DOCSLIB.ORG

Study on Pollen Grain and Ovule Developmental Properties in Centaurea Iberica Trevir. Ex Spreng

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Study on Pollen Grain and Ovule Developmental Properties in Centaurea Iberica Trevir. Ex Spreng زﻳﺴﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ، ﺳﺎل دوم، ﺷﻤﺎره ﭘﻨﺠﻢ، ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ 1389، ﺻﻔﺤﻪ 63 - 74 ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ: 1388/12/16 ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﺠﺪد: 1389/05/01 ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﺠﺪد: 1389/05/30 ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﺠﺪد: 1389/07/11 ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ: 1389/07/17 ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ وﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎي ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻲ داﻧﻪ ﮔﺮده و ﺗﺨﻤﻚ در ﮔﻮﻧﻪ Centaurea iberica Trevir. ex Spreng ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ ﭼﻬﺮﮔﺎﻧﻲراد *1و 2، ﻧﺎﺻﺮ ﺣﺴﻴﻨﻲ3، ﻣﻨﺎ ﻧﺎﻇﻤﻲ2 و ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﻻري ﻳﺰدي2 1 ﮔﺮوه زﻳﺴﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ، داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻋﻠﻮم، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺑﻮﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﻴﻨﺎ، ﻫﻤﺪان 2 ﮔﺮوه زﻳﺴﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ، داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻋﻠﻮم، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ واﺣﺪ ﺑﺮوﺟﺮد، ﺑﺮوﺟﺮد 3 ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن داروﻳﻲ، داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻛﺸﺎورزي، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه اراك، اراك ﭼﻜﻴﺪه ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت روﻳﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه وﻳﮋهاي در ﻋﻠﻢ ﮔﻴﺎه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮﻧﻮﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ دارﻧـﺪ . در اﻳـﻦ ﭘـﮋوﻫﺶ ﻣﺮاﺣـﻞ و ﭼﮕـﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺗﻜـﻮﻳﻦ ﺗﺨﻤﻚ و داﻧﻪ ﮔﺮده در ﮔﻴﺎه Centaurea iberica ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺷﺪ. ﮔﻞﻫﺎ و ﻏﻨﭽﻪﻫﺎ در ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ ﺷﺪه، در FAA70 ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ و در اﻟﻜﻞ 70% ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺷﺪ. ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﭘﺲ از ﻗﺎﻟﺐﮔﻴﺮي در ﭘﺎراﻓﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺗﻮم ﺑﺮشﮔﻴﺮي ﮔﺮدﻳـﺪ . رﻧـﮓ آﻣﻴـﺰي ﺑـﺎ ﻫﻤﺎﺗﻮﻛﺴـﻴﻠﻴﻦ و اﺋﻮزﻳﻦ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﻻم ﻫﺎي ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه از ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻲ ﺑﺎ دﻗﺖ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮپ ﻧـﻮري ﺑﺮرﺳـﻲ ﮔﺮدﻳـﺪ . ﺑـﺮ اﺳـﺎس ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از اﻳﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ، ﺗـﺨﻤﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜـﻞ واژﮔـﻮن، دوﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪاي و ﻛﻢ ﺧﻮرش ﺑﻮده و ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻛﻴﺴﻪ روﻳﺎﻧﻲ از ﻃﺮح ﺗﻚ اﺳﭙﻮري و ﺗﻴﭗ ﭘﻠﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻮم ﭘﻴﺮوي ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ. ﭘﺲ از ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻴﻮز ﺗﺘﺮادﻫﺎي ﻣﮕﺎﺳﭙﻮر آراﻳﺶ ﺧﻄﻲ دارﻧﺪ. ﻛﻴﺴﻪ روﻳﺎﻧﻲ اﺑﺘﺪا ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻛﻮﭼـﻚ اﺳـﺖ؛ ﺑـﻪ ﻃﻮري ﻛﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻪﻫﺎي آن آراﻳﺶ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻓﺸﺮده را ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮد ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ، اﻣﺎ در ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﻠﻮغ، ﻛﻴﺴـﻪ رﺷـﺪ ﻃـﻮﻟﻲ ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ ﺗـﻮﺟﻬﻲ ﭘﻴـﺪا ﻣـﻲ ﻛﻨـﺪ . ﺑﺴﺎك ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﭼﻬﺎر ﻛﻴﺴﻪاي اﺳـﺖ . در C. iberica ﻻﻳـﻪ ﺗـﺎﭘﻲ از ﻧـﻮع ﭘﻼﺳﻤـﻮدﻳﻮﻣــﻲ ﺑـﺎ ﻳﺎﺧﺘـﻪ ﻫـﺎي دو ﻫﺴـﺘﻪ اي اﺳـﺖ . آراﻳــﺶ ﺗـﺘﺮادﻫﺎي ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﭙﻮر در اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺗﺘﺮاﻫﺪرال، ﺗﺘﺮاﮔﻮﻧﺎل و ﺧﻄﻲ و داﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﮔﺮده از ﻧﻮع ﺳﻪ ﺷﻜﺎﻓﻪ و دو ﻳﺎﺧﺘﻪاي اﺳﺖ. واژهﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي: داﻧﻪ ﮔﺮده، ﺗﺨﻤﻚ، ﻛﻴﺴﻪ روﻳﺎﻧﻲ، ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﭙﻮر، Centaurea iberica ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺗﻴﺮه آﻓﺘﺎﺑﮕﺮدان (Asteraceae) ﺑﺰرﮔﺘـﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻴـﺮه ﮔﻴـﺎﻫﻲ 23000 ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ دارد. در اﻳــﻦ ﺗﻴــﺮه ﺗﻘﺴــﻴﻢﺑﻨــﺪي ﺳــﺮدهﻫــﺎ و اﺳــﺖ (Bremer, 1994). ﺑــﺮ اﺳــﺎ س ﮔــﺰارشﻫــﺎي ﺑــﺎغ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻣﺮز ﺑﻴﻦ آﻧﻬﺎ اﻏﻠﺐ ﻣﺸﻜﻞزا ﺑﻮده و ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ از آﻧﻬـﺎ ﮔﻴﺎهﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺘﻲ ﻛﻴـﻮ ، اﻳـﻦ ﺗﻴـﺮه ﺑـﻴﺶ از 1600 ﺳـﺮده و ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﭘﻲ در ﭘﻲ ﺑﻪ زﻳﺮ ﮔﺮوهﻫـﺎي ﻛﻮﭼـﻚ ﺗـﺮ ﺗﻘﺴـﻴﻢ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ *ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪه ﻣﺴﺆول: ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻲ ﭘﺴﺖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﻚ: [email protected]، ﺷﻤﺎره ﺗﻤﺎس: 09188129430 64 زﻳﺴﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ، ﺳﺎل دوم، ﺷﻤﺎره ﭘﻨﺠﻢ، ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ 1389 (Hind et al., 1995). ﻳﻜـــﻲ از ﻣﺸـــﻜﻼت اﺳﺎﺳـــﻲ (2001، اﻓـﺰاﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﺧﺘـﻪ ﻫـﺎي آﻧﺘـﻲ ﭘـﻮد ;Richards, 1997) آراﻳﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ در اﻳﻦ ﺗﻴﺮه ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎت ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﺮده ﻫﺎ، ﻃﺎﻳﻔﻪ ﻫـﺎ و (Harling, 1951، ﺗﻜـــﻮﻳﻦ ﻛﻴﺴـــﻪ روﻳـــﺎﻧﻲ 4 ﻳﺎﺧﺘـــﻪاي ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ وﺟﻮد ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭼﻨـﺪ ﺷـﻜﻞ (ﭘﻠـﻲ ﻣـﻮرف ) اﺳـﺖ (Davis, 1968) و وﺟﻮد آﭘﻮﻣﻴﻜﺴﻲ ,.Chaudhury, et al) (Torrell et al., 1999)، ﻛـــﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـــﺎت ﺗﻜـــﻮﻳﻨﻲ و (2001. روﻳﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺸـﻜﻼت آراﻳـﻪ ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ در در ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﮔﺮدآوري ﺷﺪه درﺑـﺎره ﻧﻤـﻮ داﻧـﻪ اﻳﻦ ﺗﻴﺮه ﻧﻴﺰ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ. ﮔــﺮده، ﺷــﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻛﻤﺘــﺮي از ﻧﻤــﻮ ﮔﺎﻣﺘﻮﻓﻴــﺖ ﻣــﺎده و ارﺗﺒــﺎط ﺳﺮده ﻫﺎ و ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻓﺮاوان اﻳﻦ ﺗﻴﺮه، ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ ﺟﻬـﺎﻧﻲ، و ﻛﻴﺴﻪ روﻳـﺎﻧﻲ ﺑـﺎ ﺗﺨﻤـﻚ ﻗﺒـﻞ و ﺑﻌـﺪ از ﻟﻘـﺎح، در دﺳـﺘﺮس اﻳﻦ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻌـﺪاد زﻳـﺎدي ﮔﻴـﺎه ﻣﻔﻴـﺪ و داروﻳـﻲ اﺳﺖ. ﻣﻘﺪاري اﻃﻼﻋﺎت درﺑﺎره اوﻟﻴﻦ ﻣﺮاﺣـﻞ ﻧﻤـﻮ ﺗﺨﻤـﻚ اﺳﺖ اﻳﻦ ﺗﻴـﺮه را ﻣﻮﺿـﻮع ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﺎت ﻣﺘﻌـﺪدي ﻧﻤـﻮده اﺳـﺖ ﻧﻴــﺰ ﺻــﺮﻓﺎً در ﮔــﺰارش ﻫــﺎي Roth (1957) و Schulz و (Watanabe, 2002). ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن اﻳﻦ ﺗﻴـﺮه از ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ Jensen (1981) ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد. ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ ﻫـﺎي زﻳـﺎد در Centaurea از ﻧﻈﺮ داروﻳﻲ و داﺷﺘﻦ اﺳﺎﻧﺲ، ارزش وﻳﮋه اي ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﻛﻴﺴـﻪ روﻳـﺎﻧﻲ (ﺗﻜـﻮﻳﻦ ﻧـﻮع ﻧﺮﻣـﺎل ﻳـﺎ ﺗﻴـﭗ ﻋﻠـﻒ دارﻧـــﺪ (Valles et al., 2005). ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـــﺎت ﻣﺘﻌـــﺪد ﻫﻔﺖ ﺑﻨﺪ) ﻛﻪ در ﺑﺨﺶ ﻋﻤﺪهاي از ﻧﻬﺎﻧﺪاﻧﮕﺎن وﺟـﻮد دارد و ﻛﺎرﻳﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ و ﻓﻴﺘﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ در اﻳﻦ آراﻳﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﻟﻘﺎح ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻒ در ﺑﻴﻦ آﻧﻬﺎ، ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﻣـﻲ رﺳـﺪ (Valles et al., 2005). اﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮد اﻳـﻦ، ﺑـﻪ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﻣـﻲ رﺳـﺪ اﻳﻦ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎ ﻳﻜﺒﺎره در ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻧﺪاﻧﮕﺎن، ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻲ و روﻳﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﻣﺤﺪودي در اﻳﻦ ﺗﻴـﺮه آﻣــ ﺪهاﻧــﺪ (Romanov, 1944; Maheshwari, 1950). اﻧﺠــﺎم ﺷــﺪه اﺳــﺖ، ﺑﻨــﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﻫﻨــﻮز اﻧﺠــﺎم ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌــﺎت ﺟﺪﻳــﺪ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺷـﺎﺧﻪ ﻫـﺎ ي ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﻋﻠـﻮم ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻲ ﺑﺮاي اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ داﻧﺶ و آﮔـﺎﻫﻲ د رﺑـﺎره ﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎن اﻳـﻦ زﻳﺴﺘﻲ از ﻗﺒﻴﻞ رﻳ ﺨﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ، زﻳ ﺴﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳـ ﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـ ﺪ ﻣﺜﻠـ ﻲ و ﺗﻴﺮه ﺿﺮوري اﺳﺖ (Shamrov, 1998). ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨـﻲ زﻳ ﺴﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺗﻜـﻮ ﻳﻨﻲ، ﺑﺎﻳﺴـﺘﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﺎت رو ﻳـ ﺎنﺷﻨﺎﺳـ ﻲ ﺑـﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻲ و روﻳـﺎن ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﺑﺘﻮاﻧـﺪ در ﻛﻨـﺎر دﻳـــﺪﮔﺎه ﺗﻜـــﺎﻣﻠﻲ را ﺗﻜﻤﻴـــﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨـــﺪ ﻛـــﻪ در اﻳـــﻦ زﻣﻴﻨـــﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت در ﺣﻞ ﻣﺸﻜﻼت آراﻳﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ اﻳﻦ ﮔﺮوه ﻧﻴـﺰ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه در ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎ ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺗﻴﺮهﻫـﺎي ﮔﻴـﺎﻫﻲ اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده ﺷـﻮد ,.Johri et al) روﻳ ﺎنزاﻳﻲ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ و ﻣﻘﺎﻳ ﺴﻪاي ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ Johri) (1992. ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت روﻳﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﻣﺤﺪود ﻛﻪ در اﻳﻦ (et al., 1992. ﺗﻴﺮه اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ، وﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎي اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﻳﻲ و ﻧـﺎدر ﻣﺘﻌـﺪدي ﺗﺎﻛﺴـــﻮن ﻣـــﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳـــﻲ در اﻳـــﻦ ﭘـــﮋوﻫﺶ، ﮔﻮﻧـــﻪ در اﻳﻦ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن اﻳﻦ ﺗﻴﺮه ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ از ﻣـﻮارد .Centaurea iberica Trevir. ex Spreng ﺑﻮده ﻛﻪ ﻣﺘﻌﻠـﻖ اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﻳﻲ و ﻧﺎدر ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪه ﺷـﺪه در ﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎن اﻳـﻦ ﺗﻴـﺮه ﻋﺒـﺎرت ﺑــﻪ ﺗﻴــﺮه Asteraceae و ﻃﺎﻳﻔــﻪ Cynareae اﺳــﺖ. ﻫــﺪف از اﺳﺖ از: وﺟﻮد ﭘﺪﻳـﺪه Nemec ﻳﻌﻨـﻲ ﺗﺸـﻜﻴﻞ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎﻳﻲ اﻧﺠﺎم اﻳﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ، ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻲ ﮔﺎﻣﺘﻮﻓﻴﺖ ﺷــﺒﻴﻪ ﺑــﻪ ﻛﻴﺴــﻪ روﻳــﺎﻧﻲ در داﻧــﻪ ﮔــﺮده ;Davis, 1964) ﻧﺮ و ﻣﺎده اﺳﺖ. ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ آن، در اﻳﻦ ﭘـﮋوﻫﺶ ﺳـﻌﻲ ﺷـﺪ ﺗـﺎ (Batygina, 1987، اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﺧﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﻗﺮﻳﻨـﻪ (ﺳـﻴﻨﺮژﻳﺪ ﻫـﺎ ) ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺻﻔﺎت ارزﺷﻤﻨﺪ در ﻣﻮرد اﻧﺪام ﻫﺎي زاﻳﺸﻲ، ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻨﺎد ﺑـﻪ در ﻛﻴﺴـﻪ روﻳـﺎﻧﻲ ,Cichan and Palser, 1982; Pandey) ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ، در ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮن ﻣـﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﻪ، ﺑﺮرﺳـﻲ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ وﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎي ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻲ داﻧﻪ ﮔﺮده و ﺗﺨﻤﻚ در ﮔﻮﻧﻪ Centaurea iberica Trevir. ex Spreng 65 ﺷــﻮﻧﺪ. از آﻧﺠــﺎ ﻛــﻪ اﻏﻠــﺐ ﭘــﮋوﻫﺶ ﻫــﺎﻳﻲ ﻛــﻪ ﺑــﺎ دﻳــﺪﮔﺎه ﻇﻬﻮر و ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﭘﺮﭼﻢ ﻫﺎ زودﺗـﺮ از ﻇﻬـﻮر ﻣـﺎدﮔﻲ اﺳـﺖ؛ ﺑـﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺑﺮ روي اﻧﺪام ﻫـﺎي زاﻳﺸـﻲ ﺻـﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪ، ﺑـﻪ ﻃﻮري ﻛﻪ در زﻣﺎن ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﭘﺮﻳﻤﻮردﻳﻮم ﺗﺨﻤﻜـﻲ، ﻣﻴﻠـﻪ ﻫـﺎ و دﻟﻴﻞ ﺳﺎدﮔﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﻛﺎر و ﻛﺜﺮت داﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﮔـﺮده، ﺑـﺮ روي ﺑﺴﺎكﻫﺎ ﺑـﺎ ﭼﻬـﺎر ﻛﻴﺴـﻪ ﮔـﺮده و ﻻﻳـﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﺗﺸـﻜﻴﻞ دﻫﻨـﺪه ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت داﻧﻪ ﮔﺮده ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ، ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ رﺳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ دﻳﻮاره ﻛﻴﺴﻪﻫﺎي ﮔﺮده ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ (ﺷـﻜﻞ 1B). اﻧﺪام زاﻳﺸﻲ ﻣﺎده، ﺑﻪ وﻳـﮋه ﻣﺮاﺣــﻞ ﺗﻜﻮﻳــﻦ ﻛﻴﺴـﻪ روﻳـﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﭘﺮﭼﻢﻫﺎ در ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﭘﻨﺞ ﻋﺪد اﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﻪ اراﺋﻪ دﻫﻨﺪه وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ارزﺷﻤﻨﺪ و ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﺘﻨـﻮﻋﻲ اﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺟﺪا از ﻫﻢ و ﺑﺎ آراﻳﺶ ﭼﺮﺧﻪ اي ﺑﺮ روي ﻳﻚ داﻳﺮه ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ از دﻳﺪﮔﺎه ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ واﻗﻊ ﺷﻮد. ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪاﻧﺪ و ﻛﻴﺴﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﺴﺎك از ﭘﻬﻠﻮ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺘﺼـﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ و اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪاي را در اﻃﺮاف ﺧﺎﻣـﻪ ﺗﺸـﻜﻴﻞ ﻣـﻲ دﻫﻨـﺪ ﻣﻮاد و روشﻫﺎ (ﺷﻜﻞ 1F). ﮔﻞﻫﺎ و ﺟﻮاﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ در اواﻳـﻞ ﺗﺎﺑﺴـﺘﺎن از ﮔﻠﺪﺷﺖ ﺑﺮوﺟـﺮد ﺟﻤـﻊ آوري ﺷـﺪ، و ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫﺮﺑـﺎرﻳﻮﻣﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺑﺴﺎك ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ ﻣــﻮرد ﻧﻈــﺮ در ﻫﺮﺑــﺎرﻳﻮم داﻧﺸــﮕﺎه ﺑﺮوﺟــﺮد (BUH) ﺑﺴﺎك ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺗﺘﺮاﺳـﭙﻮراﻧﮋ ﻳـﺎ ﭼﻬـﺎر ﻛﻴﺴـﻪ ﮔـﺮده اي ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﻣﻲﺷـﻮد . ﮔـﻞ ﻫـﺎ و ﻏﻨﭽـﻪ ﻫـﺎ در ﻣﺮاﺣـﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ اﺳﺖ (ﺷﻜﻞ 1E). ﻫﺮ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﭙﻮراﻧﮋ در اﺑﺘﺪاي ﻧﻤـﻮ از ﻳـﻚ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ در (Formalin Acetic acid Ethanol) ﮔﺮوه ﻳﺎﺧﺘﻪﻫﺎي زﻳﺮ اﭘﻴﺪرﻣﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎم آرﻛﺴـﭙﻮر ﺗﺸـﻜﻴﻞ ﻳﺎﻓﺘـﻪ FAA70% ﻗﺮار داده ﺷﺪ. ﺳﭙﺲ ذﺧﻴـﺮه ﺳـﺎزي در اﻟﻜـﻞ 70% ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﺎت ﻣﻤﺎﺳﻲ ﺧﻮد ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻫﺎﮔﺰا و ﻻﻳﻪﻫﺎي ﺟـﺪاري ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﭘﺲ از ﺟﺎﺳﺎزي، ﺑـﺮش ﮔﻴـﺮي ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎ در ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳــﭙﻮراﻧﮋ را ﺗﻮﻟﻴــﺪ ﻣــﻲ ﻛﻨﻨــﺪ (ﺷــﻜﻞ 1B). ﺑــﻪ دﻧﺒــﺎل ﻗﺎﻟﺐﻫﺎي ﭘﺎراﻓﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺗﻮم در اﻧﺪازه µm 10-5 ﺻـﻮرت ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﺎت ﻣﻤﺎﺳﻲ ﻳﺎﺧﺘـﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﻻﻳـﻪ ﺟـﺪاري، ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﭼﻬـﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺖ (Xue and Li, 2005). ﺷﻔﺎفﺳﺎزي ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﻄـﺎﺑﻖ ﻻﻳﻪ اي دﻳﻮاره ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﭙﻮراﻧﮋ ﻳﺎ ﻛﻴﺴﻪ ﮔﺮده ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ روش Yeung (1984) و رﻧــﮓآﻣﻴــﺰي ﻣﻀــﺎﻋﻒ ﻫﺴــﺘﻪ و ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻻﻳـﻪ ﻫـﺎ از ﺳـﻤﺖ ﺧـﺎرج ﺑـﻪ داﺧـﻞ ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨـﺪ از ﻻﻳـﻪ ﺳﻴﺘﻮﭘﻼﺳﻢ ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﺗﻮﻛﺴﻴﻠﻴﻦ و اﺋﻮزﻳﻦ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻛﻪ زﻳﺮ اﭘﻴﺪرم واﻗﻊ اﺳﺖ، ﻻﻳﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﻻﻳـﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳـﻜﻮپ ﻧـﻮري Olympus ﻣﻐﺬي (ﺗﺎﭘﻲ) و ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻗﺮار دارد و ﻻﻳﻪ ﻣﻐـﺬ ي ﻛـﻪ ﺑﺎﻓـﺖ (CX21FS1 (Japan ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺷﺪ و ﻋﻜﺲﺑﺮداري ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻫﺎﮔﺰاي ﺑﺴﺎك را اﺣﺎﻃـﻪ ﻣـﻲ ﻛﻨـﺪ . ﻫـﺮ ﻳـﻚ از ﭼﻬـﺎر ﻻﻳـﻪ دورﺑﻴﻦ دﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎل ﻣﺪل Canon Pc. 1049 اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﻣﺬﻛﻮر ﺻﺮﻓﺎً از ﻳﻚ ردﻳﻒ ﻳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺗﺸـﻜﻴﻞ ﺷـﺪه اﻧـﺪ (ﺷـﻜﻞ .(1B ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﻪ دﻧﺒﺎل ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﺎت ﻣﻴﺘﻮزي در ﺗﻮده ﻳﺎﺧﺘﻪﻫـﺎي ﻫـﺎﮔﺰاﻳﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﭘﺮﭼﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻛﻴﺴﻪ ﮔﺮده را ﭘﺮ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﭙﻮروﺳﻴﺖ ﻫـﺎ ﻳـﺎ ﭘــﺮﭼﻢﻫــﺎ اﺑﺘــﺪا ﺑــﻪ ﺻــﻮرت ﺑﺮﺟﺴــﺘﮕﻲ ﻫــﺎي ﻛﻮﭼــﻚ ﻳﺎﺧﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺎدر ﮔﺮده اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ و ﻫﻤـﺎن ﻃـ ﻮر ﻛـﻪ در ﻣﺮﻳﺴﺘﻤﻲ ﺑﺮ روي ﻧﻬﻨﺞ و در زﻳﺮ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻛﺎﺳﺒﺮگﻫـﺎ ﻇـﺎﻫﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ 1B ﻣﺸﺨﺺ اﺳﺖ در ﺣﺎل ورود ﺑﻪ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻴﻮز ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺷﺪه (ﺷﻜﻞ 1A) و ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﻪ ﺳـﺮﻋﺖ رﺷـﺪ و ﻧﻤـﻮ ﻣـﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﻨـﺪ . و ﺑﺎ ﺣﺠﻢ زﻳﺎد، ﺳﻴﺘﻮﭘﻼﺳﻢ ﻣﺘـﺮاﻛﻢ و ﻫﺴـﺘﻪ ﻫـﺎي درﺷـﺖ و 66 زﻳﺴﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ، ﺳﺎل دوم، ﺷﻤﺎره ﭘﻨﺠﻢ، ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ 1389 ﻣﺸﺨﺺ از ﻳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻫـﺎي اﻃﺮاﻓﺸـﺎن ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ . ﺑـﺎ روﻳﺸﻲ و زاﻳﺸﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. اﻃﺮاف ﻫﺮ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﭙﻮر رﻫﺎ ﺷـﺪه از ﺷﺮوع ﻣﻴﻮز، ﻛﺎﻟﻮز در اﻃﺮاف ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﭙﻮروﺳـﻴﺖ ﻫـﺎ ﺷـﺮوع ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻛﺎﻟﻮزي را دﻳﻮاره اﮔﺰﻳﻦ اوﻟﻴـﻪ در ﺑـﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪ اﺳـﺖ . ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ. در ﻃﻲ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﭙﻮرزاﻳﻲ، ﺑﻪ دﻧﺒـﺎل دﻳﻮاره ﭘﻜﺘﻮﺳﻠﻮﻟﺰي دﻳﮕﺮي ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑـﻪ ﻧـﺎم اﻧﺘـﻴﻦ، در ﻣﺠـﺎورت ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻴﻮز I در ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﭙﻮروﺳﻴﺖﻫﺎ ﺑﺪون ﺗﺸـﻜﻴﻞ ﺻـﻔﺤﻪ ﺳﻴﺘﻮﭘﻼﺳﻢ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻛـﻪ در ﻣﺤـﻞ ﺷـﻴﺎرﻫﺎ ﺿـﺨﻴﻢ ﺗـﺮ ﻳﺎﺧﺘﻪاي، دو ﻫﺴﺘﻪ دﻳﺎدي در ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺘﻮﭘﻼﺳﻢ ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ﻗـﺮار اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺎز ﺷﺪن ﺑﺴﺎك ﺗﺘﺮاﺳـﭙﻮراﻧﮋ ﺑـﺎ اﻳﺠـﺎد ﺷـﻜﺎف ﻃـﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ. ﺑﻌـﺪ از ﺗﻘﺴـﻴﻢ ﻣﻴـﻮز II ﭼﻬـﺎر ﻫﺴـﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﭘﻠﻮﺋﻴـﺪ ﺑـﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮد و در اﻳﻦ زﻣﺎن ﻻﻳﻪ ﺗﺎﭘﻲ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ رﻓﺘﻪ اﺳـﺖ . وﺟﻮد ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ و ﺑـﻪ ﻃـﻮر ﻫﻤﺰﻣـﺎن ﺑـﻴﻦ ﭼﻬـﺎر ﻫﺴـﺘﻪ ﺣﺎﺻـﻠﻪ در اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ، داﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮده ﺑﺎﻟﻎ آزاد ﺷﺪه از ﺑﺴﺎك، ﺑﻴﻀﻲ ﺳﻴﺘﻮﻛﻴﻨﺰ رخ ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ (ﺷـﻜﻞ 1C). در C. iberica آراﻳـﺶ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﻮده و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺳﻪ ﺷﻴﺎر روﻳﺸﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﻞﻫﺎي روﻳـﺶ ﺗﺘﺮاﺳﭙﻮرﻫﺎي اﻳﺠﺎد ﺷﺪه در داﺧﻞ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻛـﺎﻟﻮزي، از ﻧـﻮع ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﮔﺮده ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ، ﺑﺮ روي ﺳﻄﺢ دﻳﻮاره آﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﺗﺘﺮاﮔﻮﻧﺎل، ﺗﺘﺮاﻫـﺪرال و ﺧﻄـﻲ اﺳـﺖ (ﺷـﻜﻞ 1C). ﺗﻤـﺎﻳﺰ و (ﺷﻜﻞ 1F). ﺗﺨﺼــﺺﻳــﺎﻓﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻴﺸــﺘﺮ ﻳﺎﺧﺘــﻪ ﻫــﺎي ﻻﻳــﻪ ﻫــﺎي دﻳــﻮاره ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳــﭙﻮراﻧﮋ ﻫﻤﺰﻣــﺎن ﺑــﺎ ﻣﻴــﻮز رخ ﻣــﻲ دﻫــﺪ.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Centaurea Calcitrapa L
    Método de Evaluación Rápida de Invasividad (MERI) para especies exóticas en México Centaurea calcitrapa L. , 1753 CONABIO, 2015 Centaurea calcitrapa L., 1753 Foto: Barry Rice Fuente: sarracenia.com, Bugwood.org Información taxonómica Reino: Plantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Clase: Magnoliopsida Orden: Asterales Familia: Asteraceae Género: Centaurea Especie: Centaurea calcitrapa L., 1753 Nombre común: Cardo estrellado Categoría de riesgo: Descripción de la especie Hierba anual o bienal, difusamente ramificada desde la base, de color verde intenso, hojas de 3-12 cm de largo por 2-5 cm de ancho, laxamente pubescentes, profundamente pinnatipartidas o pinnatisectas con lóbulos oblongos, lanceolados, irregular y brevemente dentados, mucronados; pecíolos a menudo angostamente alados, ausentes en las hojas superiores que son algo abrazadoras; capítulos numerosos, ovoides, de aprox. 2,5 cm de diám., sésiles o muy brevemente pedunculados, terminales y en las bifurcaciones o el ápice de las ramificaciones; involucro de 10-12 mm de alt., por unos 6 mm de diám., con brácteas ovales, provistas de 3 espinas apicales de las cuales la central es amarilla, gruesa y de 12-25 mm de largo, mientras las dos restantes son muy cortas; flores tubulosas, de corola violácea o rosada (Raraport et al ., 2009). 1 Método de Evaluación Rápida de Invasividad (MERI) para especies exóticas en México Centaurea calcitrapa L. , 1753 CONABIO, 2015 Distribución original Nativa de Sureste de Europa y norte de África (Pitcairn et al ., 2002). Estatus: Exótica presente en México (Espinosa García, 2000). ¿Existen las condiciones climáticas adecuadas para que la especie se establezca en México? Sí. 1. Reporte de invasora Especie exótica invasora : Es aquella especie o población que no es nativa, que se encuentra fuera de su ámbito de distribución natural, que es capaz de sobrevivir, reproducirse y establecerse en hábitats y ecosistemas naturales y que amenaza la diversidad biológica nativa, la economía o la salud pública (LGVS).
    [Show full text]
  • United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management
    United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management Biological Assessment for Boise District Noxious Weed and Invasive Plant Management DOI-BLM-ID-B000-2016-0002-EA ESA-Listed Aquatic Invertebrates Bruneau hot springsnail (Pyrgulopsis bruneauensis) ESA-Listed Plants Slickspot peppergrass (Lepidium papilliferum) Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 7 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 7 Relationship of the Proposed Action to Future Federal Actions ................................................ 8 Consultation History ................................................................................................................... 9 Relationship of Section 7 Consultation for Future Federal Actions of the Proposed Action ..... 9 Species and Critical Habitats .................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 2 – Proposed Action ........................................................................................................ 13 Targeted Plant Communities..................................................................................................... 13 Noxious Weeds ..................................................................................................................... 13 Invasive Plants .....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Invasive Plant Species Early Detection in the San Francisco Bay Network
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Invasive Plant Species Early Detection in the San Francisco Bay Area Network 2014 Annual Report Natural Resource Data Series NPS/SFAN/NRDS—2017/1080 ON THE COVER Early Detection Technician Nicholas Stevenson maps an infestation of purple wallaby grass (Rytidosperma penicillatum) at Point Reyes National Seashore. Photograph by: by Eric Wrubel, NPS Invasive Plant Species Early Detection in the San Francisco Bay Area Network 2014 Annual Report Natural Resource Data Series NPS/SFAN/NRDS—2017/1080 Eric Wrubel National Park Service San Francisco Bay Area Network Inventory & Monitoring Program Fort Cronkhite Building 1063 San Francisco, California 94965 January 2017 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Data Series is intended for the timely release of basic data sets and data summaries. Care has been taken to assure accuracy of raw data values, but a thorough analysis and interpretation of the data has not been completed. Consequently, the initial analyses of data in this report are provisional and subject to change. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner.
    [Show full text]
  • New Invaders of the Northwest, 2Nd Edition
    United States TECHNOLOGY Department of Agriculture TRANSFER NEW INVADERS OF THE NORTHWEST Second Edition Rachel Winston, Wendy DesCamp, Jennifer Andreas, Carol Bell Randall, Joseph Milan, and Mark Schwarzländer Forest Health Technology University of Idaho FHTET-2014-12 Enterprise Team Extension December 2014 he Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team (FHTET) was created in T1995 by the Deputy Chief for State and Private Forestry, USDA, Forest Service, to develop and deliver technologies to protect and improve the health of American forests. This book was published by FHTET as part of the technology transfer series. http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology/ Cover photos (clockwise from top left): crown vetch (Dan Tenaglia, Missouriplants.com, www.bugwood. org), garden loosestrife (King County NWCB), giant reed (Amy Ferriter, www.bugwood.org), blueweed (H. Zell), English holly (Jürgen Howaldt) The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410, or call 202- 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the information and convenience of the reader.
    [Show full text]
  • Checklist of the Vascular Plants of San Diego County 5Th Edition
    cHeckliSt of tHe vaScUlaR PlaNtS of SaN DieGo coUNty 5th edition Pinus torreyana subsp. torreyana Downingia concolor var. brevior Thermopsis californica var. semota Pogogyne abramsii Hulsea californica Cylindropuntia fosbergii Dudleya brevifolia Chorizanthe orcuttiana Astragalus deanei by Jon P. Rebman and Michael G. Simpson San Diego Natural History Museum and San Diego State University examples of checklist taxa: SPecieS SPecieS iNfRaSPecieS iNfRaSPecieS NaMe aUtHoR RaNk & NaMe aUtHoR Eriodictyon trichocalyx A. Heller var. lanatum (Brand) Jepson {SD 135251} [E. t. subsp. l. (Brand) Munz] Hairy yerba Santa SyNoNyM SyMBol foR NoN-NATIVE, NATURaliZeD PlaNt *Erodium cicutarium (L.) Aiton {SD 122398} red-Stem Filaree/StorkSbill HeRBaRiUM SPeciMeN coMMoN DocUMeNTATION NaMe SyMBol foR PlaNt Not liSteD iN THE JEPSON MANUAL †Rhus aromatica Aiton var. simplicifolia (Greene) Conquist {SD 118139} Single-leaF SkunkbruSH SyMBol foR StRict eNDeMic TO SaN DieGo coUNty §§Dudleya brevifolia (Moran) Moran {SD 130030} SHort-leaF dudleya [D. blochmaniae (Eastw.) Moran subsp. brevifolia Moran] 1B.1 S1.1 G2t1 ce SyMBol foR NeaR eNDeMic TO SaN DieGo coUNty §Nolina interrata Gentry {SD 79876} deHeSa nolina 1B.1 S2 G2 ce eNviRoNMeNTAL liStiNG SyMBol foR MiSiDeNtifieD PlaNt, Not occURRiNG iN coUNty (Note: this symbol used in appendix 1 only.) ?Cirsium brevistylum Cronq. indian tHiStle i checklist of the vascular plants of san Diego county 5th edition by Jon p. rebman and Michael g. simpson san Diego natural history Museum and san Diego state university publication of: san Diego natural history Museum san Diego, california ii Copyright © 2014 by Jon P. Rebman and Michael G. Simpson Fifth edition 2014. isBn 0-918969-08-5 Copyright © 2006 by Jon P.
    [Show full text]
  • Biology and Biological Control of Yellow Starthistle
    United States Department of Agriculture TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Biological Control BIOLOGY AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF YELLOW STARTHISTLE Carol Bell Randall, Rachel L. Winston, Cynthia A. Jette, Michael J. Pitcairn, and Joseph M. DiTomaso Forest Health Technology FHTET-2016-08 Enterprise Team 4th Ed., June 2017 The Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team (FHTET) was created in 1995 by the Deputy Chief for State and Private Forestry, USDA, Forest Service, to develop and deliver technologies to protect and improve the health of American forests. This book was published by FHTET as part of the technology transfer series. http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology/ b e Cover Photos: (a) Yellow starthistle flower head (Peggy Grebb, USDA ARS, bugwood.org); (b) Bangasternus orientalis adult; (c) Eustenopus villosus adult; (d) Larinus curtus adult; (e) Chaetorellia spp. adult; (f) Urophora c f sirunaseva adult (b-f Laura Parsons & Mark Schwarzländer, University of Idaho); (g) Puccinia jaceae var. solstitialis (Stephen Ausmus, USDA ARS, bugwood.org) d a g References to pesticides appear in this publication. These statements do not constitute endorsement or recommendation of them by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, nor do they imply that the uses discussed have been registered. Use of most pesticides is regulated by state and federal laws. Applicable regulations must be obtained from the appropriate regulatory agency prior to their use. CAUTION: Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic animals, desirable plants, and fish or other wildlife if they are not handled or applied properly. Use all pesticides selectively and carefully. Follow recommended practices given on the label for the use and disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers.
    [Show full text]
  • Checklist of Vascular Plants of the Southern Rocky Mountain Region
    Checklist of Vascular Plants of the Southern Rocky Mountain Region (VERSION 3) NEIL SNOW Herbarium Pacificum Bernice P. Bishop Museum 1525 Bernice Street Honolulu, HI 96817 [email protected] Suggested citation: Snow, N. 2009. Checklist of Vascular Plants of the Southern Rocky Mountain Region (Version 3). 316 pp. Retrievable from the Colorado Native Plant Society (http://www.conps.org/plant_lists.html). The author retains the rights irrespective of its electronic posting. Please circulate freely. 1 Snow, N. January 2009. Checklist of Vascular Plants of the Southern Rocky Mountain Region. (Version 3). Dedication To all who work on behalf of the conservation of species and ecosystems. Abbreviated Table of Contents Fern Allies and Ferns.........................................................................................................12 Gymnopserms ....................................................................................................................19 Angiosperms ......................................................................................................................21 Amaranthaceae ............................................................................................................23 Apiaceae ......................................................................................................................31 Asteraceae....................................................................................................................38 Boraginaceae ...............................................................................................................98
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Assessment of the LC-MS Profiles and Cluster Analysis of Four Centaurea Species from Turkey
    Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 20 (2019) 101189 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/bab A comparative assessment of the LC-MS profiles and cluster analysis of four Centaurea species from Turkey T ∗ Gokhan Zengina, ,1, Dimitrina Zheleva-Dimitrovab,1, Reneta Gevrenovab, ∗∗ Abdurrahman Aktumseka, Kouadio Ibrahime Sinana, Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodallyc, a Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Turkey b Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria c Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, 230 Réduit, Mauritius ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: The present study was designed to delineate the chemical characterization of four Centaurea species sampled Centaurea from Turkey. The chemical profiles were determined by UHPLC-ESI/HRMS and multiple correspondence ana- Chemical profile lysis were carried out to observe variabilities of the tested extracts. To study the variability of the four samples, Acylquinic acids 16 qualitative variables represented by the 16 compounds (some acylquinic acids including 3-Caffeoylquinic, 5- Cluster analysis Caffeoylquinic and 5-Feruloylquinic acids) have been used to perform the multiple correspondence analysis. Bioactive compounds There groups were recorded in the cluster analysis. The first group is represented by C. urvielli subsp. hayekiana and C. kotschi var. persica species while the second and third group is composed of C. drabifolia subsp. detonsa and C. patula, respectively. Finding presented herein has established baseline data that could spark further studies on the pharmacological potential of these Centaurea species. 1. Introduction hemorrhoids, diarrhea, hyperthermia, stypsis, cardiac disorder, embo- lism and rheumatoid arthritis (Korga et al., 2017; Polat, 2018; Zater Centaurea L.
    [Show full text]
  • Nevada Noxious Weed Field Guide
    Nevada Noxious Weed Field Guide SP-10-01 SP-10-01 Nevada Noxious Weed Field Guide Earl Creech, State Weed Specialist Brad Schultz, Extension Educator Lisa Blecker, Research Coordinator Copyright © 2010, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, modified, published, transmitted, used, displayed, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher and authoring agency. The University of Nevada Reno is an Equal Employment Opportunity/Affirmative Action employer and does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, age, creed, national origin, veteran status, physical or mental disability, or sexual orientation in any program or activity it operates. The University of Nevada employs only United States citizens and aliens lawfully authorized to work in the United States. Preface 6 Weed Management Basics 8 Table ofContents Table List of Weeds by Common Name 12 Noxious Weeds of Nevada (pages 14 - 107) 14 Herbicides 112 Index: Weeds Listed by Family (pages 118 - 119) 118 The law stipulates that property owners whose land is infested with noxious weeds are required to implement control measures. Noxious weeds can spread rapidly and compete aggressively with other plants for light, nutrients and water. Once noxious weeds inhabit a site, they often reproduce profusely, creating dense stands with extensive roots and soil seedbanks that can persist for many years. Impacts of noxious weeds in Nevada can include: increased soil erosion and salinity, increased flood potential, decreased water quality, decreased forage [ 6 ] and crop yield, displaced wildlife and native plants, reduced recreation potential, reduced Preface aesthetic value, injury to humans and animals, and increased fire danger.
    [Show full text]
  • New Invaders of the Southwest
    TECHNOLOGY United States TRANSFER Department of Agriculture NEW INVADERS OF THE SOUTHWEST Rachel Winston, Wendy DesCamp, Jennifer Andreas, Carol Bell Randall, Joseph Milan, and Mark Schwarzländer Forest Health Technology University of Idaho FHTET-2014-13 Enterprise Team Extension December 2014 he Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team (FHTET) was created in T1995 by the Deputy Chief for State and Private Forestry, USDA, Forest Service, to develop and deliver technologies to protect and improve the health of American forests. This book was published by FHTET as part of the technology transfer series. http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology/ Cover photos (clockwise from top left): Bermuda buttercup (MathKnight), Mexican fan palm (Forest & Kim Starr), carob tree (Riu Chixoy), red sesbania (Chris Evans, Illinois Wildlife Action Plan, www. bugwood.org), sea fig (Joaquim Alves Gaspar) The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410, or call 202- 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the information and convenience of the reader.
    [Show full text]
  • Portland Plant List
    PORTLAND PLANT LIST June 2016 Portland City Council Bureau of Planning and Sustainability Charlie Hales, Mayor Susan Anderson, Planning and Sustainability Director Nick Fish, Commissioner Joseph Zehnder, Chief Planner Amanda Fritz, Commissioner Steve Novick, Commissioner Dan Saltzman, Commissioner Adopted by Portland City Council Administrative rule update, Bureau of November, 13, 1991 Planning and Sustainability April 13, 2011 Effective December 13, 1991 Effective May 13, 2011 Ordinance No. 164838 Ordinance No. 184521 Amended May 26, 1993 Effective July 1, 2011 Ordinance No. 166572; September 21, 1994 Ordinance No. 184524 Ordinance No. 168154; March 19, 1997 Administrative rule update, Bureau of Ordinance No. 171000; June 24, 1998; Planning and Sustainability March 23, 2004; June 2009 Effective June 27, 2016 Re-established as administrative rule by The Portland native plants policy was selected as a City Council February 10, 2010 semifinalist for the 1993 Innovations in State Effective July 1, 2010 and Local Government Awards sponsored by the Ford Foundation and The JFK School of Ordinance No. 183534 Government at Harvard University. The Bureau of Planning and Sustainability is committed to providing meaningful access. For accommodations, modifications, translation, interpretation or other services, please contact at 503-823-7700 or use City TTY 503-823-6868, or Oregon Relay Service: 711. Traducción o | ترجمة تحريرية أو شفهية | interpretación | Chuyển Ngữ hoặc Phiên Dịch | 翻译或传译 | Письменный или устный перевод | Traducere sau Interpretare 翻訳または通訳 ii Письмовий або усний переклад | | Turjumida ama Fasiraadda | ການແປພາສາ 꺼ື ການອະທິບາຍ — 503-823-7700. Contents 1. INTRODUCTION 1 – 1 Modification of the Portland Plant List ............................. 1 – 3 How to Use the Lists ................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The New Mexico Botanist Issue Number 10, January 12, 1999
    The New Mexico Botanist Issue Number 10, January 12, 1999 • Knapweeds, Starthistles, and Basketflowers • In Memoriam: Barton H. Warnock, 1911-1998 • Botanical Literature of Interest • New Plant Distribution Records Knapweeds, Starthistles, and Basketflowers KNAPWEEDS, STARTHISTLES, AND BASKETFLOWERS OF NEW MEXICO by Kelly W. Allred & Richard D. Lee New Mexico State University Introduction Knapweeds, starthistles, and basketflowers are primarily weedy and often noxious invaders of range lands, roadsides, old fields, and disturbed sites. Knapweeds and starthistles are all alien plant species in New Mexico, coming originally from the Mediterranean and Eurasian regions of the Old World. Many of these species are now found throughout much of the world, though, having adaptations that aid in dispersal, rapid germination and growth, and avoidance of predation. They are detrimental invaders of range lands, being low in palatability as forage and poor protectors of the soil against erosion. Basketflowers, however, are indigenous to North America, and often occur in less disturbed or less weedy habitats. Belonging to the tribe Cynareae of the family Asteraceae, the species of this group are characterized by an absence of ray flowers, the disk flowers at the periphery of the head being enlarged to simulate rays, and an oblique attachment of the achene on the receptacle (except for one species). Phyllaries are spiny, fringed, or chaffy, and are sometimes long and stout, capable of inflicting a pernicious wound. Each disk flower in the head produces an achene. The pappus may be absent or present as a crown of stiff bristles at one end. There are about 450 species of knapweeds, starthistles, and basketflowers in the world, mostly in the Old World.
    [Show full text]