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71913883603.Pdf ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ - ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺟﻨﮕﻞ و ﺻﻨﻮﺑﺮ اﻳﺮان ﺟﻠﺪ 17 ﺷﻤﺎرة 2 ، ﺻﻔﺤﺔ -187 174، ( 1388) ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﻴﻦ ﭘﻮﺷﺸ ﻬﺎي رﺳﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ و ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺧﺎك در ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ راش ( ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻮردي : ﺟﻨﮕﻞ آﻣﻮزﺷﻲ - ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ ﺧﻴﺮودﻛﻨﺎر ﻧﻮﺷﻬﺮ ) ) ﺟﻮاد اﺳﺤﺎﻗﻲ راد1* ، ﻗﻮام اﻟﺪﻳﻦ زاﻫﺪي اﻣﻴﺮي2، ﻣﺤﻤﺪرﺿﺎ ﻣﺮوي ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮ3 و اﺳﺪاﻟﻪ ﻣﺘﺎﺟﻲ4 1* - ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪه ﻣﺴﺌﻮل، اﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎر داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه اروﻣﻴﻪ ، ﭘﺴﺖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﻚ : [email protected] -2 داﻧﺸﻴﺎر، داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﻬﺮان . -3 اﺳﺘﺎد، داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﻬﺮان. -4 اﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎر، واﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻮم و ﺗ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ. ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ : 12/3/ 86 ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش : 87/8/25 ﭼﻜﻴﺪه اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ در ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ Rusco-Fagetum orientalis ،Carpino-Fagetum orientalis ، Alno-Fagetum orientalis و Fagetum oriental ﺑﺨﺸﻬﺎي ﻧﻤﺨﺎﻧﻪ، ﮔﺮازﺑﻦ و ﭼﻠﻴﺮ ( ﺟﻨﮕﻞ آﻣﻮزﺷﻲ - ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ ﺧﻴﺮودﻛﻨﺎر ﻧﻮ ﺷﻬﺮ ) اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻫﺪف از اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ، ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﻴﻦ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻛﻒ ﺟﻨﮕﻞ و ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اداﻓﻴﻜﻲ و ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻳ ﺎ ﮔﺮوﻫﻲ از ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﺮف اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﺧﺼﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ وﻳﮋه ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ در ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ راش ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ . از روش ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﺤﻞ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ و در ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ در ﺟﻬﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻗﺪام ﺑﻪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ و در ﻣﺠﻤﻮع 120 ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ از ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ راش ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ ﺷﺪ . ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ ﻓﻠﻮرﺳﺘﻴﻚ در ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ 400 ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ، ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ د ر آ ﺷﻜﻮﺑﻬﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ( درﺧﺘﻲ، درﺧﺘﭽﻪ اي و ﻋﻠﻔﻲ ) ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺟﺪول ﺑﺮاون - ﺑﻼﻧﻜﻪ ﺛﺒﺖ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ . در ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ، از دو ﻋﻤﻖ 0- 10 و 10- 30 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲﻣﺘﺮ اﻓﻖ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﺧﺎك، ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎك ﺑﺮداﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ . ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ اي از ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ و ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺧﺎك در ﻣﺤﻞ اﺳﺘﻘﺮار ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮرد اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻴﺮي ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ . دو روش رﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي، روش آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ ﻗﻮس ﮔﻴﺮي ﺷﺪه ( Detrended Correspondence Analysis = DCA ) و روش آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﺎرﻓﻲ ( Canonical Correspondence Analysis = CCA) ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﻴ ﻞ ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﻴﻦ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ و ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺑﻜﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ . ﻧﺘﺎﻳ ﺞ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ در ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ راش ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎً ﺑﻪ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺟﻬﺖ، درﺻﺪ رس، ازت ﻛ ﻞ، ﻓﺴﻔﺮ، درﺻﺪ ﻣﻮاد آﻟﻲ و ﻛﺎﺗﻴﻮن ﻫﺎي ﺗﺒﺎدﻟﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي Mercurialis ،Geranium robertianum perennis و Ruscus hyrcanus ﻣﻌﺮف ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺧﻴﺰي زﻳﺎد ﺧ ﺎك و ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي Festuca drymeia ،Blechnum spicant و Epimedium pinnatum ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺧﻴﺰي ﻛﻢ ( ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮ ﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻓﻮق ) و ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي Carex remota ،Carex divulsa و Sanicula europaea ﻣﺒﻴﻦ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺧﻴﺰي ﺣﺪ وﺳﻂ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ . واژه ﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي : راش، ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ي ﻋﻠﻔﻲ، ﺣﺎﺻﻞSID ﺧﻴﺰي ﺧﺎك، of آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰﻫﺎي ﭼﻨﺪﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮه . Archive ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺑ ﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮاﻳ ﻂ روﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ آن ﭘﻲ ﺑﺮد ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ داﻣﻨﻪ ﺑﻮم ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﻳﻚ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد، ( Wang, 1999 ). ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﺿﺮورﻳﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ اﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺣﻀﻮرش در ﻳﻚ روﻳﺸﮕﺎه وﻳﮋه ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ داﻣﻨﻪ ﺑﻮم ﺷﻨ ﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ دارد، اﻣﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ روﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ( ﺧﺎﻛﻲ، اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ) آن ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ اﺳﺖ و ﻳﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ روﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ را د ارا ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑ ﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﺑﺎ ﺣﻀﻮر ﻳﻚ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ در ﻳﻚ روﻳﺸﮕﺎه داراي داﻣﻨﻪ ﺑﻮم ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﻣﺤﺪودﺗﺮي ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ و ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑ ﻪ اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ، www.SID.ir ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺟﻨﮕﻞ و ﺻﻨﻮﺑﺮ اﻳﺮان ﺟﻠﺪ 17 ﺷﻤﺎرة ٢ 175 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﺮف اﻃﻼق ﻣﻲﺷﻮد. از اﻳﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ راش از ﺟﻬﺖ روﻳﺸﻲ ﻋﻠﻔﻲ ( ﻛﻒ ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ) ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺑ ﻴﺸﺘﺮي ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ و ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﭼﻮب، ﺑﺮاي اﺟﺮاي ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎي ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺧﺎﻛﻲ داﺷﺘﻪ و ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺟﻨﮕﻞد اري ﻧﺰدﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ، ﺑ ﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﻣﻌﺮف زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ( & Wilson ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﺮف ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﺧﺎك در اﻳﻦ Pyatt, 2001 ) و ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از وﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎي ﺧﺎﻛﻲ را ﺑ ﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ از اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار اﺳﺖ . ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ اﻫﺪاف ﻳﻜﭙﺎرﭼﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﻨﺪ . اﻳﻦ درﺣﺎﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻴﺮي اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از : : ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از وﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎي ﺧﺎﻛﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰم ﺻﺮف ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ و - ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ و ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ زﻣﺎن زﻳﺎد ﺑﻮده و ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ در ﺧﺎك ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ؛ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ اﺛﺮ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻠﺶ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ وﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺗﻲ را ﺑ ﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه - ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ارﺗﺒﺎط ﻣﻴﺎن ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ و ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اداﻓﻴﻜﻲ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ داﺷﺖ، درﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ روﻳﺸﻲ ﻋﻠﻔﻲ ﻣﻌﺮف و ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮوﻫﻲ از ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﺮف ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﺧﺼﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﻳﻚ ﺳ ﻨﺠﺶ ﺧﻮب، ﺳﺮﻳﻊ، آﺳﺎن و ﻛﻢ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ از ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ وﻳﮋه ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ در ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ روﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺑ ﻪ وﻳﮋه ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺧﺎﻛﻲ را ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ راش ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. (Gegout & Krizova, 2003) از اﻳﻦ رو، در ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از ﻛﺸﻮر ﻫﺎ از رﺳﺘﻨﻴ ﻬﺎي ﻛﻒ ﻣﻮاد و روﺷﻬﺎ ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﺑ ﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻬﺎﻳﻲ از ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺧﺎك ﺟﻨﮕﻞ، در ﻣﺸﺨﺼ ﺎت ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ روﻳﺸﮕﺎه، ﺑ ﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﻣ ﺆﻟﻔﻪ اﺳﺎﺳﻲ در ﺑﺮاي ﻧﻴﻞ ﺑﻪ اﻫﺪاف ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه، اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ در ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي روﻳﺸﮕﺎه و اﺑﺰاري ﺑﺮاي ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺗﻮان Carpino-Fagetum ،Alno-Fagetum orientalis ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺟﻨﮕﻞ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ (Rusco-Fagetum orientalis ، orientalis .(Wilson & Pyatt, 2001 و Fagetum ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﺣﺎﺋﺰ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ اﻳﻨﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ از ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮف ﻣﻌﻴﺎر ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ orientalis ﺑﺨﺸﻬﺎي ﻧﻤﺨﺎﻧﻪ، ﮔﺮازﺑﻦ و ﭼﻠﻴﺮ ( ﺟﻨﮕﻞ و ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﺮف ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ آﻣﻮزﺷﻲ - ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ ﺧﻴﺮودﻛﻨﺎر ﻧﻮﺷﻬﺮ ) ﻛﻪ در 7 ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮي ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس آﻧﻬﺎ ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻲ از ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ و ﺷﺮق ﻧﻮﺷﻬﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ 36َ 27ْ ﺗﺎ َ 36 40ْ ﻋﺮض ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ و 32َ از ﻃﺮف دﻳﮕﺮ ، ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺆ ﺛﺮ در ﻇﻬﻮر ﻳﻚ 51ْ ﺗﺎ 43 51ْ ﻃﻮل ﺷﺮﻗﻲ واﻗﻊ ﺷﺪه ، اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻌﺮف، ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺧﺎﻛﻲ اﺳﺖ؛ ﺑ ﻪ ﻋﺒﺎرت دﻳﮕﺮ ﺣﻀﻮر ( ﺷﻜﻞ 1 ). ﺑﺨﺶ ﻧﻤﺨﺎﻧﻪ، ﮔﺮازﺑﻦ و ﭼﻠﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ 1022، ﻳﻚ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻌﺮف در ﻳﻚ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺑ ﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺑﺴﻴﺎر زﻳﺎدي 1035 و 900 ﻫﻜﺘﺎر وﺳﻌﺖ داﺷﺘﻪ و داراي 4 ﻧﻮع ﺗﻴﭗ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت وﻳﮋه ﺧﺎ ك در آن ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺧﺎك ﻗﻬﻮه اي آﻫﻜﻲ اﺳﻜﻠﺘﻲ، ﻗﻬﻮه اي ﻛﺎﻟﺴﻴﻚ، ﻗﻬﻮه اي (Zas & Alonso, 2002) . ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ در ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻬﺎي ﺷﻤﺎل اﻳﺮان ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻲ و ﻗﻬﻮه اي ﺷﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ( ﺳﺮﻣﺪﻳﺎن و ﺑ ﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﺠﺰا ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﮔﻴﺎﻫ ﻲ و SIDﻳﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ of ﺟﻌﻔﺮي، Archive .( 1380 ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜ ﻲ و ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺧﺎك ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه وﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺸﻬﺎ از آن ﺟﻬﺖ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ارﺗﺒﺎط ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻲ اﻳﻦ دو زﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ي ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻬﺮه ﺑﺮداري در اﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺸﻬﺎ ﺑ ﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻋﻠﻤﻲ و ﺑﺎ ﺷﺪت ﻛﻢ ﺑﺘﻮان از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﺮف، ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺧﺎﻛﻲ روﻳﺸﮕﺎه را ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﺨﺮﻳ ﺐ را در ﻛﻤﻴﺖ و ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ داد . ﺗﻮده ﻫﺎي ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻲ داﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ . ﺷﻜﻞ 2 ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ راش ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻲ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ را ﻧﺸﺎ ن ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ . ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻬﺎي ﭘﻬﻦ ﺑﺮگ ﺧﺰان ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺷﻤﺎل ﻛﺸﻮر ﻣﺤﺴﻮب www.SID.ir 176 ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﻴﻦ ﭘ ﻮﺷﺸﻬﺎي رﺳﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ و ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺧﺎك در ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ راش ﺷﻜﻞ 1 - ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ 2 - ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ( ﻣﺘﺎﺟﻲ، 1382 ) ) Archive of SID روش ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات داﺧﻞ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺷﺪه ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري ﻓﻠﻮرﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﺳﭙﺲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ا ز اﻧﻮاع ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ راﻫﺒﺮد در ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت اﻛﻮﻟﻮژي ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ، ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﻴﺮي ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻛﺪام از ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠ ﻒ ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت اﺧﺘﻴﺎري ﻳﺎ اﺟﺒﺎري از ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﻴﺮ ي ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ . ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ در اﺑﺘﺪا ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺗﻔﺎوﺗﻬﺎﻳﻲ در ﺷﺪه اﺳﺘﻔ ﺎده ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ( Dombois & Ellenberg, 1974 ). ﻓﺮم ﻫﺎي روﻳﺸﻲ، ﻓﻴ ﺰﻳﻮﻧﻮﻣﻲ و ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ اﺻﻮل ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي اﻳﻨﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﻣﻲ آﻳﻨﺪ . ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻌﻴﺎرﻫﺎي ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﻋﺒﺎرت از ﻧﻮع www.SID.ir ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺟﻨﮕﻞ و ﺻﻨﻮﺑﺮ اﻳﺮان ﺟﻠﺪ 17 ﺷﻤﺎرة ٢ 177 ﺑﻬﺮه ﺑﺮداري از ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ، ﺗﻔﺎوﺗﻬ ﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺟﻬﺖ، ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات زﻳﺎد ﺟﻬﺖ ﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ و ﻓﺮﻋﻲ ﺷﻴﺐ، ﻧﻮع ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎي زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و ﻏﻴﺮه ﻣﻲ .ﺪﻨﺑﺎﺷ ﭼﻮن ﺟﻐﺮ اﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ، ﺟﻬﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻗﺒ ﻞ از ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ اﺻﻠﻲ ﺗ ﻐﻴﻴﺮات در ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﭘﺲ از ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺑ ﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺆ ﺛﺮ در ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻧﺷﻮ ﺪ، ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻃﺮح راﻫﺒﺮد ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري ﻣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ . ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﻴﺮي ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد . ﻫﺮ ﻗﺪر ﺗﻨﻮع ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ( ﺷﻜﻞ 3 ) و ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ در ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ از ﻣﻨﻄ ﻘﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ در ﻫ ﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ در ﺟﻬﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎ ﻳﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ، در اﻳﻦ ﺻﻮرت ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﻴﺮي ﺑﺎ ﺷﺪت ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي اﻧﺠﺎم اﻗﺪام ﺑﻪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﮔ ﺮدﻳﺪ . در ﻣﺤﺪوده ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ( ﻣﺼﺪاﻗﻲ ، 1380 ). ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﺟﻬﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ، ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﺤﻞ اﺳﺘﻘﺮار ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ، ﻣﻌﻴﺎرﻫﺎي ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ارﺗﻔﺎع از ﺳﻄﺢ درﻳﺎ، ﺷﻴﺐ ( در ﺻﻮرت اﻳﺠﺎد ﺗﻐﻴﻴ ﺮ زﻳﺮ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ : ﻫﻤﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﻤﻮل ﺗﻴﭗ را در در ﺳﻴﻤﺎي رﺳﺘﻨﻴﻬﺎ ) و اﺧﺘﻼف ﻓﻠﻮرﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮار ﺑﺮ ﮔﻴﺮد و ﻣﺤﻞ ﭘ ﻴﺎده ﻧﻤﻮدن ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑ ﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ . ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﻪ اﺛﺮ ﻫﺎي ﺣﺎﺷﻴﻪ اي ﮔﺎوﺳﺮاﻫﺎ، ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ داﺧﻞ آن ﻫﻤﮕﻦ ﺑ ﻮده و از ﻧﻈﺮ ﺟﺎده ﻫﺎ و درﺧﺘﺎن ﺑﻬﺮه ﺑﺮداري ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮ ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺘﻲ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ( ﻋﻄﺮي، 1376 ). ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ، از اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ در اﻃﺮاف در اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﺮ ﻛ ﺪام از ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺑ ﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎي ﻳﺎدﺷﺪه ﺧﻮدداري ﺷﺪ . ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ . ﻫﻤﭽ ﻨﻴﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ SID - 3ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻫﺎي of ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳ ﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ Archive ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ در ﺧﺘﭽﻪ اي و ﻋﻠﻔﻲ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺷﺪ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ و ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﻴﺎﮔﺎﻧﻲ از روش ﺳﻄﺢ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ( ﻋﻄﺮي، ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺟﺪول ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ 1376 ) و ﺑﺮ ﻃﺒﻖ اﻳﻦ روش، ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ اﺑﺮ ون - ﺑﻼﻧﻜﻪ ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ .
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    STATUS AND PROTECTION OF GLOBALLY THREATENED SPECIES IN THE CAUCASUS CEPF Biodiversity Investments in the Caucasus Hotspot 2004-2009 Edited by Nugzar Zazanashvili and David Mallon Tbilisi 2009 The contents of this book do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of CEPF, WWF, or their sponsoring organizations. Neither the CEPF, WWF nor any other entities thereof, assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, product or process disclosed in this book. Citation: Zazanashvili, N. and Mallon, D. (Editors) 2009. Status and Protection of Globally Threatened Species in the Caucasus. Tbilisi: CEPF, WWF. Contour Ltd., 232 pp. ISBN 978-9941-0-2203-6 Design and printing Contour Ltd. 8, Kargareteli st., 0164 Tbilisi, Georgia December 2009 The Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) is a joint initiative of l’Agence Française de Développement, Conservation International, the Global Environment Facility, the Government of Japan, the MacArthur Foundation and the World Bank. This book shows the effort of the Caucasus NGOs, experts, scientific institutions and governmental agencies for conserving globally threatened species in the Caucasus: CEPF investments in the region made it possible for the first time to carry out simultaneous assessments of species’ populations at national and regional scales, setting up strategies and developing action plans for their survival, as well as implementation of some urgent conservation measures. Contents Foreword 7 Acknowledgments 8 Introduction CEPF Investment in the Caucasus Hotspot A. W. Tordoff, N. Zazanashvili, M. Bitsadze, K. Manvelyan, E. Askerov, V. Krever, S. Kalem, B. Avcioglu, S. Galstyan and R. Mnatsekanov 9 The Caucasus Hotspot N.
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  • Lenka Kočková
    MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA ÚSTAV BOTANIKY A ZOOLOGIE Velikost genomu a poměr bazí v genomu v čeledi Ranunculaceae Diplomová práce Lenka Kočková Vedoucí práce: Doc. RNDr. Petr Bureš, Ph. D. Brno 2012 Bibliografický záznam Autor: Bc. Lenka Kočková Přírodovědecká fakulta, Masarykova univerzita, Ústav botaniky a zoologie Název práce: Velikost genomu a poměr bazí v genomu v čeledi Ranunculaceae Studijní program: Biologie Studijní obor: Systematická biologie a ekologie (Botanika) Vedoucí práce: Doc. RNDr. Petr Bureš, Ph. D. Akademický rok: 2011/2012 Počet stran: 104 Klíčová slova: Ranunculaceae, průtoková cytometrie, PI/DAPI, DNA obsah, velikost genomu, GC obsah, zastoupení bazí, velikost průduchů, Pignattiho indikační hodnoty Bibliographic Entry Author: Bc. Lenka Kočková Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Department of Botany and Zoology Title of Thesis: Genome size and genomic base composition in Ranunculaceae Programme: Biology Field of Study: Systematic Biology and Ecology (Botany) Supervisor: Doc. RNDr. Petr Bureš, Ph. D. Academic Year: 2011/2012 Number of Pages: 104 Keywords: Ranunculaceae, flow cytometry, PI/DAPI, DNA content, genome size, GC content, base composition, stomatal size, Pignatti‘s indicator values Abstrakt Pomocí průtokové cytometrie byla změřena velikost genomu a AT/GC genomový poměr u 135 druhů z čeledi Ranunculaceae. U druhů byla naměřena délka a šířka průduchů a z literatury byly získány údaje o počtu chromozomů a ekologii druhů. Velikost genomu se v rámci čeledi liší 63-krát. Nejmenší genom byl naměřen u Aquilegia canadensis (2C = 0,75 pg), největší u Ranunculus lingua (2C = 47,93 pg). Mezi dvěma hlavními podčeleděmi Ranunculoideae a Thalictroideae je ve velikosti genomu markantní rozdíl (2C = 2,48 – 47,94 pg a 0,75 – 4,04 pg).
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  • Open As a Single Document
    Ailanthus by SHIU YING Hu Ailanthus is called tree of heaven by some people. In its homeland, China, it is known as Ch’un Shu, pronounced almost like "train" and "sure" in English. Of all the trees introduced from China into Ameri- can gardens, ailanthus is the most widely naturalized. The speci- mens in the Harvard University Herbaria indicate that the species Ailanthus altissima (Miller) Swingle runs wild from Massachusetts in the East to Oregon in the West, and from Toronto, Canada in North America to Tucuman, Argentina (and Buenos Aires, by refer- ence) in South America. In neglected areas of large cities such as Boston, ailanthus grows as trees close to buildings, as hedges, or as bushy aggregates along railroad tracks, highway embankments, walls at the ends of bridges and overpasses, or in cracks of sidewalks and along boundary fences between properties (Figs. 1-2). Around some dwellings the trees are so close to the windows that they prevent light and sunshine from penetrating the rooms, or they send roots to invade the sewers or damage the foundations. Once ailanthus is established, it becomes very difficult to eradicate, for it can sprout from the stumps and on any portion of a root (Fig. 3, left); moreover, a female tree produces a large amount of winged fruits that spread and germinate in the gardens near, or even far away from, the mother plant. For these reasons, ailan- thus has been maligned as a weedy tree by city dwellers. Lately, however, it has attracted the interest of environmentalists, and many of them have asked me questions about the tree both by telephone and in letters.
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  • The Aromatic-Medicinal Plant Taxa of Pure Scots Pine Stands in Sürmene - Camburnu (Trabzon)
    Int. J. Sec. Metabolite, Vol. 4: 3 (2017) pp. 517-529 Special Issue 2: Research Article ISSN: 2148-6905 online Journal homepage: http://www.ijate.net/index.php/ijsm The Aromatic-Medicinal Plant Taxa of pure Scots pine stands in Sürmene - Camburnu (Trabzon) Arzu ERGÜL BOZKURT *1, Salih TERZİOĞLU2 1Artvin Çoruh University, Faculty of Forestry, Artvin, Turkey 2Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Forestry, Trabzon, Turkey Received: 04 May 2017 – Revised: 21 September 2017 - Accepted: 03 November 2017 Abstract: Forests not only produce wood raw material ecosystems, but also that have rich medicinal and aromatic plants. In addition to this situation, forests have been produced many goods and services. Regulation of protection- utilization balance with wood and non-wood herbal products is very important to these ecosystems. In order to ensure sustainable utilization of forest ecosystems, first of all, it is necessary to identify the natural resource components in these ecosystems. In this study, medicinal-aromatic plants of natural Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands, which are a sensitive ecosystem, were investigated in 2013-2014. Pinus sylvestris has special ecological conditions in Sürmene-Çamburnu (Trabzon) region because in this region Pinus sylvestris is descending down to the beach. In the study, 81 (77%) out of 105 vascular plant taxa were found to have medicinal-aromatic potential. The parts of the identified plant taxa used for different medical and aromatic purposes are explained in detail. In addition, recommendations were made about regulation of utilization in sensitive ecosystems. Keywords: Pinewood, medicinal-aromatic plant, flora 1. INTRODUCTION Forests are the ecosystems that produce not only wood raw material but as well non-wood forest products.
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  • An Encyclopedia of Shade Perennials This Page Intentionally Left Blank an Encyclopedia of Shade Perennials
    An Encyclopedia of Shade Perennials This page intentionally left blank An Encyclopedia of Shade Perennials W. George Schmid Timber Press Portland • Cambridge All photographs are by the author unless otherwise noted. Copyright © 2002 by W. George Schmid. All rights reserved. Published in 2002 by Timber Press, Inc. Timber Press The Haseltine Building 2 Station Road 133 S.W. Second Avenue, Suite 450 Swavesey Portland, Oregon 97204, U.S.A. Cambridge CB4 5QJ, U.K. ISBN 0-88192-549-7 Printed in Hong Kong Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Schmid, Wolfram George. An encyclopedia of shade perennials / W. George Schmid. p. cm. ISBN 0-88192-549-7 1. Perennials—Encyclopedias. 2. Shade-tolerant plants—Encyclopedias. I. Title. SB434 .S297 2002 635.9′32′03—dc21 2002020456 I dedicate this book to the greatest treasure in my life, my family: Hildegarde, my wife, friend, and supporter for over half a century, and my children, Michael, Henry, Hildegarde, Wilhelmina, and Siegfried, who with their mates have given us ten grandchildren whose eyes not only see but also appreciate nature’s riches. Their combined love and encouragement made this book possible. This page intentionally left blank Contents Foreword by Allan M. Armitage 9 Acknowledgments 10 Part 1. The Shady Garden 11 1. A Personal Outlook 13 2. Fated Shade 17 3. Practical Thoughts 27 4. Plants Assigned 45 Part 2. Perennials for the Shady Garden A–Z 55 Plant Sources 339 U.S. Department of Agriculture Hardiness Zone Map 342 Index of Plant Names 343 Color photographs follow page 176 7 This page intentionally left blank Foreword As I read George Schmid’s book, I am reminded that all gardeners are kindred in spirit and that— regardless of their roots or knowledge—the gardening they do and the gardens they create are always personal.
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  • A Comprehensive Dataset on Cultivated and Spontaneously Growing Vascular Plants in Urban Gardens
    Data in brief 25 (2019) 103982 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Data in brief journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/dib Data Article A comprehensive dataset on cultivated and spontaneously growing vascular plants in urban gardens * David Frey a, b, , Marco Moretti a a Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland b Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Universitatstrasse€ 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland article info abstract Article history: This article summarizes the data of a survey of vascular plants in 85 Received 2 February 2019 urban gardens of the city of Zurich, Switzerland. Data was acquired Received in revised form 16 April 2019 by two sampling methods: (i) a floristic inventory of entire garden Accepted 1 May 2019 lots based on repeated garden visits, including all vegetation pe- Available online 23 May 2019 riods; and (ii) vegetation releves on two plots of standardized size (10 m2) per garden during the summer. We identified a total of 1081 Keywords: taxa and report the origin status, i.e., whether a taxon is considered Allotment BetterGardens native or alien to Switzerland. Furthermore, the origin of a plant or Home gardens garden population was estimated for each taxon and garden: each Lawn taxon in each garden was classified as being either cultivated or Neophytes spontaneously growing. For each garden, the number of all native, Urban biodiversity cultivated, and spontaneously growing plant species is given, along Vegetation releves with additional information, including garden area, garden type and the landscape-scale proportion of impermeable surface within a 500-m radius.
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  • Environmental Factors-Ecological Species Group Relationships in The
    Nordic Journal of Botany 35: 240–250, 2017 doi: 10.1111/njb.01221, ISSN 1756-1051 © 2016 The Authors. Nordic Journal of Botany © 2016 Nordic Society Oikos Subject Editor: Hans Sandén. Editor-in-Chief: Torbjörn Tyler. Accepted 13 September 2016 Environmental factors–ecological species group relationships in the Surash lowland-mountain forests in northern Iran Fatemeh Bazdid Vahdati, Shahryar Saeidi Mehrvarz, Daniel C. Dey and Alireza Naqinezhad F. Bazdid Vahdati and Sh. Saeidi Mehrvarz ([email protected]), Dept of Biology, Faculty of Science, Univ. of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. – D. C. Dey, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Columbia, MO, USA. – A. Naqinezhad, Dept of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Univ. of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran. Identification of the primary factors that influence the ecological distribution of species groups is important to managers of lowland-mountain forests in northern Iran. The aim of this study was to identify main ecological species groups, describe the site conditions associated with these species groups and the relationships between environmental factors and the distribution of ecological species groups using multi-variate analysis (Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA)). For this purpose, 50 relevés (400 m2 each) were sampled using the Braun- Blanquet method. Vegetation was classified into three ecological species groups using a modified two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN). In each relevé, environmental factors (topographic and soil variables) were measured and analysed using one-way ANOVA and Pearson r statistics. Further, species diversity indices were determined for the identified ecological species groups. Our results show that the environmental factors, e.g.
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  • Reproductive Characteristics As Drivers of Alien Plant Naturalization and Invasion
    Reproductive characteristics as drivers of alien plant naturalization and invasion Dissertation submitted for the degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences presented by Mialy Harindra Razanajatovo at the Faculty of Sciences Department of Biology Date of the oral examination: 12 February 2016 First referee: Prof. Dr. Mark van Kleunen Second referee: Prof. Dr. Markus Fischer Konstanzer Online-Publikations-System (KOPS) URL: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-0-324483 Summary Due to human activity and global movements, many plant species have been introduced to non-native regions where they experience novel abiotic and biotic conditions. Some of these alien species manage to establish reproducing naturalized populations, and some naturalized alien species subsequently become invasive. Invasion by alien plant species can negatively affect native communities and ecosystems, but what gives the alien species an advantage under novel conditions is still not clear. Therefore, identifying the drivers of invasions has become a major goal in invasion ecology. Reproduction is crucial in plant invasions, because propagule supply is required for founding new populations, population maintenance and spread in non-native regions. Baker’s Law, referring to the superior advantage of species capable of uniparental reproduction in establishing after long distance dispersal, has received major interest in explaining plant invasions. However, previous findings regarding Baker’s Law are contradicting. Moreover, there has been an increasing interest in understanding the integration of alien plant species into native plant-pollinator networks but few studies have looked at the pollination ecology of successful (naturalized and invasive) and unsuccessful (non-naturalized and non-invasive) alien plant species.
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  • Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Epimedium Pinnatum
    Vol. 59 No. 2 2013 DOI: 10.2478/hepo-2013-0009 EXPERIMENTAL PAPER Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Epimedium pinnatum MOHADDESE MAHBOUBI1*, NASTARAN KAZEMPOUR1, HOSSEIN HOSSEINI2, MONA MAHBOUBI3 1Microbiology Group Medicinal Plants Research Center of Barij Essence 87135-1178 Kashan, Iran 2Agricultural Group Medicinal Plants Research Center of Barij Essence 87135-1178 Kashan, Iran 3Chemistry Department Chabahar Free Trade and Industrial Zone Organization, Iran *corresponding author: tel.: +98 866436 2112, fax: +98 866436 2187, e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Summary Epimedium pinnatum (Berberidaceae family) is used as an aphrodisiac in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of E pinnatum extracts (ethanol, methanol and aqueous extracts). Total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid contents (TFC) of each extract were assessed by spectrophotometric methods. It was exhibited that methanol extract had better antimicrobial activity than those of ethanolic extract or aqueous extract. The TPC and TFC of E pinnatum extracts was higher in methanol extract (149 and 36.6 mg/g) than that of ethanolic extract (137.2 and 19.5 mg/g) and aqueous extract (86.2 and 8.4 mg/g). The methanol extract had lower IC50 value (200 μg/ml) than ethanolic (250 μg/ml) and aqueous extract (400 μg/ml). There was a positive correlation between TPC, TFC in E pinnatum extract and their antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Key words: Epimedium pinnatum, extract, total phenolics, total flavonoids, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Epimedium pinnatum 25 INTRODUCTION Epimedium belongs to Berberidaceae family, also known as horny goat weed.
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  • Garden Escapes Meise Botanic Garden
    New observations of garden escapes in Meise Botanic Garden (Belgium), part 1 Anne Ronse and Filip Verloove Meise Botanic Garden, Nieuwelaan 38, B-1860 Meise, Belgium [[email protected]] [[email protected]] Illustrations: O. Van de Kerckhove (Fig. 1), M. Verhaegen & H. Engledow (BR) (Fig. 2) and the first author (Fig. 3-11). Abstract. – As a continuation of previous investigations of the subspontaneous flora in the domain of Meise Botanic Garden (MBG), further fieldwork since 2011 yielded several inter- esting new records of vascular plants garden escapes. In this contribution, part of these new records for MBG are presented. In total 23 taxa not previously recorded are presented. Eight of these had not been recorded so far in the wild in Belgium. The status of naturalization of these taxa varies from mere ephemeral to naturalized and potentially invasive. For each taxon we provide information on its native distribution, degree of invasiveness, occurrence in MBG as part of the collection and as escapes from the collections, their status in Belgium and elsewhere, and references to the herbarium collections in BR. Where deemed useful, information on related species is given. A number of taxa are illustrated with pictures. Résumé. – Nouvelles observations d’espèces échappées des collections au Jardin Bota- nique de Meise (Belgique) : première partie. Plusieurs nouvelles observations intéres- santes d’espèces de plantes vasculaires ont été faites dans le domaine du Jardin Botanique de Meise lors d’inventaires réalisés depuis 2011, en continuation d’études antérieures de la flore subspontanée. Cet article présente 23 nouveaux taxons, dont huit ont été observés pour la première fois en Belgique à l’état subspontané.
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  • Wildflowers from East and West by RICHARD E
    Wildflowers from East and West by RICHARD E. WEAVER, JR. Soon after plant explorers started bringing their specimens out of Japan, it became obvious to plant geographers and other botanists that the flora of that country was similar in many ways to the flora of eastern North America, and to a lesser extent, that of western North America as well. Asa Gray, Professor of Natural History at Harvard, was one of the first to draw the attention of the scientific community to this phenomenon, and he enumerated a list of about ninety genera of plants that occurred in two of these three areas and nowhere else on earth. As the rich flora of China became known, a similar relationship became obvious. The reasons for the similarity of the flora of such widely separated geographic areas appears to have begun during the Tertiary era of geologic time (starting more or less seventy million years ago), when the climate of the earth was much different from today, and a rich forest of quite uniform composition covered much of the Northern Hemisphere. As climate changed and glaciation occurred, and as the continents became separated, much of this forest disappeared. Relicts remained primarily in eastern North America, Pacific North America, and eastern Asia, where the climate remained relatively stable. But the relict floras were then widely separated, and the plants of each geographic area evolved separately, resulting in similar but not identical floras. As a result, although certain genera may be common to two of the three areas, the representative species are often slightly different.
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  • Evaluating the Ornamental Value of the Caucasian Flora in Georgia
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Tuexenia - Mitteilungen der Floristisch-soziologischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft Jahr/Year: 2017 Band/Volume: NS_37 Autor(en)/Author(s): Beisheim Katja Artikel/Article: Evaluating the ornamental value of the Caucasian flora in Georgia 333- 354 ©Floristisch-soziologische Arbeitsgemeinschaft; www.tuexenia.de; download unter www.zobodat.at Tuexenia 37: 333–354. Göttingen 2017. doi: 10.14471/2017.37.008, available online at www.tuexenia.de Evaluating the ornamental value of the Caucasian flora in Georgia Bewertung des Zierpflanzenwertes der kaukasischen Flora in Georgien Katja Beisheim1, 2 & Annette Otte1, 3, * 1Division of Landscape Ecology and Landscape Planning, Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition (IFZ), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany; 2School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; 3Center for International Development and Environmental Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Senckenbergstrasse 3, 35390 Giessen, Germany *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract The flora in the Caucasus Ecoregion is rich in economically important plants. While its value in terms of food crops and medicinal plants has recently been subject to scientific research, the ornamental value of many Caucasian plant species has not yet been fully recognized. In order to assess the orna- mental value of the Caucasian flora, vegetation data from two mountainous study regions in Georgia (n = 958 species, mostly grassland vegetation) was compared with the product range of ornamental plants in Germany using an online plant shopping guide. Characterization of the 150 plant species listed in both databases revealed that 121 species are present in central Europe and 117 species are natives or archaeophytes in Germany.
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