Nevada Noxious Weed Field Guide

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SP-10-01

Nevada Noxious Weed Field Guide

Earl Creech, State Weed Specialist Brad Schultz, Extension Educator Lisa Blecker, Research Coordinator

Copyright © 2010, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, modified, published, transmitted, used, displayed, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher and authoring agency. The University of Nevada Reno is an Equal Employment Opportunity/Affirmative Action employer and does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, age, creed, national origin, veteran status, physical or mental disability, or sexual orientation in any program or activity it operates. The University of Nevada employs only United States citizens and aliens lawfully authorized to work in the United States.

Table of Contents Preface 6 Preface Basics Management Weed Common Name by List of Weeds of Nevada (pages 14 - 107) Weeds Noxious 112 Herbicides Listed by Family (pages 118 - 119) Weeds Index: 14 12 8 118 [ 6 ] Preface description, color photographs andrecommendations for control. Theglossary defines All 47weeds listedinNevada statelaw(asof January2010)are included,each with abrief aesthetic value,injury tohumansandanimals,increased firedanger. and cropyield,displaced wildlifeandnativeplants,reduced recreationpotential,reduced soil erosionandsalinity, increasedfloodpotential, decreasedwaterquality, decreasedforage that canpersistfor manyyears.Impactsofnoxiousweeds inNevadacaninclude:increased often reproduceprofusely, creatingdensestands withextensiverootsandsoilseedbanks with otherplants for light,nutrientsandwater. Oncenoxiousweeds inhabitasite,they implement control measures.Noxiousweedscanspread rapidlyandcompeteaggressively stipulates thatproperty ownerswhoselandisinfested withnoxiousweedsarerequired to Thelaw [ 7 ] Preface First, it is a critical step in early detection and rapid response to new infestations, a strategy that can save time rapid response to new infestations, a strategy that can step in early detection and single plant by eliminating a weed when it first appears as a and money over the long term Second, proper weed property. or small patch, rather than waiting until it covers an entire characteristics of the weed (i.e., identification allows a person to understand the harmful proper identification is Finally, poisonous, fire hazard, etc.) so problems can be avoided. successfully manage the weed. essential to implementing the control tactics that will Nate Belliston and Steve Dewey to express our gratitude to Joe DiTomaso, would like We credits can be found on pages for permission to use their photographs. Detailed photo design and for graphic Type also like to thank Candice Kiel of The Write would 115-117. We layout and the U.S. Forest Service and the Nevada Department of Agriculture for financial support. several technical terms that are used to describe and identify plants. describe and identify plants. terms that are used to several technical [ 8 ] Weed Management Basics – hopefully resulting in eradication. or a small patch, early intheinvasion process and immediately begin control measures eliminate thesenewinvaders. Theideaisto findanewweed, whetheritisasingle plant through your defenses.An earlydetection/rapid responseprogram canhelpto locate and pedn nonwaes oecmo rvnintcisinclude tactics prevention common Some areas. new into spreading weeds toestablish andthrive. using weed-freehay, straw, seedor mulch cleaning contaminated vehiclesandequipment maintaining ahealthy, competitivestand ofdesirableplantsthatlimitstheability of educating employees, neighbors,visitorsandrecreationists aboutweeds Evenwith thebestprevention program,some weedswillfind awaytoslip Weed preventionisaccomplishedbytaking stepstokeepweedsfrom : [ 9 ] Weed Management Basics Establishing a healthy, competitive stand of desirable plants (crops, grasses, Establishing a healthy, Weed control can be accomplished using a number of different tactics: using a number of control can be accomplished Weed cultural control is achieved by manipulating factors that impact weed growth, such as by manipulating factors that impact weed growth, such cultural control is achieved row spacing, fertilization or irrigation crop rotation, planting date, mowing, on causing physical harm to weeds through tillage, mechanical control is based or hand-weeding mulching, burning, flooding insects or diseases) are used to biological control is when other organisms (livestock, suppress weeds and application. chemical control impacts weed growth through herbicide forbs, shrubs, etc.) is critical to protecting a site from re-invasion by noxious weeds. forbs, shrubs, etc.) is critical to protecting a site from [ 10 ] Weed Management Basics pages 112-113. common name,tradenames ofafewcommercial productsare providedinthe tableon (active ingredients) ofchemicals arepresented. To helpreaders identifythechemical products availableandthe fact thattradenames areconstantly changing,common names looking for chemicalcontrol options.Dueto thelargenumber oftrade(brand) named This bookletalso provides herbiciderecommendations asastartingpointforindividuals fundamental elements shouldbeapartofeveryweed managementprogram. importance ascontrol. Althoughnotspecificallymentioned foreachweed,allfour the elementsofprevention, detectionandrestoration areofequal(andoftengreater) management recommendations foreachweedarefocused solelyoncontrol.Nevertheless, To minimizetheamountoftext requiredinthepagesthatfollow, thespecificweed Nevada’s noxious weeds.Yet, controlmethodscandiffergreatly fromweedtoweed. Strategies forprevention,detection andrestorationareessentiallythesameforeachof [ 11 ] Weed Management Basics tions Disclaimer that no discrimination is intended and no Chemical weed control recommendations are supplied with the understanding read the label. Any endorsement is implied by University of Nevada Cooperative Extension. Before using any chemical, ALWAYS person using the products listed in these guidelines assumes full responsibility for their use in accordance with current direc of the manufacturer. [ 12 ] Weeds by Common Name African rue( Camelthorn ( Dyer’s woad ( Dyer’s Diffuse knapweed ( Black henbane( Austrian fieldcress( Giant reed( Dalmatian toadflax ( Canada thistle( Crimson fountaingrass ( Common St.Johnswort ( Common crupina( African mustard( Eurasian watermilfoil ( Arundo donax Peganum harmala Alhagi maurorum Isatis tinctoria Cirsium arvense Hyoscyamus niger Brassica tournefortii Crupina vulgaris Centaurea diffusa Rorippa austriaca Linaria dalmatica Myriophyllum spicatum ...... 40 ...... ) Pennisetum setaceum Hypericum perforatum ...... 36 )...... 16 ...... ) ...... 22 )...... 24 ...... ) ...... 20 )...... 26 ...... ) ...... 14 )...... 34 ...... ) ...... 18 ...... ) ...... 32 )...... 38 )...... 30 ...... ) .....28 )...... Hoary cress( Houndstongue ( Musk thistle( Malta starthistle ( Johnsongrass ( Horsenettle ( Mayweed chamomile ( Hydrilla ( Goatsrue ( Iberian starthistle( Medusahead ( Leafy spurge( Mediterranean sage( Giant salvinia( Hydrilla verticillata Galega officinalis Cardaria Solanum carolinense Carduus nutans Taeniatherum caput-medusae Euphorbia esula Sorghum halepense Salvinia molesta Cynoglossum officinale Centaurea melitensis Centaurea iberica sp)...... 46 ...... spp.) Salvia aethiopis Anthemis cotula ...... 44 ...... ) ...... 52 ...... ) ...... 68 )...... 58 ...... ) ...... 42 )...... 48 )...... 56 ...... ) ...... 54 )...... 64 )...... 60 ...... ) ...... 50 ...... ) ...... 62 ...... ) ...... 66 )...... [ 13 ] Weeds by Common Name )...... 104 )...... 100 ) ...... 98 )...... 106 spp.)...... 102 Zygophyllum fabago Centaurea solstitialis Linaria vulgaris Cicuta Sphaerophysa salsula [An index of weeds by family is found on page 118.] Yellow starthistle ( starthistle Yellow Swainsonpea ( Syrian beancaper ( Yellow toadflax ( toadflax Yellow Waterhemlock ( Waterhemlock ).94 squarrosa ) ...... 90 ) ...... 70 )...... 92 var. var. )...... 80 )...... 72 )...... 82 ) ...... 84 )...... 88 ) ...... 74 ) ...... 78 )...... 96 ) ...... 76 )...... 86 Lepidium latifolium Centaurea virgata Solanum elaeagnifolium Sonchus arvensis Chondrilla juncea Centaurea biebersteinii Acroptilon repens Lythrum salicaria Lythrum Centaurea calcitrapa Conium maculatum Potentilla recta Potentilla Onopordum acanthium Tribulus terrestris Tribulus Tamarix ramosissima Tamarix Spotted knapweed ( Purple loosestrife ( Sulfur cinquefoil ( Squarrose knapweed ( Rush skeletonweed ( Rush Perennial pepperweed ( Perennial Russian knapweed ( Russian Purple starthistle ( Silverleaf nightshade ( Poison-hemlock ( Poison-hemlock Saltcedar ( Perennial sowthistle ( Perennial Puncturevine ( Scotch thistle ( [ 14 ] African mustard Control Other Root Flower Leaves Stem downward-pointing hairs Apply glyphosate, 2,4-Dor triclopyrto activelygrowing plants beforeflowering Repeated hand-removal canbeeffective; disturbances suchasfire, tillageandgrazing often Also known asSaharamustard Annual; reproduces byseed Grows best insiteswithdry, sandy soilsandsparsevegetation; ofteninfestsroadsides, waste Deep, slendertaproot Seed podsareround, slenderand1.5-2.5in.long;theendtapers toapoint;containnumerous Small (lessthan0.6in. wide)andyellowwithfourpetals Stems haveveryfewleaves; typicallysmallandovaltostrap-like (linear) withtoothedtolobed Rosette leavesupto12in.long andpinnate-dividedwith6-14pairsofleaflets; edges(margins) Up to3ft.tallandbranched;upperstemlacks hair(glabrous);lowerstemcoveredwithstiff, promote mustard growth areas, washes anddesertareas; known tooccurinClark, LincolnandNyecounties round seeds;podconstricts aroundseeds(appearsbeaded) edges are toothed African mustard [ 15 ] African mustard [ 16 ] African rue Leaves Stem Flower Root Control Other Seed podisasmall(less than0.5in.diameter),roundcapsulewith 2-4chambers;canbegreen Alternate, brightgreen anddeeplydivided;leafletsstrap-like(linear), narrow, 0.75-2 in.long, Up to2ft.tall;highlybranchedandbushy Five strap-like,fleshy, green sepals(0.5in.long)thatresembleleaves arefoundbelowflower 5 whitepetalssurround ayellowcenter;1in.diameter;occurat leafaxilsalongstems Woody, branched taprootwithshortcreepingroots Apply glyphosate, metsulfuronor imazapyrtoactively growingplants Repeatedly digorpull individualplants;remaining rootscanproduce newplants All plantparts poisonoustolivestock andhumans Perennial; reproducesbyboth seedsandroots Grows bestindry, disturbedsites;ofteninfests roadsides,wasteareas,washesanddesert fleshy, lackhair(glabrous)andhavesmoothedges (margins) orange orbrown areas; known tooccurinChurchill, Clark,Mineraland Pershing counties African rue [ 17 ] African rue [ 18 ] Austrian fieldcress Control Other Root Flower Leaves Stem Growsbestinmoist, disturbedareas;ofteninfestsroadsides, waste areas,pasturesandcrop Apply 2,4-D toactivelygrowing plants Repeated cultivation andimproveddrainage ofwetareashave also beenreportedto be Hand removal ofindividualplants (includingroots)can limitspreadofsmall infestations Perennial; reproducesbyroots; formsdensepatches Thick, fleshytaprootwith creepingroots Seed podisoval,0.1in. longandborneona0.3-0.6in.stalk Small yellowflowers(0.1 in.wide)with4petals;clusteredattips ofbranches Bluish-green, 1-4in.long andoblongtolance-shaped;edges(margins) aresmoothtotoothed Up to3ft.tallandbranchedatthetop Stem leavesarealternate; leafsizedecreasesupthestem;bases of upperleaveshavesmall effective fields; notknowntooccur inNevada lobes thatclaspthestem. Austrian fieldcress [ 19 ] Austrian fieldcress [ 20 ] Black henbane Control Other Root Flower Leaves Stem Apply picloramor metsulfuron toactively growing plantsprior tobloom Burning dry, mature plantscan killseed Mowing, tillage, diggingandhand-pulling priortoseed productionareeffective Toxic tohumans andlivestockbutrarely consumedbyanimals duetofoulodor andtaste Annual orbiennial; reproducesby seed Grows bestonopensites withwell-drainedsoils;ofteninfestsroadsides, wasteareas,field Thick, fleshytaproot Seed podsarepineapple-shaped, 1in.longandcoveredwithlong, stickyhairs;openendhas5 Funnel-shaped withapurplecenter; 5fused,greenish-yellowpetalswithpurple veins;arise Alternate, lance-shaped tooblong,2-8in.longandcoveredwith short,stickyhairs;veinsare Up to3ft.tall,branchedandcoveredwith long, stickyhairs White Pine counties borders and pastures;knownto occurinElko,Eureka, Humboldt,Lander, Lincoln,Lyon and lobes; containmanysmall, darkseeds from leafaxils alongupperpartofstem (petiole), upperleaves haveNOleafstem prominent andpale;edges (margins)arelobedtotoothed;lower leaveshaveashortstem Black henbane [ 21 ] Black henbane [ 22 ] Camelthorn Control Other Root Flower Leaves Stem 1.5 in.long)withyellow tipsarisefromleafaxils Apply 2,4-D, dicamba,glyphosate orpicloramtoactively growingplants Grazing, mechanical removaland burningareNOTeffective Hand removal ofindividualplants (includingroots)can limitspreadofsmall infestations Perennial; reproducesmostly byrootsbutsometimes seed Grows bestinareaswhere itcanaccessadditionalwaterduring the growingseason;often Woody, deep, spreadingrootsystem;rootsoftenassociate withnitrogen-fixingbacteria Seed podsarereddish-brown, 0.5-1.25in.long,oftencurved,tipped withasmallspineand Pea-like; 0.3-0.4in.longwithpinktopurple petals;2-8flowersoccuralternatelyalong short, Alternate, simple,narrow tooblongand0.25-0.75in.long;hairs onlowersurfaceonly Highly branchedwithlengthwiseridges,1.5-4 ft.tallandlackshair(glabrous);spines(0.5to Lander counties found infieldborders, roadsidesandalongwaterways;knownto occurinClark,Eurekaand contain 5-8seeds;pods aredeeplyindentedbetweenseeds spine-tipped branches Camelthorn [ 23 ] Camelthorn [ 24 ] Canada thistle Flower Leaves Stem Control Other Root Pink, purpleorwhite; occurinclustersattheendsofbranches;base offlowerisvase-shaped, Alternate, oblongorlance-shaped, 2-8in.long,shinyandlackhair; NOleafstems(petioles); Up to4ft.tall,greenbrown,branchedat thetopandusuallylackshair(glabrous) Apply picloram, aminopyralidor clopyralidtoactively growing plantsthrough flowering; Several biological controlagents are available Repeated mowing,tillage, cuttingorhand removalpriortoseed productioncanprovide Perennial; reproducesbybothrootsand seed;plantsoftenappearinpatchesorcolonies due Grows bestinmoistareas; oftenfoundinpastures,hayfields,waste areasandalong Deep, extensivecreeping rootsystem 0.5-0.75 in.wide,lacks pricklesandiscoveredwithgreentopurple bractswithdarktips leaf edges(margins)are wavy, lobedortoothed withspinyedges repeated applications of2,4-D,dicamba orglyphosate toactivelygrowingplants suppression to thespreadingroot system waterways; knownto occurinallNevadacountiesexceptEsmeralda Canada thistle [ 25 ] Canada thistle [ 26 ] Common crupina Control Other Root Flower Leaves Stem Apply 2,4-D, dicambaorpicloram toactivelygrowing plantspriortoflowering Grazing or mowing canincrease branchingandseedproduction andareNOT effective Listed onthe FederalNoxiousWeed List Annual; reproduces byseed; Grows wellunderawide rangeofenvironmentalandsoilconditions; oftenfoundinrangeland, Fibrous Pink orpurple;occur in clustersof1-5atthetipsbranches;base offlowerisvase-shaped Stem leavesarealternate anddeeplypinnate-lobed;lowerleaves arelargerthanupperleaves; Cotyledons areoblong, fleshyandhairless,oftenwithapurplish midvein; rosetteleavesare Up to3ft.tallandbranchedwithlengthwise ridgesalongstem counties pastures, wasteareas, roadsidesandalongwaterways;knownto occurinLyon andStorey and narrow(3-4times longerthanwide) edges arecoveredwith short,stiffhairs oval tolance-shapedwith smooth,toothedorlobededges(margins) Common crupina [ 27 ] Common crupina [ 28 ] Common St. Johnswort Leaves Stem Control Other Root Flower with 2ridgesthatrun thelengthofstem Opposite, ovaltostrap-like (linear),prominentveins,lessthan1 in. long,lackhairandnoleaf Up to4ft.tallwithawoodybase;highlybranched; lackshair(glabrous)andoftenrustcolored Apply 2,4-D,metsulfuron or picloram toactively growingplants prior tobloom Mowing, grazing andburningare NOTeffective;abiological controlagentis available Also known asKlamathweed Ingestion causes skinirritationand weightlossinwhite-haired animals;sometimes cultivatedas Perennial; reproducesbyseed andrhizomes Grows bestoncoarse-textured, gravelly, well-drained soils;knowntooccurinElko,Lyon and Stout taprootwithspreading rhizomes 0.75 in.diameter;5yellow petalsthatoftenhavetinyblackdots around theedges;many Surface coveredwith tiny transparentdotsthatcanbeseenbyholding theleafuptolight a cropand used formedicinalpurposes (asanantidepressant) Washoe counties stamens; clusteredat tips ofbranches stems (petioles);edges (margins)aresmoothwiththelowersurface linedwithsmallblackdots Common St.Johnswort [ 29 ] Common St. Johnswort [ 30 ] Crimson fountaingrass Control Other Root Flower Leaves Stem Apply glyphosate toactivelygrowing plants Burning isNOT effectiveandmay causeweeddensity toincrease Hand removal (includingthecrown) ofindividualplants iseffectiveforsmall infestations Ornamental; cultivars thatDONOTproduceviableseedare considerednoxiousin Can beafirehazard Perennial; reproducesbyseed Grows bestinclimates withmildwinters;ofteninfestsdisturbed areassuchasroadsides, Fibrous Spike, 3-12in.longand 1-2in.wide;purplishbristles;canbedroopy Blades areflattov-shaped, 0.5-2ft.longandlessthan0.16in.wide; edges(margins)havelong Up to5ft.tall;roundincross-section;grows inbunches Nevada. desert areas,washes and wasteareas;knowntooccurinClarkCounty hairs, particularlynear thecollar Crimson fountaingrass [ 31 ] Crimson fountaingrass [ 32 ] Dalmatian toadflax Control Other Root Flower Leaves Stem Apply chlorsulfuron, imazapicor picloram,throughbloom ortofallrosettes; repeated Several biological controlagents are available Mechanical control(mowing,burning ortillage)isNOT effective May betoxic tolivestockifingested inlargequantities Perennial; reproducesbyseed androots Grows bestindry, well-drainedsoils;ofteninfests rangelands,wasteareasandroadsides; Creeping rootsystem Seed capsulesround(less than0.3in.diameter)withtwochambers, eachcontainingmany Snapdragon-like; 1.5-2 in.long;yellowwithanorange-beardedthroat andalongspur; Alternate anddense;lance-shaped toheart-shaped,1-2.5in.long, blue-greencolor, lackhair Up to4ft.tall,lackshair(glabrous),waxyand branchednearthetop applications of2,4-D, dicamba orglyphosate toactively growing plants known tooccurinDouglas, Elko,Lincoln,Storey, Washoe andWhitePine counties seeds clustered alongupper partofstem and waxy;basesclasp thestem;edges(margins)aresmooth Dalmatian toadflax [ 33 ] Dalmatian toadflax [ 34 ] Diffuse knapweed Leaves Stem Control Other Root Flower wings onupperstems Alternate, lowerleaves pinnate-divided,4-8in.long;sometimes covered withshortgrayish Up to2ft.tall;rough-textured;highlybranched; bushy;coveredwithshort,stiffhairs;NO Apply 2,4-D or dicamba in the rosette stage; apply clopyralid, picloramor aminopyralid Apply 2,4-Dordicamba in the rosette Several insectbiological control agents areavailable Mowing plants inbudtoflowerstage canreduceseed production;repeated handremovalcan Biennial, but sometimesannualor perennial;reproduces byseed;dry, mature plantsoften Grows bestindry, well-drainedsoils;ofteninfests rangelands,wasteareasandroadsides; Deep, stouttaproot White tosometimespurple, eachlocatedatthetipofabranch;base offlowerisvase-shaped, between rosette andmid-bolt stages hairs; upperleavesstrap-like (linear)withsmoothedges(margins) be effective; burningisNOTeffective break offand tumbleinthewind tospreadseed White Pine counties known tooccurinChurchill, Clark,Douglas,Elko,Eureka,Lander, Lincoln, Nye,Washoe and spine 0.5 in.long,0.12wide andcoveredwithyellow, comb-likebractstippedwitha narrow Diffuse knapweed [ 35 ] Diffuse knapweed [ 36 ] Dyer’s woad Leaves Stem Flower Root Control Other winter Stem leavesarealternate withlobedbasethatclaspsthestem Lance-shaped, 1-7in. long,bluish-greenandlackhair(glabrous) with adistinctwhitishmid- Up to4ft.tall;branchedattop;dryplants with attachedseedpodsremainstandinginto Mature seedpodsdark browntoblack,oblong,flattenedandsuspended fromasmallstalk; Yellow with4petals;occurinclusters thatgiveplantaflat-toppedappearance Deep taproot Apply 2,4-D,metsulfuron, chlorsulfuron orimazapic toyoung, actively growingplants Mow inearly-flower toreduceseedproduction; springtillageor diggingindividualplants prior Historically cultivatedforuseas a bluedyeandasmedicine Biennial, but sometimesannualor perennial;reproduces byseed Grows wellonabroad rangeofsites;ofteninfestswasteareas,roadsides, rangeland,pastures vein; edges(margins) are wavytosmooth each containsasingle seed to seedproduction canbeeffective and cropfields; knowntooccur in Elko,Washoe andWhitePine counties Dyer’s woad [ 37 ] Dyer’s woad [ 38 ] Eurasian watermilfoil Leaves Stem Control Other Root Flower reddish; breaksintofragments easily Whorled with4leaves pernode;leavesaregreentobrown,less than1.25in.longand Aquatic weedupto12ft.long,submersed, branchednearwatersurface,growingpointsoften Aquatic herbicides suchas2,4-D, diquat,endothall,triclopyr, fluridone andcoppercomplexes Mechanical removalcanbeeffective butmustbedone repeatedly;escaped stemfragments Perennial; reproducesbyrhizomes, stemfragments andseed waterbutcansometimes befoundinfast-movingrivers, Most commoninstill or slow-moving Creeping rhizomes Occur inclustersonsmall, pencil-likestalksthatemergefromwater (1-3in.long);stemoften Pinkish andsmall,each withasmall,bract-likeleaf pinnately-divided withmorethan 14pairsofnarrow, oppositelobes(lessthan0.4in.long) are effective can formnew plants;drainingthen allowinganempty water-body tofreeze canbeeffective counties streams andirrigation ditches;knowntooccurinChurchill,Douglas Washoe andWhitePine bends tobecomeparallel withthewatersurfaceafterflowering Eurasian watermilfoil [ 39 ] Eurasian watermilfoil [ 40 ] Giant reed Control Other Root Flower Leaves Stem branching usuallydoes notoccuruntilthesecondyearofgrowth Apply glyphosate, triclopyrorimazapyr afterseedhead formationinlatesummer orfallto Hand removal ofsmallpopulations canbeeffective;mowing andtillageare NOT Resembles bamboo;historically plantedtoreduceerosionandsometimes plantedtodayasan Perennial; reproducesbyrhizomesandstem fragments Grows bestinmoistsoils; knowntooccurinClark,Humboldtand Nyecounties Creeping rhizomes Plume-like withnumerous finebranches;1-2ft.longandlight-brown topurple;doesNOT Leaf baseislobed,clasps thestemandisfringedwithlonghairs Alternate; bladeisflat, lessthan3ft.longand1-3in.wide;edges (margins)areroughtextured Up to25ft.talland1.5in.thick;semi-woody, inflexibleandhollowexceptatthenodes; foliage orcut stump;treatregrowth inspringorsummer ofthefollowingyear recommended astheyproduceroot andstemfragments thatgeneratenew plants ornamental produce viableseed Giant reed [ 41 ] Giant reed [ 42 ] Giant salvinia Control Other Root Flower Leaves Stem Aquatic herbicides suchas2,4-D, diquatandfluridone areeffective Mechanical removalcanbeeffective butmustbedone repeatedly;escaped stemfragments Listed onthe FederalNoxiousWeed List Perennial; reproducesbystemfragments; canformamatover1.5ft.thickunderfavorable Grows bestinareasthat donotexperienceextendedperiodsof freezingtemperatures;not No trueroots,butsubmerged leavesactasroots No trueflowers;some submergedleavesdevelopspores,butthey arenotviable Submerged leavesare whitetobrown,fine,hair-like, upto1in.longandresembleroots Floating leavesareoval, flat,1-2.5in.wideandcoveredwithshort hairs(lessthan0.12in. 1 submergedand2floating leaveswhorledaroundstemateach node Floating aquaticplantthatgrowsatwatersurface; oftenhighlybranched can formnew plants conditions known tooccurinNevada long) thatareshaped like anegg-beater Giant salvinia [ 43 ] Giant salvinia [ 44 ] Goatsrue Control Other Root Flower Leaves Stem Apply 2,4-D, dicamba,metsulfuron orchlorsulfuronto activelygrowingplants Mowing and tillage(particularlyshallow tillage)areNOT effective Hand removal ofindividualplants canlimitspreadofsmall infestations Listed onthe FederalNoxiousWeed List Native totheMiddle East; introducedtonorthernUtahasapotential forageplantbutwas Perennial; reproducesbyseed Grows bestinmoistareas; oftenfoundinfencelines,pastures,roadsides, marshyareasand Non-spreading taproot; rootsassociatewithnitrogen-fixingbacteria Pods are1-2in.longandcontainnumerous seeds Purple towhite,lessthan 0.5in.longandclusteredonstalksattips ofbranches Pinnately-compound with5-8pairs ofleaflets;leafletsareovaltolance-shaped, 0.5-1.5in.long Generally grows2-5ft.tall;highlybranched withnumerousstemsthatarisefromthecrown found tobe unpalatableandhighly toxictolivestock along waterways;not knowntooccurinNevada and lackhair(glabrous); edges(margins)aresmooth Goatsrue [ 45 ] Goatsrue [ 46 ] Hoary cress Control Other Root Flower Leaves Stem Apply 2,4-Dtoactively growing plants priortobud stage;chlorsulfuron ormetsulfuron from Frequent tillage ormowing forseveral yearscan reduceplant density Dig orpull individual plantsforsmall infestations;remaining rootscanproduce newplants Also known aswhitetop;threespecies occurinNevada: hoarycress( Perennial; reproducesthrough rootsandseeds Grows bestindisturbed, alkalinesoils;oftenfoundinpastures,fields, roadsides,rangelands, Deep, spreadingroot system Seed podsareovalto heart-shaped;eachcontain2seeds White with4petals;occur inclustersthatgiveplantaflat-topped appearance;occurfrom Alternate, 1-4in.long, blue-green,oblongtolance-shapedandcovered withshorthairs;edges 0.5-2 ft.tall;branchedneartop;coveredwith shorthairs Lower leaveshaveshort leafstems(petioles);basesofupperleaveshave lobesthatclaspthestem bud to earlybloom; imazapic fromfull bloomuntil necrosis occur waste areasandalong waterways;knowntooccurinallNevada counties spring toearly-summer (margins) aretoothed tosmooth common but lens-poddedwhitetop ( C. chalapensis ) andhairy whitetop ( Hoary cress C. draba C. pubescens ) ismost ) also [ 47 ] Hoary cress [ 48 ] Horsenettle Control Other Root Flower Leaves Stem Apply glyphosate or2,4-Dto young,actively growing plants; picloram atfullflower; imazapyr Repeated hand-digging ofindividualplants canbeeffectiveforsmall infestations Tillage, mowing andgrazingare NOT effective Also known asCarolinahorsenettle; nativetoNorthAmerica; toxictolivestock andhumans; Perennial; reproducesbyseed andcreepingroots Grows bestinsandy, well-drainedsoils;often infestscropfieldsandpastures;knownto occur Deep, creepingrootsystem Berries areround(0.25-0.75 in.diameter),shiny, yellowandresembletinytomatoes Star-shaped with5whitetopalevioletpetals; 0.75-1.5in.diameter;5-20flowersclustered on Leaves coveredwithtiny yellowhairs;hairsappearstar-shaped withmagnification Alternate, ovaltolance-shaped and3-6in.long;spinesoftenon veins onundersidesofleaves; 1-3 ft.tall,branched,coveredwithspines(less than0.2in.long)andshorthairs to actively growing plants hosts anumber ofdiseasesandinsects thatattackrelated plants,suchastomato andpotato in ElkoCounty stalks attipsofbranches edges (margins)arewavy tolobed Horsenettle [ 49 ] Horsenettle [ 50 ] Houndstongue Control Other Root Flower Leaves Stem Apply 2,4-D, metsulfuron,picloram orimazapictoactively growingplantsprior tobloom Mowing or tillagepriortoseedproduction iseffective Toxic tolivestock, especiallyhorses; has adistinctiveodor thatmaycauseanimals toavoid Biennial, but sometimesannualor perennial;reproduces byseed Grows bestinmoistareas; oftenfoundinpastures,roadsides,fencelines, wasteareasand Thick, deeptaproot 4 nutlets(seeds)perflower, 0.25 in.longandbrownishatmaturity;covered withshort Purplish-red flowerswith 5petals;occurinclusters Alternate; resemblea hound’stongue;lance-shaped,1-12in.long, 1-3in.wide,roughtexture Up to4ft.tallandcoveredwithlonghairs Leaf stems(petioles)on lowerbutnotupperleaves;leavesdecrease insizefrombottomto along waterways; knowntooccur inElko,Eureka,Humboldt andLyon counties prickles thatcanattach toclothingoranimalfur top ofplant and coveredwithlong hairs;edges(margins)lackteethandlobes Houndstongue [ 51 ] Houndstongue [ 52 ] Hydrilla Control Other Root Flower Leaves Stem Aquatic herbicides suchasdiquat, endothall,fluridone andcoppercomplexes areeffective Grass carp can beaneffectivebiological control Mechanical removalcanbeeffective butmustbedone repeatedly;escaped stemfragments Listed onthe FederalNoxiousWeed List Perennial; reproducesbystemfragments andtubers;occasionallyproducesturions atleaf water;notknownto occurinNevada Often foundinstillor slow-moving tubers(0.25-0.5in.diameter) format Unbranched, slender and white;yellowish,potato-like Small, white,attached tothreadlikestalksup4in.longandfloat onwatersurface Strap-like (linear)tolance-shaped, 0.25-0.75in.longandlessthan 0.2in.wide;NOleafstems Aquatic weedupto25ft.long,submersed, slenderandbranchednearwatersurface can formnew plants axils; turionsaremostly cylindrical,darkgreenreproductivestructures upto0.5in.long root tips leaf undersideoftenhas oneormoresharpteeth (petioles); arrangedin whorlsof4-8aroundstem;edges(margins) aretoothed;midveinon Hydrilla [ 53 ] Hydrilla [ 54 ] Iberian starthistle Control Other Root Flower Leaves Stem Apply 2,4-D, clopyralidordicamba intherosettestage; picloramduringbolting Prevent seedproduction throughmowing orpulling Closely resembles purplestarthistle inallwaysexcept seed;seedofIberian starthistlehas Annual orbiennial; reproducesby seed Grows bestinmoistareas; oftenfoundinpastures,roadsidesand alongwaterways;notknown Stout taproot Pink towhite;baseof flowervase-shaped,0.25-0.5in.wide,0.75-1 in.longandcoveredwith Alternate, 4-8in.long, mostlypinnate-divided,coveredwithshort hairsandspeckledwith Exist asbasalrosettes spinesat priortobolting; olderrosetteshaveacircleofstraw-colored Up to4ft.tall;highlybranched,bushyand covered withhairs;NOwingsonupperstems plume ofbristles extendingfrom oneend,purplestarthistle doesNOT to occurinNevada stout, yellowspines0.4-1 in.long resin the center Iberian starthistle [ 55 ] Iberian starthistle 1 mm | | [ 56 ] Johnsongrass Leaves Control Other Root Flower Stem Up to2ft.long,0.25-0.75 in.wide,whitemidveinandmostlyhairless exceptnearcollar;ligule Apply sethoxydim, fluazifoporfenoxaprop toactively growingplantsbefore bootstage; Frequent mowingor tillageiseffective;burning isNOT Plants canbe toxictolivestockafter frostordrought Perennial; reproducesbyseed andrhizomes;seedlings resemblecornand canbestbe Grows bestinmoistsoils; oftenfoundincropfields,pastures,fencerows, roadsides,andalong Deep, fibrousrootsystem; rhizomesarewhiteandfleshywithbrown topurplenodes;roots Seed isnarrow, lessthan0.25in.long andreddish-browntoblack Seed headopenandpyramid-shaped; purplish-brownatmaturity Up to8ft.tall;manytillersarisefromcrown; stemsslightlyflattenedwithprominentnodes is membranousandtipped withfinehairs;NOauricles imazapic orglyphosate between boot andbloom stages identified by pullingaplantandexamining therootsfor anattachedseed counties waterways; knownto occurinChurchill,Clark,Douglas,Esmeralda, Lincoln,MineralandNye and newplantsoften form atnodes Johnsongrass [ 57 ] Johnsongrass 1 mm | | [ 58 ] Leafy spurge Control Other Root Flower Leaves Stem Apply dicamba,2,4-D orglyphosate to activelygrowing plants through earlybloom; picloram Mechanical control(mowing,burning, tillageandgrazing) canreduceseedproduction butare Several biological controlagents are available Perennial; reproducesbyseed androots;sapcanirritate skin,eyesandthe digestivetractsof Grows wellacrossawide rangeofsites;oftenfoundinpastures, wasteareas,rangelands,field Creeping, deeprootsystem; newshootsarisefrompinkishbuds Produces asphericalcapsulewith 3chambers,eachcontainingoneseed Small, showy, greentoyellowandclusteredat tipsofstems;bractsbelowflowersareheart- to Mostly alternate,strap-like (linear),1-2in.long,0.2wideand lack hair(glabrous);NOleaf Up to3ft.tall;branched;baseofplantoften woody;entireplantcontainsmilkywhitesap throughout thegrowing season; imazapic infallafter akilling frostbut beforeloss ofmilkysap often NOT effectiveduetonew shootgrowthfromroot buds humans and animals;sheepandgoats areimmune Lander andWhitePine counties borders andalongwaterways; knowntooccurinChurchill,Douglas, Elko,Eureka,Humboldt, kidney-shaped andhavetheappearance offlowerpetals stem (petiole);smooth edges(margins) Leafy spurge [ 59 ] Leafy spurge [ 60 ] Malta starthistle Control Other Root Flower Leaves Stem that extenddownthe stem Apply aminopyralid, 2,4-D,clopyralid ordicambafrom rosettethroughbolting; applypicloram Grazing, mowing, burningandcultivation canbeeffective ifdonepriortoseed production Also known astocalote Annual; reproduces byseed Often infestsrangeland, pastures,cropfields,wasteareasandroadsides; knowntooccurin Shallow taproot Yellow, located atbranchtipsoraxilsingroupsof1-3; baseofflowerisvase-shaped,0.3-0.6in. Rosette leavesareovaltostrap-like (linear)withsmoothtodeeplylobed edges (margins);stem 1-3 ft.tall,stiff, wiryandusuallybranched;wings(lessthan0.1in.wide)createdby leaf bases Gray-green, 0.75-6in.longand denselycoveredwithfinehairs from rosette through budstages Clark, Lincoln andNyecounties 0.6 in.long) coloredspines(0.2- diameter andcovered withcotton-likehairsandstout,purple-to-brown leaves arealternate,strap-like tooblongwithsmooth,toothedor wavyedges Malta starthistle [ 61 ] Malta starthistle [ 62 ] Mayweed chamomile Control Other Root Flower Leaves Stem Apply bromoxynil, dicamba,metsulfuron, picloramor tribenurontoactively growingplants Cultivation ormowingpriortoseed setcanbeeffective Also knownasdogfennel Foliage hasafoulodor whencrushed;reportedtoirritatetheskin oflivestockandchangethe Annual; reproducesby seed Grows bestondisturbed sites;ofteninfestsroadsides,wasteareas, landscapedareasandcrop Short, thicktaproot Daisy-like; 0.5-1in.diameter;yellow centerwith10-15whitepetals Alternate, finelyanddeeply divided,upto2.5incheslongandsometimes hairy 0.5-2 ft.tall,highlybranchedandbushy milk flavoroflactating animals fields; knowntooccur inDouglas,HumboldtandLyon counties Mayweed chamomile [ 63 ] Mayweed chamomile [ 64 ] Mediterranean sage Flower Leaves Stem Control Other Root Yellow towhite,arrangedinclusters of5-10,0.5in.long;2lips,theupperlip is arch-orhook- Lower leaveshaveleaf stems(petioles);upperleavesaresmaller andlackleafstems Gray-green; denselycoveredwith whitehairs,particularlyonnewleaves and undersideof 1-3 ft.tall,highlybranchedanddenselycovered withhairs Apply 2,4-D,clopyralid orpicloram to activelygrowing plants priorto seedproduction An insectbiological controlagent isavailable Hand removal ofindividualplants (includingthecrown) canlimitspreadof small infestations Also known asAfricansage Biennial; reproduces byseed;dried plantsdetachand “tumble,” whichdisperses seeds. Often infestsrangeland, roadsidesandwasteareas;knowntooccur inClark,Humboldtand Stout, deeptaproot 4 nutletsproducedper flower, 0.16in.long shaped, thelowerlip is smallerandhas3lobes irregular teeth;leaves haveanaromawhencrushed older leaves;widerat base(triangle-shaped);2-12in.long;edges (margins)withrounded, Washoe counties Mediterranean sage [ 65 ] Mediterranean sage [ 66 ] Medusahead Control Other Root Flower Leaves Stem Apply imazapic orsulfometuronbefore emergenceor tosmall,activelygrowing plants; Burning has hadmixedresults;most effectivewithahot, slowfirepriorto medusahead seed Tillage, mowing orgrazingprior to seedsetcanreduce stands Unpalatable tograzing animalsduetohighlevelsofsilicainthefoliage andlong,stiffawns Annual; reproducesby seed;matures2-4weekslaterthanother annualgrasses Grows bestonclaysoils; primarilyinfestsrangeland;knowntooccur inChurchill,Douglas, Fibrous Seedhead isaspike,0.5-2 in.long;awnsarestiff, straightortwisted,barbedandup to3in. 4-12 in.long,lessthan 0.12in.wide;sometimescoveredwithshort hairs;collarregionusually 0.5-2 ft.tall;slender;roundincross-section glyphosate toactively growing plants thatch layer, whichcan increasetheperformance ofsoil-applied herbicides maturity but afterotherspecies have dried-down;burning canalsobeused toreducethe Elko, Humboldt,Pershing, StoreyandWashoe counties long; spikesoftenremain intactondryplantsthroughwinter has longhairs,auricles andamembranousligule Medusahead [ 67 ] Medusahead [ 68 ] Musk thistle Other Root Flower Leaves Stem Control down thestem Biennial; reproduces byseed;also knownasnoddingthistle Often infestsroadsides, pasturesandwasteareas;knowntooccur inallNevadacounties Deep, fleshytaproot spine-tipped bracts; bractsare Base offloweriscovered withgreen,purple-orstraw-colored, Pink topurple(occasionally white),upto3in.wide,eachlocated atthetipofastem;head Dark greenwithalight-green midvein,4-15in.long,alternateand sometimeshairy;edges 2-6 ft.tallandsometimeswoolybranched; spinywingscausedbyleafbasesthatextend EXCEPT Douglas, Esmeralda,Mineral andPershing 0.1-0.3 in.wide,lance-shaped andsometimeshairy often nodsordroops; stembelowheadusuallyspineless (margins) aredeeplylobed andspiny Apply 2,4-D,dicamba, chlorsulfuron, metsulfuron orpicloram toactively growing rosettes; Several biological controlsareavailable Mowing, tilling orhandremoval after boltingbutprior tofloweringiseffective; removethe aminopyralid or clopyralid between rosette and late-bolt stages top 2in.of crownbydiggingbefore seedproduction Musk thistle [ 69 ] Musk thistle [ 70 ] Perennial pepperweed Leaves Stem Flower Control Other Root crown oftenbranched neartop;branchesarisefromleafaxils Alternate, ovaltolance-shaped, mostly3-12in.long,1-3wide, greentogray-green, lack Up to6ft.tall,semi-woody, waxyandlackshair(glabrous);manystemscanarisefromeach Seed podsareround, flattened,lessthan0.1in.diameter, usuallycoveredwithhairs;eachhas Small andwhitewith 4 petals;arrangedindenseclustersatthetips ofstems Apply metsulfuron orchlorsulfuron toactivelygrowing plantsthroughearly-bloom; imazapic Mowing, digging, tillage,burning andgrazingestablished standsareNOTeffective Also known astallwhitetop Perennial; reproducesbyroots andseed Grows bestonmoist sites; oftenfoundinfloodplains,pastures,meadows, hayfieldsandalong Creeping rootsystem clasp stem;lowerleaves largerthanupperleaves hair andwaxy;edges (margins) smoothtotoothedandcanalsobe curled;leafbasesDONOT 2 chambers,eachwith 1seed effective ifrepeated forseveral years from full-bloom until plants becomenecrotic; 2,4-D andglyphosate at budtoflower canbe waterways; knowntooccurinall Nevadacounties Perennial pepperweed [ 71 ] Perennial pepperweed [ 72 ] Perennial sowthistle Control Other Root Flower Leaves Stem exudes white,milkysap whenbroken Apply 2,4-D, picloram,clopyralid oraminopyralidtoactively growingplants beforebudstage Perennial; reproducesbyseed androots;seediswind-dispersed Grows bestinmoist, fertile soils;ofteninfestscropfields,gardens, wasteareasandditch Creeping rootsystem Yellow; lessthan2in.wide;baseof flowerisvaseshaped;baseandstalk usually Edges (margins)smooth todeeplylobedandspiny Alternate; upperleaves aresmallerandfewerthanlowerleaves; leafbasesclaspthestem; Up to6ft.tall,mostlyunbranchedexceptnear thetopwhereseveralflowerstemsform; banks; knowntooccur inElko,Humboldt,Lincoln,StoreyandWhite Pinecounties covered withstiff, stickyhairs exude white,milkysap whenbroken Perennial sowthistle [ 73 ] Perennial sowthistle [ 74 ] Poison-hemlock Control Other Root Flower Leaves Stem with lengthwiseridges Apply 2,4-D, MCPA, glyphosate,chlorsulfuron ormetsulfuron toyoungactivelygrowing plants An insectbiological controlagent isavailable Repeated mowingor tillagepriortoseed production iseffective; hand-removalbycutting the Highly toxic toanimalsandhumans whenconsumed Biennial; reproducesby seed Grows bestinmoistsites; ofteninfestscropfields,waterways,roadsides andwasteareas; Thick, deeptaproot Small andwhite;arranged inumbrella-likeclustersatendofastalk Triangular, 4-12in.long,finelypinnate-divided (fern-like)andlackhair(glabrous); leafletshave Up to10ft.tall,greenwithpurplespots,stout, hollowexceptatnodesandhighlybranched taproot below thecrowncanalso eliminateplants(avoid contactwithskin) known tooccurinall Nevada countiesEXCEPT Clark,Lander, Mineral,NyeandPershing toothed edges;foliage hasamustyodor Poison-hemlock [ 75 ] Poison-hemlock [ 76 ] Puncturevine Stem Control Root Flower Leaves Other highly branched,green toreddish-brownandoftenhairy Also known asgoathead,Mexican sandbur, Texas sandburandtackweed; spinesonfruitcan Prostrate; multiplestemsthatspreadradiallyfromcrown;upto3ft.long(sometimeslonger); Apply 2,4-D,glyphosate, dicamba, chlorsulfuron orimazapic toyoung, activelygrowing plants Two insectbiological controlagents are available Frequent hand-removal ortillagepriorto seed production Slender, deep taproot;canassociatewithnitrogen-fixing bacteria Fruit isawoodyburthatbreaks into5sections(nutlets)atmaturity;each nutlethas2stout, Yellow, 0.2-0.6 in.diameter, with5petals;arisefromleafaxils Opposite, usuallyhairy, pinnate-compound,1-2 in.long,with3-7pairsofleaflets;leaflets oval Annual; reproduces byseed Grows bestindry, sandysoils;ofteninfestsroadsides, cropfieldsandwasteareas;known to and 0.2-0.6in.long;edges (margins)aresmooth spines andcontains3-5 seeds occur inall Nevadacounties cause injury tolivestockandhumans andcanalsopuncture tires;foliagecanbe toxictolivestock Puncturevine Puncturevine [ 77 ] Puncturevine [ 78 ] Purple loosestrife Flower Root Other Control Leaves Stem from rootcrown Showy; clusteredonstalks atthetipsofbranches;5-7pinktopurple petalssurroundinga Taproot with somespreadingroots;canassociatewith nitrogen-fixingbacteria Historically usedasanornamental plantbuthasescaped cultivation Perennial; reproducesbyseed andstemfragments Grows bestinwetareas; oftenfoundinmarshesandalongtheedges ofpondandwaterways; Apply metsulfuron toactively growing plants,glyphosate or triclopyrat bloom;imazapyr from Several biological controlagents are available Repeated hand-removal ofindividualplants (includingroots)can beeffective;DONOT mow Mostly oppositeorwhorled, narrowtolance-shaped,2-6in.long, smoothedges(margins), Up to6ft.tall,4-5sided,coveredwithshort hairsandoftenbranched;multiplestemsarise or crushed yellow center;petals are lessthan0.5in.long,eachhaveadarkmidvein andappearwrinkled known tooccur inCarsonCity, Churchill, Clark,Douglas, Elko,StoreyandWashoe counties bloom untilkilling frost lack hair(glabrous)to hairy;NOleafstems(petioles) Purple loosestrife Purple [ 79 ] Purple loosestrife [ 80 ] Purple starthistle Stem Control Other Root Flower Leaves Up to4ft.tall,stiff, highlybranched,bushyandcoveredwith hairs; NOwingsonupperstems Apply 2,4-D,clopyralid ordicamba in the rosette stage;apply picloram from rosette through Mowing plants inbudtoflowerstage canreduceseed production;repeated handremovalcan Closely resembles Iberianstarthistle ineverythingexcept seed;seedofIberian starthistlehas Annual, biennialorperennial; reproducesbyseed;olderrosettes haveacircleofstraw- Grows bestinsiteswith heavy, fertilesoils;often infestsrangelands,wasteareasand Deep, stouttaproot Pink topurple,eachlocated atthetipofabranch;baseflower isvase-shaped,0.75-1in. Alternate; 4-8in.long, mostlypinnate-divided,coveredwithshort grayishhairsanddotted be effective; DONOTburn plume ofbristles extendingfrom oneend,purplestarthistle doesNOT colored spines atthecenter roadsides; knowntooccur inPershing County spines0.4-1in.long long, 0.25in.wideand coveredwithstout,straw-colored with resin mid-bolt stage Purple starthistle Purple [ 81 ] Purple starthistle 1 mm | | [ 82 ] Rush skeletonweed Flower Leaves Stem Control Other Root reddish-brown hairs Seed tippedwithawhite, parachute-likepappusthatallowsitto bespreadbywind Yellow; 0.75in.wide;7-15linear petalswithtoothedtips;canbealoneorin smallclusters Stems haveveryfewleaves; typicallynarrowwithsmoothedges; inconspicuous Rosette leavesresembledandelion; 2-5in.long,0.5-2wideandlackhair; edges(margins) Lacks hair(glabrous)except lower4-6in.whichiscoveredwith coarse, downward-pointing, Multiple, upto4ft.tallandhighlybranched; containswhite,milkysap Apply picloram,clopyralid or 2,4-Din therosette toearly-bolt stages Several biological controlagents areavailable Repeated hand-removal ofindividualplants (includingroots)and frequenttillageare effective Perennial; reproducebyseed androots Grows best inwell-drainedsoils; ofteninfestsroadsides, rangelandsandwaste areas;knownto Deep taprootandshort creepinglateralroots scattered alongbranches are irregularwithshallow lobesandareoftenpurplish;rosetteleaves usuallywitheratbolting occur inDouglas County Rush skeletonweed [ 83 ] Rush skeletonweed [ 84 ] Russian knapweed Control Other Root Flower Leaves Stem Apply glyphosate, chlorsulfuronor clopyralidfromthe budtoflowerstage; aminopyralidor Mowing and tillageareNOTeffective Causes “chewing disease”inhorses bydamagingthearea ofthebrainthat controls finemotor Perennial; reproducesbyroots andseed Grows wellonabroad rangeofsites;oftenfoundinrangeland,waste areas,roadsidesand Creeping rootsystem; upperrootsoftendarkbrowntoblack Purple, pinkorwhite, eachlocatedatthetipofabranch;base flowerisvase-shaped,0.25- Lower leaves2-4in.long withlobedtowavyedges(margins);upper leavesstrap-like(linear) Alternate; mostlycovered withwoolygrayhair Numerous; highlybranched,stiff, 1-3ft.tallandcoveredwithwoolygrayhair;NO wings or lance-shapedandless than1.2in.longwithsmoothortoothed edges picloram frombud through dormancy; imazapicto dormant plantsinfall movements, particularlyofthemouth; resultsinstarvation ordehydration along waterways;known tooccurinallNevadacounties 0.5 in.wideandcovered withgreenbractspaperyorwhitish edges Russian knapweed [ 85 ] Russian knapweed [ 86 ] Saltcedar Control Other Root Flower Leaves Stem branched withreddish-brown bark;leavesturnyellowtoredin autumn Apply imazapyr toactivelygrowing foliageduringflowering; triclopyr, glyphosateorimazapyr An insectbiological controlagent isavailable Cutting, digging orburningMUST becombinedwitha chemicalapplication tobeeffective Also known astamarisk High concentration ofsaltinfallen leavescanimpactgrowth ofotherplants Perennial; reproducesbyseed,rootsand stemfragments Often foundalongedges ofwaterways,lakesandponds;known to occurinallNevada Deep taprootwithcreeping roots Tiny with5whitetopink petals;arrangedinfinger-like clustersatthetipsofbranches Alternate; deciduous; greentoblue-green,small(0.06-0.14in.long), ovaltolance-shaped, Shrub orsmalltree;multiplelargestemsarise fromrootcrown;upto20ft.tall,highly as acut stumpor basalbark treatment counties overlapping andscale-like Saltcedar [ 87 ] Saltcedar [ 88 ] Scotch thistle Control Other Root Flower Leaves Stem hairs Apply 2,4-D, dicamba,chlorsulfuron, metsulfuronorpicloram toactivelygrowing rosettes; Hand-removal, diggingormowing priortofloweringcan beeffective Forms dense standsthataredifficult forhumansandanimals topenetrate Biennial; reproduces byseed Often infestspastures, rangeland,roadsidesandwasteareas;known tooccurinallNevada Fleshy taproot White topurpleflowers, eachlocatedatthetipofabranch;base offlowerisround Alternate; oblong,4-20 in.long,coveredwithwooly, grayhairsgiving plantagray-green Up to12ft.tallandbranched,withspinywings alongsmoothstem;coveredwithwooly, gray stage 2,4-D +dicamba, aminopyralid, chlorsulfuron or clopyralid betweenrosette and late-bolt counties (less than0.2in.long), eachtippedwithaspine;oftencovered wooly, grayhairs (resembles asquashed globe),1-2in.wideandcoveredwithgreen, purpleoryellowbracts appearance; edges(margins) arelobedortoothedwithstiffspines Scotch thistle [ 89 ] Scotch thistle [ 90 ] Silverleaf nightshade Control Other Root Flower Leaves Stem yellow spines(lessthan 0.2in.long) Apply glyphosate or2,4-Dto young,actively growing plants; picloram atfullflower; imazapyr Repeated hand-digging can beeffective; DONOT usetillage, mowing orgrazing Also known aswhitehorsenettle Toxic tolivestock andhumans Perennial; reproducesbyseeds androots Often infests rangeland,roadsides, wasteareasandcrop fields;nativetoNorth America; Deep, creepingrootsystem Berries areround,shiny, yellow, 0.25-0.5 in.diameterandresembletinytomatoes Star-shaped, 0.75-1.5in.diameter, purpletoblue with 5petalsandyellowstamens and;usually Alternate; ovaltolance-shaped and3-6in.longwithwavyorlobed edges(margins);usually 1-3 ft.tall,branchedanddenselycoveredwith shorthairs;sometimescoveredwithredto to actively growing plants known tooccur inClark,Elkoand Nyecounties 3-5 flowersclustered on stalksattipsofbranches the plantagrayorsilvery appearance NO spinesonleafveins; coveredwithtinyhairsthatarestar-shaped withmagnification;gives Silverleaf nightshade [ 91 ] Silverleaf nightshade [ 92 ] Spotted knapweed Control Other Root Flower Leaves Stem Apply 2,4-Dordicamba in the rosette stage;apply clopyralid, picloram oraminopyralid Several insectbiological control agents areavailable Mowing plants inbudtoflowerstage canreduceseed production;repeated handremovalcan Biennial; reproduces byseedand lateralroots Grows bestondry, well-drainedsoils;ofteninfests rangelands,wasteareasandroadsides; Deep, stouttaproot White topurple,each locatedatthetipofabranch;baseflower isvase-shaped,0.5in.long, Alternate, gray-green, upto8in. long;mostarepinnate-divided,dottedwith resinand Up to4ft.tall,rough-textured,branchedand bushy;NOwingsonupperstems between rosette andmid-bolt stages be effective; DONOTburn Lincoln, Nye, Washoe andWhitePinecounties known tooccur inCarsonCity, Clark, Douglas,Elko,Eureka, Humboldt,Lander, Lyon, spots (afterwhichthe weedisnamed) withdark,comb-liketipsthatgivetheappearance of 0.3-0.5 in.wideandcovered withbracts lobes sometimes coveredwith smallgrayishhairs;upperleavessmaller andnarrowerwithfewtono Spotted knapweed [ 93 ] Spotted knapweed [ 94 ] Squarrose knapweed Stem Control Other Root Flower Leaves crown; NOwingson upper stems Up to2ft.tall,highlybranchedandrough-textured; multiplestemscanarisefromwoody Apply 2,4-Dordicamba in the rosette stage;clopyralid, picloram oraminopyralid between Several insectbiological control agents areavailable Mowing plants inbudtoflowerstage canreduceseed production;repeated handremovalcan Perennial; reproducesbyseed Often infests rangelands,wasteareas androadsides;known tooccurinElko andWhitePine Deep, stouttaproot Pink topurple,eachlocated atthetipofabranch;baseflower isnarrowvase-shaped,0.3 Exist asabasalrosette priortobolting;alternate;lowerleavespinnate-divided and4-8in.long; rosette andmid-bolt stages be effective; DONOTburn counties in. long)thatcurvesoutward in. long,0.12wide andcoveredwithcomb-likebracts,tipped withaspine(lessthan0.12 (margins) sometimes coveredwith shortgrayishhairs;upperleavesstrap-like (linear)withsmoothedges Squarrose knapweed [ 95 ] Squarrose knapweed [ 96 ] Sulfur cinquefoil Control Other Root Flower Leaves Stem arise fromcrown Apply aminopyralid inthepre-bud stage;picloramtoactively growingplants inspringorfall Hand-digging individualplantscan beeffectiveforsmall infestations;cultivation canalsobe Perennial; reproducesbyseed Often infestsrangeland, pastures,roadsidesandwasteareas;known tooccurinElko, Woody taprootwithshortbranch roots 0.5-1 in.wide,eachon ashortstalk;5pale-yellowpetalswithnotch attipsurroundayellow Alternate; palmate-compound with5-7leaflets;rough,hairy, 1-4in.longwithtoothededges 1-2 ft.tall,stout,coveredwithhairsandusually unbranchedbelowflowers;sometimesmany effective; mowing doesNOTcontrol establishedplants Humboldt andLyon counties center (margins) Sulfur cinquefoil [ 97 ] Sulfur cinquefoil [ 98 ] Swainsonpea Control Other Root Flower Leaves Stem Apply 2,4-D toactivelygrowing plants Hand removal ofindividualplants, includingroots,can limitspreadofsmall infestations Also known asAustrianpeaweed Potential contaminantofalfalfa seedduetosimilar size, shapeandweight Perennial; reproducesbyseedandcreeping roots Often infestsroadsides, fencerowsandirrigationditches;notknown tooccurinNevada Woody, creeping rootsystem;rootsassociatewith nitrogen-fixing bacteria Pods areoval,bladder-like, translucentandcontainmanyseeds; seedsremaininpodsduring Pea-like, and0.5 in.long reddish-orange Pinnate-compound; leaflets areoval,opposite,0.2-0.8in.long,lack leafstems(petioles)and Up to5ft.tallandcoveredwithshorthairs dispersal covered withshorthairs onlowersurface Swainsonpea [ 99 ] Swainsonpea [ 100 ] Syrian beancaper Control Other Root Flower Leaves Stem Apply glyphosate, imazapic,picloram ormetsulfuronfrom budstageuntilfall Cultivation andhand-removaloften unsuccessfuldueto remainingrootfragments thatcan Perennial; reproducesbyseed andcreepingroots Often infestsrangeland, roadsidesanddesertareas;knowntooccur inChurchillCounty Deep, woodytaproot withcreepingroots Pods cylindrical,1-1.5in.longand5-sided withsmallwings;thread-likeprojection extends 5 petals,whitetocream coloredwithapinkororangetinge;each onshortstalksatupperleaf Opposite; compound with2oppositeleaflets;leafletsoblong,0.5-1.5 in.long,thick,waxyand Up to3ft.tall;multiplestemsfromcrown; branched;lackshair(glabrous) lack hair(glabrous)with smoothedges(margins) generate new plants from tip;5chambers, eachcontaining1seed axils Syrian beancaper [ 101 ] Syrian beancaper [ 102 ] Waterhemlock Stem Control Other Root Flower Leaves streaks; oftenbranched Up to5ft.tall,stout,lackshair(glabrous)and hollowexceptatnodes;usuallywithpurple Apply 2,4-D orglyphosatetoactively growingplants Repeated cultivation orhand-removalcan beeffective(avoidcontact withskin) Highly toxic toanimalsandhumans, eveninsmallquantities Perennial; reproducesbyseed Grows bestinmoistsoils; oftenfoundincropfields,roadsides,waste areasandalong Swollen taprootatstem basethatcanbecutopentorevealmultiple narrow, hollow, Small, whiteandarranged inumbrella-likeclustersatendofastalk Pinnate-compound; leaflets arelance-shaped,1-4in.longandlack hair;edges(margins)are White Pine counties;nativetoNorth America waterways; knownto occurinCarsonCity, Elko,Eureka,Humboldt, Lander, Lincoln,Nyeand odor ofparsnipandis highlytoxic horizontal chambers; fluid releasedfromcutstembasesisorange-yellow orbrown,hasthe toothed Waterhemlock [ 103 ] Waterhemlock [ 104 ] Yellow starthistle Control Other Root Flower Leaves Stem Several biological controlagents areavailable Grazing, mowing, burning,pulling, diggingandcultivation canbeeffectiveif donepriortoseed Causes “chewing disease”inhorses bydamagingthearea ofthebrainthat controls finemotor Annual; reproduces byseed Often infestsrangeland, pastures,cultivatedfields,wasteareasand roadsides;knowntooccur Deep taproot Yellow, located singlyatbranchtipsoraxils;baseof flowerisvase-shaped,0.5-0.75in. Rosette leavesareovaltostrap-like (linear)withdeeplylobededges(margins); stemleavesare Apply aminopyralid, 2,4-D,clopyralid, dicamba orpicloram toactively growing plantsbefore flowering Blue- togray-green, 1.5-6in.long anddenselycoveredwithfinehairs Stiff, wiry, 1-6ft.tallandusuallybranched;wings(lessthan0.2in.wide)extenddown stem production movements, particularlyofthemouth, resultinginstarvation ordehydration and Washoe counties in CarsonCity, Churchill, Douglas,Elko,Humboldt,Lander, Lyon, Mineral,Pershing, Storey diameter and covered with cotton-like hairs and stout, straw-colored spines0.5-1in.long diameter andcovered withcotton-likehairsandstout,straw-colored alternate, strap-liketo oblongwithsmoothtowavyedges Yellow starthistle [ 105 ] Yellow starthistle [ 106 ] Yellow toadflax Control Other Root Flower Leaves Stem Apply dicamba,2,4-D orpicloram before bloom; imazapicor picloram tofallregrowth or Several biological controlagents areavailable Mechanical control(mowing,burning ortillage)isNOT effective Also known as“butterandeggs” Toxic tolivestock ifingestedinlarge quantities; historically usedasamedicine, dyeandan Perennial; reproducesbyseed andcreepingroots Grows bestincoarse soils; ofteninfestsrangelands,wasteareas and roadsides;knownto Creeping rootsystem Seed capsulesroundwith twochambers,0.3-0.5in.diameter, containmanyseeds Snapdragon-like; 0.5-1.5 in.long,brightyellowtowhitewithan orange beardedthroatanda Alternate; strap-like(linear), 1-2.5in.long,0.1-0.2inwideandlack hair(glabrous)tosparsely Multiple stemsupto3ft.tall;woodybase; often branchedneartop;sometimeshairy shortly afterfirst killingfrost ornamental occur inDouglas,Elko, Esmeralda,HumboldtandWhitePinecounties yellow spur;clustered alongupperpartofstem hairy; NOleafstems(petioles); DONOTclaspthestem;edges (margins) aresmooth Yellow toadflax [ 107 ] Yellow toadflax [ 108 ] Glossary stem but priortoemergence fromthesheath thepointwherea leafattachestothestem ingrasses,thestage atwhichtheseedheadhasformed, causingthestemtoswell, occurswhenthe lobes atthebottomofaleafwrap partially orentirelyaroundthe slenderbristles,usually associatedwiththeseedheads ofgrasses asmall,leaf-likestructure foundatthebaseofaflower thejunction ofthesheath and bladeingrasses aplantthatcompletesitslifecyclein oneyear asmall,finger-like appendagefound wheretheblademeetssheath ingrasses aplantthatcompletes itslifecycleintwoyears aroot system thatgrows horizontally above or below the soilsurface leavesthatgrowsinglyalongastem andarenotoppositeorwhorled aleafcomposed oftwoor moreleaflets seedleaves thatappearat germination [ 109 ] Glossary lanceolate; a leaf that is much longer than wide; widest near the base and lanceolate; a leaf that is much longer than wide; widest lacking hairs (smooth) the central vein of a leaf the edge of a leaf a root system composed of many densely packed roots that appear similar in a root system composed of a leaf that is longer than it is wide and has edges that are nearly parallel the persistent base of a non-woody perennial plant that dies to the ground each plant that dies to the base of a non-woody perennial the persistent a small leaf of a compound leaf a long, narrow leaf with parallel edges a leaf edge that cuts deeply toward the base or midvein a thin membranous or hair-like appendage at the leaf collar a thin membranous or hair-like a place on a stem where a leaf is or has been attached length and thickness year tapered toward both ends [ 110 ] Glossary sunflower family(Asteraceae) long, unbranched stalk theseedhead ofagrasswhere theflowersor seedsareattached directlytoacentral, asingleleaf attachedtoa branch orstemby aleafstem(petiole); notcompound thelower, tubularpartofagrassleafthat enclosesthestem astalkthatsupports thebladeofaleaf hairs,bristles,scales orawnsthatarisefromoneend oftheseedplantsin acircularcluster of leaves acompoundleaf with leafletsarrangedonopposite sides ofacommonstalk aleafwhoselobesspreadlikefingers fromthepalm stalk-like appendage(s)on aflowerthatrise abovethepetals and producepollen acreepingunderground stem apairofleavesthatgrowfromthe samenode,directlyacrossfromeachother aplantthatpersists forthreeormoreyearsgrowing seasons growing below thewater surface [ 111 ] Glossary three or more leaves arranged in a circle at a node three or more leaves arranged a leaf edge that has sawtooth-like projections a leaf edge that has sawtooth-like an enlarged, vertical main root an enlarged, thin, flat margins (projections of leaves) that extend outward along a stem, fruit or of leaves) that extend outward along a stem, fruit thin, flat margins (projections seed [ 112 ] Herbicides copper complexes: clopyralid +triclopyr: clopyralid +2,4-D: clopyralid: chlorsulfuron: bromoxynil: aminopyralid: 2,4-D: Active ingredient(s): T common name,trade namesofafewcommercialproducts areprovided. (active ingredients) ofchemicalsarepresented.To help readersidentifythechemical products available andthefactthattradenamesareconstantly changing,commonnames looking forchemicalcontroloptions. Duetothelargenumberoftrade(brand)named his bookletprovidesherbiciderecommendations asastartingpointforindividuals severalproducts Stinger, Transline Buctril Milestone Telar several products Curtail Product(s) Redeem glyphosate: fluridone: fluazifop: fenoxaprop: endothall: diquat: dicamba +2,4-D: dicamba: Active ingredient(s): Reward Banvel,Vanquish, Clarity Fusilade Sonar, Avast! Aquathol, Hydrothol Roundup, Rodeo, Touchdown Acclaim, Horizon Weedmaster, Pasturemaster Product(s) [ 113 ] Herbicides Product(s) Crossbow Oust Poast Express Tordon Garlon, Renovate, Remedy Garlon, Renovate, Active ingredient(s): sethoxydim: sulfometuron: tribenuron: triclopyr: triclopyr + 2,4-D: picloram: Journey Product(s) Landmaster Escort, Ally, Cimarron Escort, Ally, Arsenal, Habitat Plateau several products Cimarron Max imazapic: imazapyr: metsulfuron: metsulfuron + dicamba + 2,4-D: imazapic + glyphosate: MCPA: Active ingredient(s): glyphosate + 2,4-D: [ 114 ] References Whitson, T. D., et al.2006.Weeds of theWest. LasCruces,NM: Western SocietyofWeed Science. Peachy, E.,et.al.2008.Pacific NorthwestWeed Management Handbook.Corvallis or:OregonStateUniversity. Graham, J.andW. S.Johnson.2004.ManagingMayweedChamomile. UniversityofNevadaCooperativeExtension. Fact Sheet04- Graham, J.andW. S.Johnson.2003.ManagingCommonCrupina. UniversityofNevadaCooperativeExtension. Fact Sheet03-44. Donaldson, S.andD.Rafferty. 2002.Identificationand ManagementofCamelthorn.UniversityNevada CooperativeExtension. DiTomaso, Healy. J.M.andE.A. 2007. Weeds ofCalifornia andOtherWestern UniversityofCalifornia. States. Davis,CA: DiTomaso, Healy. J.M.andE.A. andRiparianWeeds 2003. Aquatic oftheWest. UniversityofCalifornia. Davis, CA: Dewey, etal.2006.Weed S.A., ManagementHandbook –Montana,UtahandWyoming. Laramie, WY: UniversityofWyoming. Dewey, S.2003.NoxiousWeeds: ABiologicalWildfire. UtahStateUniversity Extension.AG500. AquaPlant. 2008. ManagementOptionsforEurasianWatermilfoil,AquaPlant. GiantReed,SalviniaandHydrilla. DepartmentofWildlife http://www.utahweed.org/pdf_goatsrue2.pdf.Anonymous. 2004.SolutionsforGoatsrue.Utah-Idaho CWMA. September Accessed: 08. Fact Sheet02-41 September 2,2008. and Fisheries Sciences,Texas A&MUniversity. http://aquaplant.tamu.edu/database/index/mgmt_options.htm. Accessed: 2, 2008.

[ 115 ] Acknowledgements t; all nt. ; Leaves and Extension. m: purple y of California: gwood.org. other photos, Joe DiTomaso. Charles Hart, Dell O’Clark, J. Neal, J.P. Clark, Jack Kelly Clark, Jim O’Brien, Joe DiTomaso, Ross O’Connell and Steve Orloff O’Connell Ross Joe DiTomaso, Clark, Jim O’Brien, Clark, Jack Kelly J. Neal, J.P. Charles Hart, Dell O’Clark, Charles Hart; musk thistle, Joe DiTomaso. African rue, starthistle, Joe DiTomaso; bugwood.org. State University, Utah stems, Steve Dewey, Diffuse knapweed: Rosette, Nathan Belliston, Uintah County Weed Department; all other photos, Joe DiTomaso. Nathan Belliston, Uintah County Weed Diffuse knapweed: Rosette, Department. Dyer’s plant, Steve Orloff; all other photos, Nathan Belliston, Uintah County Weed woad: Flowering Eurasian watermilfoil: Whole plant photo, Richard Old, XID Services, bugwood.org; all other photos, Joe DiTomaso. bugwood.org; all other photos, Joe DiTomaso. USDA-USFS, Miller, Giant reed: Upright stems, James H. bugwood.org; all other photos, Joe DiTomaso. University, Evans, Eastern Kentucky Giant salvinia: Plants, Troy Crimson fountaingrass: All photos, Joe DiTomaso. Departme Nathan Belliston, Uintah County Weed all other photos, Dalmation toadflax: Flower close up and seedling, Joe DiTomaso; All photos (with the exception of Eurasian watermilfoil) by the following authors are Copyright © 2008 Regents of the Universit Regents following authors are Copyright © 2008 of Eurasian watermilfoil) by the All photos (with the exception bu Elizabeth Bella, USDA-USFS, Clark; flower, flowering plant and rosette, Jack Kelly Austrian fieldcress: Plant, Joe DiTomaso; Department. County Weed all other photos, Nathan Belliston, Uintah Black henbane: Seed pod, Joe DiTomaso; flower closeup, Richard Old, XID Services, bugwood.org O’Connell; Clark; plant and seed pod, Ross Camelthorn: Whole plant, J.P. Cover photos (left to right) top: Sulfur cinquefoil, Joe DiTomaso; camelthorn, Ross O’Connell; horsenettle, Joe DiTomaso. Botto horsenettle, Joe DiTomaso. O’Connell; Ross camelthorn, Joe DiTomaso; Cover photos (left to right) top: Sulfur cinquefoil, African Mustard: All photos, Joe DiTomaso. Earl Creech, University of Nevada Cooperative young plant, Charles Hart; plant and seed pod, Joe DiTomaso; African rue: Flower, Department. County Weed all other photos, Nathan Belliston, Uintah Joe DiTomaso; Canada thistle: Roots, Common crupina: All photos, Joe DiTomaso. Departmen Nathan Belliston, Uintah County Weed Common St. Johnswort: Whole plant, Richard Old, XID Services, bugwood.org; leaf, [ 116 ] Acknowledgements Medusahead: Leaf collarandsheath,JoeDiTomaso; whole plant,SteveDewey, UtahStateUniversity, bugwood.org;allotherphoto Mediterranean sage:Infestation, Ross O’Connell; allother photos,JoeDiTomaso. Mayweed chamomile:Whole plantphoto,RichardOld,XIDServices,bugwood.org; allotherphotos,JoeDiTomaso. Malta starthistle:Allphotos, JoeDiTomaso. Leafy spurge:Wholeplantand flowers,JoeDiTomaso; allotherphotos,NathanBelliston, UintahCountyWeed Department. Johnsongrass: Wholeplantand leafcloseup,JoeDiTomaso; allotherphotos, JackKelly Clark. Puncturevine: Seeds, NathanBelliston, UintahCounty Weed Department; seedling,Jack Kelly Clark; patchand flowersand seeds, Poison-hemlock: Flowerclose up,Nathan Belliston,Uintah County Weed Department; allotherphotos, JoeDiTomaso. Perennial sowthistle:Wholeplant, J.Neal;plantwithrhizomes, SteveDewey, UtahState University, bugwood.org;allotherpho Perennial pepperweed:Inflorescence, NathanBelliston,Uintah CountyWeed Department; allotherphotos,JoeDiTomaso. Musk thistle:Plant andpatch,NathanBelliston, UintahCountyWeed Department; allotherphotos, JoeDiTomaso. Iberian starthistle:Wholeplant andflowerhead,Ross O’Connell; seeds,JimO’Brien; rosette,Western SocietyofWeed Science: Hydrilla: Crosssectionand plant, JackKelly Clark; tuberandinfestation,JoeDiTomaso. Houndstongue: Seedlingand flowerswithseeds,JoeDiTomaso; allotherphotos,NathanBelliston, UintahCountyWeed Department. Horsenettle: Allphotos,Joe DiTomaso. Hoary cress:Infestationand seedling,NathanBelliston,UintahCountyWeed Department;allotherphotos,JoeDiTomaso. Goatsrue: Plantwithrootstalks,SteveDewey, UtahStateUniversity, bugwood.org;allotherphotos,NathanBelliston,UintahCo West”. Belliston, Uintah CountyWeed Department. Belliston, Uintah CountyWeed Department. Department. tos, Nathan “Weeds ofthe unty Weed Joe DiTomaso. s, Nathan [ 117 ] Acknowledgements nt. . n Belliston, iversity, iversity, Department. bugwood.org; flower head, Jack Kelly Clark; rosette, Joe DiTomaso. bugwood.org; flower head, Jack Kelly Uintah County Weed Department. Uintah County Weed Yellow toadflax: Flowering stem and plants with rootstalk, Joe DiTomaso; all other photos, Nathan Belliston, Uintah County Weed toadflax: Flowering stem and plants with rootstalk, Joe DiTomaso; Yellow Purple loosestrife: Whorled leaf arrangement, Joe DiTomaso; all other photos, Nathan Belliston, Uintah County Weed Department. County Weed all other photos, Nathan Belliston, Uintah leaf arrangement, Joe DiTomaso; Purple loosestrife: Whorled all other photos, Joe DiTomaso. Jim O’Brien; Purple starthistle: Seeds, skeletonweed: All photos, Joe DiTomaso. Rush photos, Natha bugwood.org; all other Utah State University, flower heads, Steve Dewey, Joe DiTomaso; knapweed: Rosette, Russian Departme all other photos, Nathan Belliston, Uintah County Weed and leaves and stems, Joe DiTomaso; Squarrose knapweed: Rosette Utah State University. Steve Dewey, all other photos, Sulfur cinquefoil: Seedling and leaf and stem hairs, Joe DiTomaso; Swainsonpea: All photos, Utah State University Archives, bugwood.org. whole plant, Joe DiTomaso. Syrian beancaper: Flower and seed pod, Dell O’Clark; DiTomaso. All photos, Joe Waterhemlock: Utah State Un Department; winged leaves, Steve Dewey, Weed and plant, Nathan Belliston, Uintah County starthistle: Patch Yellow Saltcedar: All photos, Nathan Belliston, Uintah County Weed Department. County Weed Saltcedar: All photos, Nathan Belliston, Uintah Department. Uintah County Weed Scotch thistle: All photos, Nathan Belliston, Clark; all other photos, Joe DiTomaso. Silverleaf nightshade: Seedling, Jack Kelly Department all other photos, Nathan Belliston, Uintah County Weed and leaves and stems, Joe DiTomaso; Spotted knapweed: Rosette [ 118 ] Weeds Listed by Family Figwort family( Caltrop family( Borage family( Grass family( Loosestrife family( Syrian beancaper( Dalmatian toadflax( African rue( Houndstongue ( Purple loosestrife( Medusahead ( Johnsongrass ( Giant reed( Crimson fountaingrass ( Puncturevine ( Yellow toadflax( Arundo donax Peganum harmala Poaceae Taeniatherum caput-medusae Sorghum halepense Tribulus terrestris Boraginaceae Zygophyllaceae Scrophulariaceae Cynoglossum officinale Linaria vulgaris Zygophyllum fabago Lythrum salicaria Lythraceae Linaria dalmatica ) Pennisetum setaceum ...... 40 ) ...... 16 ) ...... 106 ) )...... 76 ) ...... 56 ) ) ) ...... 78 ) )...... 32 ) ...... 100 ) ...... 50 ) )...... 6 ...... 30 ) 6 Mint family( Parsley family( Nightshade family( Mustard family( Pea family( eierna ae( Mediterranean sage Horsenettle ( Black henbane( Perennial pepperweed( Hoary cress( woad( Dyer’s Austrian fieldcress( African mustard( Camelthorn ( Poison-hemlock ( Waterhemlock ( Silverleaf nightshade ( Fabaceae Lamiaceae Cardaria Solanum carolinense Alhagi maurorum Isatis tinctoria Apiaceae Hyoscyamus niger Cicuta Brassicaceae Brassica tournefortii Conium maculatum Rorippa austriaca Solanaceae avaaethiopis Salvia sp)...... 46 spp.) Solanum elaeagnifolium ) sp)...... 102 spp.) Lepidium latifolium ) ) )...... 36 )...... 22 ) )...... 48 )...... 20 ) )...... 74 )...... 64 )...... 18 ...... 14 ) )...... 70 )...... 90 [ 119 ] Weeds by Listed Family ) ...... 94 ) ...... 38 squarrosa ) )...... 92 var. var. ) ...... 104 ) ...... 80 )...... 82 )...... 72 ) )...... 88 ) ...... 84 ) )...... 86 ) ...... 68 )...... 52 Centaurea virgata Myriophyllum spicatum Halorgaceae Sonchus arvensis Chondrilla juncea Hydrocharitaceae Centaurea biebersteinii Acroptilon repens Centaurea solstitialis Centaurea calcitrapa Tamaricaceae Onopordum acanthium Carduus nutans Tamarix ramosissima Tamarix Hydrilla verticillata Purple starthistle ( knapweed ( Russian Perennial sowthistle ( Perennial Saltcedar ( Eurasian watermilfoil ( Hydrilla ( Rush skeletonweed ( Rush Musk thistle ( Scotch thistle ( Spotted knapweed ( Squarrose knapweed ( Yellow starthistle ( Yellow Tamarisk family ( Tamarisk family ( Watermilfoil family ( Waterweed )...... 28 ) ...... 62 )...... 60 ) ...... 34 )...... 54 ) ...... 98 )...... 26 ) )...... 96 ) )...... 24 )...... 42 )...... 58 )...... 44 Hypericum perforatum ) Anthemis cotula Centaurea diffusa Crupina vulgaris Asteraceae Centaurea iberica Potentilla recta Potentilla Centaurea melitensis Salviniaceae Cirsium arvense Salvinia molesta Sphaerophysa salsula (Euphorbiaceae) Euphorbia esula Rosaceae Galega officinalis Swainsonpea ( Goatsrue ( Sulfur cinquefoil ( Giant salvinia ( Leafy spurge ( Canada thistle ( Common St. Johnswort ( Diffuse knapweed ( Iberian starthistle ( Malta starthistle ( Mayweed chamomile ( Common crupina ( Rose family ( Rose Salvinia family ( Spurge family Sunflower family ( Nevada Noxious Weed Field Guide

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