( 1388 ) 174 187 2 17 ( : ) 4 3 2 *1 [email protected] : *1 . 2 . 3 . 4 87 25/8/ : 86 12/3/ :
ﭼﻜﻴﺪه Fagetum Rusco-Fagetum orientalis Carpino-Fagetum orientalis Alno-Fagetum orientalis . ( ) oriental . . 120 ( ) 400 10 30 0 10 . . . ( Detrended Correspondence Analysis = DCA ) (Canonical Correspondence Analysis = CCA ) . Mercurialis Geranium robertianum . Epimedium Festuca drymeia Blechnum spicant Ruscus hyrcanus perennis Sanicula Carex remota Carex divulsa ( ) pinnatum . europaea Archive. of SID : ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ .( Wang, 1999 ) ( )
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. ( ) Wilson & ) . ( Pyatt, 2001 : . . . (Gegout & Krizova, 2003) ﻣﻮاد و روﺷﻬﺎ Carpino-Fagetum Alno-Fagetum orientalis Fagetum Rusco-Fagetum orientalis orientalis .(Wilson & Pyatt, 2001) ) orientalis 7 ( 32 40 36 27 36 51 43 51 1022 .( 1 ) 4 900 1035 ) . (Zas & Alonso, 2002) Archive.( 1380 of SID 2 . . .
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1
( 1382 ) 2 Archive of SID روش ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ . . .( Dombois & Ellenberg, 1974 ) .
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. . ( 3 ) . . .( 1380 ) ) ( : . .( 1376 ) . .
Archive of SID3 ) . ( 1376 . 400
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. )1( Beers (1966) :( Legendre, 1998 ) A/ =Cos(45-A)+1 )1( A/= A= / A 30 10 10 0 Barnes et al ., ) . .( 1998 . : . Pressure pH Plate Excel pH KCL pH 5/4 CANACO 1/3 PC-ORD . (Walkley & Black ) . ICP Leps & ) C/N . Smilauer (2003) ( Detrended . ( ) Correspondence Analysis = DCA) ( 3 Archive( Lengths of gradient ) of SID PCA 3 . ) . ( 22/3 DCA
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( DCA) . (Wilson & Pyatt, 2001) (Canonical Correspondence Analysis=CCA) . ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ Jongman et al., 1995 120 .( ) DCA Reciprocal Averaging 83 . ( ) ( ) Correspondence Analysis 11 1980 ( ) . 63 9 .( 1380 ) DCA DCA DCA ) ( R 01/0= P < 01/0 ) ( ) ( Eiegen value ) ( /0 118 /0 194 . CCA (. /0 056 ) 4 . DCA . Terbraak . Archive of SID . . (. 1380 ) CCA DCA
www.SID.ir .( 1 ) ( )
( ) DCA 4
Cardamine bulbifetra Mercurialis perennis Beers Quercus LathyrusArchive laxiflorus of SID castaneifolia . .
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DCA 1 3 2 1 3 2 1
04/0 2/0 04/0 )1( 01/0 - 1/0 - 09/0 )1( - ** 02/0 41/0 11/0 )2( 06/0 18/0 - 07/0 )2( ** 11/0 46/0 06/0 )1( 01/0 - 1/0 09/0 )1( - ** 11/0 46/0 19/0 )2( 06/0 - - 18/0 07/0 )2( ** 17/0 56/0 09/0 )1( 08/0 - - 12/0 - 04/0 )1( ** ** 09/0 36/0 28/0 )2( 06/0 - 29/0 ** - 27/0 ** )2( -0/07 -0/23 -0/06 (1) C/N 0/13 0/00 0/13 (1) - C/N 26/0 17/0 03/0 )2( 01/0 - 1/0 21/0 )2( -0/06 0/40 ** 0/03 (1) 0/04 - 0/2 -0/1 (1) - 05/0 24/0 - 14/0 )2( 09/0 - 18/0 15/0 )2( 0/08 0/33 ** 0/11 (1) 0/00 0/2 0/03 (1) 05/0 21/0 - 02/0 )2( 06/0 2/0 1/0 )2( - 08/0 21/0 14/0 )1( 01/0 - - 01/0 - 02/0 )1( pH ( ) -0/01 0/01 0/07 (2) 0/02 -0/11 0/17 (2) pH ( ) 06/0 42/0 ** 12/0 )1( 03/0 06/0 - 03/0 )1( pH ( ) 0/04 0/21 -0/01 (2) 0/04 0/01 0/14 (2) pH ( ) 16/0 19/0 18/0 )1( 06/0 - 03/0 64/0 ** 01/0 - 01/0 - 05/0 )2( 2/0 - 15/0 06/0 0/18 0/19 0/21 (1) 0/25 - 0/1 0/09 05/0 12/0 06/0 )2( P< 01/0 (**) 30 10 )2( 10 )1(
Geranium robertianum Alnus subcordata Archive of SID . . Epimedium Festuca drymeia Blechnum spicant pinnatum . . . Acer velutinum Lapsana communis
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CCA . DCA . CCA . . CCA ( ) Eiegen value ) . . ( /0 099 /0 159 Lapsana communis Acer velutinum . /0 040 Alnus subcordata Geranium robertianum 5 2( ) CCA . Ruscus hyrcanus . CCA CCA DCA . Mercurialis perennis . Archive of SID 5( ) CCA Cardamine bulbifera . . .
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CCA 2 3 2 1 3 2 1 - 16/0 22/0 - 01/0 )1( 05/0 05/0 - 12/0 )1( 0/00 0/46 ** 0/04 (2) -0/07 0/2 -0/12 (2) - 2/0 49/0 ** - 03/0 )1( - 05/0 - 05/0 12/0 )1( 0/23 0/57 ** 0/1 (2) 0/07 -0/2 0/12 (2) - 27/0 59/0 ** - 02/0 )1( 19/0 - 13/0 - 05/0 )1( 01/0 52/0 ** 21/0 )2( - 03/0 - 34/0 ** - 28/0 ** )2( 0/1 -0/22 0/00 (1) C/N 0/28 0/01 0/19 (1) 27/0 22/0 - 09/0 )2( C/N - 17/0 22/0 26/0 )2( 0/18 0/45 ** -0/08 (1) 0/02 0/2 -0/18 (1) 13/0 21/0 - 22/0 )2( 26/0 28/0 13/0 )2( 02/0 39/0 ** 02/0 )1( 13/0 16/0 - 03/0 )1( 0.18 0/23 -0/11 (2) 0/09 0/17 0/04 (2) 21/0 28/0 ** 09/0 )1( 00/0 - 08/0 - 01/0 )1( pH ( ) 0/16 0/03 0/07 (2) 0/10 -0/10 0/21 (2) pH ( ) 05/0 46/0 ** 02/0 )1( - 1/0 - 02/0 - 03/0 )1( pH ( ) 19/0 22/0 - 11/0 )2( 01/0 01/0 16/0 )2( pH ( ) -0/21 0/17 0/16 (1) 0/27 0/22 0/72 ** 13/0 - 03/0 - 09/0 )2( - 1/0 - 15/0 09/0 -0/16 0/2 0/2 (1) 0/33 0/2 0/06 2/0 17/0 00/0 )2( 07/0 22/0 84/0 ** DCA - 12/0 79/0 ** - 2/0 DCA 0/51 ** 0/06 0/12 DCA P< 01/0 (**) 30 10 )2( 10 )1( Festuca drymeia Blechnum spicant Archive . of Cardamine SID impatiens, Carex grioletti Scuttellaria Clinopodium umbrosum Epimedium pinnatum tournefort Lathyrus . Vincetoxicum Seratula hyrcanica laxiflorus
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nigrum . . Quercus castaneifolia Carex divulsa Ophioglossum vulgatum
= K = CA = N = OM ) CCA 5 Archive ( = Aspect of= Clay SID = P ﺑﺤﺚ . Asperula Rubus Euphorbia amygdaloides odorata DCA Viola odorata hyrcanus CCA
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. ( ) CCA DCA . CCA DCA . ( 1375 ) . ( 500 ) C/N . . ( 1382 ) Rusco-Fagetum Carpino-Fagetum 1600 800 .( 1382 ) Carpino-Fagetum Lapsana communis Geranium robertianum Rusco-Fagetum Ruscus hyrcanus Mercurialis perennis ( 1381 ) . vulgatum Ophioglossum Festuca drymeia Blechnum spicant Carex grioletti Cardamine impatiens Epimedium pinnatum Carex Salvia glutinosa Carex divulsa C/N Cardamine Clinopodium umbrosum remota ( 1383 ) . Sanicula europaea bulbifera Archive. of SID C/N . ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده . 1381 . ( ) .
. 105 Querco-Carpinetum
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. . 1380 . . 1375 . . 288 - Barnes, B.V., Zak, D.R., Denton, S. and Spurr, S., 1998. Forest ecology, John Wiley and Sons, INC., . 773 p. . 103 -Dombois, D.M. and Ellenberg, H., 1974. Aims and methods of vegetation ecology. John Wiley and . 1380 . . Sons, New York, London, Sydney, Toronto, 547 p . – -Gegout, J. and Krizova, E., 2003. Comparison of indicator values of forest understory plant species .( – ) in Western Carpathians (Slovakia) and Vosges Mountains (France). Forest Ecology and . 103 1380 Management, 182: 1–11 . ( ) . 1376 . - Jongman, R.H.G., Ter Braak, C.J.F. and van Tongeren, O.F.R., 1995. Data analysis in community and .( ) landscape ecology. Cambridge university press, . 384 171 299 p. -Legendre, P., 1998. Numerical Ecology. Elsevier . 1383 . Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 853p. -Leps, J., and Smilauer, P., 2003. Multivariate analysis of ecological data using CANOCO. Cambridge university press, 267 p. . -Wang, G.G., 1999. Use of understory vegetation in classifying soil moisture and nutrient regims. 104 Forest Ecology and Management, 129: 93-100 . . -Wilson, S. McG. and Pyatt, D.G., 2001. The use of ground vegetation and humus type as indicators of . 1382 . soil nutrient regime for an ecological site classification of British forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 140: 101-116 . . - Zas, R. and Alonso, M., 2002. Understory vegetation 164 as indicators of soil characteristics in northern Spain. Forest Ecology and Management, 171: 101- 111.
Archive of SID
www.SID.ir 187 Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research Vol. 17 No. 2, 2009
Relationship between vegetation and physical and chemical properties of soil in Fagetum communities (Case study: Kheiroudkenar forest)
J. Eshaghi Rad 1* , Gh. Zahedi Amiri 2, M.R. Marvi Mohajer 3 and A. Mataji 4
1*- Corresponding author, Assistant Prof., University of Urmia, E-mail: [email protected] 2- Associate Prof., University of Tehran. 3- Professor, University of Tehran. 4- Assistant Prof., Islamic Azad University, Science and Research branch, Tehran. . Abstract
This study was carried out in Carpino-Fagetum orientalis , Rusco-Fagetum orientalis, Fagetum oriental and Alno-Fagetum orientalis forest communities of Namkhaneh, Gorazbon and Chelir districts of Kheiroudkenar forest. The aim of the research was investigation on relationship between understory vegetation and soil condition and to determine the indicator species for predicting of specific site situation of Fagetum communities of the study area. Selective stratification sampling method was used to locate samples. One plot is sampled on each aspect in each community. Totally, 120 sample plots were selected in the Fagetum communities in the study area. The plot size was 400 m 2 considering to minimal area method. At each sample plot, floristic list and an estimate of percent cover and abundance of each vascular plant in separate strata were recorded by using of Braun-Blanquet scale. At the center of sample plots, two soil samples were taken from 0-10 and 10-30 cm layers of mineral soil. The physical and chemical soil properties in each sample were analyzed. Two ordinations approach, DCA and CCA, were applied to determine the relationships between vegetation data and environmental variables. Results showed that the distribution of plant species is mainly associated with aspect, clay, total nitrogen, organic matter, phosphorous and exchangeable cations. Geranium robertianum, Mercurialis perennis and Ruscus hyrcanus indicate high soil fertility, while Festuca drymeia, Blechnum spicant and Epimedium pinnatum show low soil fertility. Carex remota, Sanicula europaea and Carex divulsa indicate a moderate soil fertility conditions.
Key words: beech, herbal vegetation, soil fertility, multivariate analysis .
Archive of SID
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