LYCURGUS The Speech against Leocrates Pitt Press Series LYCURGUS THE SPEECH AGAINST LEOCRATES CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS C. F. CLAY, MANAGER LONDON : FETTER LANE, E. C. 4 NEW YORK t THE MACMILLAN CO. BOMBAY ) CALCUTTA [ MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD. MADRAS ) TORONTO : THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, LTD. TOKYO ! MARUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHA ALL RIGHTS RESERVED LYCURGUS THE SPEECH AGAINST LEOCRATES EDITED BY A. PETRIE, M.A. PROFESSOR OF CLASSICS, NATAL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE s. (UNIVERSITY OF AFRICA) ; FORMERLY LECTURER IN GREEK IN THE UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN ; SOMETIME SCHOLAR OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE CAMBRIDGE AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 1922 U PRINTED IN ENGLAND PREFACE Leocrates of Lycurgus has remained, in THEEngland, in comparative obscurity, not having 1 attracted an editor since John Taylor edited it at Cambridge, along with the Midias of Demosthenes, in 1743. Yet the speech is by no means without its merits. It forms, in many ways, an excellent introduction to Attic oratory for younger students. It is easier than Demosthenes, and there is no complex political situation to expound: the issue is simple and direct. And it has a greater variety of interest than either Demosthenes or Lysias. Its very fault of diffuseness, from the purely forensic standpoint, becomes, from an educative point of view, its great virtue. Lycurgus' excursions into ancient history, legend, and the poets, provide, in Livy's phrase, so many deverticula amoena where the student finds refreshment with instruction. The text of the present edition will be found to adhere, in the main, to that of Blass, whose critical commentary I have supplemented with those of Scheibe, Rehdantz and Thalheim. I have not hesi- tated, however, to depart from Blass where the concessions which he makes to considerations of hiatus an unusually precarious guide in the case of Lycurgus or of the numeri, to which he assigns such considerable weight, are in conflict with the 1 1704-1766. Fellow of St John's, and successively Librarian (1731-4) and Registrary (1734-51) of the Univer- sity. Sandys, H.C.S., vol. u. p. 414. vi PREFACE clear testimony of the MSS. While I have not aimed at producing a critical edition, in the strict sense of the term, a considerable amount of attention has been devoted to textual points throughout. These have been noticed, wherever it could be done conveniently, in the body of the notes: passages requiring somewhat fuller discussion have been collected in a separate appendix. With regard to the notes, my first and greatest obligation is to the elaborate edition of Rehdantz (Leipzig, 1876), of which any subsequent editor of Lycurgus is bound to take account. I have also had before me the brief but useful notes of E. Sofer (Leipzig and Berlin, 1905). Among the older editions, I have inspected Dobson's Attic Orators (vol. iv), Baiter and Sauppe, and the acute com- mentary of van den Es. For the material of the Introduction, in addition to the relevant portions of Blass and Rehdantz, I have consulted works of general reference such as Gilbert's Antiquities, Jebb's Attic Orators, Prof. E. A. Gardner's Ancient Athens, Bury's History of Greece, and the Cambridge Companion. I have been able to make use of Prof. J. F. Dobson's The Greek Orators for matters connected with Lycurgus' style, and I am indebted to Mr Wyse's introduction to his monumental edition of Isaeus for information regarding the manuscript tradition for the minor orators. I have had the advantage of discussing several points with my friends and former class-fellows, Mr W. M. Calder, Professor of Greek in the Univer- sity of Manchester, and Mr J. Fraser, now Pro- fessor of Celtic in of and the University Oxford ; PREFACE vii with a former Cambridge teacher, Mr L. Whibley, Fellow of Pembroke College, to all of whom I here wish to make acknowledgment. Prof. Calder has further kindly undertaken the revision of the proof-sheets, while my obligations to the readers of the University Press may be taken for granted. To Dr P. Giles, Master of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and recently Vice-Chancellor of the University, I owe a special word of thanks for much kindness and encouragement. For the state- ments contained in the book, I alone, of course, am responsible. A. P. NATAL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, Christmas, 1921 ERRATUM 1. For Branchidae read p. 157, 7 from bottom. Didyma. CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION xi (i) LYCURGUS: HIS LIFE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION .... xi (ii) THE SPEECH AGAINST LEOCRATES . xxvi (iii) ANALYSIS OF THE SPEECH . xxxi (iv) LYCURGUS AS AN ORATOR . xxxiii (v) SOURCES OF THE TEXT ... xl TEXT ....... i NOTES ....... 59 CRITICAL APPENDIX . 230 INDEX A 239 B 241 C 243 D 246 6 8e A-VKOvpyeios (sc. \6yos) etrrt 8ia.7ra.vTos avr)TiKos Kal Kal 8irjpp,vos Kal o-e/xi/oy, o\cos KanjyopiKos, <at (pi\a\rjdr)s Kal Trapprjo-tao-TiKos' ov pr/v ao-rclos ov8e f)8vs, aXX' dvayKalos. TOVTOV xpr) &^ovv /uaXio-ra ray Sai/axm?. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS, Veterum Censura, v. 3. v Se TO rpaxv ical <r(podpbv e^et ^copts Se TroXXaTy TroXXaxty *ai rats 7rapeK/3ao-e(rti/, eVi p-vOovs Kal ia-ropias xai TroirjpaTa (pepopevos. HERMOGENES, De Formis Oratoriis, B. u. TO yap p,Ta 7ro\\S)v 7rapa8eiyp,a.T<i)v 8i8d(rKiv pq8iav vfjuv TTJV Kpianv Kadia-rrja-i. LYCURGUS, Contra Leocratem, 124. INTRODUCTION (i) LYCURGUS: HIS LIFE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 1 Lycurgus, son of Lycophron, was born at Athens about the year 390 B.C., being thus a few years older 2 than Demosthenes . He belonged to the noble family of the Eteobutadae, which traced its descent from the hero Butes, Brother of Erechtheus, and in which the priesthoods 1 Our chief authorities are the Life in The Lives of the Ten Orators, attributed to Plutarch, and the decree of the orator Stratocles in connexion with Lycurgus ap- pended thereto. A fragment of this decree (archonship of Anaxicrates, 307/6 C. I. A. n. 240) is extant, and con- firms, as far as it goes, the version of Pseudo-Plutarch: the stone was probably more concise, on the whole, though the surviving fragment does not positively justify this assumption. The decree in Ps.-Plut. was most likely derived from Caecilius of Calacte (a rhetorician of the time of Augustus), who in his turn was probably dependent on a copy made by Heliodorus (fl. c. 160 B.C.). A Life of Lycurgus was written by Philiscus of Miletus (a pupil of Isocrates), and afterwards by the above-mentioned Caecilius, from the latter of whom a great part of the Ps.-Plutarchic Life appears to have been derived. [A commentary on the Ps.-Plut. Life was written by M. H. E. Meier (in Kiessling's ed. of the fragments of Lycurgus, 1847): the decree of Stratocles has been elucidated by C. Curtius, Philologus, xxiv. 83 sqq.] 2 Argt. to Dem. Against Aristogiton (Libanius). Some place his birth as early as 396 B.C., or twelve years before the accepted date of the birth of Demosthenes. P.L. 6 xii INTRODUCTION of Poseidon Erechtheus and of Athena Polias were hereditary offices. Of his father nothing is known his his also a except name ; grandfather, Lycurgus, had 1 been among the victims of the Thirty . The records of the family were rich in public honours, in life and in death, and Lycurgus was thus marked out, alike by inherited character and ancestral tradition, for a distinguished career. The public service of Lycurgus is associated with the period in the history of Athens immediately fol- lowing the battle of Chaeronea, 338 B.C., which made Philip of Macedon controller of the destinies of Greece. Demosthenes, the great orator, had been the heart and soul of the Athenian resistance to 'the Macedonian and had exerted his A supporter barbarian/ Lycurgus of Demos- influence in the same direction. How far, thenes if a^ jj he useci his a ? oratory for political purposes, we do not know. We hear of him accom- panying Demosthenes on an embassy to the Pelopon- in to stir 2 nese, 343 B.C., up opposition to Philip ; and he had at any rate made himself sufficiently prominent Surrender among the anti-Macedonian party to be one demanded by of those whose surrender was demanded Alexander ^y Alexander after the subjugation of Thebes, 335 B.C. Fortunately for Athens, the demand was refused; or rather Alexander allowed himself to be placated through the intervention of Demades, whose Macedonian sympathies were well known, and the demand was withdrawn. Philip's treatment of Athens after Chaeronea was so unexpectedly lenient as to confirm, to some extent, the genuineness of the friendly feeling which he had always professed towards her, and to disprove the 1 The Greek of Ps.-Plut. (Fz7.fi) is ambiguous, but Lycurgus, avus, is evidently intended. a Dem. Phil. in. 72 (ace. to some MSS.)- INTRODUCTION xiii sinister motives attributed to him by ultra-patriots like Demosthenes. Philip undertook to restore the Athenian prisoners without ransom and not to march into Attica. Oropus was to belong to Athens, the Thracian Chersonese to Macedonia. Athens was to dis- solve what remained of her confederacy, and become a member of the new Hellenic of Philip deals league leniently which Macedon was to be the head. What- with Athens ever phiijp' s motives may have been in granting such generous terms to the city which had been such a persistent obstacle to Macedonian expan- sion and the fact that Athens could still offer con- siderable resistance by sea may have weighed with him, apart from any natural feelings of clemency the Athenians undoubtedly had reason to congratulate themselves on the result.