav, 'I withdraw from my resolution in the matter of doing,' and other exx. quoted by Goodwin, 791.

' ' a irciroCTjKC Xe-yowav] which he has put into the mouth of the mother, lit. 'represented her as saying': cf. supra TOVTOV TOV fjujQov Trpoet\eTo iroLTJo'ai n., Aeschin. Ctes. 231 ef rts TU>V

Tron]Tu>i'...Troiri(reiV v Tpay^diq. TOV QepalTTjv biro TWV

d|av...Tov -y^veo-Oai K. Ov-yar^pa] Cf. Shakespeare, Julius

Caesar, n. i : 'a woman, but withal A woman well-reputed Cato's daughter. Think you I am no stronger than my sex,

' Being so father'd and so husbanded ? PH2I2 EYPIIIIAOY] The iambics quoted are from

Euripides' Erechtheus, Dindorf P.S.G. fr. 362. pTjais was the technical term for the messenger's speech describing the 172 NOTES [ 100. i

catastrophe in a tragedy : the pij

Phaedr. 268 C Trepi oyu/cpoO Trpdy/j.aTos pi^crets Tra/ti/^/ceu Troiet*', a.TrvTlvovTa a tale.' /?#. 6050 fjuticpav prfffiv t 'spinning long The practice of quoting the poets in speeches appears to have been introduced by Aeschines, whom Dem. meets with counter quotation, but as though under provocation and in self-defence: cf. Aeschin. I. 128^., 1 44,17., n. 158, HI. 135, 184; Dem. XVIII. 267, Xix. 243 sqq. In the last quoted speech (De Fals. Leg.} Dem. quotes 16 lines from Soph. Ant. and some 40 lines from Solon's Elegies. Both Aeschin. and Dem., however, may be said to have kept quotation within bounds, whether as regards

amount or relevancy : Lycurgus offends against both with this great block of 55 iambics, which he follows up with 32 lines of

Tyrtaeus. (Cf. J. F. Dobson, The Greek Orators, p. 281.)

2. For iTa * a Tat c 1, TO.S xdpiras o

/cevas a l : Cor. 239 elra x P^ X^PlTas vvKotyavT&v ejjit. rfdtov sc.

Xaptfc

' ' 2, 3. ot 8fc SpcScrt ptv, \p6v, which word may have somehow disappeared before the eyt>) following. See Crit. App.]

4. KTaveiv] interficiendam*. cf. supra 43, 87, notes. [TrcuSa

T^V t/jiTii' Tayl. ]

5. irpwra p,v] answered by tiretTa, infra 1. 14.

6. Xa'potv] So Dind. (Sch., Rehd.) = Xd/8oi/tt, on the strength IOO.IG] NOTES 173 of two or three supposed such forms of rst pers. opt. in trag.

(rptfoiv, afjuiproiv, ^x01")' The sense will then be 'I can win no other city,' etc. But Xafieiit of the MSS. (Bl., Thalh.) gives quite * a good point with 5o> : I am prepared to give my daughter, and I reckon that there is no other city more worthy to receive her.' OVK Note that 7,8. T] irpwra ji^v Xcws ira.KTos...avT6x9ovs] this irp&ra. fiev has no ^Treira (5e) answering it. Xed>s is scanned as one syllable (synizesis). OVK e7ra/crds...auT6x0oj'es: for the topic, which is a well-worn one both with poets and orators, cf. eirl (av n. also supra 41 5s irpbrepov ry ai>T6x^ eli>cu...tx ertpovs ^/c/SaXoi/res... oi)5' eK TroXXcDv tQv&v fjuydde$

< 8-10. at 8* aXXcu ir<5\6is...el

Treffffoi, and its connection with dice (KV^OL), which may have determined the position of the Trecraoi on the board. Plutarch, indeed (Mor. 604 D), quotes 1. 9 as ire(rcr&v 6/iotws dtaopT)6ei

' /SoXcus, which seems to mean tossed to and fro (ultra citro iactatae] as by casts of the dice,'' though 5ta0o/)e' has usually the stronger sense of 'harry,' 'plunder': cf. Her. III. 53, Dem. XLV.

64. Also in 1. 10 he gives ayuyi(ji.oi (contra metruni). ir6v = 6. 6|i. Siac|>. CKTicrfx. 5ia.\ compendious comparison. ei(rayuyi/j.oi : practically = tira/froi, the idea of 'permissibility' suitable to the termination of the adj. (as in

' ei

11-13. OO-TIS 8' air' aXX-ns K.T.\.] 'but whoso leaves a city to settle in another, he, like a bad fastening fitted in wood, is a citizen in word only, and not in deed.' For iroXeos tnetri causa, cf. Aesch. S.C.T. 218, Supp. 345; Soph. Ant. 162; Eur. Or. 897, El. 412, Ion 595, which ace. to Jebb on Soph. I.e. exhaust the instances of this particular form in the trimeters of the three

: seems tragedians. o'iKT]o-g Meineke (Bl. , Sof. y/c^o-ev Dobree) distinctly preferable to olidfa of the MSS. (Sch., Rehd., Thalh.), refer to the of a but which latter would naturally founder city ; the idea is of a new-comer who does not fit into the body of the community he has joined. For the omission of tiu> with the conj., qf. Soph. O. T. 1231, O.C. 395, EL 771, etc. dpjios: here, as Trtryeis shows, a 'fastening' in the concrete sense, 'a peg,' 'bolt,' as Eur. Med. 1315 eK\tied' d/o/totfs, 'undo the fastenings' of the doors; otherwise, 'a chink,' 'aperture' between two things which are joined together: Soph. Ant. 1216 ap/j-ov xci/oaros XitfotnraST;, 'the opening made by wrenching away the stones.' \6 ...Tois 8' gpYounv: for omission of the article with one member, and variation of the number, in this phrase, cf. Soph. O.C. 782 \6y(f> fj&v od\d, roiffi 3' Zpyourtv /ca/cci. 14. S-Kart] Doric and tragic form of ^77x1 = ^exa. 15. 0Sv...T pvd>fj.0a] de&v is one syllable by synizesis: cf. supra 1. 7 Xecis. re pvu/jt.e6a. : for the. lengthening of the short vowel in arsi before p, due to the strong pronunciation of the letter initially (v. L.S. s. lit. in), cf. Soph. O.T. 847 roCr' larlv ijdr) rotipryov eis e/cte peirov.

< < 16. iroXftos 8' d ird

' line is a purely formal antithesis to the main thought, there are many dwellers in the city.' VLV. tragic ace. form, here = atfT?7i/. 1 8. irpoTravTwv (Jiav virep 8ovvai 0aveiv] irpoiravruv (Meineke* for irpb irditTuv) here depends upon virep (as the accentuation of the prep, shows: vTrepdovvai MSS.): others writing virtp 5. Q. make virtp...6aveiv a case of tmesis v-rrcpdavflv, on which com- pound TrpoiroLVTwv then depends: cf. Eur. Phoen. 998 ^vxrjv re vTrepBaveiv ioo. 29] NOTES 175

19, 20. direp ydp api6|i6v...To |ieiov] Mor if I understand number, and what is greater than the less': etirep...dpid/j.bv olda was probably a proverbial expression: v. L.S. s.z>. dpt#/i6s.

20, 21. ovvos olKos...ov8' ip6i] 'the misadventure of one house outweigheth not that of the whole city, nay, nor doth = it count as equal.' ovvos (Emper. et vulg.) 6 e6s, 'the (house) of one man.': v is used as a subst. The form of the protasis implies 'but I have not a son' (Goodwin, 410): Class. Diet., however, makes P. the mother of 'Cecrops, Pandorus, Metion, Orneus, ' Procris, Creusa, Chthonia and Orithyia.

24, 25. OVK dv viv ^7T6|j.irov...irpoTappov

< 25-27. aXA' fyxoi-y' &TTW T^Kva... irevKOTa] 'nay, mine be children [^o-rw G. Herm. (Turr., Thalh.) : e&? Aid. (Bl.): iari* Rehd.: eari codd.] who should both fight and be illustrious among men, and not be mere figures in the state.' (idxotTO and irpeiroi are best taken as optatives of 'assimilation,' common after an optative expressing a wish in the main clause: see Goodwin, 531 and exx. there, also 558 ff. irpiroi: cf. Horn.

Od. VIII. 172 Aiera 5e irpirei aypo^voLffiv.

1 number and a mere outside" (L.S.); we may compare the some- what similar use of api.d/j.os, Eur. Troad. 476 OVK dpi6/*6v dXXws, dXX' virfpTarous Qpvy&i', and Horace's nos numerus sumus.

28, 29. Ta jiTjTe'pwv 8e...6p}j.w|jLvovs] 'but whene'er a mother's 176 NOTES [100.29 tears escort her sons, they unman many as they set forth to the fray' : ireniretv here of 'escorting' perhaps rather than 'sending'

(cf. TTO/XTTT;, Tro/iTratos). lOijXvv* : gnomic.

30. irfxS] 'before,' i.e. 'in preference to' honour (TOU fcaXoO).

31. e^Xovr' T[] The MSS. give etXovro /cat, for which none of the numerous remedies proposed seems satisfying palaeo- graphically: I\OVT' T) (Matthiae) at least cuts the knot. KOL\ 6 Kctl 32-35. JJ.TJV BavovTcs y ---So67J

' as regularly, a new line of thought, which is this : other mothers' sons by dying in battle win a common grave and glory which is

(but) equal (i.e. no greater than that of their fellows), for they share it with many (iro\\&v fdra) : my daughter by dying for the state will win a crown of glory which none shall divide with her': for ffrtyavos, cf. supra 50 ffrtyavov TTJS irarpLSos elvat ras eicflvuv n. v< ' tne of these \f/vxds ets (" V- ti juxtaposition words emphasises the oneness of the sacrifice and the oneness of the reward.

36. 8vo 0* 6[io] This most naturally means, in Eur.'s context, 'and her two sisters? for P. has just implied (11. 22, 23) that she has no son, while avrl 6ri\eiwv (supra 1. 22) and iraldwv

T&V 4jj.u>v (infra 1. 40) imply that she has more than one daughter. Lycurgus' language at 99 supra, TT)V Qvyartpa et 6vaeie, would suggest that the maiden to be sacrificed was certainly an only daughter, if not an only child. It seems less likely that the words mean 'and thy two sisters' [i.e. the two sisters of Erechtheus

(v. Class. Diet.), who is presumably being addressed], though this would square better with Lycurgus, I.e.

' OVK < > is not mine 38. njv tjx-qv irX^v TJ v Wagner (Sch., Thalh.) :

Sauppe (Bl.): Rehd. : alii alia.} 39. Ovo-ai] Cf. supra 43, 87, etc.

' ' aipc9t]crTai] shall be taken, for which aXufferat would be =' normal in prose : fiptQijv regularly was chosen? 41, 42. OVKOVV a

' = ro in as far as it rests TOVV Y* (AoC & y' e/j-oL, quantum me est, with me.' 43-45. IKEIVO 8' ov...KJ3aXi] 'then again a matter which toucheth most closely the public weal no man that lives shall, with my soul's consent, set at naught the ancient ordinances of our sires.' CKCIVO is an absol. ace. (cf. roOro HCV...TOVTO 5t, etc.) which looks forward to and is in apposition with the main statement OVK &r0'...&rrts eKfiaXei. ov TO ir\i

' (TWOS) iroielffdai, ev of/Serbs eZVcu fj.pei, to be of no consequence.' dvijp : this, which is Bothe's [Rehd., Sofer : avep Valck. (Thalh.)] correction, I have adopted with some diffidence for arep of the MSS. (Turr., Sch., Bl.), which gives the opposite sense to that which is required, and which Rehd. declines to defend on the

' ' mixture of two constructions theory, which is the usual solvent in such cases : cf. the well-known crux at the opening of the ovdev otfr' o#r' Antigone (1. 4) yap aXyeivw drrjs arep, which has been variously treated (see C. and A. and Jebb, ad loc.} so as to

: = cf. obtain a positive meaning. Gecf-pi i>6/j.i/j.a, 5i/ccua, Hesych.:

Aesch. Eum. 491, Soph. Ai. 713. ^/r/faXe?: 'annul,' 'set at naught': cf. Soph. O.T. 849 KOVK

frros) K$a.\iv waXus, O.C. 631 rls ST)T' &v dvdpos

" 46. O.VT' IXdas xpu as T F.] The olive tree and the Gorgon (for which latter see L.S. or Class. Diet.) were the distinctive emblems of Athena, as the trident (Tptaiva) was of Poseidon. It has been suggested that the poet is here thinking of the gilded Gorgon's head on the south wall of the Acropolis (Paus. I. 21.

3). [OT/T' eXdas, which is Dobree's correction of elf reXe^aj, is

truly a palmaris emendatio. ]

' 47. kv iroXews Paflpois] in the heart of the city,' in sinu urbis, is perhaps our equivalent. P.L. 12 178 NOTES [100.48

48. 0pi]] subst. used as adj. with Xec6s, cf. Eur. 7. 71 341 "EXX^j/os ^K 7??$, and the somewhat similar Romula gens^ etc. in Latin.

49. IlaXXds 8* ovSajAou Tiji-qoreTai] Note that the ou5' of 1. 46 extends to this clause as well.

50. Xoxevncunv] plu. for sing. : cf. the similar use of iraiSeij- fj-ara, Eur. Hipp. n. For the meaning, cf. the use of ti5is in Aesch. TrcuSa, Eur. LT. 1102 Agam. 1417 ^iXrdTTjv e/toi | ciStVa,

AaroCs wSipa i\av.

51. dvTl...t|/uxTJS fiuxs] 'at the price of a single life.' ' 54. Kal p at 7r6Xets

C. 25. 1 01 . ravra] obj. of the thing taught after with which (as also with eiroirjcre following) supply 6 as subject. lirot]

TOVS V avSpas.. .?x lv ] (ifw*W* can bring themselves to behave so) '#/ ought to entertain a quite insurpassable affection for their country,' insuperabilem quandam ergo, patriam pietatem : avvTrtp/3. is of course predicative.

irpos] 'before,' 'in the eyes of: cf. infra 109 /j-aprvpia... avayeypajjifji.ei'a dXydij irpbs awa-VTas roi)s"EXX7/i'as.

wo-irep A.] sc. ireTrotrjKe generally, or an appropriate tense from the two infins. preceding. The final position of the name gives the same bitter emphasis as supra 44 n.

' c. 26. 1 02. Kal TWV 'O, irapa

TOI)S JToXe/j.^ffavTas ro?s J3apj3dpois epe/cw/u'cKre, /cai 5ta roOro ^ovXtj- ^v Te 6T)i>ai TOUS irpoybvovs i)fj,wt> ZvTLpov aurou 7roi?7(rai rty' rtyvW IVa 7ro\Xe/cis rots r^s /j.ov

T(av avT(j}f Zpywv txeivois eTrt^i/yttaJ/ciev. Against such passages may be placed the polemic of Plato (Rep. 598 D 601 B), where, denying that the poet writes with knowledge, he asks (600 A),

1 TIS vir" etceivov dXXd 5ij TroXeyUos ^irV Q[j.'fjpov apxovTos TJ ^u/x./3oiXej5- ev ocros iro\/j.ir)deis /j.vrjfj.ove^eTai ; It does not appear, however, that Plato's attack did much to shake the position of Homer in

' the eyes of those who regarded him as at once a universal genius and the educator of the whole of Greece' (cf. Ibid. 606 E). ' The poems of Homer were thought to contain, by precept and example, everything calculated to awaken national spirit and to instruct a man how to be /caXos KayaQbs' (Sandys on Isocr.

Paneg. I.e.). WO-TC TO, ' that vo'jxov 29VTO...pax|/w8i

Erechtheum, a ceremony which was represented on the frieze of the Parthenon. Athletic and musical contests (including the

recitation of also formed of festival it epic poems) part the ; and was with a view to regulating such recitations that the famous traditional ' recension' of the Homeric poems was carried out by Pisistratus an achievement which a man of Lycurgus' tempera-

' ment would doubtless have counted unto him for righteousness.' ircvTeTTjpida: so Dobree (Bl., Sofer) for Trevraer^Sa, ace. to ' Moeris' canon wren]pis' 'Arrt/caJs, Trej/Taer^p/j EXX^i/cwj.

jxovou TWV aXXwv iroujTwv : cf. supra 67 fj.6vos T&V a\\uv iroXt-

' T&V n. pa\f/({)5eiff0ai TO, ^irij : that his poems should be recited.' in connexion with For pa\f/

explanations of pa^y56s given by Jebb, I.e., and others, must * have been of the essence of the art of the rhapsode,' viz. that out of his knowledge of the Homeric poems as a whole he could 'stitch together' such 'cantos' as he would deem most suitable to his particular audience. For the contemptuous use of paijtipdeiv ' (often accompanied by vepletfju, suggestive of the wandering minstrel,' as Plat. Rep. X. 6ooD"0/*7/poj'...T7 'HcrfoSov pa^Se'iv av cf. a\\' Trepu6t>Tas efriw/), Dem. XIV. 12 ov5v rj pa.^tgS-qaovffi.v

' oi 7T/^(r/3eis TrepubvTes, will simply deliver a homily.' = ' irSeiiv iroiov}i.voi] eTTi5eiKi>ijfj(,i>oi, by way of demonstrat- cf. i ucu n. ing': supra TTJV d/3XT/j>...7rot77

' ' of the poet as holding up the mirror to human life is reminiscent of the more technical use of fj,ifj.ei(n)Kv\idov

' iro'njffiv Kai yap roirrous

ci\\d jxdxco'O' K.T.X.] //. xv. 494-499, with some variations : dia/jiTrepes for doXX^ej, vfjTTLa TKVO. for 7ra?5es OTriaao}, Kai KX%>os Kai ol/cos for Kai ot/cos /cat K\T)POS. Quotations like this are notoriously fertile in variae lectiones. For dXXd, cf. infra 107. 15 n.

pXijpevos TJ* rinrcCs] The first properly of a missile, the second of a in the cf. //. xi. weapon hand, 191 r) dovpl Tvtrels ?} /SX^ei/os 1$, but the distinction cannot always be pressed in Homeric usage. " K\TJpos] Evidently the right to join in the periodical division of the commonland by lot among members of the community. This is reserved to a man's family after his death. Trans. ' " allotment.' (Leaf and Bayfield ad loc.} C. 27. 1 04. OVTWS %

(KO.V Herwerden).

TOV e dircurqs TTJS 'A. orroXov] An armament 'drawn from ' the whole of Asia need not necessarily have been large, though this is no doubt the implication. Her. (ix. 27) makes the Athenians boast of having conquered forty-six nations. The actual strength of the Persian fighting force at Marathon, which Her. does not specify and which was grossly exaggerated by later historians, can hardly have exceeded 50,000 to 60,000 men : see some figures in Holm, History of Greece, vol. II, p. 25, n. 6. TWV 'E. TWV 8 i (i^v irpoomaTas, p. 8(rir6Tas...X6 y. .^pYp]

A thoroughly Isocratean passage : note the favourite antithesis

(X6yy.../)7), the exact balancing of clauses (iraplffuais), and the assonance (7r/)ocrTaTa$...5e<77r6ras) (Trapo/xotWis). ir8Kvwro] prae seferebant.

c. 28. 1 05. ovrws qo-av. . .a-rrovSaioi] cf. supra 85, 102 nn.

4v rots fynrpoo-0 XP VOIS] These words (as Dr Verrall points out in his essay on Tyrtaeus, see note infra) are ambiguous :

(a) taking them with irdXenovaiv and dj/etXev, we shall render: 4 when the martial L. had in former times a war with the M.,' attributive = A. (b) taking them as ( TOIS h rots fyi. %. avdp.) we have: 'when the L., who were in former times first in martial qualities, had a war with the M.' Here, as in many other places, one would give much to know exactly how they were taken by the writer of them.

irpos M.] This was the 'Second Messenian War,' io6] NOTES 183 which is now dated to about the middle of the ;th cent. B.C.

(traditional date 685-668) : cf. supra 62 TOUTO 8t M.eo-crrivr)v irevTa.KO(rlois re...a'vi>oiKiffdei(rav ; n. [See note on

Tyrtaeus, infra.'} dvetXev 6 Oeos] Cf. supra 84 avekforos avrols TOV deov n. Xapiv...vucijoriv] The first infin. represents a command, the second a statement', 'the god answered that they should take... and thus they would conquer.' C of TOIV ouj)' H. "yc-y.] The two royal houses the Agids and Eurypontids at Sparta both traced their descent back to Heracles. ot del pao-tXcvovo-iv] del refers here rather to the ancient and

' unbroken line of the Spartan kings than = from time to time.'

For the const. Toiv...ot /ScuriXetfowi, cf. Xen. Hell. v. 4. 19 TU>

Stio ffTpaTijyu, ot (but avvr]ir(.

Persian and Peloponnesian wars, (b) that the Messenian war with which he was connected was the war of the 5th cent.,

c. that the which current under his 464 B.C., (<:) poetry passes name cannot possibly belong to such an early date as is usually assigned to it. While I have been much impressed by Dr Verrall's arguments, I have not had the courage to break with the received I add account of Tyrtaeus' antiquity ; and may that, wherever the Messenian wars have been in question, I have assumed their historicity and quoted the recognised chronology. In this latter

connexion, Dr Verrall remarks : "All. ..are now agreed. ..that 106 184 NOTES [

about these primeval conflicts between the Spartans and Mes- senians the ancients had no solid information, except what they might rightly or wrongly infer from the poems of Tyrtaeus...

' ' The first war' and the second,' with their dates and episodes, were among the many events of remote antiquity about which the historians of the decadence [Strabo, Diodorus, Pausanias, Athenaeus, Justin] were so much better informed than their authorities." With regard to this pronouncement, it is worth while noting that Lycurgus himself [a first-class (for Dr V.J and an early (comparatively speaking) authority on the point], at another which does not of place ( 62) come within the purview

Dr Verrall's essay, alludes (if we understand him rightly) to an ' early conquest of Messenia (achieved presumably in a primeval conflict') as a matter of universal acceptation, and that not merely as an event of historical inference but as a substantive historical fact, to which he can, and does, assign a date. Whether that date is intrinsically right is another matter : the point is that Lycurgus, in condescending upon it, evidently assumes, with just as much confidence as he does in the case of Tyrtaeus' association (by assumption) with the Messenian war of the 5th cent., that he is speaking of something which is perfectly familiar to his hearers. This, of course, does not touch the question of Tyrtaeus' con- nexion with one or other of the M. wars; but we are justified (I think) in inferring that, already in the time of Lycurgus, the 'primeval conflicts' between the Spartans and Messenians were so far accepted as historical as to have had some system of chronology worked out for them. We can only speculate as to what information Lycurgus possessed regarding them (other than the chronological glimpse he gives us at the place quoted), and whether, or how far, such information was, as a matter of fact, derived from the poems of Tyrtaeus.] rqv irepl TOVS veovs err.

0,707777, or public education (for which see any standard history of Greece), was an elaborate system, the aim of which was to turn icy] NOTES 185

out good soldiers. This, like the bulk of Spartan institutions, would be more naturally attributed, we may suspect, by the Spartans themselves to their great reformer, 'Lycurgus.'

ls airavra TOV alwva] Cf. supra 7 Kara iravrbs TOU aZcDfos, 62 TOV aiCova. do//c7/r6s ^crn n.

KaT6'Xiir...e\Yia iroiijo-as] With the martial elegies of T., and their effect on the course of the Messenian war, we may compare what is recorded of Solon in the matter of the recovery

of Salamis (c. 570 B.C.) : Dem. F.L. 252 TOV tdiov Kivdwov ('staking his personal safety') eXeyeta irot^o'as ySe, Ka.1

TroXei, TTJV 5' virdpxovffai' a.i

107. irepl TOWS oXXovs...Xo-yov IXOVTCS] cum ceterorum poetarum nullam rationem habeant: so Plat. Tim. 870 \6yov

%-Xtiv irepL TWOS, and the commoner X^oi' rtvos Troieiffdai, fr

ovdevi \6y

' ' tude, they exhibit such a regard for him : the aor. represents the passing of the law as a past act. * oTav...^o-TpaTV(x^vot w

45 Botwrot 5 TreTrvoyievoi TO. irpdy/j.aTa eirl rots opiois TJcrav

ej-eoTpaTev/JLevoi. [e^ecrr. w

eiffi codd.: IKVT. ul

= irpo Tii]S irarpiSos 0Xiv diro0.] Examples of Trpb vTrtp, 'in defence cf,' seem to be quoted mainly from Homer and Herod.:

rare in the orators. edtXeiv airod. : 'etfeAw seems especially used

' of the alacrity and determination of a soldier : Graves on Thuc. re IV. 10. 2 f)v e0Au>/ue/' /AetVcu /c.r.X., where he quotes from

Brasidas' address before the : battle of Amphipolis (Thuc. v. 9. 6) 186 NOTES [107.

/cat vofj.iffo.Tf elvcu TOV /caXws TroXejuetV TO tdtXeiv /ecu r6 ai r ola iroiovvTS... Trap IKCIVOIS] 'by what sort of poetry people won credit at Sparta.' The sense given to TTOIOUVTCS (cf. supra 100: so also Rehd. and Sofer) accords best, perhaps, with the context also refer to ; but the ptcp. might (I think) the conduct of sort of which the poem inculcates )( the conduct L., 'by what deeds.' The subject of evdoKifJiovv is indef., 'people,' homines, on.

i. avSp* dyaOov] predicative, perhaps, 'like a brave man,' the subject of Tf6t>d/jifi>ai being indefinite.

irepl $ irarpCSi] 'for his country': irept with the dat. of the thing for which one fights is frequent in Horn, and occurs occasionally in prose: Plat. Protag. 314 A trepl rots ^iXTctrots Kvfieveiv (though the idea here is rather different). Thuc. vi. 34 irepi Trj ZiKeXiq, &TTCU 6 ayuv, which the MSS. give, is corrected by the editors to irepl TT?S Zi/ceXaj. # is of course dat. sing. = in line fern, of the possessive 6's, 17, 6V, and 7-77 eavTOv. So next = r\v 5' O.VTOV suam ipsius-. Soph. 0. T. 1248 rots olffiv OLVTOV. 4. dvi-qpoTarov] The second syllable of this word is short also in : in and Theognis (TroXV avirjpa Tra.6(i}i>) Horn, Soph. always avi- (cf. dvld

' 6. KovpiSfrg r d\ox<{>] a common Homeric phrase, his wedded (lawful) wife')(a concubine, TraXXa*^, TraXXa/ct's.

. rot

9. Kara 8* d-yXaov elSos \eyx l ] 'and sadly belieth his goodly mien': eX^yxco in the Homeric sense of 'disgrace,' 'put to shame' (cf. KCIK' eXtyxea, 'base reproaches to your name,' L.S.).

Kara . . . \fyx eL may be taken as a tmesis = /careX^yxei (Hes.

at 5e rt v6ov but it must be Op. 712 /j-rj KaTeXeyxfrw cUos), 107.13] NOTES 187 remembered that in epic the preps, are in the transitional stage from adverbs, and that their use must be considered accordingly. of jo. o.Tt(iiT]...^TrTai] For the quantity of the penult, an^ir), cf. Od. XIII. 142 trpefffivrarov Kal apurroi' driuiyo-iv id\\etv. so eVercu, 'attends upon': //. IV. 415 Toirry...K05os a//.' e\f/erat: also far), Tipi}. For the sing, predicate with a composite subject, which is felt as making up a single idea, cf. Luc. Dial. Mort. 6. I Kai dieraev: so IX. turn et TJ Motpa i] Qveis Livy n. 4 sponsio pax repudietur^ Ps. LXXXIV. 2 'my heart and my flesh crieth out.'

i ii, 12. el 8'...ov86[ii' a>pT]... yevos] 'as then there is no regard nor respect for a man who is a wanderer, nor for his race after him.' With the reading in the text, construe : et 5' (afire) dvdpbs ...o#r' oirlcrd} "yeVeos yiyverai ovdeftia &pr] ou5' cu'5u>y, the sup- pression of the first oure being paralleled by e.g. Aesch. Agam. 532 Hdpis yap afire ffvi>re\r)S 7r6Xts K.r.X. See Grit. App. et ov c. indie, in Horn, is so comparatively frequent (//. xv. 162, xx. 129, xxiv. 296; Od. n. 274, xn. 382) as to suggest that 01} was originally normal in protases c. indie, and was afterwards displaced by ^77 through the use of the latter with the other moods (Monro, H.G?, p. 289). As a matter of fact, however, the present passage would stand quite well in Attic, which * admits ov after el when the latter is virtually = eVet, since,' quoniam, quandoquidem, as it clearly is here where the substance of the preceding lines is asserted as an established truth* Cf.

' Andoc. De Myst. 33 et 5e ovSev Tj/mdprtjrai /x.ot, but since I have committed no offence,' Dem. c. Androt. 18 el 5' oik escort, 'but seeing that it is not permissible,' c. Timocr. 53, etc. (See App. C to Cope's Rhetoric of Aristotle^ vol. I (Sandys), and, generally, Goodwin, 384-387.) W/JT/, 'regard,' 'consideration'

(Att. upa) : Her. I. 4 fj.T)5efj.iav e'xeip apTraadeicreuv (sc. rdv yvvaiKuv), Soph. O.C. 386, Track. 57.

13. 0vp.w] 'with spirit,' 'courageously': so often in Horn. urpvve ftevos Kal 6vi*bv eKdtrrov, and cf. Qvuos and TO 'the spirited principle,' in Plato's psychology. 188 NOTES [107.14

14. tj/vx^v] two syllables (synizesis). HTJK^TI is due to the imperatival force of the hortatory subj., the clause being =

15. cS voi, dXXa jjidxor0] Some think (with Heinrich) that a new fragment begins here. dXXa, hortativum is freq. in Horn. with an imper. or subj. : cf. the quotation supra 103 dXXd fidxfffd' e.Tt vrjvffi dia/jureph. The usage no doubt arose after a preceding imperative, which came to be suppressed: 'do not do this, but,' etc.

16. 6pou] in the Homeric sense, practically = 0iry^s pre- ceding.

17. Iv <}>p

Horn., QV/J.OS frl etrcu ptvG)v \ 20. TOVS yepaiovs] For the short penult., cf. the Aristophanic ot/j.oi .Sei'Xcuos at the end of a trimeter, though SetXcuos is also quoted from Soph, and Eur. (not in trimeters), see L.S. s.v. The reason was a change in the division of syllables (TO-IOVTOS for after which the as at the TOI-OUTOS), ji disappeared beginning of words. Thus we have ofos, TOIOUTOS scanned with a short first iroeiv of iroitiv syllable ; alongside ; uos written almost uniformly for i/los in the 4th cent. B.C., though u- is still scanned as long (Giles, Comp. Phil?, 122. 6).

21, aUrxpov -y^P 81] TOVTO K.T.\.] The ten lines which follow are practically an expansion of Horn. //. XXII. 71-76:

0av6vTi Trep, orrt

dXX' ore dr] irvXidv re Kaprj TTO\IOV re yfreiov

alSu) r alffX^v(a(TL /cures KTOL^VOLO ytpovros,

TOVTO drj OIKTICTTOV TrAexai SeiXotffi fiporoiaiv.

24. Kovlt]] In Horn, the penult, is short in the quadrisyllabic

Kovirjfft, long in the trisyllabic forms : in Attic we have -I in dactylic and anapaestic rhythms, but -Fin iambics (L.S. s.v.). 107.31] NOTES 189

26. vefwoniTov ISciv] 'that moveth indignation to behold': in //. Horn, vefjieffffffrbv (always in this form, except at XI. 649, quoted below) is 'that which stirs righteous indignation': //. in. * 410 Kelcre 5' ty&v otic el/j.i ve[j.eff

59 in both cases urging the acceptance of an offer), irplv d' otf

TL ve^fffftjrbv /cexoXtD

8 fj.e TrpofrjKe irvdtffdai, where the force seems to be active, 'an austere man,' one whose character it is to be angry at wrong

(cf. tirieiKT6s, 'yielding,' cautus, gratus}'. otherwise 'one to be regarded with awe' (so L. S., but vfaeo-is is not found in the sense 'fear': of v. Monro on //. I.e.}. [One can only speculate as to what account the writer of this line to whom the question no doubt never occurred would have given of its syntax. I have read it as : alcrxpa, rd y 6, and construe: aiffxpa- /ecu veptayrbv dffrtv Ideiv rd y' ideiv 66a\/ui.ois, where rd y is object and 68. go together.]

' a < v v<0 with his naked ': 27. XP Y K' ^VTa] body stripped x/>u>s) is ace. of 'respect' or 'of the part affected,' with yv/j-vuff^vra. vloi

1. : at vi. 30. KciXos] the a is regular in epic (cf. i) Theocr.

19 we have ra JULTJ KaXa /caXa Tr^avTcu. 31. v Sia(3as] of a man standing with legs apart, 'planting

himself firmly,' for fighting: cf. Horn. //. XII. 458 e3 5tct/3ds, tj/a ol u>5i fj.T} d(f>avp6repov jSAos efy, Ar. Vesp. 688 (imitating the pose). 190 NOTES [107.32

' fi //. xxi. 32. o-nipix&ls i^i- Yl 5] rm planted on earth': 241 Achilles' combat with ov8e irbSeaaiv (of Scamander) \ eT%e

(l. 381, XViii. 410, xx. 268), describing, in every instance, the effect of a speech by Telemachus on the suitors, is more specially the sign of smothered rage. So Eur. Bacch. 621 x ^ ffLV 5tSoi>s 6d6i>Tas (of Pentheus' rage against the supposed Dionysus).

1 08. irpoo-e'xeiv] absol., cf. supra 10, etc. etxov irpos dv8piav] cf. supra 104 oflrus fax " "V^s o.per'fjv n. 'set in rfjs 'ATTIKTJS eir*$'f\

Ka.Ta<|>avTj liroCrjo-av] For the sentiment, cf. Plato Menex. 240 D 5iddffKa\oi rots (XXXois yev6fj.evoi, 6ri....irav ir\Tjffos icai irds TrXoOros apery VTreiitei. rais \&v TvxaiS...XpTJx 6/*o/ws T?}J

1 09. KdT'pois iriTvp.pta] I have adopted Rehdantz's sug- gestion for the MSS. eirl rots oplots rod fiiov, which (as Es points out) cannot well be taken as a metaphor in vitae terminis, while the attempt to see a geographical reference in rou /3iov is discounted by the circumstance that the locale of the inscrr. is ' eirl TOIS on different. Wurm, followed by Blass, reads -fjpiots, ev T< their banrows,' on the strength of Harpocration's -fjpia- A.

/car' A.VTO\IJKOV. rjpLa elfflv ol rd(poi, but this leaves rov filov unaccounted for. W irpos airavras TOVS E.] irpbs in this and similar cases seems to combine the meanings of (a) 'publicly,' 'openly,' (b) 'with reference to,' of the person judging : cf. supra 101 Karaiffx^f^

Trpos airavTas TOI>S "EAXT/pas.

: is cKeCvois ji^v] 'for them,' i.e. in the case of the L. the dat. possessive. no] NOTES 191

w eiv', ayyeiXov K.T.X.] Her. vn. 228 :

w ^etV', dyy\\eiv AaKedai/moviots OTL Trjde

Kei/J.eda rots Keivwv p'quaffL Trid6/j.evoi.

' ' This sublime distich (Simon. 92) was the work of Simonides

of Ceos (c. 560-4706.0.), 'the unsurpassed master of com- in which memorative epigram' (Macan on Her. I.e.). The form it is given by Lycurgus (as also by Diod. and Strabo Strabo

c<5 is inferior to and also has fyv* , dirdyyeiXov) the Herodotean, was apparently that followed by Cicero in his Latin version, Tusc. Disp. i. 42: die, hospes, Spartae nos te hie vidisse iacentes, dum sanctis patriae legibus obsequimur. 'EXXrjvttV irpo(i.axovvTS K.T.X.] The epigram is also by

Simonides (Simon. 93). \pvv : g^ in one form or another, is the inevitable epithet of the oriental, suggesting wealth and luxury. rr6p

C. 29. 1 1 0. dXX* ou\ o A. ireirofojKev] sc. &gi6v ivrw eiralvov, or something similar out of the preceding sentence.

' rqv e d

Sofjere] 'you will be thought to,' 'will have the reputation.' 6avp.dtovTs] 'admire,' 'reverence': for a strong use of the word, cf. Xen. Hell. I. 6. n (Callicratidas is speaking of Persian support) Sel^o/J.ev ro?s (3a.p/3dpois 6Vt /ecu &vev TOV eKelvovs OavfAdfeiv dvvdfji0a TOVS ex^povs Tt/mupeTaOai, 'even without worshipping them.'

TOIS iraXaiois] So Taylor (Bl., Sofer) for rols TroXe/iiois, which does not seem to give good point : rots no\\ois s. 7rpoy6vois Rehd. KKpitr0cu KaXXio-rov] 'are adjudged (the) most honourable ' : infin. (thing) the perf. denotes the settled attitude : cf. supra

etc. KdX\i

deserters to Decelea, (d) the man -who died at Salamis : yet

1 Leocrates crime surpasses these in its enormity. These examples

should suffice to prove the temper of our ancestors in this regard, but I should like to remindyou of the decree passed by them after the Thirty, proclaiming 'killing no murder' in the case even of prospective traitors and rightly so, for treason is a case -where the punishment must anticipate the committal of the act. The psephism of Demophantus, moreover, binds you to punish the traitor by every means in your power. You should not claim to inherit the properties bequeathed you by your ancestors while disclaiming all part in the pledges whereby they safeguarded the public welfare.

c. 30. 111. ^X tvl probably intrans., 8v rpdirov being then = * ' STTW?, what your attitude should be.

' Ki'vovs rva rpoirov \.] for the anticipation,' cf. supra 62

TT]v Tpolav rts OVK aK^Koev, n. and reff. Contrast is upylfovTo just below. For the severer methods of the

Athens of a previous age, cf. Dem. F.L. 272 r6re (j.tv otfrw aepvbv TJV TO StKaiov ical TO Ko\dfctv roi>s T& roiaura iroiovvras (persons like Arthmius of Zelea, a tool of Xerxes, who distributed

Persian gold in Greece) HVTI/J.OV, WCTTC TTJS aiJr^s ^fioDro arderews

T& re apiffTeiov Trjs 0eoD KO! al Kara TUIV TO. rotaOr' ddiKo^vTuv rt/iwpt'at [i.e. the 0-7-77X17 with the decree of execration against A. was placed in a conspicuous position close by the great statue of the vvv d el (dpiffTeiov) goddess]' -yAws, adeia, Q.i

' * Tqv TijiwpCav] the due' or appropriate' punishment. TO. KaXoL TWV ?pY

1 1 2. 4>pvvxv . . . diro(raYVTos . . . viro 'A. ical 0. ] The Phrynichus mentioned was one of the commanders of the Athenian fleet at Samos and was closely identified with the revolution of the Four Hundred at Athens in 411. He was assassinated on his return from an unsuccessful mission to Sparta in the interests of ii 2 ] NOTES 193

the extreme oligarchical party, but accounts differ as to the circumstances of his death and the identity of his murderers.

Thucydides (vill. 92) says that P. TrXijyels UTT' dvdpos rCav irepi-

TTQ\

TOU (3ov\evri)pLov direXOtov diredave irapaxpfifjia., and adds that the man who actually struck the blow escaped, but that his accom-

plice, an Argive, was taken and put to the torture. Plutarch (Alcib. 25) calls the assassin Hermon, obviously from a confusion with "Epfiiav ris rdv irepnrbXuv mentioned further on in the chap, of Thuc. quoted . The names in Lycurgus agree with those given by Lysias c. Agorat. 71, Thrasybulus of Calydon and Apollo- dorus of Megara : they fell in with P. as he was taking a walk

(padifrvTi) : T. aimed the blow. We possess the text of a decree, Erasinides and Hill2 proposed by (Hicks , 74), conferring honours on Thrasybulus, and the mention of 'Apollodorus of Megara,' in

Lysias irepl TOV CTJICOV [or. vn] 4, as receiving a grant of land, is presumably connected with his share in P.'s death. Hicks on the decree quoted reconciles Lycurgus' vturup with Thuc.'s tv T-Q dyopq. TrXrjdofor) by holding that the latter expression is to be understood of the place, not the time, of the deed; but it is doubtful whether the idea of time can be divorced from the Gk. phrase. From a rider attached to Erasinides' decree, we know

also c. that the claim of Apollodorus (cf. Lysias Agorat. I.e.) was challenged, and on the whole it seems likely, as Arnold says, that 'some zealous friends of the democracy laid claim to a merit with which really they had no concern.' (See Tucker on Thuc. vin. ' I.e.) irapd rr\v Kpi]vi)v -rqv Iv TOIS oUrvois : by the fountain in the osier-beds,' presumably within the confines of the market- ev place : there being no doubt several Kpfjvai, TT\V TOIS o/

XT]0VTv] i.q. crvXh-rjcpQeisTuv: cf. supra 52 Xaftovcra dirt- Kreive.

' set free.' Ijjij-yo.'ye] lifaravit, them ' dvcKpive] held an inquiry into the matter': cf. fodKpuris, the preliminary investigation of a case before the archon.

P.L. I 3 112 194 NOTES [

T]TO>V] here of a judicial, frequently of a philosophical, inquiry. irpo8i86vra] 'was scheming to betray': conative impf., but 1 possibly = TrpoSoTTjv ovra, 'that he was guilty of treason to the state: cf. adiicetv. Goodwin, 27.

' 11 3. KpiTiov elirovros] on the motion of Critias,' who was afterwards chief of 'the Thirty.' ' that the TOV [J^v veicpov Kpi'veiv irpo8o0-ias] dead should be tried for treason': for the active in fin., cf. sttpra 16 e^^/o-aro

6 drj/JU)s...Ka.TaKO[ji.ieiv n. KOLV 86fl] si visus sit.

irpoSo-rrjs <3v...T0d0ai] Cf. Xen. Hell. I. 7. 22 vbpos t^rlv...

edv TIS TTJV TTO\U> Trpodid({)...KpidfrTa tv diKaffTr]pl({}, &V Karayvuffd^, ev /c.r.X. /j,i) Ta

6 for TCI -y oo-Ta] ye [Jacob (Bl., Sof.) re] implies that the ex- humation of the bones was the next best thing after the unjustifiable burial.

eop

' 1 1 4. diroXo-ywvTai] conative, seek to defend.' v6xovs...iriTi|xois] Cf. supra 4 TOUS ev6xovs Tois...tiriTt-

/ifois n. TOV Sicurwtovra] 'he that would save' the traitor: Goodwin,

25. K TWV Kiv8vvwv] This const, seems rarer than the simple gen. with airaXXdrreLv.

Xo,pfc 8* avrois] aurois is a 'dativus commodi,' or 'of the person interested in the action,' esp. common, as here, in calling for documents: cf. supra 23 n.

1 1 5. TOVTOV TOV \J/T]^cr(xaTos] The demonstrative is usually n6] NOTES 195 omitted in cases like this : see the exx. collected by Rehd., App. 2,

P- 155-

fcimTO, Kivot |i^v.'. .vjjLcis 8'] For ^Treira, cf. supra 27, and for }jv...8, supra 42 nn. 'ApCo-rapxov Kal 'AXef-iicXwi] Both of these belonged, like Phrynichus, to the extreme oligarchical party and figure in Thuc.'s account of the revolution of 411 (Thuc. vin. 90-98), The former is described by Thuc. as dv^p ev rots /idXto-ra /cat e/c irXeiarov evavrios T< STJ^, and when the oligarchs were compelled to flee the city, he made himself notorious by betraying the fort of Oenoe on the Boeotian frontier to the enemy (Thuc. viu. 98; Xen. Hell. I. 7. 28). From the latter passage we infer that he had been tried and put to death some time prior to 4068.0., presumably on the strength of his previous career generally and not on the specific charge assigned by Lycurgus.

avro TO (rwjxa] 'the actual person' of the traitor) (TO, TOV irpo-

. . Cf. viTO\fipiov .r-fl t|/t](J>a>] supra 2, 27, 91. 11 6. Kivot |iv...v>nis Be] Cf. supra 42 n. rats rxaT

ties': /nerepxc/icu in this sense (cf. SioiKetv, (fietiyetv, d\is Kal diKaitos /xer^pxo/uat rbv ovta TOV Trarpos, Plat. Protag. 322 A HpofJ.tjdea...K\OTri]s diKt] ^errjKdev. ' if ws ov8v dSiKoiivTa] as he were entirely guiltless,' i.q. (is ovdev &BIKOV ovra: Goodwin, 27. sc. TOVTO p/i] SfJTa] Troi^o-Tjre, but the imper. is idiomatically omitted in the Greek.

] See Crit. App.

' Kal -yap el \&v ilv K.T.\.] now had there been (only) one such decree on record, it might have been argued that they passed it in a rather than from real temper conviction': yeyovbs -qv \f/. the of rather stress represents passive \f/. Trotei

than eyeyovei would have done on the state as opp. to the act :

' were in existence,' 'were on record.' 5i' d\^6etav is explained 1 3-.2 196 NOTES [116

by (pfaei just below, the contrast being between the haste of

anger (Si' opy/iv) and their real or settled conviction as to the gravity of the offences.

< orav 8i irapd irdvTwv...Ti(jLwpiav] cum tamen de omnibus pariter eandem poenam sumpserint: OTO.V has the causal sense which frequently attaches to 6're and O7r6re, quoniam^ quando,

quandoquidem : cf. Soph. O.T. 918 or' ofo Trapcuvovcr' ovdev ts TT\tov TTOIW, Ant. 170. 117. "Iirjrapxov...T6v XapfJtov] This Hipparchus, ace. to Androtion ap. Harpocr., was a relation of the Pisistratids, and was the first victim of the ordinance of ostracism, 487 B.C.: cf. Plut. Nic. II irpuTos 5e (^warpa/ao-fl??) "Iinrapxos 6 "KoXapyeiJS,

ffvyyevr)s TIS uv TOV rvpdvvov. Lycurgus is apparently our only authority for the additional detail concerning him in this passage. [The MSS. give rbv Tt/idpxou, which some editors correct to

: "ITTTT. 6 Xdpfiov, following Harpocr. Xdp/iou, us ij(n Au/cou/yyos ev T$ Kara Aewpdrovs. Others correct Harpocr. from the MSS.; but the Hipparchus intended is no doubt one and the same.] 4v TU> Sijpu] i.e. before the Assembly, acting as a law-court (Heliaea). ' left t'pr)p.ov TOV d^wva iao-avra] having the case undefended,'

'having let it go by default': so tpriwv (sc. dtK^v) Karrjyopew,

' e\eiv, 6

article is omitted with this and 4| dKpoir6\ft)s] The frequently

similar nouns (cf. 7r6Xts, dyopd) which are at once common and

proper. ^ melted it down': cf. Dem. c. Androt. -vyXft)ve J]aas 5' diroppeiv

his so in- iroiii

TIJS 'EXXdSos Kal ffTriKlTtjv dvaypdiv, Dem. Phil. ill. Kal Troieiv. 45 Ti/j,(t)povi>TO oOs afodocvTO ware oTTjXiTas ' TOVS aX. Kal TOVS irp.] sinners and traitors,' as a class : cf. Andoc. Z)e Myst, 51 dvaypavras ev crr^Xcus cos oVras dXiTTj/HOvs For\f^r}iffai'To...dvaypd(pLV, cf. j/>r0 16, 113, #. 01 aXXoi 84 irpoSdrai] 'and other traitors a* weir-, cf.

28 .

1 1 8. Xap* . . . dva-yfyvwcTKe] Cf. supra 36 . ' Ka0* o] in pursuance of which.'

viro-ypafifia] strictly correct as being on the base of the 0-7-^X17, ' but we must be content with inscription.' ' TOVS vo-rtpov irpoo-ava-ypa^vTas] those who had their names added (irpos-) later.'

' ' 1 1 9. rC SOKOVO-IV v(xiv] what think ye of them ? : sc. perhaps ytyvuffKetv out of the following question, but the expression is idiomatic, and is not to be explained simply by the omission of a verb: cf. Aesch. Ag. 935 rl 5' civ doKel aoi Upiaytcos, e rdd' r( fivvffev ; Plat. Phaedr. 2340

ofiouos vjjttv] vfuv depends upon o/u-oius. Kal OVK] For the structure of the sentence, cf. supra 70, 71 apd 7' 6'^otoi K.T.\., and notes there. Here we have Kal OVK for the commoner dXX' oik in such cases, and 'instead of (as at I.e.]

' is again the best equivalent : do they appear to you to have held the same views as you with regard to the guilty, instead of pulling down and punishing (as they actually did) ?' etc. : or make a new

' sentence and say, Did they not rather pull down ?' etc. Kal TO

'

' and giving a formal antithesis to dXX' tva : their object was not (simply) to melt the statue, but to leave an example,' etc. For sentiment and structure, cf. Dem. Phil. in. 41, where after ypd.fjLiu.aTa r&v Trpoy6voi Kartdevr' ets GT'tjX'qv xa\Kr)v ypd^avrcs eis aKp6iro\iv (referring to the (TTTjXr; of Arthmius, supra

1 1 1 n. some MSS. iV avrois 1 avev ) give ou% % XP^ ^ (icai yap TOIJTUV T(t)v ypafiadruv ra dtovr'

\}irofj.vf)na,ra...ij3S inrkp T&V TOLOUTWV (nrovSdfreiv Trpoa"f)Kei.

1 20. avrots] Cf. supra 23, 1 14 . TO this ^rcpov \|rt|i

' rapl TWV els A. |iTav] concerning absconders to Decelea.' Decelea, which lay due north of Athens on the road to Oropus, was seized and fortified by the Peloponnesians in 41 3 B.C. (the nineteenth year of the Peloponnesian War), from which time forward it was a great source of annoyance to Athens as a convenient rendezvous for deserters (cf. the name 6 Ae/ceXeiKds 7r6Xe/ioy which is sometimes applied to the latter part of the war). Another cause of distress was that Athenian corn-supplies, formerly conveyed overland via Decelea, had now to be carried round Sunium, which was a slow and expensive business (cf. Thuc. VII. 28; Cornford, Thuc. Mylhist. p. 33), so 'that in this ' respect, as in others, Athens was blockaded by the L.' (cf.

Thuc. I.e. dvrl TOV ?r6Xis elvai (frpotiptov Kar^Tff).

' STI irepi TV irpo8oTwv...iroiovvTo] that the penalties which our ancestors prescribed for traitors were uniform and mutually consistent.'

1 21 . TOVTOV TOV t|/t]4>o-)xaTos] Cf. supra 1 15 n.

erraviwv aXCo-K-rp-ai] 'should be caught returning' to Athens: the ptcp. of that in which a person is detected is common with this verb, cf. Plat. Apol. 290 eav 5e dXys rt TOVTO irpdrTwv, Her. i. ii2, 209, etc. onra-ya-Yiv...7rp6s TOVS 0

technically said of 'summarily arresting' (cf. dirayuy^) a person, i2 2 ] NOTES 199 whom it was perhaps necessary to take in the act (^ to make this procedure legitimate (see the argument in Lysias, C. Agorat. 85-87). cbrcryuryi? was allowed (i) against 'male- factors' (/ca/co 0/3701) in the technical application of the term, e.g. thieves (KX^TTTCU), clothes-stealers (XwTroStfrcu), etc.; (2) against persons labouring under any kind of disfranchisement (drt^a), if the law excluded detected exercising the rights from which them ; (3) against persons banished either for homicide or political crimes, if they unlawfully returned (Kar^vat) to the country. The in cases the Eleven (ol ZvdeKa) had jurisdiction (i) and (2) ;

Thesmothetae (the six junior archons acting as a college) in (3), as here. TOV Pov\6(xvov : the regular phrase of a privilege which etc. any one may claim: cf. the familiar e^eivai T$ j3., irapaXa-

: sc. cirl officer Povras rous Oea-fMoBeras. T(J> TOV dpu^fxaTOS, 'the in charge of the pit,' the official style of the executioner at the fiapadpov (outside the Piraic Gate, on the western boundary of the city), into which condemned criminals were thrown : so also

6 ^TTl T(f OptiyfACLTl.

gimTa Kivoi |xev...t)p.ts 8c] Cf. supra 115 n.

Iv avTTJ TTJ x^P?-] Decelea, after all, was on Attic soil. els'PoSov] These words are bracketed here by several editors

(as also supra 55, 70), on the ground that the fact of L.'s flight, not its destination, is the important thing : but if Rhodes, as we have reason to suppose, was in bad odour at Athens at the time, the mention of it would create all the greater invidia against L.

1 22. irepl TOV Iv S. T\VTrjo-battle of Salamis, when Mardonius was making offers to the Athenians: cf. supra 7iw. Demosthenes, however (De Cor. 204), followed by Cicero (De Off. ill. n), gives the name as Cyrsilus, and places the incident before the battle, when the Athenians were consider- ing the question of embarking. We can hardly doubt that all three accounts refer to one and the same incident ; but whether Herod, or Dem. is correct with the name (which Lye. does not 200 NOTES [122 mention), only the inscr. (as Rehd. observes, App. 3, adloc.) can decide.

irepicXoficvt] TOVS dvovs] 'taking off their crowns,' which they would be wearing as the badge of their office as j8ouXeura : crowns were worn also by archons, priests, and by orators in the assembly: cf. Dem. Mid. 17 rbv ea}>(afj.evov apxovra, [Dem.] XXVI. 5 OTO.V a.wox-pOTOvriOC)al rives rdsv ev rats circus, trapa-

f Xpypa- irfTravvTOii apxovres Kal TOVS

s, SO,KTV\IOS).

' ...K^KTTjVTo] for they were distinguished not only for nobleness of soul but also for the nobleness of the vengeance

' which they meted out to transgressors is perhaps the most we can make of the slightly zeugmatic Greek, [evyeveis Dobree (Sch., Bl.): eyyevels Rehd.: vvyyeveis codd. (Thalh.).] 123. rl ovv;] We may supply doKelre orvfjLiv 5oK from the rl otiv init. like next clause, but is idiomatic (cf. supra 119 n.), quid? quid tandem ? in Latin. f3ovXop.vois] 'if you wish.' has OVK dwoK. The \i.r\ diroKTCivai] N (BL, Sofer) JUT? question, o ecrri A. converted into a statement, is equivalent to Trdrpiov jj,rj OVK diroKTfivai, which may be sound Greek, as far as the form goes, but it does not admit of being stated in the positive form irdrpibv tan A. pi} dnoK., which is contrary to the speaker's contention. = 6ir<$T6] causal, like the two Sre's following, cf. Lat. quando

: cf. II. ovv Idlas quoniam Thuc. 60 bw6re 7r6Xis /j.ev ras ota TC (ptpeiv, els 5' KCWTOS rds eKeivys ddvvaros, ir&s ov

I init. et etc - dfAvveiv avrrj; Dem. OL ore roLvvv rovd' OVTUS ?x > Cf. supra 116 8Tav...d\r)6Tes

' l ---

cf. n. want , supra 15 TT\V Trap' vp.dv...Tt.iJ.b}ploiv [The of an object to diroffTepeiv, though not perhaps absolutely neces- sary to the sense, has been felt by most editors : Reiske supplied favrovs after eirix-, Herwerden TTJI/ irarpiSa, Blass rr]v ir6\u> after

Ko\a

Rhet. I. 10. 17. 1 24. Kal TdVTa] i.e. what I have said already. ' yvwyai] i.q. IKO.VO. clicrre u/was yvuvat, sufficient to enable you to judge of,' etc.

nfjs

TO -yap H-fTti iroX\Lysander, and ruled Athens from Sept. to May, 404-3. Critias and Theramenes were two of the best known members of this body. Lycurgus appears to be in error in placing the decree of Demophantus, of which he goes on to speak, 'after the Thirty,' as the evidence of the decree itself (cf. Rehd., App. 3, p. 184 n.} dates it to July or August, 410, i.e. 'after the Four Hundred? Some suppose that the decree was re-enacted after the downfall of the Thirty, and that the preamble of the original was introduced in the revived

' it is as measure ; but as likely not that the substitution of the

' Thirty' for the Four Hundred' is simply another of the historical slips which we have already noticed in the course of the speech

(cf. supra 62, 70 j^.).

ota ov8ds...TJ

Frohb. respectively substitute for it, give statements which are untrue in point of fact.] 202 NOTES [ 124

icaT\T]X\)6oTs] The verb is technical of the return of exiles. The democrats were led by Thrasybulus, who made Phyle his headquarters: from here he descended and seized the Piraeus: Critias was killed at the battle of Munychia. The democracy was restored c. Sept. 403. diTCLcras Tpaav K.T.\.] 'blocked up all the avenues to crime, having experience and knowledge of the first moves and methods of attack of those who plan to betray the

democracy.' dSiK-nfxaTwv : here specially of political offences. rds 68ovs...evtpa%av: cf. Isocr. Areop. 40 4/j.^pdyfj.aTa yap avTovs [a community with a multiplicity of laws] Trotou/u^ous r&v

' afJ.apTrjfj.dTwv 7roXXot)s TiBecrdai. rous v6/m.ovs dvayKafeffOai, in seek- ing to raise barriers against crime, they are compelled,' etc.; Aeschin. Ctes. 223 OVTW 5 rats am'cus ej^0paas rois /caret 0-aurou

' rifj-uplas, barred the penalties against yourself by (counter)

' charges.' rds dpx

somewhat akin to acpopfi-ri : T68ovs, 'ways of approach,' 'methods of attack': the word suggests grassari. rwv -rrpoSiSov-

TWV : cf. supra 112 TrpooiSovTa TTJV irb\iv n.

125. 4\|fT]<|>o-avTO -ycip Kal wp-oo-av] The decree of Demo- phantus, referred to specifically infra 127. It is quoted in full by Andoc. De Myst. 96-98, and also mentioned by Dem.

Lept. 159. The relevant portion of it, for comparison with 6 5

KTevO) Kal \6y(j) Kal py Kal i/^0y Kal TTJ 4fj,avTov x^ipL, av duvaTbs

u, 8s av KaTa\6

airoKTeivri, o avTov vofj-iu elvai Kal irpbs 6eQ>v Kal 8ai.fj.6v(>)i>, ws

iro\tfjuov KTdvavTa rbv 'AQyvaluv.

' lav TIS TupavviSi iiriTiOrJTai] if any one should attempt a tyranny,' i.e. attempt to establish one: cf. Aeschin. Ctes. 235 ovdels Tr^Trore tirtQtTQ Trj TOV dy/mov /caraX^et, 'attempted the overthrow,' Lysias, or. VI. 19 vavK\-rjpla tiridtfjievos TTJV 66.-

\aTTav ^TrXet, 'took to shipmastering.' irpo8i8u...KaTaXvT| : conative. 126] NOTES 203

TOV alo-0av6(i,vov...a.iroKT6CvavTa] 'whoever detected them should be guiltless of their blood,' lit. 'if he killed him.' With rbv ai cf. the common 6 fiovKbuevos, and supra 121. Kal KpiTTOv 28ofjv avTOis...8ov\6viv] 'and they thought it better that those lying under such an imputation should be put to death than that they themselves should have the attempt actually made upon them and be reduced to slavery': the const, in the second half of the sentence is quite normal and must be distinguished from stipra 84 He\oirovvr)

' cravras KaTavei/j-acrdai, where 2doj;e = visum est, they resolved.' 6 ireipaO^vras I understand as passive (cf. Thuc. VI. 54 Tretpaflets 'Apfj.6di.os i)irb 'linrdpxov), which seems slightly more probable than middle (so Rehd., sc. airruw), in the absence of an accom- panying gen. ' dpx.i]v -yap OVTCDS K.T.X.] for they considered that the citizens should simply live in such a way as that no one should so much as incur the suspicion of such crimes.' For the sentiment, cf. Isocr. Areop. 42 (of the Athenians of an earlier time) TO.VTO. SiavoTjOfrres 01) TOVTO irp&rov eaKbirovv, 5i' iav Ko\d.

ciXX' <2v Tra.pa

. apx'nv, lit. 'to start with,' and so 'at all/ otnnino, mostly in negative sentences and preceding the negative, as Soph.

Ant. v ot rd a '/a hopeless quest should not be made at all.' Also rijv apxyv, as Dem. c. Aristocr. V ' he 93 TTI apx^v yap Qfy avr$ /J.T) yp&eiv, need never have proposed at all,' Her. iv. 25, Isocr. Antid. 272.

' 1 26. TOIS. . .

' ' council': /3oiAeuecr0cu, deliberate' )((3ov\veiv, be a member of = the /3ov\T7,' but a.lso (3ov\eve

MS 8i] with V7r6fj.vr)/j.a, 'a reminder of how you ought,' etc. fa = quemadmodum is less common than OTTWS or 8v rpoirov. Kal 8id TOVTo...

extreme measures. fj.6voi> goes with ^lAXovraj. a/rroKTeviv : Cobet (Bl.) changes to airoKreveiv, but (as Rehd. rightly observes 126 204 NOTES [

ad loc.} the whole stress falls on the act, not on the time. The decree itself, as quoted by Andoc. (ed. Hickie), has 6>6(rcu... diroKTelveiv. Curiously enough the provision on which Lye., whose language reads like a quotation, lays so much stress, is not found in the decree as given by Andocides: see supra 125 n. ' T<3v \i\v -yap aXXwv K.r.X..] for in the case of other offences the penalties should be imposed after the deed, but in the case of treason and subversion of the democracy, before.' For good commentaries on this passage, cf. [Dem.] c. Aristogit. B. 4 5t6

Kol TO? Tt/iw/>as 6 So'Xwi' rots ptv t5tc6rcus tirolriffe fipadeLas, rats 5'

apxats Kal TOLS 8r)fjia.y

Xe

eo', TOIS 5' OVK tveivcu Trepi/JLeTvai' TO yap Ti/j.bjprjo'bfj.ei'ov oi>x ' TTJS 7ro\ire/as Ka.TaKvdelfft)'}, there will be no means of vengeance left once the constitution is subverted,' and Sallust, Cat. c. 52 (Cato's speech ad tmt.), which almost reads like an

' imitation of the Greek : nam cetera maleficia turn persequare, ubi facta sunt : hoc nisi provideris ne accidat, ubi evenit, frustra iudicia implores : capta urbe nihiljit reliqui victis?

' irap* auTtov dSiKovvrtov] (to obtain satisfaction) from them for the crime': aducotivTuv is predicative.

< KpeTTOvs... yfyVOVTai --- T4twpfo>s] 'for they are already beyond the reach of punishment at the hands of the injured': in this cf. sense, Thuc. in. 84 rj avdpwireia. 0u<

' d/cyoarTjs /Aev opyijs o5(ra, xpelaawv 8k TOV diKaiov, superior to

considerations of right,' Arist. Pol. v. 12. 8 0atfXous /cat Kpeirrovs

TTJS TratSeias = oOs Traidevdyvat adtivarov (immediately following) :

v. L.S. s.v. Kpeiffffuv, III.

' c. 31. 1 27. TTJS irpovofas. . .TWV ?pYv] this foresight [which ' your ancestors displayed] and their practice. 4v in * in vote.' TTJ i|/T]4>] suffragio ferendo, giving your

V TTJ Trffiepov "np-epqi] Cf. supra in.

' TTJS KLvwv rijiwpCas] of how they inflicted punishment.'

TW : have 8tofj.(op.oKaT...Ta) j/. A.] 5to/*w/i6/care 'you solemnly sworn,' perhaps : the precise force of this compound is not always 128] NOTES 205

to determine. TOV A.: cf. easy T<$ \J/. supra 125.

Kreveiv Cob. (Bl.): cf. supra 126 cnroKTeiveiv /j.o(?av

...fio-rjQ'fiveiv T< &$... Kal xeipl Kal irodl Kal

0e$ Tri66uei>os TOVT' Zirpa n. K\ripovoiJ.eiv : cf. supra 88 Si/ccuws

ravTrjs (sc. r?}s %c6pas) KOI redveures 6K\r]pov6fji.ovv. c. 32. 128-130. The Lacedaemonians, whom you will pardon me for quoting once again, showed the same spirit as your ancestors in their treatment of the traitor Pausanias, and in the law which they passed respecting defaulters in their country's defence. This law I shall read to you. Where death is the penalty for cowardice, men will rather face the danger of battle than condemnation by theirfellow-countrymen. 1 28. for what he (Jtrj jxoi ax.6e

may be unpleasant to his hearers : cf. supra 52 Kal fjL-rjdds pot dopv^o-y. Praise of the institutions of another Greek state, which was expressly forbidden at Sparta, was presumably not encouraged elsewhere. IK TroXews vvofxovjj.vrjs] Sparta, with all her faults, was constantly quoted by Athenian statesmen and orators as the model, among cities, of evvopia, which, ace. to Aristotle (Pol.

IV. 8. 6), comprehended 'good laws well obeyed.' Eunomia, 'Law and Order,' was the title of a poem by Tyrtaeus. Cf.

Thuc. I. 1 8 17 yap Aa/feScu/xaw...^* TraXatrdrou Kal etivQfJL-fid-ri Kal del drupdweuros yv, Plat. Crito 52 E (the Laws to Socrates)

' evvofjLtiaOai, where Adam remarks : What Socrates most admired

in Crete and Sparta was their implicit obedience to the law : 206 NOTES [128 they formed the best possible illustration of his principle rb diKaiov is TO i>6/j.i/j.oi>.' Also Prot. 342 A ff., Rep. VIII. 5440,

Xen. Mem. in. 5. 15 and IV. 4. 15. 'Few sights are stranger than Plato and Xenophon turning their eyes away from their own free country to regard with admiration the constitution of Sparta.... It attracted them because the old order survived there the citizen absolutely submissive to the authority of the state, and not looking beyond it. ...Accordingly they saw in Sparta the of what a state should it was image be ; just because relatively free from that individualism which they were themselves actively promoting by their speculations in political philosophy.' Bury, E.G. (1900), pp. 581-2.

' aX.6

latter of for ical tion the being course, Lycurgus, 77 dticala TJ

IIaxi

' ' The designation king is not quite accurate, as P. simply succeeded his father Cleombrotus in the guardianship of his cousin Plistarchus, son of Leonidas, for whom he acted as regent

till his ix. but it makes him from 479 death (c. 471) (Her. 10) ; all the more effective an example for Lycurgus of the punishment of treason in high places. The account of his death here agrees in the main with that of Thuc. (i. 134) : later historians (Nepos, Diodorus, Polyaenus) introduce the inevitable sensational detail about his own mother, who is called Theano, bringing the first stone to wall him up.

TTJS XO\KIOKOV] sc. 6eas, 'the goddess of the Brazen House,' an epithet of Athena Poliouchos at Sparta, of which various 129] NOTES 207 explanations are given : either (a) the temple was made of bronze (so apparently Paus. 10. 5. 5), or (6) it contained a bronze image of the goddess (so app. Paus. 3. 17. 3), or (c), as Frazer thinks probable (Pausanias, vol. ill. c. xvii. p. 345), 'the building was merely lined with bronze plates, like the so-called ' Treasury of Atreus at Mycenae. diroiKo8op/i]O"avTS...d'jroo*K'ucLo~avTs] 'walled up the door'...

'pulled off the roof: Thuc. I.e. //.era de rovro rov re rov opo(pov d

s] the act. form of the verb appears to belong to late writers, e.g. Polybius and Plutarch. Atticists: irplv TJ] an 'lonism' which was abjured by many 2 -rplv Es (Bl.). But see Kuhner n . 455.

TO> Xip.u>] hunger, as a form of death (ry). 1 29. irdo-ivmo-iip.ovuoh']o-av...oTi,] 'made his punishment a signal proof to all the world, that' etc. [Editors have found difficulty in this const., and either delete ryv ri/^coplav with

Morus (Sch., Es), or change to XT? rinwpiq. Morus (Thalh., Sofer). Rehd. defends the text, quoting Ar. Thesm. 684 iracrLv bpav t

at irapcl TWV Ocwv liriKOvpCai] Cf. supra 15, 123, etc. aSiKovo-iv] ddiKovaiv is bracketed, as might be expected, by some of the editors (Bk., BL), but it seems to be Lyc.'s manner to make these idiomatic ellipses more explicit: cf. supra 33, 92, and notes. TWV K6i Y^vTiK-e'vcDv] 'of Spartan practice.' [Bl. brackets yey.] Siappi]8T]v XyovT(x onro6vt]

punishment for avoiding it. With rvyxdvovai supply as subject

01 fiT) ed^\ovTs...Ktv8vve^eiv. Of the two eis's, which both seem genuine, the first seems to be used as we say 'to fix something

' at so-and-so : the second may be illustrated from Soph. 0. T.

980 tri) 5' eis TCI (j,r)Tpbs firj (pofiov j'u/u.0e(5yuara. [Hoffmann, followed by Sofer, omits the first els, which simplifies the const.]

Kal TT]v K TOV iroXe'(j.ov TT]pCav...alo-xvvTjs] lit. 'and made a safe return from battle answerable to danger along with disgrace,' i.e. 'subject to' or 'dependent upon' a degrading trial. The meaning is : if a man comes out of battle unscathed, he must be prepared to answer the question 'why?,' should it be raised, by submitting to a trial which will fasten disgrace upon him if he fails to make good his defence. In this sense his

' ' safety may be said to be v-jretdwos, subject to,' dependent ' upon such a trial, inasmuch as the trial decides whether it has been honourably won. For Ktvdvvos in the judicial sense (Lat. periculum, O.E. danger], cf. rbv ?rp6s TOUS v6/J.ovs (sc. Kiv8vi>ov) TOV and in the next , supra 34 virtp irpoSoo-ias Kivdwetiovra,

Lysias IX. 7 rbv wap' V/JL&V Kivdwov viroffTdvres, i.e. the prospect of being called to account before a court. dvairoSeiKTov] a late word, occurring first in Lye., 'a tale cf. Iva. 8k unsupported by proof: supra 23 /i-Jj \6yov otrjade ftvai, dXX' eiSiJTe rty aX-^deiav. avrois] Cf. supra 23, 114, etc. iniciunt 130. 6...irapd TV iroXirtov o'pos] metus, quern cives (Sofer). Cf. supra 15, 49 nn.

: cf. the of j>iXot|/vx,ii

' ' : xxxiv. viroK6i|A'vTiv] is reserved for them cf. [Dem.] 19 would ri/iwpia u7r6/cetTctt ro?s ret \f/v8r] fjutprvpovai. [Corais (Es) the of eTriTidtvai change to eTriKet,(j(.frr)i>, on analogy fo/jilav (cf. Thuc. II. 24, III. 70), but unnecessarily.] ' cf. TijjLwpfav] this as a punishment': supra 79 rai/T^ iricrrLv didwffiv n. [ is due to Scheibe (Es, Bl., the MSS. Sof.): Rehd. (Thalh.) keeping avry nuwplav (with 131] NOTES 209 except Z) arranges: curry Ti/uLwpiav ovSe^iav yap...5i\ia$ ddvarov ; deleting ^f.] Suoiv KivSvvoiv viroKi}Xvoiv] 'of two dangers which are pro- posed to them,' slightly different in sense from viroKei/JLevrjv above. TOV irpos TOVS 'iro\|iovs...Tov irpos TOVS vop.ovs] sc. xivdwov, but with a slight difference of meaning, the first being what one

the see . might call the physical )( judicial, danger: previous For the sentiment, cf. Isocr. Paneg. 77 5eit>6repov hb^ov elvai TToXircDi' aKofaiv /caXws d?ro- KCLK&S virb T&V if) virtp TTJS ?r6Xews

Aeschin. Ctes. 175 efoiv (sc. 0tf0-ews ypaai). rivos

lv' ZKCLOTTOS w&v ras e/c rdv v6/j.wv f/7/ni'as ^o^o^evos TOI)S fjia\\ov $i TToXeyittous &iAelvii}v aywiffTris virep TTJS trarpldos iiirapx'd- So Polybius (vi. 37), speaking of Roman discipline,

' says it sometimes happens that men confront certain death at their stations, because, from the fear of the punishment awaiting them at home, they refuse to quit their post.' CC. 33-34. 131-134. The conduct of Leocrates is more reprehensible than that of ordinary deserters in the field in that he fled his country without even attempting to defend his own hearth, thus betraying the natural instincts displayed even by the unreasoning animals. In the eyes of the outside world, he is in a worse case than homicides: the man who abandons his own country in the hour of need will not readily lift a finger on behalf of the coiintry of others. More than any other traitor, Leocrates deserves even a severer penalty than death. Other traitors are punished when their crime is only in contemplation : in L's case it was a fait accompli.

1 31 . Tropi6|ivos] 'seeking to secure.' dXXa fxovos OVTOS K.T.\.] 'but L. alone of all men has proved false even to the proper and necessary instincts of nature, which are distinguished even by the unreasoning animals as the greatest and weightiest' : ot'/ceict, what specially or peculiarly appertains to one, Lat. proprius: avayKaia, 'necessary,' whether in the physical or (as here) in the moral sense : cf. Dem. c. Steph. A.

[or. XLV] 53 ov yap TOVS yeypa/j,fji.frovs VO/JLOVS 6 TOIOVTOS P.L. 14 210 NOTES [ 131 fj.6vovs, dXXdt /ecu TO. rijs ^iVewj olKei* avaipeT. rots

'the brutes' )( 'man,' whose distinguishing characteristic is \6yos (rational speech), Arist. Pol. I. 2. 10 \6yov 8t V.QVOV fodpujros (X et T&V &$<*'. In modern Greek, curiously enough, &\oyov is 'a horse.' SwCX-rjirrai, of the standing attitude, 'have been' and so 'are (as a permanent characteristic) defined': with this,

' TO?S fyoij is the so-called dative of the agent,' which is very closely akin to the possessive dative. 1 32. TCI YOVV ircTcivo] is ace. of the object after tffTiv ioeiv,

'one may see': cf. supra 80 opus ws IXVQS

' a ji.aX.urTa TT^<(>VK irpos TCIXOS] which are best adapted by nature for swiftness,' and so might be expected to offer the less resistance. For the text, see Grit. App.

ov8'

(as frequently) : cf. Soph. Ant. 263 Kovdels tvapy/)S, d\\' TO (sc. ^KaffTos) fJLT] eldtvai, Dem. Lept. 74 nydeis Qbv<$ axotiffr], dXX' &v a\r]0s rj a-Koiretrcj. efatre, of the act of per- mission : fjKavvev, of their attitude towards him.

ot...<|>6vou vyovTs] here, perhaps, in the literal application

' of the phrase, those who flee (their country) for murder,' i.e. anticipate their sentence by going into voluntary exile, as the murderer had the option of doing. OVK e'xovo-iv Ixfyovs TOVS vin>8.] 'do not find those who shelter them hostile to them.'

' in I to' etc. : ironical. *v ] 'would be a hurry, suppose, 134] NOTES 211

' Cf. the idiomatic vxo^rj ye, at one's leisure,' and so 'scarcely,'

'hardly': freq. in apodosi, Plat. Rep. 6ioE, etc. |i60^ov

a|iaxrovo-(,] sc. avryv, i.e. TT]V TTO\IV. 1 34. TWV irwiroTe irpoSorwv] 'of the traitors of all (previous) time': cf. supra 58 n. [Es would change to irpoddvTwv on the ground that irdirore is most frequently joined with a ptcp., but 01 TroJTrore occujs absol., and TWV Truirore avdpuTruv is quoted

from Xen. Hell. V. 4. i.] t form of the TIS fwfl^wv ct-rj Tifjtwpia] The protasis regards the invention of a more severe penalty than death as remotely

possible : ef TIS petfay rjv would have denied it. Goodwin, 4ioff.

' jie'XXovTes cL8iKiv] though their crime is only prospective ')(

SiaTreTrpayfj.e'vos otrep e'lrexetpiio'e.

orav Xt]4>6(3ori] See Crit. App. TT6xpT]

is found with an object ace. : cf. Plat. Crit. 45 c ovde

/uot So/tecs ("Trixeipeiv TrpayiJ-a, Phileb. 57 B. Tqv iroXiv {yKaTaXiirwv] these words are partly explanatory ' of o-rrep, partly predicative with /cptVercu : is on his trial for having deserted.' c. 35. 135-140. I wonder what plea the speakers on his behalf can possibly putforward for his acquittal: if theirfriend- ship with him, they virtually confess their sympathy with his conduct. His deadfather, 1 imagine, whose statue he abandoned t the enemy, would rise up in judgment against him. In this connexion Leocrates may be said to have outraged Zeus Safer, whose name might fairly have been added to the indictment. As to the paid advocates for the defence, remember that these deserve your severest resentment, for their defence of L. is a proof that they would readily share his actions. Some of them will even go the length of seeking to beg him off on the strength their of own public services ;. but you must discriminate between services which tend merely to the glorification of the individual 142 212 NOTES [ 135 and those which benefit the state as a whole. No public service is so great as to be entitled to be rewarded with the acquittal of traitors.

135. 0av(id...Twv...fX6XXdvT<>v, 8id T] 6a.vfji.dfa is fre- quent in the orators c. gen. of the person, followed by a clause introduced by a relative or ei, denoting the point in the person's conduct which occasions the surprise (so Oav/Jt-afciv T TWOS, to wonder at something in a person): cf. Antiph. or. I. 5 6av/j.dfa

...TOU d5e\0ou, f/VTivd Trore yj>6fj.r)t> 2x. uv dvridiKos KaQtaTyKe C. d'avrov rl irore Kal , Dem. Timocr.%66 6av/j.dfa roX^o-et Isocr. 5 TU>I> dvj>a

. Kal ravra . .rjyovvTai, etc.: also supra 28 5', w dvdpes, fyioO

6e(jip'f)ffa.Tf n. XpTJor0ai] uti, 'associate with.' irplv...irpa|ai...d8Tj\ov ^v] As far as the form of the sentence have = ov goes, we might had irplv...irpaj;e A., adr)\ov rjv ( drj\ov f\v...irpiv Zirpat-e) : the effect of this would have been to lay stress on the action of L. as the turning-point in people's estimation of his friends' character. But the prominent idea is simply the different estimate of their character then and now, L.'s action being indicated merely as the dividing line between the two : in other words, the idea of before (irplv 7r/oacu) is more prominent than that of until (irplv tjrpae). Goodwin, M. T. 628.

< i ' OTTOIOL rives OVTS ! ru vxavov ] we should say simply their

' real character was uncertain : the Greek is reminiscent of Plato's phraseology.

TOIS avrois Tj'0

iroXv irpoTpov...TJ] The fusion of the ideas 'before' and 'rather,' which irpbrepov exemplifies, is seen in our 'sooner,' 'they would sooner die than surrender.' irpbrepov, in form and usage, is in fact the exact counterpart of Eng. rather, i.e. rath-er, 'sooner.' JJCUTT]TOV] deprecandtim, 'beg him off': cf. supra 20, 67 nn. 136] NOTES 213

136. avrcp] 'I fancy he would find his dead father his

severest judge' : cf. Isocr. Aeginet. 44 olp-ai yap av avrbv (sc. rbv Trarepa) irdvTWV yevff6ai TCLVTTJ ^aXeTrwraroi' 5t/ca

< d TIS ap* &rTival'v] 'if indeed the departed

[rois ^/cei] have any consciousness of what passes on earth [ruv ' three evddde yiy.] : this or a practically identical phrase occurs times in Isocrates (Evag. 2, Plat. 61, Aeginet. 42), but it is perhaps to be regarded here simply as a speculative common- place with regard to the dead rather than as a trace of Isocratean study on the part of Lycurgus. For a close parallel in Latin,

cf. Servius ap. Cic. Ad Fam. IV. 5. 6 quod si qui etiam inferis sensus est, on which Tyrrell remarks, 'a sad z/....The words used do not seem to suggest that S. himself believed that consciousness would survive death.' (Cicero in his Letters, p. 288.) This observation, mutatis mutandis, may fairly be applied to the Greek, which seems equally sceptical in tone. in is a [In Homer, the spirit (^vx.-fj) of the dead man, Hades,

mere 'wraith' (eiSiaKov] of his living self (CLVTOS), wherein 'there

' is no heart at all (21. xxni. 103). Socrates, in a famous passage of the Apology (400), opines that death 'is either the end of all sensation or a migration of the soul from the present sphere into another,' and holds that either of these is good. In Arist. Eth. a Nic. in. 9. ui5 26, on the other hand, it is maintained that death is most formidable just because it does end all ((pofiepdiTarov 5 6 Bdvaros' irepas ydp, nai ovdtv ZTL ry re^cecDn doKci o#r' of/re ayaBov KCLKQV elvai, which is quoted by Adam on Apol. I.e.} ov ^K1 v TIJV xa 1 eiKova] the statue was evidently one of L.'s father himself, dedicated by himself (cf. yv ^Kfivos

^icSoTov KarcXnre : cf. supra 85. ev TO> TOV Aios] sc. vey or tepy. Upoo-vXT]fj.a ira.pa.aii>s Act^r' Al^uvta, \ rvpbv fj.6vos rbv Si/ceXiK6i>. : cf. kv KaT-r/ffdiev \ dvaKip.vt]V supra 51 rats dyopais ddXrjTds dvaKfi/Jifrovs n.

d'fjiov ] Bekker (Blass).

' em-ypaxl/cu] to add the name of Z. S. to the bill of indictment,' as a sort of subscriplor to the charge: the verb was used of attaching one's name to a decree, etc. as its official mover or 5 oi)5' iir\ TO. supporter: cf. Aeschin. Ctes. 159 u/iels \l/i}(f>i(Tna.ra. dare rb AT^OO-^J/OUS tiriypafaiv ovofta, dXXa NautrtfcXe? TOUTO jrpoffTdTTTe, Plut. Dem. 2 r rots 5 ^rj(plfffj.affiv 01)% cavrbv, dXX' kv fiepet r&v (friKuv ZKCHTTOV eirtypatpev. The addition of the name of Zeus Scurfyo would have been a good omen for the accused. [tyypdtai Es, tyy. ds Cobet.]

138. CKir^ir\t]Y|Aai 84...lirl Tois...el XeXiiOturiv] 'but I am astounded most of all to think that you fail to perceive that those who are in no way connected... but who habitually assist... deserve to meet with,' etc.: the 'anticipatory' structure of the sentence is very characteristic Greek, but requires some recasting in English. TOIS JM|T yevti pyre <|nXi'a...(jucr0ov 8^ crvvair. : 'The private advocate was forbidden to take money. Hence he usually begins by defining the personal interest [kinship, friendship, hatred of the opposite side] which has led him to appear. In the next century [the 4th], at least, the law was not strictly observed; private advocacy was often paid; and it is not rash to suppose that this practice was as old as the vol. frequency of litigation.' Jebb, Attic Orators, I, p. cxxviii, quoting the Lycurgus passage. He adds that 'the real error 139] NOTES 215 both of Greece and of Rome... lay in their refusal to recognise advocacy as a profession.' dSiKTicrdvTwv] So Bekker (Es, Bl.) for dStKTj^drwj' of the MSS. rots TOIOVTOIS] dat. of agent with T&V ireirpay., but partly,

perhaps, with ^raayo^v as well : cf. supra 48 n. For the sentiment, we may cf. Lysias, C. Eratosth. 41 etfaiViacra ri}s r 6X^77? T&V \ey6vruv virep avr&v (men like E.), ?rXV 8rav tvdvinjdG) 6ri T&V avruv effriv avrovs re iravTO. Kaica epydfccrdai Kal rovs rototf-

rous ira.i.veiv. [TCHS rotoi/rots Bl. (Sofer) : ol TOIOVTOI codd.]

' ov -yap 8ei tc.r.X.] for they should not acquire their skill [yeyevTjffdai] in opposing you, but in championing you and the laws,' etc. deivbs here, as often, of rhetorical 'cleverness' or 'skill': cf. the familiar deivos \eyeiv. The word has usually the added connotation of 'over-cleverness,' ' uncanniness,' and is freq. in the orators in a quasi-disparaging sense: cf. Lysias,

' C. Theomnest. [or. x] 9 irepl TOVTO yap 5eu>bs el, you are a past- master at this business,' Plat. Euthyph. 30 'AQrjvaiois yap...oi> TIVOL ' 68pa /^X, &v detvbv otwvrai eli/at, clever above his fellows,' 'out of the ordinary.' For the reading, see Crit. App. 1 39. ovK^ri...T|8T]] logical, 'are not content with seeking to mislead you... but will actually go the length of expecting,' etc.

' TCUS avrwv X.T]TOvp-y

e|aiTicr9ai : cf. supra 20 rds Se^creis TUI> e^aLrov^vuv n.

ols is most masc. : cf. 4<|>' ots: probably supra 138 init. tKirt-

Tr\rjyfj.a.i...eiri Tois...irpo(rriKovo't. Kal [AaXurra, vel maxime. is -yap TOV tSiov O!KOV K.T.\.] 'for after compassing them [the 216 NOTES [139

XrjTovpyiai] for (the glorification of) their own private families, they demand of you public favours,' i.e. concessions in matters

affecting the interests of the state : cf. Karaxa-pLfcadai TO. Slicaia, 'give judgment by private interest,' Plat. Apol. 35 C.

iinroTp64>T]Kv] (so Es for linroTeTp- of the MSS.) : Anglic},

' ' has been a patron of the turf. The keeping of race-horses was in ancient, as in modern, times a mark of wealth: cf. Isocr. 6 Zte Big. 33 'nriroTpoeiv eirLxei.p'rjo'as, TWV evdai/^oveffTaTdJv ('the wealthiest') tpyov e

\a/j.TTf)bs iiriroTp6os, 'a grand gentleman' (Drake). So Herodotus

(vi. 35) describes Miltiades, son of Cypselus, as being olKiijs

' redpnnroTp6(j>ov, of a family that kept a four-horse chariot for racing,' and Thuc. (vi. 15) speaks of Alcibiades as one who rats Kara ovvlav tiriOv/JLiais /j.elfoffiv -f) rty virdpxovffav re ras iinroTpotpias real ras dXXas 8a.Trdvas. So rty ova-Lav, 'to squander one's fortune in keeping horses.' KX.OPTJYT] 'has performed the office of choregus,' who defrayed the cost of providing, training and dressing a chorus for the dramatic festivals at Athens: the xoprjyoJ were nominated from the v\al in turn, but the burden might be imposed (after the Peloponnesian War) on two persons jointly (cf. rpiijpapxl-a). r a the and the most The xP )y'- was perhaps chief, spectacular, of the \riTovpyLai (see above), and afforded an opportunity for the display of munificence. StSairavTjKev : 'has defrayed the ex- pense of.' avros H.OVOS...TOUS aXXovs ov&v ctycXtov] But the victors themselves claimed, perhaps with some reason, that the state benefited by their reflected glory: cf. Alcibiades' defence of himself in Thuc. VI. 16 u>v yap irtpt, eTrifBbrjrfa ei/j.1, rots ^kv

TTpoybvois fj.ov Kal /Jioi 86av 0e'pet ravra, rrj 8e TrarpiSi Kal

ot yap "EXX^fes Kal virep Suva/uciv peLfa 7I/J.&V rr\v ir6\iv e\iri- cfj tuy SiaTrpeTre? TTJS '0\vfjLiriae ^ew/aias, irpdrepov Sibri 67rra avTTr\v KaTaTTTro\e/ji7ja'dai 1 ap/aara /ie^ KadijKa K.T.X., 'entered seven teams for the chariot race. '.../cat off a av tv rr ir6\ei i 39J NOTES 217

i, irpbs 5e TOI>S j-&ovs Kal'^TT] iffxfa (paiverai, Lysias, or. xix. 63 (the defendant is quoting his father's services) 6Va y&p a> T&V avayxaiwv eiredti/Jiiqcrev dvn\iffKiv, iravra (pav/io'erai rotaura 86ev /cat T-Q ?r6Xet Tifj,i) ZfjLeXXev

' ' each; and each symmory was sub-divided into so many groups (crwreXetat), which might consist of as many as fifteen or sixteen members each, and which were each charged with the duty of providing a ship. This arrangement bore hard on the poorer members of such a group, who contributed individually the same amount as a wealthier colleague (Dem. De Symm. or. xiv). About 340 B.C. this abuse was removed by a reform of Demosthenes which made the amount payable by each member proportional to his taxable property : a single wealthy citizen might thus be required to provide two ships by himself, instead of bearing, as previously, only the sixteenth part of the cost of one (Dem. De Cor. 102-108).

Tdyj\ TTJ irarpiSi irpicf3aXv] Perhaps a compliment to De- mosthenes : cf. Macan, Herod, vii-ix, vol.il. p. 41 n. The usage of 7re/)i/3dX\u> admits either reixv rrj Trar/nSt Trepi(3a\civ or revert rV Trarpida : cf. circumdo. Trj.TraTpidt., 'his native city, as often.

' 140. TWV liriSeSwKOTwv] of those who have made a voluntary contribution': Tridi56vai was said of contributing a 'benevolence'

' ' ' towards state necessities : the benevolence was tirtdo

l fiovla = wealth': cf. note on iTnroTp6, supra 139.

WOT* cgcUpeTov diovv X.o.|j.pdviv . . .TifjLwpiav] 'as to claim to win the remission 0/" punishment for traitors as a special favour': so we must translate the somewhat pregnant Greek, TT\V Kara TUV irpodidovTwv rifAupiav being equivalent to TO /*?? Tiftupeio-dai rous

' Trpo8id6vTas, the non-punishment of traitors.' We may compare Aeschin. Ctes. 196 oi yap dyadol Tai T&S ' ypaas TWV Trapavdnw, try to obtain the rejection of suits for

Trapdvo/j.a as a personal favour.' ecuperos, of something 'picked out' from the number, Lat. eximius, and so 'special,' 'peculiar': ' Lysias, or. X. 3 roirry nbvy A.d-rjva.Lwv tt-aipcrbv etrn KO.L Troieiv ' Kal \tyeiv irapa roi>s j/6/ioi/s, he alone has the special privilege,'

Dem. c. Aristocr. 181 KapStav^v ir6\Lv, -qv tv avdyats rats

6r)KO.is fj-aiperov atrtp ytypauper, 'has defined as his special prerogative.' dvorjTov] sc. elvcu.

wi\oTijJLi

ci it the case that p) vtj ACct K.T.X.] 'unless, save the mark, be the interests of these men [the would-be defenders of L.] and their country are not identical': el /AT? introduces here an ironical hypothesis, like nisi forte in Latin, the second^ adheres closely

to ravra : nisi forte istis et patriae non eadem conveniunt. C. 36. 141-145. / could wish that an exception to the cus- tomary rule which forbids the presence ofyour wives and children 141] NOTES 219

in court were made in a case like this, so that the victims of 1 Leocrates treason might whet you against the traitor. As their representatives you must pass sentence upon their betrayer. It is intolerable that Leocrates should have the assurance to claim

equal treatment in the city which he deserted, under the very eyes of those who have mourned the heroes of Chaeronea heroes whose fate has never cost him a pang. To what can he appeal? Laws, walls, gods, temples, citizens he has betrayed them all! Both old andyoung will unite to pass sentence upon him. Surely you cannot by the same vote convict of madness the men who died for freedom, and pronounce Leocrates the traitor to be of sound mind! Leocrates'' return is not that of an ordinary exile it is that of a man who would have turned Attica into a sheep-walk.

1 41 . xpif]v] For the potential impf. indie, without at> (cf.

5et, irpofffiKev, etc.), implying a denial of the action of the infin. ['it ought to be lawful for you '...(but it is not)], see Goodwin, 4 i 5 ff.

el Kal ircpl ouSevos aXXov] ovSevbs for /u,?;5/6s, which we should have expected, is difficult (cf. two exx. taken at random from Lysias: or. XIX. i d Kal HT\ deivbs irtyvKa, XXXII. 1 1 et Kal I irporepov /AT? ei0i

(I think) in the positive quality of the concession introduced by

el KaL: 'although ('as is well known,' 'which is a notorious fact') it is customary in no other case.' Cf. supra 62 n. iraiSas Kal yvvaiKas 7rapaKa9ura|j^vo\>s...8iKdeiv] 'to let their wives and children sit by them in court': for the combination of middle with reflexive pronoun, cf. supra 70 TTJP o-wrrjpiav aurots fyieXXov iropL^ffdai. It was of course quite usual for defendants, for the opposite purpose to that indicated by the speaker here,

to bring their wives and children into court : the technical word for this was Trapao-r^craa-^at (Lys. XX. 35, Aeschin. Ctes. 154,

Dem. Mid. 187), or dz/a/3i/3cie

Isocr. Antid. 321, Plat. Apol. 340, etc.). 220 NOTES [141

dXX* ovv Y J This combination is frequent in introducing an apodosis which constitutes an exception to, or a qualification of a concession contained in a protasis either expressed or implied : the word on which the emphasis falls is normally enclosed between dXX' ovv and ye : cf. Isocr. Philip. 85 KO.L yap ty AX/Trw

' rt...dXX' ovv viroypd^eiv 7' oT/xcu /c.r.X., yet at least I think I can trace,' etc., Dem. Phil. in. 30 Kal /j-ijv KaKeivb 7' tare, OTI. oaa.

/nev vtrb AaKedai(j.ovl(ii)v T) v(f> r}/jt.(ov Ziraaxov ol "EXXrjves, dXX' ovv

' virb yvijfflwv 7' OVTUV TTJS 'EXXdSos -fjdiKovvro, it was at any rate genuine sons of Hellas who wronged them' (as opp. to Philip, who is a 'barbarian'). The combination undivided (as here) is much more rare, but in Isocr. xx. 14 we have: ^Trecdj) 5' ou% old? r'

OVTWS] resuming (as often) the content of a preceding ptcp.

(here irepi irpodotrlas Kpivovras).

TOVTO irpaTTtiv] i.e. TOI)S St/caords diKafeiv IT. KOI y. irapa-

v o6aX|jLOis OVTS Kal 6pwp.vot] opujjievoi, if genuine, must be felt to be more definite than v 600. ovres, but the expression is admittedly redundant. [Blass (with Es) brackets Kal opu/jievoi.]

TOV KOIVOV irapd ira

mKpor^pas Tols YVw

224 rds TWV diKaaTTjpwv yvwaeis. oir(i}$...irapeo'Keva'ov: lit. 'in order that they might (now) be rendering': a secondary tense of the indie, is so used with 'iva and OTTCOS in final clauses depending upon a postulate which can no longer be fulfilled : cf. Plat. Protag. 335 C dXXd ere ^XPVV ^\^-v cr ^7Xw/)eti/, 'iva avvovcria fylyvero, f you ought to have given way to us, so that our conference might (now) be proceeding' (but you did not give way, so it is not proceeding) : Goodwin, 333. [irapeo-Kevafrv Es (Bl.): irapa- 142] NOTES 221

if v is De- fensible on the supposition that the speaker vividly transfers the purpose from the sphere of unreality to that of actuality. ] dvo/yKdiov] sc. e

1 42. OTO.V vop.{t)] causal, cum putet : a variant for el vofj-lfei. or rd vofjii^eiv delv AecoKparrj: cf. supra 116, 123 nn. 6 'a man who shunned the (i-ij Kiv8vvi3

TJKfl] Steph. (Bl.) : TJ/CCI codd. Uowv (too-uSv d-yopas K.T.\.] i.e. everything from which a person in his position was held etpyecrdai: cf. Antiph. De Chor. 4 v6/jup etpyecrQat. 7r6Xews iep&v ay&vuv 0vv, supra 65 elpyov rdv vofjLl/jLwv n. [dv

(Bk., Rehd.) : oixr&v codd.]

' they should not be abolished a perfectly natural and normal construction. I cannot persuade myself, however, that TOV fify KctTaXvdrjvai is independent of virtp; in other words, that the writer of these words did not feel them to be the exact equivalent, in syntax as well as in meaning, of the rendering which occurs

' most naturally to us, viz. in defence of the non-abolition of which,' or (which is the same thing) 'to prevent the abolition of

' which, this final use of v-rrep with the infin. being easily paralleled from Aeschin. Ctes. i ras Secerns afc K^xpiyi'Ta/ rives uirtp TOV TO,

Kol TO. ev 7r6X = 'iva /j.Tpia ffvvfjOtj /J.TJ ytyv(T0ai TT? ( fj.rj yiyvrjTai), Dem. De Cor. 204: Goodwin, 802. The obvious objection to this interpretation, viz. that it postulates the possibility of writing TO r&v vbu^wv for ' fjt,^ Ka.Ta\v67Jt>ai the non-abolition of the laws,' is discounted (I think) by the presence of the relative, which must come early in the clause. Thus while virep TOV ^ TavTa is TOV a K. is Ka.Ta\v0rjvai quite easy, v-jrtp JJ.T] impossible, with the result that the relative is displaced and brought close to the preposition, where it appears, as was almost inevitable, in the 222 NOTES [ 142 genitive. This I believe to be the true explanation of the con- struction. [I had written this note before discovering that Rehd. 2 ad loc. takes the ( App. ) substantially same view. He opines ' that this const, was a mannerism of Apollodorus, a peculiarly artistic stylist,' who was also a political partisan of Demosthenes and Lycurgus. The examples, however, which Rehd. cites from Dem., viz. XLV. 34, [Dem.] LIX. 112, 114, are, to my mind, less convincing, for the trajection of virtp, than the present passage of Lye.]

For the 'sense cf. r\ iroXis *0a\|xv] construction,' supra 87

v8 TO, 6XeYeta...]]8&r9T]] Cf. supra 45 o5 rds 0?7/cas

avac

' 0cu5/>oi>s tv r< Qavepy avaofJi.{t'ovs, moving about in public.' Ko, aur//ca is 1 43. avrf (JLcCX'] yudXa idiomatic, /-tdXo intensifying

' airrt/ca, he will be begging you just in a moment to hear him': cf. Plato, Protag. 3186 d ai/ritca /j,d\a /ieTa/SoXwv rr]v eiriOvf^iav

1 >..tiridvij,'fifficv, 'if he should change his desire on the spot"

(Adam's n. ad loc.), Gorg. 469 D, Crat. 384 B. Note that the in words are always this order: O.MKO. 677 /idXa is a frequent variant.

jrotovs ; ovs] The general structure of this and the next para- graph, consisting of short pithy answers to questions put by the speaker anticipating the adversary's line of defence, is of a type common in perorations.

ea

iroLTjadfJievoi of the MSS. is due to Reiske. o-wo-ovras] Cf. supra 17 o>s avrlica a^xrovro.^ ^auroj'...^7ri/ca- X^erai n.

TOIIS vws...rd ?8T]...Ta Tejj^vr]] Cf. supra r n. 8i]

' fol- construed with the ace. : cf. Porous i/ccrei^rw immediately lowing. iKereveiv vp&v (infra 1 50), where vp&v can hardly be taken with TT]V x^Pav K(d TV 8&8pa, is exceptional and perhaps poetic. ots TOV CIVTOV 2pavov...ovK ^ToXntjo-e] 'men with whom he could not bring himself to make an equal contribution to the

' public safety : ofs depends on TOV avrbv, and is compressed for

TOUS e/Kxrous dieveyKelv n. J 144. -ir6r6pov...d\X ov8^J For dXXd in questions put and answered by the speaker, cf. Andoc. De Myst. 148, which

Hickie (ad loc.} describes as the locus classicus in Greek litera- ture in this connexion, and which, he adds, is regularly quoted as such in grammars. But not with better reason than Lysias, xxiv. 24, 25, which 'out-dXXAV the Andoc. passage, and Lysias, xxx. 26, 27 is deserving of honourable mention.

YT)poTpoT]0t]vai] a moral and legal duty of children towards their parents : cf. supra 94. ovS' cv Xv9epft)...Trap8wKv] 'no, nor did he suffer them, so far as he was concerned, to have burial in the free soil of their country' : tXeuOtpy is of course predicative, but it is difficult to give it this force in trans. : the meaning is that L. did his best to enslave his country. For 5a0os, 'ground,' 'soil,' cf. Dem. De

Chers. 39 (of Philip) ^x&P * 0X17 Trj iroXei Kal r TTJS 7r6Xews

' e5d0et, the very ground on which it stands,' Aeschin. Ctes.

134 OVK^TL irepl TTJs...i)yfj,ovias dywvifeTcu (sc. rf ?r6Xis), dXX*

' 77577 irepl TOV 7-775 ira.Tpi8os ^5d0ous, the very soil of our country.' 'liriroiGi Ta.(priva.i...'irapo(j)Kev'. cf. Her. VI. 103 7-770-1 a$Trj(ri VIK&V irapadido'i netcrtcrrpdTy avaicr]pvx0i)vai. TO Ka9' atrrov p.po$: cf. supra 1 7 n. TOJV sc. TJ Vft)Tepwv] ijXiKta.

' 1 45. ov

' ' TOV Srjfiov Kal vfias] the body politic' )( you, as individuals.' ' ' ov LO ^ - -y^P H VOV v v KaTepxovTcii] for it is not merely a case of ' an exile returning (vvv supposing you let L. go unpunished). 224 NOTES [ 145 ot e{>YOVTS : the plural here is used to put a general case.

Kartyxovrat : technical in this sense: cf. supra 124 /i6Xis ets TTJV eavT&v KaTe\i]\v66Tes. vyqv...KaTa-yvovs] Cf. supra 22 otfrws O.VTOV

olK-qo-as iv M. cirl irpoo-TciTOv] Cf. supra 21 . n-Xetw is irVT* TJ $% %TT\] The duration of L.'s sojourn abroad given supra 21 as irXelb) ^ irtvre try, 56 irtvre fr?;, 58 ZTTJ.

[Es considers that a copyist who had before him ir\eTv (so Es, as

2 1 2 supra ) % ^TT; introduced TT^TC from his memory of r, 56 : irXelw y irtvTe try (as 21) Auger (Rehd.).] txva(TTp<|>T|Tai] Cf. supra 142 Tfyeirai deu> avafrrptyeffdain.

' ' |j.T)X6poTov ri]v 'A. dvctvai] to turn Attica into a sheep-walk : cf. Isocr. Plat. 31 (of Theban animosity) ov SvffTvxyv&vrw v/j.u>v [after Aegospotami] /i6vot TWV (ru/i/xdxwj' ZOevro rrjv if/i)ov,

u>5 xpr]...Tr)j> xupav a-veivai /x^Xo/Soroi' wa-irep rb Kpiffatov ireSiov ;

if VVOIKOS TUIV K&TW deutv A^T/. [vfjuv Herwerden.] yC-yverai] Rehd. (BL): yevfjaerai. Melanchth. (Sch., Turr.,

Sof.) : yeytvrjTat Thalh. : ytvijTai codd. c. 37. 146-148. Before concluding, I should like to quote you the decree of the people 'concerning piety* I have denounced the guilty party to you: with you rests the responsibility of punishing him as he deserves. Be assured that each one of you, though giving his vote in secret, will make his mind open to the gods. Consider that by your single verdict you are pronouncing sentence on all the most heinous crimes, of all of which Leocrates stands guilty treason, overthrow of the democracy, impiety, ill- treatment ofparents, desertion. By showing him mercy, you will expose yourselves to the vengeance of heaven. 146. ppax^a...6iirwv KaTa^Tivat] 'to say a few words more... and to cite the decree of the people... before stepping ' down : a good example of a case where the stress, in Greek,

' ' falls on the ptcp. Of the decree concerning piety nothing further is known. 147] NOTES 225

' rdv d4avitovTa] either (a) 'him who would obliterate (cona-

' tive) or (b) him who has obliterated,' the present denoting the

' standing characteristic' as in ddiKeiv, TrpoSiS6vat, = ddtKos, -jrpodo- rrjs elvat. ravTa iravra : i.e. all the clauses of the decree just quoted.

Ko\do-ai...Ti|j.a>p;jjo-a

: Arist. offender ; the second, of the satisfaction of the offended jRhet. I. 10. i$6()b diaQtpei d ri/uw/ua /cat /c6\ai>Tos,

are rd -yap dSiKiffiara K.T.\.] 'for crimes, so long as they untried, lie at the door of the perpetrators, but as soon as the trial has taken place, at the door of those who fail to punish ' them as they deserve : the force of irapa c. dat here seems to

' be that of resting with,' 'chargeable upon,' as apud and penes are occasionally used in Latin. Kpvp8T]v...av6pdv] a common sentiment in the orators: cf. ole TT\V \f/rj(pov tpavepav yap ry 7r6Xet TT]V v/j.eTtpav yv^^v TrotTjtrere, or. VI. 53 irdlov dy/Ahr-riv XP^ Totfry xaPto"Atej/01' Kp6^5if)v (pavepws TOIS 0eols dTrex^ffdai-; or. XV. 10, Dem. F. L. 239 01) yap el Kptipdrjv lariv 77 \f/TJ

1 47. vir^p d-irdvTwv. . . (xav vjids X|/TJ<|>OV] 'that you are passing a single verdict on all the greatest and most heinous forms of crime,' i.e. though you only vote once, your vote has reference to a multiplicity of crimes, of which (as he explains) L. is guilty.

For v-rrtp, cf. supra 9 rijv virep rdv TOIOIJTUV ri^wplav n.

ev TTQ Ti]|Xpov "H^pq.] cf. supra 2 n. irpoSoorfas] This and the following genitives are in app. with dSifoj/xdruH' above.

rd TCJWVT] Tnvtcr0at] The collocation of the words is no doubt helped by the fact that r^uevos belongs to the same root as re/two; ('a place cut off' from common use, Lat. templum}: r^veadai ' here of course be ravaged,' 'laid waste.'

' ' TOK0)v Bk KdKwo-cws] maltreatment of parents was a specific P.L. 15 226 NOTES [ 147

offence under Athenian law, and might be the subject of an

elvayyeXta which was brought before the chief archon : see notes

to i . Note the poetic TOK^WV = yovtwv. For the text after /ca/o6-

' ' XiiroTaov...d

only as gen. with ypari, &QXOS, etc., though Cobet restores \iiroTiti-iov for \nroTaiav of codd. at Dem. Mid. 166) would be

said of desertion in actual battle, affrparela of failing to take one's place in the ranks when placed upon the military list, the latter only of which might be held to be applicable to the case of Leocrates. For a discussion of the point, see Lysias c. Alcib. I [or. Xiv] 1-8, where the speaker contends that \iiroTat-La in- cludes non-appearance in the ranks as well as falling out in presence of the enemy: Lys. I.e. 6 d/coriere,

tfri Trept afjLoTtpuv /cetrcu (sc. 6 ?6/>s), Kal 8

roviriffco Kal &roi &i> tv avaxupri)

irapap.a Ta|ai] Cf. supra 43 n.

l ' 1 48. frmra] admirantis vel indignantis, after all that :

Xen. Mem. I. 4. n ^Tretr' ofa otei (ppovTlfav (TOVS Qeovs T&V n. avdp&irwv) ; supra 27 TOVTOV TIS] note the indef. rts, which has the effect of throwing more weight upon TO^TOU.

' ' TWV Kara ir. d8iKT]|idTO)v] deliberate crimes : cf. K irpovolas

' in ra K irp. rpa^ara, wounding with intent,' and supra 38 /card TT}V TOVTOV Trpoaipeaiv n. Kal TS OVTCOS] Dobr. (Bl., Sof.): Kal TOO-OVTOV codd.

pity.' irpocupT]

f inrv0wos ctvai...Ti[J.ttpa] sc. Trpoaiprjaerai, to expose himself to the vengeance of heaven.' 149, 150. On behalf of my country and the laws, I have conducted the case honestly and straightforwardly, confining myself strictly to the point at issue. Reflect that, by acquitting Leocrates, you are condemning your country to death and slavery, and that your votes, according to the use you make of them, mean either the destruction or the salvation ofyour native city. Consider that a cry goes up to you from the very land -from harbours and arsenals, shrines and temples and make Leocrates a signal example of the fact that tears and compassion do not weigh more with you than the vindication of the laws and the public weal.

' ' 1 49. diroSe'SttKd TOV trywva] I have conducted my case is perhaps the most we can make of this : the speaker regards the prosecution as something committed to his charge, which he has * ' : is the correlative. duly delivered (cf. reddo] aTroXa^dvu OVTC TOV oiXXov...piov 8iaj3a\v] 'without either attacking his life in general,' which was an all too common practice in

Athenian courts : cf. the amenities exchanged between Aeschines and Demosthenes (Aeschin. Ctes. 51-53, Dem. De Cor. 257- 266), etc. 2 TOV irpaY^aTos] cf. supra 1 1 n.

TOV AcwKpttTOus] [r6j>] Rehd. : TOV Es.

Kal Svoiv KaSo-Koiv...Tov p.ev irpoSocrias. TOV 8e o-amjpCas]

4 and that of the two urns which are set out, one is for betrayal, the other for safety': the method of voting here described appears to be the older and simpler one, according to which two voting- urns were provided, one for condemnation and one for acquittal,

called respectively 6 irpbrepos and 6 (Jorepos, Ar. Vesp. 986-991 : cf. Phrynichus, Mou. |

/j.v aTToXtiuv ouros, 6 5' dTroXXus 65i, and each dicast was provided with one ^0os, which was dropped into one or other of the urns. According to the later method described by Aristotle, 'A0. IloX. 152 228 NOTES [ 149

col. 36, 11. 14-22, there were still two urns, one of bronze and one of wood, but each dicast was furnished with two i/^ot, one for with a hollow cylinder (ij rerpvirijij.^}, condemnation, the

a solid for : these held other with (rj TTA^/MJS) , acquittal between

the finger and thumb were indistinguishable to the onlookers : the dicast dropped whichever he wanted to use into the bronze urn, which was called 6 Ktipios (the 'operative' or 'deciding'), the wooden (6 aicvpos) being reserved for the ^os which was unused. At the conclusion of the voting, the contents of the

/cupios were emptied out, the perforated and the solid ballots were counted, and the verdict was declared accordingly. The latter method secured secrecy of voting: it is difficult to see how the former could have done so. For a discussion of the subject, and the authorities bearing upon it, see the exhaustive note of Wyse on Isaeus V. 17 s.w. Qepadeiff&v \alii tatpe ruv \f/ri(puv, and Sandys on 'A0. IIoX. col. 35, 22 sqq.

: cf. Aeschin. Ctes. 4>lpos

i. vir^p dvaoTCLcrccos : cf. supra 9 rty vwtp TUV TOLOIJTWV

150. ctv . . . diroXv

' 7rpo8i8ovcu...\|/T]iio-0] you will vote for the betrayal of,' etc. : so \l/ir)Leffdai fioydetv, etc.

' ' irapa.K\6v

iKcrevciv VJJLWV] Cf. supra 143 fieri

ra ScvSpa] The reference is no doubt especially to the olive- trees, an important state asset : cf. supra 43 80' TJ jj.lv x<^Pa Ta

' ' TOVS Xip-tvas < Kal > TCI vewpia] The appeal of the harbours

' and the dockyards,' important sources of Athens' strength, is specially pertinent in the mouth of Lycurgus, who had increased the fleet and completed an arsenal during his administration : see

Introd. p. xx. So Lysias c. Eratosth. 99 appeals to the judges < VTTfpTW vewpiw, a Ka6el\ov (sc. ol rpi.a.KovTa). [ Kal > is added by 150] NOTES 229

Scheibe (Es, Thalh.), who postulates either this or the asyndetic TOI>S X. TO. v. TO. T. (Bl.) as the proper form.] irapdSci-y|xa iroi

XXVIII. II dXXci irapadeiy/jui iraaiv dvOpuwois Troiijcrai Kal /x^rc 2\eov K^pSos fJi.T)T pt)T aXXo /j.-rj5ev irepl vXeiovos iroi^ffaa-dat TTJS

TOVTWV Tifj-wplas.

' ov irXe'ov TT. on icrxwct] depending on irapdd. A. , make him a (warning) example (of the fact) that,' etc. [Kat, which the MSS. give before on, is deleted by the editors generally (with Morus) :

it in Rehd. defends an elaborate excursus, App. 2, pp. 162 sqq.~\

virep] Lycurgean, for the simple genitive : cf. supra 9 T??J> inrep TUV TOIO\JTUJ> Ti/u.upiat>, [Dem.] XXVI. 12 ck ryv virtp rijs

Trarpidos ffUTijpiav.

Reiske (Sch., Bl.).] CRITICAL APPENDIX

8. The MSS. give : afore /iijre Karijyopiav yu^re n^wplav tv5-

evpelv d&av, ^77^ ev rots i^ois wpivdai Tifjiupiav d^lav T&V with di-iav after ,

The passage has been variously emended : Bekker brackets /A^re Karr]yopiav...vpe'iv d^iav, Baiter and Sauppe /i^re Ti/mupiav, Rehdantz Ti/j.wplav dj-lav. I have followed Blass, with

the change of ^5^...^^' to /-ujre.../^-?-'. 13. Nicolai (Rehd., Sofer): &vev rov_&\6yov, G. Turr. dS. KO.L Herm. , ; ydp tan dvot]Tov \6yy Thalh. ; totum

locum ddtivarov . . .^9j

/LtfydXa /cat jSXd/Sous ettj : j8e/3\a0ajs pro Kai jSXdjSofS, Sauppe

(Blass, Thalh.) : Ka,Tapep\a

jSows afnos etrj Corais : /j.eyd\ov otnos /3Xd/3ous drj Franz. ytter^wv avrols codd. praeter N (Franz, Saupp., Scheib., Thalh.): avrbs

Jenicke: atr^ N (cf. 58) (Blass, Rehd.). 26. The MSS. give TTJV 'A.0-r]vai> ws TTJV x^P -" f^xv^av

bfji(j}vv^ov a^T-g K.T.\. Ti/j.wvTes ante TTJV 'A. volunt Taylor, Es :

u>s Tyv xcopav TTJs 'A. dXitjxvlas Blass : rfj 'A. ws TTJV %. eiX^xvtg. Corais (Schone, Rehd., Thalh.). o^fv/j-ov avrfj Cor.: seel. Blass: aury seel. Schone, Thalh.: avrrjv Rehd.

is in : s 28. After olKe'ras, half a line wanting A 77 Trpo/cX-^crej ci. TrpoK\rj Blass. 29. TOV irapcxTcav o-vveiSorcov. T&V (TOV A) Trdvruv ffvve^brwv

ABN : TOV irdvTa Doberenz : rov -Ko.vr avry Scheib. (Rehd.) CRITICAL APPENDIX 231

with [but, as Blass rightly remarks, the article cannot be omitted

the ptcp.] : rbv rdv iravr' avTig Herw. : rbv irdvruv

ZXeyxov Reiske (Thalh.) : rbv irapa r&v scripsi. T< ALP: <5i^uy> Aid., T Bk. (Sch.) : utrumque deletum volunt Osann., Turr.; rrpa- ro7T^5y> Meier, prob. Rehd. : dprlws Blass. TrpovriyyeXro Es

(Bl.) : irpoarjyytXXero ALP. o0* Td oirX.a. I have followed Blass 43. i] p.*v xpa (Sofer) in transposing this clause from its place in the MSS. after rrjv rrjs 7r6\ews iruTrjpiav infra.

45. p.T]8

^vveicreveyKeiv Matz. : fjnjde ^vvfireveyKe'iv Sch., prob. Es (sec.

Thuc. II. 34 4iri

Zwe^eveyKCiv Dobree (Bl.), deletis verbis ^5' eV K

/X7;5' f^eveyKeiv Thalh. 46. The MSS. give TOUS TOLOUTOVS r&v Syfjioaiwv ay&vas (Rehd., Thalh.), Rehd. explaining T&V drj/juxriuv as 'the state interests,' res publica, and pointing out that the arrangement TOI)S rotoi;Tous dy&vas T&V SijjJLoaLwv (which we should have expected) would postulate the supplying of dywvuv with 5r)/jt.o

Reiske (Turr., Sch., Bl., Es) : T&V TOLOVTUV TOUS 5. dy&vas Matz. : ro?s ToiovTots TOVS 5. dy&vas Franke.

49. As Rehd. remarks (App. I, p. 109), there is a good deal that is unusual, both in expression and airangement, in this and the following paragraph, which have probably suffered from the incorporation in them of reminiscences of famous Epitaphii which were much handled in the schools. 232 CRITICAL APPENDIX

(a) a Y

: raOr' ad\a...ravTa yap a/uupbr. codd. : ravra 6e Auger, Bekk. apa Rosenberg (Rehd.). if (b) p.6vovs "y*P T01^S K.T.X. ubvovs does not seem wanted ilTTf)

51 . The MSS. give Kal 5i' a OVK d\6y

Herw. : a vr) Ata OVK dX. e?r. eiriffraffOe yap ci. Rehd.

67. a\X' els TO irpa-yfJia codd. (Sch., Rehd., Sofer) : dXX olov rb : dXX' e TO irpayfj-a Bekker (Tayl.) -jrp. (j.tya Dobr.: dXX' eis TO irpay/Jia ci. Frohb., prob. Thalh. 73. The probabilities for and against the genuineness of ZffTTjaav seem to be about equally balanced: I have followed Meutzner (BL, Thalh.) in bracketing it: Turn, Sch., Rehd. retain it.

76. 6s> ovSev iroitjerwv. The MSS. give ovdev iro^ffeLv (Sch., Rehd., Thalh.), which, if defensible, is at least an exceptional const, with irapacrKevdf ... voL-nauv Es (BL). 80. ofuos ws l'\vos. I have adopted Rehd.'s suggestion for f ouus tffxy&s the MSS., which has been very variously emended :

i/cavcus Cor.: l

85. KaTaK\T]Or0VTS CTToXlOpKOVVTO Kal Sl6KapTpOVV LS TT]V irarp&a. SiaKaprepeiv els TTJV Trarplda, 'to stand staunchly by one's country' (see expl. note) is perhaps somewhat difficult (though Lye. has other unusual examples of els, cf. 129); but it seems intolerably harsh to join (with Rehd.) KaraK\ri. 86. Kara rds irvXas viroSvvra. After considering the pas- sage in all its bearings, I am inclined to believe that viroduvra (which I once thought might conceal something like virb vtttTa a time note) is sound, and that the corruption lies in Kara ras irtiXas. I put forward the following suggestions for what they are worth. that (i)

Codrus took the disguise of a woodman : eureXet Suidas) points to flXas for TriJXas. We should then have, (a) with Kara, 'taking shelter

(secreting himself: uTroSiWo. used absol.) near (in the neighbour- hood of) the woods,' (b] with Kq.ra (Madvig), 'and then taking

' cover in the woods (ras v\as being here direct obj. of virodtivra : cf. subire). In either case, the action of UTroSiWa (as well as of

\afibvra} is strictly antecedent in time (as the tense itself shows) to of that ffv\\tyetv (see expl. note) : during the time when

(pp. could be predicated of him, C. was, and intended himself to be, easily seen. virodrjeffdai is (ii) capable of two other meanings, either of which seems for pertinent the present passage: (a) to 'put on' shoes [cf. Ar. Vesp. 1 158, where RV give vTr68v8t...Tas AaKwviKas, with vwodtiffao'dai. and vTro5v

STrep viredv, Arist. Metaph. III. 2. 19 ol

Assuming that inroSvvai could have been said by Lycurgus in the sense of (a), and reading Madvig's /cpra, I see in an additional detail of Codrus' 'make up': \afibvra ffT(>\ty...Kq.Ta.Tas apf36\as (ras ciTrXaj? cf. Dem. LlV.34...TatiTr)v viroMvTa. K.T.X., 'assuming, I say, this : disguise,' etc. Lye. is partial to the resumptive oSros (cf. 35, 42, 46, 82, 93, 117). If TATTHN (rat-rip) came to look like, or was misread as, TATTHI (rafrrqi, Tavr-g), Kara ras Tri/Xas might very well be a gloss which attempted to explain the latter word.

I Corais' 88. dpct -y* OJAOUOS. have adopted (Es, Bl., Sofer) apd YC for opare of the MSS., which Scheibe (Rehd., Thalh.) retains el (opare Aid.), opare (rarer than 6pg.s) thus used initially is felt (ace. Rehd., App. 2, p. 151) as a statement, not as a question, and is without influence on the construction, as in

Lucian, TTUJS Set lar. yp. 27 6p$.$, 6/j.oios ovros e'/cefry. The idiom, however, appears to be distinctly rare in prose. On the other hand, apd ye seems to have an affinity for 6'/*oios in introducing an ironical question, cf. 70 apd y' 8/j,oioi, 119 apd y' 6/uofws, which passages may perhaps be regarded as creating an a priori case for apd ye here. Palaeographically, as Es points out, APAFE and OPATE would be easily confused. 93. etTavTdff'r]fjLeta...raLcodd.(Sch.): (fralvoivToSteph.:

cryfjieTa (Melanchth.)...0a^ovrai Thalh. : ratfra

: del. aivoi. Reiske (Sauppe)

1 00. Eur. Erechth. I. 3. The line has been variously com- pleted : I have adopted Meineke's

: v( 5 : 5 edd. -%P i? ^ Spuxri, < S^cDtri > pov Heinrich pot vatv

G. Herm. : alii alia.

1. 41. rotiv y' e/xoi Heinr. (Turr., Sch., Thalh.): TOVV tpol

Reiske : yovv e/xoi Bk. :

OVKOVV . . .ffd}6'/)(reTai ; Dind.

1. 42. apZovffL T' AN, &p%ov M, deinde &\\oi r^vo* (sive

T^]V d') y

TTO\LV Dind. (Thalh., Sof.) : &p%ov(rt r' SXXois T^i/5' ey& ov

TroXii/ Jenicke : #p. r* aXXots rr/fde y' ov (Tuxrw TTO\LV Blass.

Hunc et priorem versum ita ponit Rehdantz :

OVKOVV airav6' a TOUTT' e/^oi

ap!-ov aXXoi, TTJV d' eyw

o5' at'Stbs : o#r' at'Sws libri et M (Bk., Turr., Sch.) vulg. || oiJr' dTrfo-w rAos ABN : ei

Ahrens' reading, however, it seems necessary to adopt, in the first half, ovd' alS&s (with M) : otherwise otfre...otfre (Bl., Sofer) connect heterogeneous elements in a way for which T can find no parallel. Reading then ovd' cu'5t6s, and punctuating as in the text for the sake of clearness, we have : et 5' (otire) avopbs...ovT dTricru ytveos ovde/j-ia uiprj yiyverai ovo' at'Scis, which I submit is normal and intelligible Greek (see explanatory note). On the other hand, the double ovre, subdividing the preceding ov5e/j.ia, is thoroughly characteristic Greek, and tempts one to suppose that ovre...ovre is sound. Is it possible that the true reading is : ? ytyverai O$T' avrov otfr OTrtVw ytveos? 236 CRITICAL APPENDIX

It will be granted that otfr' 6iri

otfre and it be yap v?il&r0at NM: tyr)leade (Sch., Thalh.). A great many remedies have been proposed. ovde yap ir6.Tpt.ov Franke, 8 v/uv ovot irdTplov Sch., ov yap vfuv ov irdTpiov Es, vfjuv ye iro.Tpiov Rehd.,

o$Te TT. eWi i'fuv Cohn, VTOf vfjuv K.T.\. Bl. ovde prob. (Sofer): u/iety yap Tr6.Tpi.ov Jenicke. The most attractive of all is Rehd.'s /AT; SrjTa, w &. 5., otfrw T&V re ira.Tepwv dj/a^iws Kal vpuv afcuv \f/rj, on the ground that, if an adjective is missing, otrtos seems as likely as any other on the lips of Lycurgus. 1 32. The MSS. give TO. yovv $a weTeiva fj.d\t ante fj.d\t ireTeiva Rehd.: rd^os, effTiv dist. R. (edd. omn.).

1 34. orav \T]e<5o-i Contius (Rehd., Bl., Thalh.) : KaTaXtj-

G. : : 6uxri Halm (Turr.) OTOV fi.-] 2 is difficult to : (orj N ) \t]

' r< 7 ^- Is recte opponitur Leocrati 5iaireirpayiJ.ev(f oirep eVexetp ? that tirav it possible /LCTJ \r)0&(ri may have been developed from orav pi) 00c2

1 38. The MSS. give ou yap ST; Kad' V/AWV yeyevijcrdai deiv6v :

5e?pro 5-^ Bekker (edd. omn.) : yei>t(rdcu dei.voi>s Dobr. (prob. Es): dei Kad' dXX' ou yap /JLTJ vfjt,&i> yeyevrjadai fMbvov, virep v/j.&v K.T.\. Set Rehd., who considers that /U.TJ became 5^, and that detvbv arose from v-bvov with del superscribed.

1 47. The MSS. give on ra fj.v-rjfj.eia /c.r.X. Most editors follow

Morus in deleting ort (Turr., Sch., Bl., Thalh.) as a ptcp., and not a finite verb, follows : others suppose that a finite verb such as etX-rjTTTai or -fjXeyKrai (Reiske), ^eX^Xe-yKTCU or etpevpedrj (Duke) has fallen out. Rehd. suggests the change of on to are.

INDEX A. PROPER NAMES

(The numbers refer to the Sections)

100 Ay\avpos, 77 , 98, 70 IOO a, i, 17, 26, 75 72

t, 26, 84 73 Tai., 70 95 i^j, 77: (6 17,

, 71 115 7, 77 26 lisqq. , "Avdpos, 42 105 11 112 GaXXcfi, 77 "Apeios Trd-yos, 12, 52 i, 108 'A/y, 77 s, 98 'ApivTapxos, 115 Qpaffi>J3ov\os, 112 loo 'Aata, 42, 62, 72^., 104 , (48) i, 85, 108, 113, 115, 145 6 77 ~K6.pfJ.OV, 53 23 93 Kefws, 42 BotwHa, 47 K770io-6s, 98, 100 KtXijrfa, 72 100 KXe6 Fo/>7(i>, (46) Ju.aJ'Tis, 85, 87 KXeoTrcirpa, 26 AeicAeia, I2OJ^. K65pos, 84 sqq. *, 84, 93, 99 K6piv6os, 26

, 127 Kpmaj, 113 ~K.vd.vcat, 73 17 103 42, 6l, 105, 'Ei/vciXtos, 77 108^., 1 20, 128 'ErriSaupos, 42 Aeuicds, 26 Aeaj/cpd,T77s, i et pass. 70 23 240 INDEX A. PROPER NAMES

2 , 4 'P65os, 14, i&sg., 21, 55, 70, IO4, JO9 121 M^yapa, 21, 25^., 56, 145 ZaXayiu's, 68, 70, 73, 122 24 ZiKeXta, 95 7,62 !<>5 105 MTjSoi, 109 23^. wov, 66 42 Tpo/a, 62

i 68, 71, 80 Tpwes, 103 22 , Ti^pratos, io6sg.

, 102 ',36

JlaXXas, 100 (49) 73 102 24

s, 128 72 112 Iletpcuet/s, 18, 37 , IIeXo7roj'''^

/, 80 Xatpwi'eia, 16, 45, 142, 144 IIo

Advocacy as a profession, 138 Decree : 'concerning piety,' 146 Areopagus, history and func- tions of, 12 'Epheby,' at Athens, 76 Athenian Empire, duration of, Evidence, admission of, at 72 trials, 20 Athens, reputation of for piety, 15 Gorgias of Leontini quoted, Athletes, disparaging reference 48 n. to, 51 Grote, H.G., quoted, 73 'Autochthony' of Athenians, 41, 83, 100 (7, 8) Holm, H.G., quoted, 73, 104 Homer as an educator, 102 Blindness, mental, 92 law regulating recitations Bury, H.G., quoted, 10, 73, of, ibid. 106, 128 quoted, 103 Horsekeeping as a sign of Callias, Peace of, 73 wealth, 139 Corn, importation and expor- tation of, 27 Inaccurate history, 62, fosgg., So, 124, 128 Dead, commonplaces in praise Interest, rates of, 23 of the, 46 sqq. Irrelevant pleading in courts, 1 1 speculation regarding the, 136 Law, inadequacy of the, to Death penalty, inadequacy of, cover every ofifence, 9 8 Legislation, process of, 7 n. Decree : of Demophantus, Livy quoted, 40, 107 125 sq. -- of Hyperides, 16, 36 sqq. Messenian Wars, chronology concerning absconders to of, 62, 1 06 nn. Decelea, 120^. Military age at Athens, 39 concerning Hipparchus, ll-jsgg. Oath: of Ephebi, i ^ concerning Phrymchus, Plataean,

concerning 'the man who Prayer at opening of speech, died at Salamis,' 121 I n. P.L. 16 242 INDEX B. SUBJECTS

Rhetorical exaggeration, 62, 73 Sparta, quoted for good govern- ment, 128 Sallust quoted, 126 Symmories, trierarchic, Senatus consultant ultiwum quoted, 37 Verrall on Tyrtaeus, quoted, Severity of ancient legislators, 1 06 n. 65 sf. Voting, method of, at trials, 149 Slaves, challenge to surrender, 28 Witnesses, summoning of to enfranchisement of, 41 depose, 20 evidence of, under torture, Wives and children in court, 28 sqq. 141 INDEX C. GRAMMAR AND LANGUAGE

Accusative : in absol. phrases, Dative, of agent, 14, 69, 108, 17, 26, 45, 61, 73, 78, 92, 131, 138; ethic (in calling 100, 144; cognate, roo(i); for documents, etc.), 23^., of extent or compass of 28, 114, 1 20, 129; of interest action, 2, 9, u, 26, 41, 46, or person affected, 26, 99, 52, 65, 78; induendi, 40; 109, 136; of recipient, 18; internal, 51; modal, 60, 67, modal, 25, 30; of point of i of 77, u ; part affected, predication, 40; depending with im- on verbal force of 107 (27); agreeing noun, 63 ; of 61 plied subject infin., ; with tvoxos, 4, 53, 114, etc. secondary ace. of space tra- Dual, followed by plural re- versed, 70; of thing asked lative, 105 for, 139; of thing taught, 101; of thing taken away, Emphatic position of words, 97 18, 44, 101 'Anticipation, 62, 90, 90, in, 138 Future Indie, in final clause, Aorist: gnomic, 79, 100 (29, 3* 33), 132; inceptive, 21, 25, Future Participle, final, 17, 104; in sense of perf., 68; 143; c. article, 4 aor. infin. c. et'/cos and f\irts, 60 Genitive, of characteristic, 6;

Article : two of of coupling separate charge, 133 ; definition, classes, 90; demonstrative, 25; objective, 10, 29, 46, 107 (7); of something well 141; partitive, 6, 9, 18, 48, omitted in ii i of known, 51, 95; ; price, 22, 23, 138; certain formulae, 87; omitted of separation, 65, 98; of with certain nouns, 117; with source, 15; of person in neut. adj. = abstract noun, whom something is praised, *> 33 blamed, etc., 28, 135; c. Asyndeton, 33, 150 n. d6$os, 79; c. a\\6Tpios, 46; Attraction of Relative, 26, c. dyu^ta-jS^TetJ', 98; c. eTrt- 77 jSafrw, 108; c. eir6vvfji.os, 88; c. 'iKereuu, 150; c. crwot/cos, Chiasmus, 93 H5

1 6 2 244 INDEX C. GRAMMAR AND

Hiatus, avoidance of, 7, 58 Parataxis: see under fj.tv...8, Index D

Indirect Question, form of recta Participle : absol. ace. of, after retained in, 66, 84 dWep, 90; conative, 49, 53, Infinitive : Active or Middle 71, \\isqq., 124, 131, 146, idiomatic in decrees, 16, 107, 1-48; concessive, 35, 41, 58,

113, 117 ; absolute, 71 ; 80, 82, 101 ; conditional, 10, epexegetic, 62, 95, 100 (37), 13. 52, 66, 100 (21), 123, 1 re...Koi 107 (26, 29), 10 ; final, 100; 125; coupled by of as gerundive, 34, 43 sq., 47, with finite verb, 100; T 6 in with 87, 100(4, 39) 3 147 5 impf., 17, 36; agreeing indictments, 137; of inner accusatival subject of infin., in clause in object, 100 ; relative 84; protasis, 60, 90, 91 ; in Or. of main stress Obi., 96 ; respect falling upon, 28, or c. airiav 'like to limitation, 91 ; 36, 146; be...,' 70, ty*", 535 c. \ayxdvu, of 95; with article denoting a official bodies, 54; c. 0etf- class, 2; with subst. verb, yeiv, 'shrink from,' 32; perf. 36, 52, 68, 107, 116; with infin. of 'standing attitude,' (pavepbv iroieiv, 50 3, no; pres. infin. in impf. Plural : of abstract nouns, 6, with of tense, 64, 86, 95 ; verbs 18, 20, 48, 64, 75, 140; of swearing, 126^. pronoun, referring to col- for Isocratean structure, 3, 104 lective sing., 42 ; singular (poetic), 100 (50); in sense Masculine participle joined of general sing., 107 (27), with nouns of different verb with collective gen- 145 ; der, 30 sing, subject, 87, 142 Masculine pronoun referring Poetic words in Lycurgus, 4, to nouns of different gender, 7, 82, 99, 130, 147 29 Prepositions used for simple Middle with reflexive pronoun, case : see irapd, i>irp (Index use 43> 7, 141 D) ; 'pregnant' of, 25 Mixed Conditional, 66 Present Indicative, with force

of perfect, 29, 37 ; historic, Negative : affecting whole 23, 85 clause, 51, 65, 100 (49); Pronoun, emphatic, 53, 107 ; generic, 8, n, 43, 44, 49, unemphatic in emphatic with 138, 142; trajected, 58 position, 58 ; reflexive, in Neuter Adjective Predicate, middle, 43, 70, 141 ; resump- no tive, 35, 42, 46, 82, 93, 117

: of 1 16 Omission imperative, ; of infin., 119; ofsubst. verb, Redundant Expression, 39, 46, 61; of subject, 19, 23 87, 119, 141 LANGUAGE 245

for without &v Relative clause substituted 125 ; 'vivid,' 26; second adjective, 16; for in relative clause, 100 (n) articular infin. or ef TIS, Synizesis, 100 (7, 15), 107 (14) 100 (i) 'Trajected' const, of verb, 43, Singular verb, with composite 143 subject, 38, 107 (10); agree- with of ing nearer subject, 33, Variation declension, 15, 38 ; 79 of idiomatic phrases, 17, 33, Subject supplied out of pre- 92, 129 ceding negative, 133 Verbal adjective (gerund), 67, Subjunctive : conative, 58, 1 14, 135 INDEX D. GREEK WORDS

dy&v, 'trial,' 5, 7, i$sq., 90; dvdffTcuris, 'ruin,' 149 dy&ves 8t]fJL6ffioi, 7, 46 dvdffraros, 6osqq., 8r, 123 5i dva', 22

dXXd, hortativum, 103, 107 , 'duly receive,' (15); in question and answer, 24 144; dXXd nfy, 53; dXX' 01), dTroXiveiJ'," 'quash,' 56 'instead dXX' otiv c. ace. c. of,' 71 ; ye, diroffrepeiv, rei, 97; 141 gen., 59, 1 10, 123, 129, dXX6rptos, c. gen. 46 147 'one , 'merely,' 100 (27) apex, must conclude,' 27, afjia...Ka, 29, 31, 50 54, 78, 145 dfj-vveiv, rare for d/xui>epa c. subj., 107 apery, 'fruits of valour,' 48; (28) 'reputation for valour,' 49 avafialveiv, of witnesses, 20 i, convenit, 95 avaipew, of oracle, 84, 105 dp/x6s, 100 (12) i, of statues, 51, 137 125 112 , 147 31 dvefieiv efy, 76; d4- 29 TOV ... Screw, tantum 5i<: 5ia rAous, 16; 81' abest ut...ut, 30 priTuv, clam, 85 ; tpyafflav, dopav, 'view from afar,' 17 15; 5t' Apynv, 5i' a,\r)daa.v, dopia, 'famine,' 84 116 dti), 'define,' 131

: in in fidOpov lv TroXews fiddpois, , plural, 75

simt urbis, 100 (47) , 129 c. ger\.,praestare, 12, 'in 108: absol. fiiq., spite of,' 70 15, 83, 89; fy, of mental hurt, 92 yous, 'pay off loans,'

f3ov\evTr)pioi>, 124, 126 8ia.(popa.L (irecrff&v} , 100 (9)

: oi /SouXiJ i] (3. remuc¬, 37 die

ydp, narrativum, 16, 124; in- 40 troducing substance ofreK/JL-fi-

piov, 61 ; 'for instance,' 103 edruffav, 63 accusa- yeypafi/jL^va, rd, capita , vellem, 3 tionis, 5 tyypdeiv, 76, 137 yepatts, 107 (20) tyKaraXeiTrfiv, derelinqucre^ 2, Kal 8, y?) tidup," 71 5, rf^wj.

l , 'soil,' - ** 144 i, of time, 21 i, 143 diro- of vovs, 92 ; yv&fj.rjj' , ready obedience, II 107

: et 61 yv&(ri.s, 'finding,' 141 Set, apologetic, 49, ; e yoveis pro 70^^05, 15, 96, 97 ^a^)(fa^ ', 62, 95, 141; ei yovv, introducing illustration et /AT;, nisi forte, 140; oiJ, of general principle, 71, 86, in protasi, 107 (n, 12), 141 95. 104 47 w. ypOHpT] irapavb^wv, 7 ^v, of Hipparchus, 117; of Leocrates' father, 1 36 J^. 100 101 , m apodosiy 99, 127 , 66, (19), 76, 93 etpyeiv r&v vofj-ifjuov, 65 248 INDEX D. GREEK WORDS

of eh: 'for' (of purpose), 53; , motion, 33 26 'against' (of sinning), 76, , 94, 124; c. diaKaprepew, 85; 140 c. c. Taaveiv \aylfcffdcu, 67 ; 'beg off,' 20, 135 and (fioftelffdai., 129 84 'swear elffayyeXia, 5, 30, 137 , disclaimer,' eiffayytXXeiv, i elffa.yibyiiJi.os, 100 (10) 89, 113, 115 etffitvai, 'appear in court,' 1 1 sq. a, licentia, 12, 145 elra, 'and then,' 66; in ques- TOV irpdypaTos, II, 13, 149 'after all tion, 78 , this,' 27, 115, CK: 'by' (of means), 35; 'com- 121, 148 posed of,' 62; 'prescribed e7reeA0e?', 'punish,' 146 technicus by,' 4, 8 34 eirepwrav, terminus > eKa.Ti = veKa, 100(14) of consulting oracle, 84 4Kfi&\\ei.v,inritumreddere, 100 #7r?7, 'epic poetry,' 102, 104 ' (45) eirl : c. gen., in charge of,' 44, ti(5oTov 121 'in iroie'iv, 59 ; irapadouvai, ; 'engaged in,' 58; KaTa\LTreiv the case of,' of condition, 85; , 136 64 ; eirl c. Acet )( ^0A8e, 136 trpoffTarov, 145 ; dative, eKeivo, appositional, 100 (43) of occasion or cause, 27, 39, da, emblem of Athena, 100 63, 78, 138; of that on which r6 (46) penalty is imposed, 65; ad eum ta, of Tyrtaeus, 106; of eiri Totfry fj-tpos, quod of inscriptions, 142 atlinet, 45; c. ace., pur- e"\eyxos, 'scrutiny,' 'test of pose, 45, 57 eirl veracity,' 28, 30, 33 ; didovai, yripus 6dy, 40 c. 'set foot 28; (petyeiv, 29, 30, 34; ci}, gen., on,' 'conviction,' 46 1 08 eii' et's TTJV dyopdv, 5 eiv, 137 v n. 4v, 82 , 14, 39 of contri- , 'trade,' 55, 57; 'mer- e"TTi8i56vai, voluntary chandise,' 57 bution, 140 cnQpOLTreLv, 124 e'7ri5oos, 'expected,' 9 ev, 'among,' 14; instrumental, eiriKT'r)Tos)((pvffi Trpoff^Kwv, 48 'in TOVS at 30; the power of,' 52; e'TTi/zlXeta, i] irepl veovs, iv yeirbvuv, 21; tv Mapa- Sparta, 106 6&vi followed t 104 tiriff-r)fji,os, by 6'rt, 129 ' at evdexe^dai, be possible,' 8 ; vpavvtSi, 125 e'vdcxdfj.evai Ti/j-wplai, 119 , 'penalty,' 8, 65; ^i/eo-TTjKUJS, 'present,' 7 plural, 4, 114 e" vta-raff 0ai, 'institute,' 31 7riTl/J.OS, 4!

^o%os, 'amenable (liable) to,' , 'allow,' 13, 58, 77, 4, 5, 9, et pass. INDEX D. GREEK WORDS 249

: ret ra 109 iepd irdrpia, 77 ; 7rar/3(f5a, ra 7rw/3eXa, 7 n. 8, 25, 38, 56 ; Xa/MPTCS 25 iepd, 20; te/oa /cat &ria, 77 c. s, 88 c. gen., 150; ace., 22, 143 epyavla, 15, 55, 58 139

/>77yicos, 'unprovided for,' 17; , 'witness,' 77 'undefended,' 117 'outline,' 80 e5 Stands, 107 (31) Mr, poetic, 99 evayye\iea0at, 18 f.v5atfj.ovla, 4,61, 127, 149, 150 149 8 eirrjKoew, dicto audiens esse, 77 f, a stronger e 'involve,' 6; 'have fid\Lffra, vel maxime , 139 wife,' 22-sy. /cai ,u?7>, 79, loo (32), 134 oportuit, 141 Kai 7ru>s; 35 ' ai ravra, and that too,' 1 2, 32 -rjreiv, of judicial inquiry, 112 KoXeiv, as ffvvriyopos, 43 Kav&v, norma, 9 in vt\\h OTTOV c. Kara 17 TTOU, 71; apod., Kara, gen., of time, preceding, ibid. TrapTds.roO at&vos, in sem- ' TjXt/a'cu, ai, of age for military pitemum, 7 ; concerning,'

service, 40 Ka0' u/icDi' aTraTYeX^a, 14 ; of j)v, licuit, 40^.- 'against,' 138; c. ace., i occupation, /card TCIVTTJV TTJV tpyaffiav, /car' ^Tropi'af, 55 ' c. /cara 'admire,' no; sqq. ; ti(riv, naturally,' gen. of person, 135 32; Kara TO eaurou /x^pos, 97 deffdai ra OTrXa, 'take up arms,' Karafiaivetv, to Piraeus, 37; 0. 43; rijv \l/rfov, 'vote,' 13, from the /S^ua, 146

r 128; show favotfr,'' Kardyetv ra w\oia, 18

148 ffou., of exiles, 124, 145 Karrjyopeiv, 'be the accuser of,' 77 r 9 Oopvflcur, acclamare, 52 KaroiKela0ai (passive), 95 113 in , 92, 100 ', judicial sense, 34 of , 'private individual,' 14, s, judicial danger, 79; 'a layman,' 31 .r- i, 25, 77 iv, of sacred things, 25 250 INDEX D. GREEK WORDS

K\-rjpovofj.eiv , 88, 127 53, 82, no, 115;?., 121, K\TJT1jeiV, 2O 140 Koivbs, 'public,' 6, n, 29, 46, s, 'importance,' 100 (43); alib.\ 'common to all,' 60; r6 Ka.6' avrbv fitpos, etc., v. ' rd Koii'd, the public interest,' under r6

: rbv rbv fj.Ta\\d

(') av 86 Ko\dfeu>)(Ti/j.a)peio~6ai, 123, 146 Tbirov, 69 ; x P t Kpaiveiv, in oath, 77 fjLeTairliTTLv, in deterius, 50; ' w, beyond the reach of,' in melius, 60 126 fj.eTtpxofJ.at, 'punish,' 116 7, i] ev rots otVtfois, 1 12 5> 142;

), 'put on trial,' I, 134, 137 S) 19, 58 ; nvbs KpL

\ayxdveiv, of tutelar deity, 26 ; of 'duly elected' bodies, 54 vaol, 38

, 107 (26) 112; 'judge,' 66 150 ?, 'cock-boat,' 17 yec6s, i, 25, 43, etc. cus- ', 76 vo/j.lfav, 'adopt,' 'make \yTovpyla, 139 tomary,' 75 ret v6fj,ifj.os, 'customary,' 141; ' X67os, 'an idle tale,' 23, 129; vb/uufj,a, customary rites,' OTCU X6705, 'will be talked 25 sq., 59' 97. H7 eiv about,' 14; X670P ^x irtpt vo/j.od^Tat, 7 n., 64 ; riva, rationem alicuius ha- 9 bere, 107; X67os)(^7oi', 71, j>6fws, re Homeric recitations, n. 127, 145; \by(f) )( tpyv, 104, 102; v6fj,o$)(\f/'?i, const, of, 66 n. iovv, 127 'the ', 'isolated,' 57, 66 , i}, world,' 15; ' though ... yet,' opp. to dvdffTdTos, 123 ' whereas...you? 8, 12, 42, 6X1701, 'a few,' 51 INDEX D. GREEK WORDS 251

s, 'surety,' 117, 127 with, 146; c. ace., of that j, adhering to ptcp., 75 upon which a result depends, ret dfodai ret 66 8ir\a, iepd, 76 ; 63 (bis), 64, O7r\a, 43 irapdyeiv, 32, 92 ' OTT&TC, causal, 123 TrapdSei.yfj.a, warning exam- TTOI; 1 oVou, with 17 following, 7 ple,' 27, 150 6'Trws, final with impf. indie., TrapaSidbvat, of slaves, 32, 34

141 , 141

6p66s, metu erectus, 39 , 150

6'p/fos, ephebic, 76 ; Plataic, 139 t

6's, ##.r ipsius, 107 (2, 3) defendants), 20 ; (of speech), 6' v6fJLifJ.a, 59, otfSe . e?s, 49 129 ; absol., 26, 116, 123 otfSe 7ruwore, 58 irarpis, 'native city,' 17, 139 ouSev Zrepov ^,33 Trarpyos )( Trdrptos )( 7rar/)t/c6s, otfSei' d8tKov 60 prospective, 14, 28, 68, 79, 7rep, c. gen., e^erd^eiv irepl, 66; 6\}/ia.v, 17 ' 105; resuming a ptcp., 141 Trepiaipeix o/iotos, 'quite different,' 14, of,' 35 ; off,' 122 48 7repi/3d\\e>, circumdare, 139 ' oi>x OTTWS, non ut, 119 irepi^ffrriKfv es TOUTO, things 107 (28) have come to this,' 3 Trepippevffat, 96 Trapd, c. gen., often for simple irepitpdeipeffdat, 40 gen. (subjective), 15, 26, 97, 7re(T(rot, 100 (9) 123, 129, 130, 148; c. dat., Tr

folld. TroietV, 'dramatise,' 100 sq. ; jrpCnov [j,fr, by ' compose,' 106 sq. 19. 55 iroietffdat, c. object noun, i, 5, (TOJ' TW ir, 12, 14, 28, 30, 63, 73, 49 96, 102, 120, 146; irepi iro\- 7ruX/s, 17, 55 in Xou, 15 ; irepl ir\elovo$ t 10, Trvvddvofjt.ai, anteoccupatio, 55 20, 8 1 TrwXeti', 'advertise for sale,' 7rot77r6s, 'adopted, '48 56 ?r6Xeos, metri causa, roo (21) 7Tu>7TOTe, c. noun (rwi/ TT. TrpoSo- irov; 'how?,' 78 T>V), 134 IT res de 1 1 payp.a, qua agitur, , 13, 90^., 149 pa\f>(j}div, 1 02 . irplv tf, 128 /i^cris, 100 'in 100 ' ' irp6, preference to,' (30); , professional speaker, 'for' (in defence of), 107 ' irpoaya.yta'dcu (els ZXeov), 33 Trupoj, an eruption,' 95 Trpocu'pecris, 38, 148 Trpo(3ov\V[j.a, 7 n. 90, 93 ' irpoKoXeio-ffai, challenge,' c. 5iJva

n ., 59 ib. n.; eirl irpOffTarov oliteiv, ffv/J.peiv, 'help to collect,' 45 145; TrpoaTOLTai, 'leaders,' crwarvxetV, 131 ' champions,' 61, 104 60ct(ns, 'ground,' 6; pre- criWxei*',. 'embrace,' ' hold text,' 20, 33 7 ; together,' 79

: ev irp.

ot ffvvet.- avvoioa, 29, 30, 90 ; vireKde TOV py KaTaXvdijvai, 0-WT77/3 (Zeus), 17, 136 142 n. virepfiaXXu, abs. 'surpass/ 133 ' ' rd|t5, ordinance,' 4 ; duty,' vvevdwos, 'subject to,' 129, 148 'role,' 20, 37; 'post,' 76 UTTO, c. dat., 'at the mercy of,' raj x^t/as o, stand (one's trial), reKfj-^piof )( ffrjfjt.e'iov, 90 90, 117 T

T-fjiJiepov : ev ry r-fj^epov T)fJ.tpq,, I, 127, 147 Trotetv, c. ptcp., 50 rl ovv; 123

TO K0.8' eavrbv, 26 V. \l/T]i\oveiKia (-vtida), 5 ' oneself To\/j.av, bring to,' 43, (pL\o\l/vxetv , 130 101, 131 pev

100 (i) ; x&pw vypOTtjs (TOV ijdovy), 33 148 VTTn8vva.i, 86 w. odovai 5a.Kuv, 107 (32) 254 INDEX D. GREEK WORDS

: tv / 139 \f/rjos r-g ^770y, suffragio

ferendo, 127 ; rr/j' \j/rj(f>ot> n. 0t(r0ai, 13, 128; TTJJ/ i//i)(f>oi> of 12 X/37?tpeii>, 7, tr, jy., 146^. ; 'as- %pr)ff6a.i, 'experience,' 42 ; passive, 149 sociate with,' 135 33 ' Xp??07i6s, solemn utterance,' 92 ace. absol. of personal Xwpta, tact, 31 verb, 90 TOVTUV, praeterea.) 31, wore, 'introductory,' c. infin., 56 97 , ciVre ou, c. infin., 3 as > perf., 68

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PA Lycurgus, orator 4240 The speech against L6 Leocrates 1922