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Security Council Chairs: Olivia Fratangelo and Athena Kalavanos

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Security Council Chairs: Olivia Fratangelo and Athena Kalavanos Security Council Chairs: Olivia Fratangelo and Athena Kalavanos Dear Delegates, Welcome to the United Nations Security Council! As your chairs, we would like to first begin by clarifying the unique structure of UNSC in order to most effectively ensure a smooth and productive committee experience. You may note that security council is smaller than a typical GA committee with only 15 countries present at a given meeting. This includes the 5 permanent seats held by the P5 (China, France, Russia, UK, and USA) as well as the 10 non permanent seats held by rotating members who serve 2 year terms and can be re-elected to serve more than one term. The regional breakdown of the members of the security council is specific to ensure fair global representation. The powers of the security council include making the decision to deploy UN peace operations, monitoring the status of ongoing UN peace operations, settling/investigating disputes within the international community, and applying military action or economic sanctions in response to an aggressor. This is also different than general assembly, which is called to make suggestions and handle matters of UN charter. The powers held by security council explain the specificity and nature of your topics: the Kashmir territory conflict and the Sinjar clashes. Parliamentary procedure in security council has some differences from parliamentary procedure in traditional GA committees. These differences in procedure are in roll call and voting procedure. The P5 have veto power. This means that if one P5 member votes against a resolution, the resolution fails regardless of the other members’ votes. Therefore, the P5 members must be present as opposed to present and voting when roll call is taken at the beginning of each committee session so they have the ability to abstain. A typical security council meeting starts with the informal consultations of the whole. This entails reaching consensus on the president’s agenda (deciding what order the topics will be discussed in). Then, we will move into the real meeting. As far as the different documents that can be produced, you are not limited to just resolutions although the passing of resolutions is still the ultimate goal of the committee. You may also produce closed directives which will be answered and returned to delegates from the chairs or open directives which will be read out loud to the committee. Open directives have all of the same components of a resolution besides preambulatory clauses. Closed directives may be individual or joint and have no specific format; a closed directive is simply a declaration of an action to be taken. This year’s UN Security Council will be chaired by Olivia Fratangelo ‘21 and Athena Kalavanos ‘22. Hello, delegates! My name is Olivia Fratangelo and I am a junior at St. Francis Prep. I am thrilled to be chairing my third Prep MUNC and can not wait to see what this conference has in store for us! I am a singer in two choirs and have traveled to England in 2018 and will be traveling to France in 2020 with my school’s music department. I love music and have taught music as an intern at Gold Coast Arts Centre’s summer camp last year. I am also involved in campus ministry as a retreat leader for sophomore retreats. I joined Model UN my freshman year because one of my friends had recently joined and told me he thought I would enjoy it. At first, I was unsure, but I can say with confidence that it is now my favorite thing I have chosen to do in high school. It has truly allowed for me to have so many amazing opportunities, meet some of my best friends, develop crucial skills such as public speaking and cooperation, and broaden my perspective. I wish you all the best of luck in your preparation and debate. Hello delegates! I am Athena Kalavanos and I am a sophomore at Saint Francis Prep. This will be my second year in Model UN and my second time chairing with Olivia, and I am so excited to see the solutions that arise in committee! I am in two clubs other than Model UN, the liturgical choir and Little Portion, Prep’s literary magazine consisting entirely of student work. I am also an art student, and am currently learning technical and commercial arts. I joined Model UN in my freshman year because my brother (who is chairing NATO) said that he enjoyed it and thought I would as well. At first, I was apprehensive because I wasn't very well versed in politics and I wasn't a good public speaker. However, after attending my first conference, I found that I could not bring myself to leave the club. The skills that I have learned from participating in club meetings and committees have affected multiple aspects of my life. I became a much better speaker, I learned valuable research skills, and I became more aware of world news and events. Other aspects of Model UN that have improved my life is the ability to speak from perspectives different from my own, and the ability to be accepting of those that disagree with my viewpoint. I learned all of these skills while having fun, which is a definite plus, and I hope you have fun as well. Happy researching! Overviews 1. Kashmir Territory Conflict - Kashmir is a region in southeast Asia that has been the ​ location of much unrest. Kashmir was allocated as part of India in the partition of India in 1947. However, there have been several wars and military skirmishes between India and Pakistan, as both countries claim to have full control over the area. India currently controls about 55% of the area, Pakistan controls 30%, and China controls the remaining 15%. Recently, a strict curfew has been put in place that has taken a toll on the mental and physical health of the citizens. Many organizations claim that India has committed human rights violations against the people of Kashmir. 2. Sinjar Clashes- Sinjar is a region in northern Iraq that has been the site of much conflict ​ over the past few years. In Sinjar, the majority of the citizens are Yazidis, a religious minority group in Iraq. Since 2014, many groups have been oppressing and persecuting the Yazidis. There have been several clashes between the peshmerga forces supporting the Yazidis, and the pro-PKK forces that have been terrorizing the area. Sinjar first became unstable because of the influence of the Islamic State. Topic A - Kashmir Territory Conflict Statement of the Problem Today, the mountainous Kashmir region in the northernmost part of India is the most densely militarized zone in the world. Both Pakistan and India have claims to the territory, resulting in decades of violence and two major wars. Theoretically, the Indian and Pakistani controlled parts of the region are divided by a “line of control,” but neither nation recognizes these boundaries. Pakistan at first aggressively opposed the influence of India in Kashmir, but the UN intervened to assert India as rightfully having partial control over Kashmir. However, India’s rule over Kashmir has become increasingly authoritarian and India has exercised brutality 1 over the people of Kashmir and toward Pakistan over the years .​ ​ Currently, the situation has been furthered and tension in this region has reached its peak since India’s interior minister announced to parliament that the government would revoke Article 370, which gives Kashmir the right to make its own laws. However, this goes against a UN resolution and violated the Kashmiris’ right to self determination. This poses the threat of new armed conflict in the region perpetrated by the Kashmiri people against India. The situation was not helped by India putting the Kashmiris in their administered region under curfew, moving troops into the region, and cutting off Kashmiris’ internet access following this decision. Therefore, Pakistan called off diplomatic relations with India in outrage and called its allies in 2 the global community to take its side .​ ​ History of the Problem Kashmir’s partition has colonial origins: when the Indian subcontinent became independent of British rule, it was partitioned into India and Pakistan based on religious majority. Kashmir had a Muslim majority, meaning it would have been part of Pakistan, but Kashmir’s Hindu ruler initially chose to remain independent, then chose to join India in 1947. Pakistan was angered by this and the first of the wars revolving around the Kashmir territory conflict began. The end of this war was what led to the division of the region into Indian and Pakistani controlled areas. A second war occurred later on, known as the Indo-Pakistani war of 1965. This started with Pakistan’s attempt at insurgency against Indian rule by infiltrating forces into Kashmir to which India retaliated with military action in Pakistan. Both nations failed to gain support in this war from their western allies, leading to India developing a relationship with the Soviet Union and Pakistan with China. The war eventually proved generally unproductive in solving the conflict, but reached a ceasefire as called for by the United Nations. There was also a third minor military confrontation in 1999 when both nations were confirmed to be nuclear powers. Therefore, the Kashmir is now claimed by both countries in full but referred to in parts as “Indian-administered Kashmir” and “Pakistani-administered Kashmir.”3 ​ There has been a notable amount of chaos and atrocities in Indian-administered Kashmir; whether this can be attributed to Pakistan or India itself is highly debatable. India claims that Pakistan has caused issues by deploying militants into the Indian region, but Pakistan denies this.
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