Caspian J. Env. Sci. 2014, Vol. 12 No.2 pp. 169~183 ©Copyright by University of Guilan, Printed in I.R. CJES

[Research] Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences

Floristic characteristics of the Hyrcanian submountain forests (case study: Ata-Kuh forest)

F. Bazdid Vahdati¹, S. Saeidi Mehrvarz¹*, A. R. Naqinezhad², R. Shahi Shavvon¹

1-Dept. of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran 2-Dept. of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran

* Corresponding author’s E-mail: [email protected] (Received: Sept. 10. 2013, Accepted: Feb. 05. 2014) ABSTRACT Ata-Kuh forest, a preserved area within Hyrcanian relict forests, with an area of 700 ha is located in north of Iran. Based on floristic studies from 2011 through 2012, 194 vascular were identified belonging to 143 genera and 66 families. Among our samples, 24 taxa were endemic to Hyrcanian area. The largest families in the area were (10.3 %), Poaceae (9.7 %), (6.7 %), (5.6 %) and (5.1 %). The genera represented by the greatest number of species were (8 species), Carex (7 species), Viola and (each with four species). Classification based on life form indicated that geophytes comprise the largest proportion of the in the studied area. From the chorological point of view, the largest proportion of the flora belonged to the Euro-Siberian elements (60 taxa, 31.1%). In this study, a comparison was performed between our results and other studies on the northern Iranian forests with respect to life forms and phytochoria. Psilotum nodum is reported here again from a new locality in North Iran, indicating the old Tertiary history of this forest.

Keywords: Ata-Kuh, Chorology, Floristic richness, Lahijan, Life form, North of Iran

INTRODUCTION The knowledge of the floristic composition suitable for temperate forest and provide of an area is perquisite for any ecological and divers habitats for plant. phytogeographical studies and conservation There have been a number of floristic and management activities. The Hyrcanian area, vegetation researches on Hyrcanian forests unlike the arid and semiarid landscape in the past (e.g. Djazirei, 1965; Mobayen & throughout most of central and southern Tregubov 1970; Zohary,1973; Dorostkar & Iran, is one of the remnants of natural Noirfalise 1976; Mossadegh, 1981; Assadi, forests (Naqinezhad et al., 2008), 1988; Hamzeh’ee, 1994; Akhani, 1998; which form a vegetation belt in the southern Ghahreman et al., 2006; Hamzeh’ee et al., shores of the . It is located in the 2008; Naqinezhad et al., 2008; Akhani et al., northern slopes of Alborz Mountains in 2010; Naqinezhad et al., 2010; Siadati et al., North Iran and covers Guilan, Mazandaran 2010; Abedi & Pourbabaei, 2011; Asadi et al., and Golestan provinces. The Hyrcanian 2011; Ghahremaninejad et al., 2011). There is forests are the most important relicts of the no previous floristic information about the so called Arcto-Tertiary forests and many genera like , Albizia, Parrotia or flora of Ata-Kuh forest. The main objectives survived the last ice age only in this of this paper were: 1) providing a first area (Scharnweber et al., 2007). The northern floristic checklist of the vascular plants of the slopes of Alborz Mountains are climatically study area 2) Determining the life forms and very different from the southern slopes by chorology of each taxon. This not only having a high annual precipitation and high provides a current view of plant species air humidity. These features make this area diversity in the studied area, but also creates

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170 Floristic characteristics of… the foundation for biodiversity conservation northern section of Alborz is a geologically and future management on Ata-Kuh forest. young area which was subsiding and under the Paratethys Ocean until the middle MATERIALS AND METHODS Miocene about 10-15 Ma (Berberian & King Study Area 1981). Moreover, in these areas, Mid-Jurassic Ata-Kuh forest is located on the northern to Upper Cretaceous limestone formations slope of Alborz Mountains, 10 km to the had already become much more important southeastern of Lahijan (Guilan Province), and form some very high rock cliffs along between 37º 09′ 28.4ʺ -37º 09′ 23.4ʺ N and the East-West directed thrust fault zones (Stöcklin, 1974). 50º 05′ 06.9ʺ -50º 06′ 04.1ʺ E, with an altitude ranging from 240 to 684 m a.s.l. (Fig. 1). The

Fig 1. Location of Ata-Kuh forest in Guilan province (North Iran).

Based on Global Bioclimatic Classification temperatures are 22ºC, and 10.2ºC, System (Rivas-Martinez et al., 1997, 1999) the respectively. The average total annual area is characterized as temperate oceanic precipitation and average annual bioclimate (submediterranean variant) or temperature are 1459.4 mm and 16.47 °C, Tocsm (Djamali et al., 2011). In the studied respectively (Fig. 2). Climatically, the area, most of the precipitation occurs from Caspian lowland may be regarded, on the early autumn to early spring. The autumn whole, as a region of rainy summers and months (October to December) are the most mild winters which are reminiscent of a humid months of the year. There are two typical oceanic climate, not unlike that of the general peaks of precipitation, first one in Atlantic coast of (Zohary, 1973). October and the second in February Siberian anticyclone, formed over North Eurasia and Data Collection occasionally extending into Central , Data collection was performed during four blocks the eastward penetration of Westerly seasons from March 2011 through March disturbances during the autumn and winter 2012. The voucher specimens were deposited months but results in high rainfall during the in the Herbarium of University of Guilan summer and especially autumn in the (GUH). The identification of specimens was Caspian coastal area (Khalili, 1973; Alijani & performed by Rechinger, 1963-2010; Assadi Harman 1985). The mean monthly et al., 1988-2011; Davis, 1965-1988; Tutin et temperature is the lowest in January and al., 1964-1980; Komarov, 1934-1954 and February and the highest in July and August. Townsend et al., 1966-1985. The classification The maximum and minimum mean of flowering plants was based on the APGIII Bazdid Vahdati et al., 171

(2009) and the name of taxon authors was determined based on Aghabeigi (1997). In coordinated using IPNI (2012). Some addition, plant formations were recognized references (Frey et al., 2006; Smith et al., using a physiognomical approach and field 2006; Khoshravesh et al., 2009) were used for observations.This method was used in other determination of Monilophytes species. studied ecosystems (e.g. Naqinezhad et al., Some seedlings of forest plants were 2006; Khodadadi et al., 2009).

Lahijan(10m) (28) 50˚05ˊ E, 37˚09ˊ N 16.4˚C, 1459.4 mm

Fig. 2. Climatological diagram from Lahijan station (1982-2010).

Life-form categories were identified that have a broad worldwide distribution) according to Raunkiaer’s system of and SCOS (subcosmopolitan elements, classification (Raunkiaer, 1934). Detailed refering to plants ranging in distribution information about phanerophytes was based over most continents, but not all of them). on Pears (1985), (megaphanerophytes = more than 30 m high, mesophanerophyte = 8–30 m high, microphanerophyte = 2-8 m, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION nanophanerophyte= less than 2 m height, As a result of our fieldwork, the vascular liana = no height restriction). flora of Ata-Kuh forest contains a total of 194 taxa from 66 families and 143 genera The species distribution was based on the (Appendix 1). Eleven families of reviews, monographs and floras, particularly Monilophytes (Pteridophytes) and 55 the Flora Iranica (Rechinger, 1963-2010), families of Angiosperms constitute the Flora of (Davis, 1965-1988) and Flora studied flora. with 45 families, 98 of Europaea (Tutin et al., 1964-1980). The genera and 135 species are the richest group, terminology and delimitation of the main while monocots have 10 families, 31 genera phytogeographical area was according to the and 39 species in the studied flora (Table 1). standard reference works, particularly those Rosaceae, Poaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, of Zohary (1973) and Takhtajan (1986). Based Lamiaceae, all exceed 10 taxa and show the on author’s assessments, IT (plants highest species richness, respectively (Table distributed in the Irano-Turanian region), M 2). The families Cyperaceae (8), Brassicaceae, (plants distributed in the Mediterranean Dryopteridaceae and (each 6 region), ES (plants distributed in the Euro- taxa), (5 taxa) are the next siberian region), PL (Pluriregional elements, species-rich families. Four families are referring to plants that are ranging over represented in four taxa, six families with three phytogeographical regions), PON three taxa, 10 families with two taxa and 36 (plants distributed in the Pontic region), COS families have only a single taxon. Five (cosmopolitan elements, refering to plants families, including Poaceae (17), Asteraceae 172 Floristic characteristics of…

(12), Rosaceae (9), Fabaceae and Lamiaceae taxa, Carex with seven taxa, Viola and (8), contain more than eight genera and are Euphorbia each with four taxa, Dryopteris, the most genera-rich. Four families have four Polystichum, , Hypericum, genera, one family has three genera, 14 Polygonum, and Poa all with three families have two genera and the rest (42 taxa. There are 18 genera with two taxa and families) are unigeneric. The genera with the 114 genera with only one taxon. highest species richness are Rubus with eight

Table 1. Number of families, genera and species in main plant groups of Ata-Kuh forest.

Plant Groups Families Genera Species Endemic species

Eudicots 45 98 135 22 Monocots 10 31 39 4 Monilophytes 11 14 20 0 Total 66 143 194 26

Table 2. Number of species and genera of the richest plant families of Ata-Kuh forest.

Genera Species Rosaceae 9 20 Poaceae 17 19 Asteraceae 12 13 Fabaceae 8 11 Lamiaceae 8 10

Life Form Spectrum and 1%). The high proportion of geophytes The floristic analysis of the vegetation from in the studied area primarily reflects the long life form point of view is widely used as a period of wetness during the growing season criterion for describing it (Raunkiaer, 1934). and relatively high annual precipitation According to Box (1981), the study of plant (Danin & Orshan 1990). However, geophytes life forms is important, because it provides can occur in many habitats (Esler et al., 1999; the basic structural components of Proches et al., 2006). Therophytes and vegetation stands and explains vegetation hemicryptophytes are the most prominent structure. In the assessment of life form life form after geophytes. Since life form spectrum, geophytes with 73 taxa, classification is based essentially on plant rhizomatous geophytes (60 taxa, 31%), reaction to extremes of climate, the stoloniferous geophytes (6 taxa, 3.1%), individual spectrum or the variation when bulbiferous geophytes (4 taxa, 2.1%), two or more spectra are compared should tuberous geophytes (2 taxa, 1%) and tell us much about macroclimatic patterns at geophytes with corm (1 taxa, 0.5%) are the the field sites (Pears, 1985). Also, a dominant life form, which constitute 37.7% comparison between the life forms in Ata- of studied flora, followed by the therophytes Kuh forest and those in the other forests in (44 taxa, 22.7%), hemicryptophytes (41 taxa, northern Iran are shown in Fig. 4 21.1%), phanerophytes (34 taxa, 17.5%), (Naqinezhad et al., 2010; Siadati et al., chamaephyte and parasitic (each with one 2010Asadi et al., 2011;; Ghahremaninejad et taxa, 0.5%, see Fig. 3). Detailed classification al., 2011;). The highest concentration of of phanerophytes shows that they consist of geophytes is found in Ata-Kuh and nanophanerophytes (with 12 taxa, 6.2%), Kheyrud. Moreover, these results are microphanerophytes (with 11 taxa, 5.7%), consistent with those found in the other megaphanerophytes (with 7 taxa, 3.6%), forest areas of the Hyrcanian area (e.g. lianas and mesophanerophytes (each 2 taxa Akbarinia et al., 2004; Ghahreman et al., 2006; Bazdid Vahdati et al., 173

Razavi, 2008). It seems that these therophytes occur abundantly in desert area concentrations exhibit the best (Archibald, 1995), a high proportion of this correspondence with a normal structure and life form is present in Semeskandeh and flora of lowland Hyrcanian forests (Zohary, Dasht-e Naz (Ghahremaninejad et al., 2011). 1973; Rastin, 1983). Hemicryptophytes show This is due to the more affected faces of this peak of presence in Ramsar. The occurrence site caused by human activities and of a high proportion of Hemicryptophytes in extensive grazing. Likewise, these results are Ramsar is typical of a temperate climate in agreement with Grime’s studies (2001). (Naqinezhad et al., 2010). Although,

Fig. 3.Life form spectrum of plants studied in Ata-Kuh forest.

Fig. 4.Variation of each life form over the sites Ramsar forest (Naqinezhad et al. 2010); Khybus forest (Asadi et al. 2011); Kheyrud forest (Siadati et al. 2010); Semeskandeh and Dasht-e Naz forests (Ghahremaninejad et al. 2011). Abbreviations: Cha= Chamaephyte, Geo= Geophyte, Hel= Helophyte, Hem= Hemicryptophyte, Hyd= Hydrophyte, Pha= Phanerophyte, Par= Parasite, Thr= therophyte

Chorotype Spectrum In terms of geographical distribution, the PL elements (57 taxa, 29.5%), ES- M- IT (21 flora of the studied area is composed mostly taxa, 10.9%), ES-IT(17 taxa, 8.8%), ES-M (14 of ES elements (60 taxa, 31.1%), followed by taxa, 7.3 %), SCOS (12 taxa, 6.2 %), COS (5 174 Floristic characteristics of… taxa, 2.6 %), M-IT (3 taxa, 1.6 %), IT (2 taxa, proportion of Euro-Siberian elements 1%), IT-M-PON and M (each 1 taxon, 0.5%, indicates a phytogeographical floristic link see Fig. 5). The occurrence of a high between Ata-Kuh forest and Euro-Siberian forest.

Fig. 5. Proportion of different phytochoria elements of plants in Ata-Kuh forest. Abbreviations:ES= Euro- Siberian, PL= Pluriregional, M= Mediterranean, IT= Irano-Turanian, COS= Cosmopolitan, SCOS= Subcosmopolitan

Iranian endemics. The detailed assessment special ecologic and biogeographic of phytogeographical element demonstrates importance of the area. that some of these genera contain a relatively Phytogeographical comparison of Ata-Kuh high proportion (26 species or 13.4% of all forest and the other forests in North Iran are species) of Iranian endemics, of which 24 demonstrated in Fig. 6. Two peaks in taxa (12.4%) are endemic or nearly endemic phytochoria curves are identified, one in to the Hyrcanian area. The Hyrcanian forests Euro - Siberian and the other one in the are known as a refuge for many Arcto- Pluriregional elements. Tertiary relict elements (Zohary, 1973; Some phytogeographical elements such as Leestmans, 2005). These species are grouped ES-M-IT, ES-IT, ES-M, SCOS, COS, M-IT, IT, into Hyrcanian and Euxino-Hyrcanian M-IT-PON, M do not demonstrate high elements (Akhani et al., 2010). Some species variations among the sites, while ES and PL are endemic or nearly endemic to the elements show more variation between the Hyrcanian area, such as Ilex spinigera, sites. The highest proportion of Euro- pastuchovii, pinnatum, Campanula Siberian elements present in Khybus, while rapunculus subsp. lambertiana, Gleditsia the lowest one is seen in Semeskandeh and caspica, Quercus castaneifolia subsp. Dasht-e Naz forests. Also, the Semeskandeh castaneifolia, Parrotia persica, Scutellaria and Dasht-e Naz demonstrate the highest tournefortii, Teucrium hyrcanicum, Primula heterochroma, Rubus esfandiarii, Rubus grantii, amount of Pluriregional elements. Our Rubus lahidjanensis, Rubus persicus, results indicate that due to the high Euro- Rhynchocorys maxima, Ornithogalum sintenisi, Siberian elements, the Khybus forest has the Scilla hohenackeri, Ruscus hyrcanus. The highest correspondence with a common presence of these endemic taxa reveals the Euro-Siberian forest.

Bazdid Vahdati et al., 175

Fig. 6. Variation of each phytochoria over the sites. Abbreviations:Ata= Ata-Kuh, Ram= Ramsar, Khy= Khybus, Khe= Kheyrud, Sem & Dash= Semeskandeh and Dasht-e Naz, ES= Euro-Sibirian, PL= Pluriregional, M= Mediterranean, IT= Irano-Turanian, COS= Cosmopolitan, SCOS= Subcosmopolitan

Plant Formations Mossadegh, 1981), Parrotio-Carpinetum In this study four distinct plant formations (Hejazi & Sabeti 1961; Djazirei, 1964, 1965; are recognized by the physiognomical Dorostkar & Noirfalise 1976; Mossadegh, method for this region. For each plant 1981). formations we give the description of Carpinus-Fagus forests. These forests type characteristic species. are distinguished by the co-occurrence of Gleditsia-Pterocarya forests: These forests Carpinus betulus and Fagus orientalis. As are dominated by temperate broad-leaved Carpinus betulus gradually is replaced by deciduous , Gleditsia caspica and Pterocarya fraxinifolia, with associated Fagus orientalis at high altitudes. In the hardwood species including Albizia studied area, the ground layer vegetation of julibrissin and Alnus glotinosa. The primary Carpinus-Fagus Forest mainly composed of Pterocarya fraxinifolia, is common along the species such as Potentilla reptans, Viola lower zone of the northern slopes of the odorata, Athyrium filix-femina, Geranium molle. Alborz Mts (Hamzeh’ee et al., 2008) where it The most important diagnostic species of this constitutes Pterocaryo fraxinifoliae-Alnetum association is Fagus orientalis. Fagus orientalis, glutinosae Rastin (1983) and it can penetrates may also occur in many phytosociological into the submountain communities of the Hyrcanian forest such as, Pterocaryo orders and suborders in the Hyrcanian area, fraxinifoliae-Alnetum subcordatae Djazirei such as Rhododendro-Fagetalia orientalis (1965). The shrub species in this vegetation (Quezel et al., 1980), Ilico-Fagenetalia orientalis type are composed mainly of Punica and Rubo-Fagion orientalis (Assadollahi, granatum, Mespilus germanica and Danae 1980). Also, Carpineto-Fagetum is prevailed at racemosa. Also several lianas are occurred on altitudes between 700-2000 ma.s.l. beech many of the trees and shrubs species such as forests (Sefidi & Mohadjer 2010). This Hedera pastuchovii, Dioscorea communis and vegetation type is similar to those found in smilax excelsa. Carpinus betulus forests: These forests type the forest areas of the Hyrcanian area (e.g. are dominated in this region by Carpinus Sefidi & Mohadjer, 2010; Taheri Abkenar et betulus, also in different places of this forest al., 2012). sparsely Diospyros lotus appears with it. The These results indicate that the above understory vegetation is composed of ferns mentioned forest formation has relatively (Dryopteris affinis, Athyrium filix-femina), wide distribution in Hyrcanian area. It is Primula heterochroma and shrubs such as Ilex concluded that in the studied area Gleditsia- spinigera, Ruscus hyrcanus, Pterocarya forest has a relatively similar microphylla. Carpinus betulus occurs in some structure to lowland forests as shown by communities of the Hyrcanian forests, such occurrence of some common species e.g. as Querco-Carpinetum (Djazirei, 1964, 1965; Albizia julibrissin, Danae racemosa, Hedera 176 Floristic characteristics of… pastuchovii, Dioscorea communis and grazing causes a remarkable disturbance to Carpinusbetulus. Carpinus-Fagus forests are the forest. 6) Exploitation of medicinal plants somewhat similar to submontane and which were abundant until a few decades montane deciduous forest for two reasons. ago, but are now endangered in their natural First, occurrence of rather dense understory habitats. vegetation including grasses (Poa nemoralis), As a result of destruction, Gleditsia-Pterocarya ferns (Dryopteris affinis, Athyrium filix-femina) forests composed of Alnus glotinosa, and Ilex spinigera and cold resistance tree Pterocarya fraxinifolia, Albizia julibrissin, such as Carpinus betulus (Akhani, 1998). Gleditsia caspica has mostly destroyed in the Second, Fagus orientalis and Carpinus betulus lower areas due to agricultural activities are dominant in the montane and especially tea gardens in the study area. submontane and transition zones of Caspian These forests are regarded to as habitats for forests, respectively (Mobayen & Tregubov some of the most endangered endemic 1970; Asli & Nedialkov 1973). plants such as Gleditsia caspica. Among the major threats to this tree species are habitat Ruderal Communities loss, fragmentation, and even hybridization Ruderal plant communities are the first with introduced species (G. triacanthos) plant communities on destroyed areas and (Schnabel & Krutovskii 2004). Also Gleditsia this species are useful in restoration of caspica and Parrotia persica play important destroyed areas, due to high organic matter role on stability of soil (Bibalani et al., 2006). production (Güleryüz et al., 2006). In the Therefore the removal of the natural forest studied area, development of this cover specially cutting trees to create tea community begins during the month May plantations lead to landslides which cause and continues until the mid- summer. In significant damage to forest vegetation, general, this community includes a relatively agricultural land and road. large number of species, such as Eryngium Psilotum nudum has been considered as an caucasicum, Sambucus ebulus, Urtica dioica, extremely rare plant (Khoshravesh et al., Phytolacca americana, iberica, 2009) and information about the distribution Rhynchocorys maxima, Capsella bursa-pastoris, of P. nudum in Iran demonstrates positions Oxalis corniculata, Eleusine indica, Spiranthes for this species in lowland forests of Ramsar spiralis, Pteridium aquilinum, Conyza and Chalus, Mazandaran province (Rezaei, canadensis, Artemisia annua. 2003, Nazarian et al., 2010) which grows as

an epiphyte on the trunks of old tree of Threats and Conservation Notes Parrotia persica and Alnus glutinosa, This research clearly shows that forest zones respectively. In this research, we found other have high value in terms of floristic samples of this species which grows in biodiversity, to which serious attention must crevices among rocks of Ata-Kuh forest, be paid. In recent years, increase in Guilan province. These habitats are under exploitation of natural resources following the threat of damage and destruction by road increase in population has led to the building and human activites, therefore we destruction of forests. Therefore important should be considered the threat category for threats have emerged to all ecosystems, this species according to IUCN categories especially to our studied forest zone. These and criteria. threats are due to six reasons: 1) Road building, which not only has resulted in destruction of natural landscapes and forests ACKNOWLEDGMENTS but also ease access to the high altitudes both This research was supported by the project for mass climber and grazing animals. 2) The of University of Guilan. The authors would woody plant species provide some of the like to express special thanks to Dr. V. country's timber. 3) Tea plantations have Mozaffarian and Dr. M. Assadi (Research claimed land from the forest zone. 4) The Institute of Forest and Rangelands, Tehran), pleasant climate, fascinating landscape for determination and confirmation of many among deep inaccessible valley, forest species of Asteraceae and Caryophyllaceae ecosystems, Alisrod stream attract many families, respectively. We also thank H. people during holiday times, resulting in Vahdati and SH. Khodadadi for generous much destruction and litter. 5) Livestock help during field studies. Bazdid Vahdati et al., 177

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180 Floristic characteristics of…

Monilophytes IT, 4062), Launaea procumbens.(Roxb.)Amin Aspleniaceae: Asplenium scolopendrium L. (Hem, PL, 4063), Sonchus asper Garsault (G.r, PL, 4026), Asplenium trichomanes L. (G.r, (Hem, PL, 4064), Taraxacum sp. (Hem, -, COS, 4027). 4065), tuberosa Fisch.& C.A.Mey.ex Dennstaedtiaceae: *Pteridium aquilinum (L.) DC. (Hem, ES(HYR), 4066). Kuhn (G.r, COS, 4028). :Epimedium pinnatum Fisch. Dryopteridaceae:Dryopteris affinis Newman (G.r, EN-(ES)(HYR), 4067). (G.r, ES, 4029), Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Betulaceae: Alnus glutinosa (L.) Schott.(G.r, ES, 4030), Dryopteris pallida Gaertn.subsp. barbata (C.A.Mey.) Yalt. (PH- Fomin (G.r, ES-M, 4031), Polystichum M, ES(E-Hyr), 4068). Carpinus betulus L. (PH- braunii.(Spenn.)Fee (G.r, ES, 4032), M, ES, 4069). Polystichum lonchitis (L.)Roth (G.r, ES, 4033), Boraginaceae: Nonea lutea DC. (Hem, Polystichum woronowii Fomin (G.r, ES, 4034). ES(HYR), 4070). Equisetaceae: Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. (G.r, Brassicaceae: *Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) PL, 4035). Medik.(Hem, PL, 4071), Cardamine hirsuta L. Onocleaceae: Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) (Thr, COS, 4072), Cardamine impetiense L. var. Tod. (G.r, PL, 4036). pectinata (Pall.)Trautv.(Thr, PL, 4073), Ophioglossaceae:Ophioglossum vulgatum L. Lepidium draba L. (Hem, ES-IT, 4074), Thlaspi (G.r, PL, 4037). hastulatum Steven ex DC.(Thr, Polypodiaceae:Polypodium vulgare L. (G.r, Endemic,4075), Thlaspi umbellatum Steven ex PL, 4038). DC. (Thr, ES(HYR), 4076). Psilotaceae: Psilotum nudum (L.) P.Beauv. Campanulaceae: Campanula latifolia L. (Hem, (G.r, PL, 4039). ES-M, 4077), Campanula rapunculus L. subsp. Pteridaceae:Adiantum capillus-veneris L. (G.r, lambertiana (DC.) Rech.(Hem, EN-(ES)(HYR) SCOS, 4040), Pteris cretica L. (G.r, PL, 4041). [Transcaucasia], 4078). Thelypteridaceae:Thelypteris limbosperma Caryophylaceae: Cerastium glomeratum (All.) H.P.Fuchs (G.r, PL, 4042), Thelypteris Thuill. (Thr, SCOS, 4079), *Polycarpon palustris Schott (G.r, PL, 4043). tetraphyllum (L.)L. (Thr, PL, 4080), Silene Woodsiaceae: Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth apetala Willd.(Thr, PL, 4081), *Stellaria media (G.r, PL, 4044), Cystopteris fragilis var. fragilis Cirillo (Thr, SCOS, 4082). Bernh. (G.r, SCOS, 4045). Convolvulaceae: Calystegia sylvestris Roem. Angiosperms & Schult.(G.r, ES-M, 4083). Eudicots Crassulaceae: Sedum stoloniferum S.G.Gmel. Adoxaceae: *Sambucus ebulus L. (G.r, ES-M- (Hem, ES(HYR), 4084). IT, 4046). Ebenaceae:Diospyros lotus L. (PH-mi, : *Amaranthus chlorostachys ES(HYR)-IT, 4085). Willd.(Thr, PL, 4047). Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia amygdaloides L. : *Eryngium caucasicum Fisch. ex (G.r, ES[Algeria], 4086), Euphorbia macrocarpa Steud. (Hem, ES-M-IT, 4048), Froriepia Boiss. & Buhse.(G.r, ES, 4087), Euphorbia subpinnata.Baill.(Hem, ES, 4049), Pimpinella affinis Ledeb.(Hem, PL, 4050), Torilis squamosa Willd. (G.r, ES(E-Hyr)-IT, 4088), leptophylla Rchb.f. (Thr, PL, 4051). Euphorbia stricta L. (G.r, ES-M-IT, 4089), Aquifoliaceae:Ilex spinigera Loes. (PH-mi, Mercurialis perennis L. (G.r, ES[M], 4090). EN-(ES)(HYR), 4052). Fabaceae: Albizia julibrissin Durazz. (PH-mi, :Hedera pastuchovii Woronow ex PL, 4091), Coronilla varia L. (Hem, ES-M-IT, Grossh. (PH-cli, EN-(ES)(HYR), 4053). 4092), Gleditsia caspica Desf. (PH-mi, EN- Asteraceae:Amblyocarpum inuloides Fisch. (ES)(HYR), 4093), Lotus angustissimus L. &C.A.Mey. (Thr, ES(HYR), 4054), *Artemisia (Hem, PL, 4094), Lotus corniculatus L. (Hem, annua L. (Thr, ES-M-IT, 4055), Artemisia ES-M-IT, 4095), Medicago polymorpha L. (Thr, vulgaris L.( Hem, PL, 4056), *Centaurea iberica IT-M, 4096), *Melilotus indicus (L.) All.(Thr, Trevir. ex Spreng. (Hem, M-IT, 4057), PL, 4097), Trifolium arvense L. var. Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.(Hem, PL, 4058), arvense.(Thr, ES-M, 4098), *Trifolium campestre *Conyza canadensis (L.)Cronquist(Thr, COS, Schreb.(Thr, ES-M-IT, 4099), *Vicia sativa L. 4059), *Conyzanthus squamatus (Hem, PL, 4100), *Vicia tetrasperma (Spreng.)Tamamsch. (Hem, SCOS, 4060), (L.)Schreb.(Hem, ES-M-IT, 4101). Dichrocephala integrifolia Kuntze (Thr, PL, :Fagus orientalis Lipsky (PH-M, 4061), Lapsana communis L. (Hem, ES(HYR)- ES(HYR)-M, 4102), Quercus castaneifolia Bazdid Vahdati et al., 181

C.A.Mey. subsp.castaneifolia (PH-M, EN- (Hem, ES-M-IT, 4140), *Rumex sanguineus L. (ES)(HYR), 4103), Quercus macranthera Fisch. (Hem, ES, 4141). &C.A.Mey. (PH-M, ES(HYR), 4104). :Anagallis arvensis L. (Thr, COS, Gentianaceae:Centaurium erythraea Rafn 4142), coum Mill.var. caucasicum (Hem, ES-M-IT, 4105). (K.Koch) O.Schwarz (G.t, ES(HYR)-IT, 4143), :*Geranium dissectum L. (Thr, PL, Primula heterochroma Stapf (Hem, EN- 4106), *Geranium molle L. (Thr, ES-IT, 4107), (ES)(HYR), 4144). *Geranium purpureum Gilib. (Thr, ES-M, Ranunculaceae: Ranunculus arvensis L. (Thr, 4108). ES-M-IT, 4145). Hamamelidaceae: Parrotia persica C.A.Mey. Rosaceae: Agrimonia eupatoria L. (Hem, ES- (PH-M, EN-(ES)(HYR), 4109). M-IT, 4146), Crataegus microphylla K.Koch Hypericaceae: Hypericum androsaemum L. var. dolichocarpa K.Koch. (PH-mi, ES-IT, (Cha, ES[N.Syria,Tur-Ammanus], 4110), 4147), Crataegus pseudomelaocurpa Popov ex Hypericum perforatum L. (Hem, SCOS, 4111), Lincz.(PH-mi, ES-IT, 4148), Fragaria vesca L. Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra (Hem, ES-M- (G.s, ES-IT, 4149), Fragaria viridis Duchesne. IT, 4112). (G.s, ES(HYR), 4150), Geum iranicum Khat. : Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Poir.) (G.r, Endemic, 4151), Geum urbanum L. (G.r, Spach. (PH-m, ES(HYR), 4113). PL, 4152), Mespilus germanica L. (PH-mi, Lamiaceae: Clinopodium cf. vulgare L. (G.r, ES(HYR), 4153), Potentilla adscharica ES-IT, 4114), Clinopodium vulgare L. (G.r, ES- Sommier& Levier ex R.Keller (PH-n, IT, 4115), Lamium album L. subsp. album (G.r, ES(HYR), 4154), *Potentilla reptans L. (Hem, PL, 4116), Mentha aquatica L. (G.s, ES, 4117), ES-IT, 4155), Prunus divaricata Ledeb. (PH- Mentha pulegium L. (Hem, ES, 4118), mi, ES-IT, 4156), Pyrus communis L. (PH-m, Origanum vulgare L.subsp. viride (Boiss.) IT, 4157), L. (PH-n, PL, 4158), Hayek. (Hem, PL, 4119), Prunella vulgaris L. Rubus discolor Weihe & Nees (PH-n, (G.r, PL, 4120), Salvia glutinosa L. (Hem, ES(HYR), 4159), Rubus × esfandiarii Gilli (PH- ES(HYR)-M, 4121), Scutellaria tournefortii n, EN-(ES)(HYR), 4160), Rubus ×grantii Benth. (G.r, EN-(ES)(HYR), 4122), Teucrium Gilli(PH-n, EN-(ES)(HYR), 4161), Rubus hyrcanicum Steud. (G.r, EN-(ES)(HYR), 4123). hirtus Waldst. & Kit. (PH-n, ES(HYR), 4162), Lythraceae: Punica granatum L. (PH-mi, PL, Rubus lahidjanensis Rech.f.(PH-n, EN- 4124). (ES)(HYR), 4163), Rubus persicus Boiss. (PH- Malvaceae: Sida rhombifolia L. (PH-n, PL, n, EN-(ES)(HYR), 4164), Rubus saxatilis L. 4125). (PH-n, EN-(ES)(HYR), 4165). Moraceae: Ficus carica L. (PH-mi, ES-M-IT, : elongatum C.Presl (G.r, 4126). ES, 4166). Onagraceae: Circaea lutetiana L. (G.r, PL, : Salix aegyptiaca L. var. longifrons 4127), Epilobium minutiflorum Hausskn. (G.r, Bornm. (PH-mi, PL, 4167). PL, 4128). Sapindaceae: Acer campestre L. (PH-M, ES-M, Orobanchaceae: Orobanche ramosa L. (Par, 4168). ES(HYR)-IT, 4129). Scrophulariaceae: Rhynchocorys maxima Oxalidaceae: *Oxalis corniculata L. (Thr, PL, Richter (Hem, EN-(ES)(HYR), 4169), 4130). *Verbascum thapsus L. (Hem, ES, 4170). Solanaceae: Physalis alkekengi L. (G.r, ES-IT, Papaveraceae: Chelidonium majus L. (Hem, 4171), Solanum kieseritzkii C.A.Mey. (G.r, PL, 4131). ES(HYR), 4172), Solanum nigrum L. (Thr, Phytolacaceae: Phytolacca americana L. (Hem, SCOS, 4173). SCOS[originated from N.America]), 4132). : officinalis L. (G.r, Plantaginaceae: Plantago major L. (G.r, PL, ES(HYR), 4174), *Urtica dioica L.( G.r, PL, 4133), Veronica crista-galli Steven(Thr, ES(E- 4175). Hyr), 4134), *Veronica persica Poir. (Thr, Verbenaceae:Verbena officinalis L. (Hem, PL, SCOS, 4135). 4176). Polygonaceae: Polygonum convolvulus L. Violaceae: Viola caspia subsp. sylvestroides (Thr, PL, 4136), *Polygonum lapathifolium L. Marcussen (G.r, ES(E-Hyr), 4177), Viola caspia subsp. brittingeri (Opiz.) Rech.f. (Thr, ES-M- (Rupr.) Freyn subsp. caspia (G.r, ES(E-Hyr), IT, 4137), *Polygonum mite Pers.(Thr, ES-M, 4178), Viola odorata L. (G.r, PL, 4179), Viola 4138), Rumex chalepensis Mill. (Hem, IT-M- sintenisii W.Becker (G.r, ES, 4180). PON ,4139), Rumex pulcher subsp. pulcher L. 182 Floristic characteristics of…

Monocots Orchidaceae: *Spiranthes spiralis (L.) Amaryllidaceae: Galanthus nivalis L. (G.b, IT, Chevall.(G.t, ES-M-IT, 4199). 4181). Poaceae: Agrostis stolonifera L. (G.s, ES-M-IT, Araceae: Arum maculatum L. (G.r, ES-IT, 4200), Aira elegans Gaudin. (Thr, M, 4201), 4182). Bromus japonicus Murray (Thr, PL, 4202), : Danae racemosa Moench (PH- Cynodon dactylon (L.)Pers. (G.r, PL. 4203), n, ES(HYR)[Syria], 4183), Ornithogalum Dactylis glomerata L. subsp. hispanica (Roth.)Nyman.(G.r, ES-M-IT, 4204), Digitaria sintenisii Freyn (G.b, EN-(ES)(HYR), 4184), sanguinalis (L.)Scop.subsp. sanguinalis (Thr, Ruscus hyrcanus Woronow (PH-n, EN- PL, 4205), Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv. (ES)(HYR), 4185), Scilla hohenackeri Fisch. & (Thr, PL, 4206), *Eleusine indica C.A.Mey. (G.b, EN-(ES)(HYR), 4186). (L.)Gaertn.(Thr, SCOS, 4207), Lolium persicum Cyperaceae: Carex digitata L. (G.r, ES, 4187), Boiss.(Thr, PL, 4208), *Lophochloa phleoides Carex diluta M.Bieb. (G.r, PL, 4188), Carex (Vill.)Rchb. (Thr, PL, 4209), Milium pedicellare divulsa Stokessubsp. divulsa (G.r, ES-IT-M, (Bornm.) Roshev.ex Melderis (Thr, M-IT, 4189), Carex grioletii Roem.(G.r, ES-M, 4190), 4210), Oplismenus undulatifolius (Ard.)P. Carex remota L. subsp. remota (G.r, ES-M, Beauv. (G.r, PL, 4211), Paspalum dilatatum 4191), Carex riparia (R.Br.)Poir.(G.r, SCOS, Poir. (G.r, PL, 4212), Phleum paniculatum 4192),Carex strigosa Willd.ex Kunth (G.r, Hudson var. ciliatum (Boiss.)Bor (Thr, ES, ES,4193), Cyperus rotundus L. (G.r, PL, 4194). 4213), Poa annua L. (Thr, PL, 4214), Poa Dioscoreaceae: Dioscorea communis (L.) nemoralis L. (G.s, ES-IT, 4215), Poa trivialis L. Caddick &Wilkin (G.c, ES-M-IT, 4195). (G.s, PL, 4216), *Setaria glauca (L.)P.Beauv. Iridaceae: Crocus caspius Fisch. & C.A.Mey. (Thr, PL, 4217), Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C.Gmel. (G.b, ES(E-HYR), 4196). (Thr, ES(E-Hyr)-M-IT, 4218). Juncaceae:Juncus acutus L. (G.r, SCOS, 4197), Smilacaceae: Smilax excelsa L. (PH-cli, Luzula forsteri DC. (Hem, ES-M, 4198). ES(HYR)-M, 4219).

Bazdid Vahdati et al., 183

ویژگیهای فلوریستیک جنگلهای میان بند شمال ایران )مطالعه موردی: جنگل عطاکوه(

ف. بازدید وحدتی1، ش. سعیدی مهرورز1*، ع. نقی نژاد2، ر. شاهی شاوون1

1- گزٍُ سیست ضٌبسی، داًطکدُ علَم، داًطگبُ گیالى، رضت، ایزاى 2- گزٍُ سیست ضٌبسی، داًطکدُ علَم پبیِ، داًطگبُ هبسًدراى، بببلسز، ایزاى

)تبریخ دریبفت:19/6/92 - تبریخ پذیزش: 92/11/16(

چکیده

جٌگل عطبکَُ، هٌطقِای حفبظت ضدُ اس ببقی هبًدُّبی جٌگلّبی جلگِای خشری است، کِ بب ٍسعت 700 ّکتبر در ضوبل ایزاى قزار دارد. بب هطبلعِ فلَریستیک هٌطقِ در سبلّبی 2012-2011، تعداد 194 گًَِ گیبّی هتعلق بِ 143 جٌس ٍ 66 تیزُ ضٌبسبیی گزدید. اس هیبى گًَِّبی ضٌبسبیی ضدُ، 24 گًَِ اًدهیک ًبحیِ ّیزکبًی بَدًد. تیزُ ّبی Rosaceae )3/10 درصد(، Poaceae )7/9 درصد(، Asteraceae )7/6 درصد(، Fabaceae )6/5 درصد( ٍ Lamiaceae )1/5 درصد(، بشرگتزیي تیزُّبی گیبّی هَجَد در هٌطقِ ّستٌد. جٌسّبی Rubus)8 گًَِ(، Carex )7 گًَِ(، Euphorbia ٍ Viola )ّز کدام بب 4 گًَِ( بیطتزیي غٌبی گًَِ- ای را دارا ّستٌد. طبقِ بٌدی گیبّبى بز اسبس ضکل سیستی ًطبى داد کِ صئَفیتّب بشرگتزیي گزٍُ گیبّبى در ًبحیِی هَرد هطبلعِ را تطکیل هیدٌّد. اس ًظز کَرٍلَصی، بیطتزیي سْن، هزبَط بِ عٌبصز ارٍپب-سیبزی ) 60 گًَِ، 1/31 درصد( است. در ایي هطبلعِ، هقبیسِی بیي ًتبیج هب ٍ سبیز هطبلعبت جٌگلّبی ضوبل، بب تَجِ بِ ضکل سیستی ٍ پزاکٌص جغزافیبیی اًجبم گزفتِ است. Psilotum nudum، دٍببرُ در ایي جٌگل اس یک هکبى جدید در ضوبل ایزاى گشارش ضدُ است ٍ ًطبًدٌّدُی ایي است کِ قدهت ایي جٌگل بِ دٍراى سَم سهیي ضٌبسی بزهیگزدد.

*هَلف هسئَل