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Control of HCCI by Aid of Variable Valve Timings with Specialization in Usage of a Non-Linear Quasi-Static Compensation

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Control of HCCI by Aid of Variable Valve Timings with Specialization in Usage of a Non-Linear Quasi-Static Compensation Control of HCCI by aid of Variable Valve Timings with Specialization in Usage of a Non-Linear Quasi-Static Compensation Fredrik Agrell Doctoral thesis Stockholm, Sweden 2006 TRITA-MMK 2006:06 KTH School of Industrial Engineering ISSN 1400-1179 and Management ISRN KTH/MMK/R--06/06--SE Department of Machine Design Royal Institute of Technology SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden Academic thesis, which with the approval of Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan, will be presented for public review in fulfillment of the requirements for a Doctorate of Engineering in Machine design. The public review is held at Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan, F3, Lindstedsvägen 26, Stockholm; at 14:00 on the 4:th of September 2006. © Fredrik Agrell, 2006 Printed by Universitetsservice US AB, Stockholm, 2006. ABSTRACT This doctoral thesis is about controlling the combustion timing of the combustion concept Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition, HCCI, by means of variable valve timings. The HCCI research usually is regarded to have started in Japan during the later part of the 1970´s. The world of HCCI has since grown and HCCI is of today researched worldwide. Of particular interest from a Swedish point of view is that Lund Institute of Technology has emerged as one of the world leading HCCI laboratories. The idea with HCCI is to combine the Otto and Diesel engine. As in an Otto engine the charge is premixed but as in a Diesel engine the operation is unthrottled and the compression heat causes the ignition. The combustion that follows the ignition takes place homogeneously and overall lean. The result is ultra low NOx and particulate emissions combined with high total efficiency. A difficulty with the HCCI-concept is that it only works in a narrow area and that there is no direct way to control the Start Of Combustion, SOC. Out of this follows that timing/phasing of the combustion is one of the main difficulties with HCCI combustion concepts. This is particularly emphasized during transient operation and calls for feedback control of the combustion timing. This work investigates one method, the variable valve timing, to achieve feedback control of the combustion phasing. From the work it can be concluded that the variable valve timing can control the combustion phasing during engine transients. In order to improve the performance a non-linear compensation from ignition delay to valve timings has been suggested, incorporated in a control structure and tested in engine test. The engine test has been performed in a single cylinder engine based on a Scania truck engine. The speed range from 500 to 1750 rpm and the load range 1.26 and 10.5 bar of netIMEP has been covered with fair transient performance. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work is part of an industrial research program between Scania CV AB and The Royal Institute of Technology, KTH. Financial support from the Swedish Government is also kindly acknowledged. Thanks to Hans-Erik Ångstrom, Division of Internal Combustion Engines at KTH, for providing the opportunity to do this work and also for invaluable help in doing it. Thanks to Eric Lycke, Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory at KTH, for invaluable help. Thanks to Johan Linderyd, Scania CV AB, for outstanding project management and interesting HCCI discussions. Thanks to Bengt Eriksson and Jan Wikander, Division of Mechatronics at KTH, for interesting control discussions. Thanks to Colette Castell Hernández, Lena Larsson, Mikael Lundström, Daniel Ståhl and Freddie Tydal for valuable thesis works. Thanks to all friends/colleagues, past and present, at Scania CV AB and KTH. Finally, a special thanks to all beautiful high performance naturally aspirated engines of the world for challenge the need to know, display a refinement beyond belief, prove that there always are more to learn and bring a sense of humble admiration that makes every distance covered in their company even more joyful. LIST OF PAPERS This thesis includes the following publications. The papers are appended at the end. A summary of each paper and statement about the contribution by the author to each of them are found in the “The Work”- section. Paper I. SAE 2003-01-0748. Integrated Simulation and Engine Test of Closed Loop HCCI Control by aid of Variable Valve Timings. Fredrik Agrell, Hans-Erik Ångström, Bengt Eriksson, Jan Wikander and Johan Linderyd. Paper II. SAE 2003-01-3172. Transient Control of HCCI Through Combined Intake and Exhaust Valve Actuation. Fredrik Agrell, Hans-Erik Ångström, Bengt Eriksson, Jan Wikander and Johan Linderyd. Paper III. SAE 2005-01-0131. Control of HCCI During Engine Transients by aid of Variable Valve Timings Through the use of Model Based Non-Linear Compensation. Fredrik Agrell, Hans-Erik Ångström, Bengt Eriksson, Jan Wikander and Johan Linderyd. Paper IV. SAE 2005-01-2128. Transient Control of HCCI Combustion by aid of Variable Valve Timing Through the use of a Engine State Corrected CA50- Controller Combined with an In-Cylinder State Estimator Estimating Lambda. Fredrik Agrell, Hans-Erik Ångström, Bengt Eriksson, Jan Wikander and Johan Linderyd. Paper V. KTH Internal Combustion Engine Report MFM 162. Practical Modeling of HCCI for Combustion Timing Control and Results from Engine Test. Fredrik Agrell, Hans-Erik Ångström, Bengt Eriksson, Jan Wikander and Johan Linderyd. CONTENT INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................1 IC-ENGINES NOMENCLATURE AND EMISSIONS ...............................4 WORKING PRINCIPLE........................................................................4 VALVE TIMINGS..................................................................................8 VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY .............................................................12 LAMBDA.............................................................................................12 LAMBDA SENSOR ............................................................................13 CHARGING SYSTEM ........................................................................13 REACTIONS.......................................................................................14 COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTIC ..................................................14 MEAN PRESSURES..........................................................................18 EMISSIONS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ....................19 EGR....................................................................................................20 AFTERTREATMENT..........................................................................21 HCCI IN GENERAL................................................................................23 COMBUSTION AND MIXTURE FORMATION ..................................23 Otto engine.....................................................................................23 Diesel engine .................................................................................27 HCCI engine...................................................................................29 Pros and cons of HCCI combustion...............................................31 HISTORY............................................................................................31 CONCEPTS........................................................................................33 COMBUSTION SIMULATION ............................................................36 CONTROL..........................................................................................37 Rough SOC model.........................................................................39 Control of two-stroke......................................................................40 Control of four-stroke .....................................................................42 Control through valve timings in detail...........................................44 Feedback signal.............................................................................47 Dynamic properties ........................................................................48 Transient ........................................................................................48 Mode switch ...................................................................................49 ENGINE CONTROL ...............................................................................51 CONTROL OF THE OTTO ENGINE..................................................52 Lambda control ..............................................................................52 Ignition timing control .....................................................................55 THE WORK ............................................................................................58 AIM .....................................................................................................58 EQUIPMENT ......................................................................................59 Test bed .........................................................................................59 Simulation ......................................................................................61 APPENDED PAPERS ........................................................................62 Paper history..................................................................................62 Summary of Paper I .......................................................................63 Summary of Paper II ......................................................................64 Summary of Paper III .....................................................................65
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