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Centaurea Calcitrapa L Método de Evaluación Rápida de Invasividad (MERI) para especies exóticas en México Centaurea calcitrapa L. , 1753 CONABIO, 2015 Centaurea calcitrapa L., 1753 Foto: Barry Rice Fuente: sarracenia.com, Bugwood.org Información taxonómica Reino: Plantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Clase: Magnoliopsida Orden: Asterales Familia: Asteraceae Género: Centaurea Especie: Centaurea calcitrapa L., 1753 Nombre común: Cardo estrellado Categoría de riesgo: Descripción de la especie Hierba anual o bienal, difusamente ramificada desde la base, de color verde intenso, hojas de 3-12 cm de largo por 2-5 cm de ancho, laxamente pubescentes, profundamente pinnatipartidas o pinnatisectas con lóbulos oblongos, lanceolados, irregular y brevemente dentados, mucronados; pecíolos a menudo angostamente alados, ausentes en las hojas superiores que son algo abrazadoras; capítulos numerosos, ovoides, de aprox. 2,5 cm de diám., sésiles o muy brevemente pedunculados, terminales y en las bifurcaciones o el ápice de las ramificaciones; involucro de 10-12 mm de alt., por unos 6 mm de diám., con brácteas ovales, provistas de 3 espinas apicales de las cuales la central es amarilla, gruesa y de 12-25 mm de largo, mientras las dos restantes son muy cortas; flores tubulosas, de corola violácea o rosada (Raraport et al ., 2009). 1 Método de Evaluación Rápida de Invasividad (MERI) para especies exóticas en México Centaurea calcitrapa L. , 1753 CONABIO, 2015 Distribución original Nativa de Sureste de Europa y norte de África (Pitcairn et al ., 2002). Estatus: Exótica presente en México (Espinosa García, 2000). ¿Existen las condiciones climáticas adecuadas para que la especie se establezca en México? Sí. 1. Reporte de invasora Especie exótica invasora : Es aquella especie o población que no es nativa, que se encuentra fuera de su ámbito de distribución natural, que es capaz de sobrevivir, reproducirse y establecerse en hábitats y ecosistemas naturales y que amenaza la diversidad biológica nativa, la economía o la salud pública (LGVS). Alto : Reporte de invasión o de impactos documentados en varios países, o en un país vecino o un país que tenga comercio con México. Reportada a nivel mundial como maleza y considerada como invasora en Norte y Sudamérica, Nueva Zelanda y Australia (Forney, 2010). En Argentina y Uruguay fue oficialmente declarada “plaga de la agricultura” por decreto del gobierno nacional, por lo cual su control es obligatorio (Raroport et al ., 2009). 2. Relación con taxones invasores cercanos Evidencia documentada de invasividad de una o más especies con biología similar a la de la especie que se está evaluando. Las especies invasoras pueden poseer características no deseadas que no necesariamente tienen el resto de las especies relacionadas taxonómicamente Alto : Evidencia de que la especie pertenece a un género en el cual existen especies invasoras o de que existen especies equivalentes en otros géneros que son invasoras de alto impacto. Centaurea melitensis se introdujo a Estados Unidos, es una especie altamente competitiva desplazando a la vegetación nativa (GISD, 2010). Además el análisis de riesgo PIER identifico a la especie como de alto riesgo (PIER, 2009). 2 Método de Evaluación Rápida de Invasividad (MERI) para especies exóticas en México Centaurea calcitrapa L. , 1753 CONABIO, 2015 The Nature Conservancy (2008), presento a C. difusa y C. maculosa , como invasoras en el Congreso Mexicano de Ecología realizado en Yucatán. Centaurea biebersteinii es un invasor muy agresivo. Se ha informado que crece en una amplia variedad de hábitats e invade zonas inalteradas (GISD, 2006). Centaurea ibérica se considera una mala hierba en el Líbano desplaza especies forrajeras. Las espinas afiladas animales de pastoreo restringen el acceso para el ganado y la reducción del valor de heno y el uso recreativo (Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 2014). 3. Vector de otras especies invasoras La especie tiene el potencial de transportar otras especies invasoras (es un vector) o patógenos y parásitos de importancia o impacto para la vida silvestre, el ser humano o actividades productivas (por ejemplo aquí se marca si es vector de rabia, psitacosis, virus del Nilo, cianobacterias, etc.). Se desconoce: No hay información comprobable. 4. Riesgo de introducción Probabilidad que tiene la especie de llegar al país o de que continúe introduciéndose (en caso de que ya esté presente o se trate de una traslocación). Destaca la importancia de la vía o el número de vías por las que entra la especie al territorio nacional. Interviene también el número de individuos y la frecuencia de introducción. Medio: Evidencia de que la especie no tiene una alta demanda o hay pocos individuos con una alta frecuencia de introducción. Hay medidas disponibles para controlar su introducción y dispersión pero su efectividad no ha sido comprobada en las condiciones bajo las que se encontraría la especie en México. Se ha demostrado que C. calcitrapa presenta actividad antimicrobiana en cepas de Representa un importante aporte a la etnofarmacología, siendo reconocida por su efecto febrífugo y diurético, es por eso que tiene una alta demanda para ser introducida en nuevas áreas. Debido a que se ha demostrado que C. calcitrapa presenta actividad microbiana en cepas de Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Staphylococcus aureus , Streptococcus agalactiae y Salmonella typhimurium (Toribio et al ., 2004) La hojas y tallos tiernos de C. calcitrapa se utilizan como verdura para cocinar (Rapoport et al ., 2009). 3 Método de Evaluación Rápida de Invasividad (MERI) para especies exóticas en México Centaurea calcitrapa L. , 1753 CONABIO, 2015 5. Riesgo de establecimiento Probabilidad que tiene la especie de reproducirse y fundar poblaciones viables en una región fuera de su rango de distribución natural. Este indicador toma en cuenta la disponibilidad de medidas para atenuar los daños potenciales. En el caso de especies exóticas ya establecidas o de nativas traslocadas se debe evaluar el riesgo de establecimiento en nuevos sitios donde no se han reportado previamente. Alto: Evidencia de que al menos una población de la especie se ha establecido exitosamente y es autosuficiente fuera de su rango de distribución conocido. Especies con cualquier tipo de reproducción, especies que presenten cuidado parental, especies que presenten estrategia r. Las medidas de mitigación para evitar su establecimiento son poco conocidas o poco efectivas. Se reporta la presencia de esta especie en al menos un estado en México (Villaseñor & Espinosa-García, 2004). Centaurea calcitrapa es una especie pionera, se establece rápidamente en sitios perturbados. Se reproduce por semillas además de ser prolífica por producir miles de semillas (Forney, 2010). Cada una de las semillas pueden sobrevivir durante 2- 3 años en el suelo (DPIPWE, 2013). 6. Riesgo de dispersión Probabilidad que tiene la especie de expandir su rango geográfico cuando se establece en una región en la que no es nativa. Este indicador toma en cuenta la disponibilidad de medidas para atenuar los daños potenciales. Medio: Evidencia de que el área geográfica en la que se distribuye la especie aumenta. Hay medidas de mitigación disponibles pero su efectividad no ha sido comprobada bajo las condiciones en las que la especie se encontraría en México. Se dispersa a gran distancia ayudado por las actividades humanas, vehículos, maquinaria, movimiento de suelos, por la ganadería y la vida silvestre (Forney, 2010). El reto más difícil es controlar la longevidad del banco de semillas debido a que pueden permanecer latentes durante seis o más años que requieren monitoreo para un control efectivo. Los herbicidas son eficaces para el control. La siega no es muy eficaz pero puede reducir la producción de semillas (Forney, 2010). 4 Método de Evaluación Rápida de Invasividad (MERI) para especies exóticas en México Centaurea calcitrapa L. , 1753 CONABIO, 2015 7. Impactos sanitarios* Describir los impactos a la salud humana, animal y/o vegetal causados directamente por la especie. Por ejemplo aquí se marca si la especie es venenosa, tóxica, causante de alergias, especie parasitoide o la especie en sí es el factor causal de una enfermedad (la especie evaluada es un virus, bacteria, etc)*. * En caso de especies que sean portadoras de plagas y otras especies causantes de enfermedades, la información debe ir en la pregunta 3. Medio: Existe evidencia de que la especie misma provoca, o puede provocar, daños o afectaciones menores a la salud animal, humana, y/o plantas en una sola especie en toda su área de distribución. Causa afectaciones menores a gran escala. O que en la zona en la que se piensa introducir o ha sido introducida no existen especies nativas que pudieran ser afectadas. En Ecuador centaurea calcitrapa es tóxica para la ganadería por la posibilidad de producir encefalomalacia nigripalidans a los caballos que la consumen como forraje (Ecured, 2015). 8. Impactos económicos y sociales Describe los impactos a la economía y al tejido social. Considera el incremento de costos de actividades productivas, daños a la infraestructura, pérdidas económicas por daños o compensación de daños, pérdida de usos y costumbres, desintegración social, etc. Alto: Existe evidencia de que la especie provoca o puede provocar daño considerable en alguna parte del proceso productivo; puede afectar tanto el área como el volumen de producción. Los costos de las medidas de control y contención son elevados. En Oregón una evaluación económica estima 1.5 millones de hectáreas se encuentran en riesgo con impactos que ascienden a $ 12
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