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Floristic Characteristics of the Hyrcanian Submountain Forests (Case Study: Ata-Kuh Forest)

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Floristic Characteristics of the Hyrcanian Submountain Forests (Case Study: Ata-Kuh Forest) Caspian J. Env. Sci. 2014, Vol. 12 No.2 pp. 169~183 ©Copyright by University of Guilan, Printed in I.R. Iran CJES [Research] Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences Floristic characteristics of the Hyrcanian submountain forests (case study: Ata-Kuh forest) F. Bazdid Vahdati¹, S. Saeidi Mehrvarz¹*, A. R. Naqinezhad², R. Shahi Shavvon¹ 1-Dept. of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran 2-Dept. of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran * Corresponding author’s E-mail: [email protected] (Received: Sept. 10. 2013, Accepted: Feb. 05. 2014) ABSTRACT Ata-Kuh forest, a preserved area within Hyrcanian relict forests, with an area of 700 ha is located in north of Iran. Based on floristic studies from 2011 through 2012, 194 vascular plant species were identified belonging to 143 genera and 66 families. Among our samples, 24 taxa were endemic to Hyrcanian area. The largest families in the area were Rosaceae (10.3 %), Poaceae (9.7 %), Asteraceae (6.7 %), Fabaceae (5.6 %) and Lamiaceae (5.1 %). The genera represented by the greatest number of species were Rubus (8 species), Carex (7 species), Viola and Euphorbia (each with four species). Classification based on life form indicated that geophytes comprise the largest proportion of the plants in the studied area. From the chorological point of view, the largest proportion of the flora belonged to the Euro-Siberian elements (60 taxa, 31.1%). In this study, a comparison was performed between our results and other studies on the northern Iranian forests with respect to life forms and phytochoria. Psilotum nodum is reported here again from a new locality in North Iran, indicating the old Tertiary history of this forest. Keywords: Ata-Kuh, Chorology, Floristic richness, Lahijan, Life form, North of Iran INTRODUCTION The knowledge of the floristic composition suitable for temperate forest and provide of an area is perquisite for any ecological and divers habitats for plant. phytogeographical studies and conservation There have been a number of floristic and management activities. The Hyrcanian area, vegetation researches on Hyrcanian forests unlike the arid and semiarid landscape in the past (e.g. Djazirei, 1965; Mobayen & throughout most of central and southern Tregubov 1970; Zohary,1973; Dorostkar & Iran, is one of the remnants of natural Noirfalise 1976; Mossadegh, 1981; Assadi, deciduous forests (Naqinezhad et al., 2008), 1988; Hamzeh’ee, 1994; Akhani, 1998; which form a vegetation belt in the southern Ghahreman et al., 2006; Hamzeh’ee et al., shores of the Caspian Sea. It is located in the 2008; Naqinezhad et al., 2008; Akhani et al., northern slopes of Alborz Mountains in 2010; Naqinezhad et al., 2010; Siadati et al., North Iran and covers Guilan, Mazandaran 2010; Abedi & Pourbabaei, 2011; Asadi et al., and Golestan provinces. The Hyrcanian 2011; Ghahremaninejad et al., 2011). There is forests are the most important relicts of the no previous floristic information about the so called Arcto-Tertiary forests and many tree genera like Pterocarya, Albizia, Parrotia or flora of Ata-Kuh forest. The main objectives Gleditsia survived the last ice age only in this of this paper were: 1) providing a first area (Scharnweber et al., 2007). The northern floristic checklist of the vascular plants of the slopes of Alborz Mountains are climatically study area 2) Determining the life forms and very different from the southern slopes by chorology of each taxon. This not only having a high annual precipitation and high provides a current view of plant species air humidity. These features make this area diversity in the studied area, but also creates Online version is available on http://research.guilan.ac.ir/cjes 170 Floristic characteristics of… the foundation for biodiversity conservation northern section of Alborz is a geologically and future management on Ata-Kuh forest. young area which was subsiding and under the Paratethys Ocean until the middle MATERIALS AND METHODS Miocene about 10-15 Ma (Berberian & King Study Area 1981). Moreover, in these areas, Mid-Jurassic Ata-Kuh forest is located on the northern to Upper Cretaceous limestone formations slope of Alborz Mountains, 10 km to the had already become much more important southeastern of Lahijan (Guilan Province), and form some very high rock cliffs along between 37º 09′ 28.4ʺ -37º 09′ 23.4ʺ N and the East-West directed thrust fault zones (Stöcklin, 1974). 50º 05′ 06.9ʺ -50º 06′ 04.1ʺ E, with an altitude ranging from 240 to 684 m a.s.l. (Fig. 1). The Fig 1. Location of Ata-Kuh forest in Guilan province (North Iran). Based on Global Bioclimatic Classification temperatures are 22ºC, and 10.2ºC, System (Rivas-Martinez et al., 1997, 1999) the respectively. The average total annual area is characterized as temperate oceanic precipitation and average annual bioclimate (submediterranean variant) or temperature are 1459.4 mm and 16.47 °C, Tocsm (Djamali et al., 2011). In the studied respectively (Fig. 2). Climatically, the area, most of the precipitation occurs from Caspian lowland may be regarded, on the early autumn to early spring. The autumn whole, as a region of rainy summers and months (October to December) are the most mild winters which are reminiscent of a humid months of the year. There are two typical oceanic climate, not unlike that of the general peaks of precipitation, first one in Atlantic coast of Europe (Zohary, 1973). October and the second in February Siberian anticyclone, formed over North Eurasia and Data Collection occasionally extending into Central Asia, Data collection was performed during four blocks the eastward penetration of Westerly seasons from March 2011 through March disturbances during the autumn and winter 2012. The voucher specimens were deposited months but results in high rainfall during the in the Herbarium of University of Guilan summer and especially autumn in the (GUH). The identification of specimens was Caspian coastal area (Khalili, 1973; Alijani & performed by Rechinger, 1963-2010; Assadi Harman 1985). The mean monthly et al., 1988-2011; Davis, 1965-1988; Tutin et temperature is the lowest in January and al., 1964-1980; Komarov, 1934-1954 and February and the highest in July and August. Townsend et al., 1966-1985. The classification The maximum and minimum mean of flowering plants was based on the APGIII Bazdid Vahdati et al., 171 (2009) and the name of taxon authors was determined based on Aghabeigi (1997). In coordinated using IPNI (2012). Some addition, plant formations were recognized references (Frey et al., 2006; Smith et al., using a physiognomical approach and field 2006; Khoshravesh et al., 2009) were used for observations.This method was used in other determination of Monilophytes species. studied ecosystems (e.g. Naqinezhad et al., Some seedlings of forest plants were 2006; Khodadadi et al., 2009). Lahijan(10m) (28) 50˚05ˊ E, 37˚09ˊ N 16.4˚C, 1459.4 mm Fig. 2. Climatological diagram from Lahijan station (1982-2010). Life-form categories were identified that have a broad worldwide distribution) according to Raunkiaer’s system of and SCOS (subcosmopolitan elements, classification (Raunkiaer, 1934). Detailed refering to plants ranging in distribution information about phanerophytes was based over most continents, but not all of them). on Pears (1985), (megaphanerophytes = more than 30 m high, mesophanerophyte = 8–30 m high, microphanerophyte = 2-8 m, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION nanophanerophyte= less than 2 m height, As a result of our fieldwork, the vascular liana = no height restriction). flora of Ata-Kuh forest contains a total of 194 taxa from 66 families and 143 genera The species distribution was based on the (Appendix 1). Eleven families of reviews, monographs and floras, particularly Monilophytes (Pteridophytes) and 55 the Flora Iranica (Rechinger, 1963-2010), families of Angiosperms constitute the Flora of Turkey (Davis, 1965-1988) and Flora studied flora. Eudicots with 45 families, 98 of Europaea (Tutin et al., 1964-1980). The genera and 135 species are the richest group, terminology and delimitation of the main while monocots have 10 families, 31 genera phytogeographical area was according to the and 39 species in the studied flora (Table 1). standard reference works, particularly those Rosaceae, Poaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, of Zohary (1973) and Takhtajan (1986). Based Lamiaceae, all exceed 10 taxa and show the on author’s assessments, IT (plants highest species richness, respectively (Table distributed in the Irano-Turanian region), M 2). The families Cyperaceae (8), Brassicaceae, (plants distributed in the Mediterranean Dryopteridaceae and Polygonaceae (each 6 region), ES (plants distributed in the Euro- taxa), Euphorbiaceae (5 taxa) are the next siberian region), PL (Pluriregional elements, species-rich families. Four families are referring to plants that are ranging over represented in four taxa, six families with three phytogeographical regions), PON three taxa, 10 families with two taxa and 36 (plants distributed in the Pontic region), COS families have only a single taxon. Five (cosmopolitan elements, refering to plants families, including Poaceae (17), Asteraceae 172 Floristic characteristics of… (12), Rosaceae (9), Fabaceae and Lamiaceae taxa, Carex with seven taxa, Viola and (8), contain more than eight genera and are Euphorbia each with four taxa, Dryopteris, the most genera-rich. Four families have four Polystichum, Geranium, Hypericum, genera, one family has three genera, 14 Polygonum, Rumex and Poa all with three families have two genera and the rest (42 taxa. There are 18 genera with two taxa and families) are unigeneric. The genera with the 114 genera with only one taxon. highest species richness are Rubus with eight Table 1. Number of families, genera and species in main plant groups of Ata-Kuh forest. Plant Groups Families Genera Species Endemic species Eudicots 45 98 135 22 Monocots 10 31 39 4 Monilophytes 11 14 20 0 Total 66 143 194 26 Table 2. Number of species and genera of the richest plant families of Ata-Kuh forest.
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