DOCSLIB.ORG

The Dynamics of the Otto Engine

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Dynamics of the Otto Engine American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences Original Research Paper The Dynamics of the Otto Engine 1Relly Victoria Virgil Petrescu, 2Raffaella Aversa, 3Taher M. Abu-Lebdeh, 2Antonio Apicella and 1Florian Ion Tiberiu Petrescu 1ARoTMM-IFToMM, Bucharest Polytechnic University, Bucharest, (CE), Romania 2Advanced Material Lab, Department of Architecture and Industrial Design, Second University of Naples, 81031 Aversa (CE), Italy 3North Carolina A and T State University, USA Article history Abstract: The dynamic calculation of a certain mechanism and of the Received: 29-01-2018 piston crankshaft mechanism, used as the main mechanism for Otto Revised: 03-02-2018 internal combustion engines, also implies the influence of external Accepted: 14-02-2018 forces on the actual, dynamic kinematics of the mechanism. Take into Corresponding Author: account the strong and inertial engine forces. Sometimes weight forces Florian Ion Tiberiu Petrescu can also be taken into account, but their influence is even smaller, ARoTMM-IFToMM, Bucharest negligible even in relation to inertial forces that are far higher than Polytechnic University, gravitational forces. In the present paper, one carry out an original Bucharest, (CE), Romania method of determining the dynamics of a mechanism, applying to the Email: [email protected] main mechanism of an Otto or diesel engine. The presented method of work is original and complete. Relationships (1) express the velocity of the center of gravity to calculate the moment of inertia (mechanical or mass, of the whole mechanism) reduced to the crank (2). In dynamic calculations, the first derivative of the reduced mechanical inertia moment, derived by the angle FI (relations 3-4), is also required. For dynamic calculation, it is also necessary to determine the expression of the total torque momentum and crank-resistance forces (relations 5-6). The differential equation of the machine (7) is arranged under the more convenient forms (8) to solve it. It is easily observed that a second-degree equation has been reached, which is solved by the known formula (9). Keywords: Machines, Mechanisms, Applied Computing, Forces, Velocities, Powers, Dynamics, Engines, Thermal Engines Introduction Karikalan et al ., 2013; Leidel, 1997; Petrescu, 2012a; 2012b; Rahmani et al ., 2013; Ravi and Subramanian, The gasoline engine wears us every day about of 2013; Ronney et al ., 1994; Sapate and Tikekar, 2013; 150 years. The Old Engine Otto (and his brother, Sethusundaram et al ., 2013; Zahari et al ., 2013). Diesel) is today: Younger, more robust, more There is a lot of discussion about the removal of dynamic, stronger, more economical, more the Otto engine, but nothing has yet been prepared to independent, more reliable, quieter, cleaner, more take its place. compact, more sophisticated and especially still Let's talk a little about electric motors. An electric necessary. At the global level, we can eliminate motor is an electrical machine that converts electricity roughly 60,000 cars a year, but millions of new cars into mechanical energy. If we talk in reverse, we are appear annually (Table 1), (Amoresano et al ., 2013; dealing with converting mechanical energy into Anderson, 1984; Bishop, 1950; Choi and Kim, 1994; electricity and is made by an electric generator. De Falco et al ., 2013a; 2013b; Ganapathi and Generators and electric motors are extremely Robinson, 2013; Heywood, 1988; Hrones, 1948; important, today more than ever. © 2018 Relly Victoria Virgil Petrescu, Raffaella Aversa, Taher M. Abu-Lebdeh, Antonio Apicella and Florian Ion Tiberiu Petrescu. This open access article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 3.0 license. Relly Victoria Virgil Petrescu et al . / American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 2018, 11 (1): 273.287 DOI: 10.3844/ajeassp.2018.273.287 Table 1: World cars produced The Otto engine still remains more dynamic than Year Cars produced in the world electric motors. 2011 59,929,016 Globally, two out of three jobs depend directly or 2010 58,264,852 indirectly on the automotive and machine-building 2009 47,772,598 industries, in particular of the Otto classical engines. 2008 52,726,117 If the current mode of production suddenly changed, 2007 53,201,346 2006 49,918,578 almost half of the world's jobs would disappear, resulting 2005 46,862,978 in an extremely serious global social crisis (Aversa et al ., 2004 44,554,268 2016a; 2016b; 2016c; 2016d; 2017a; 2017b; 2017c; 2003 41,968,666 2017d; 2017e; Berto et al ., 2016a; 2016b; 2016c; 2016d; 2002 41,358,394 Mirsayar et al ., 2017; Cao et al ., 2013; Dong et al ., 2013; 2001 39,825,888 Garcia et al ., 2007; Garcia-Murillo et al ., 2013; He et al ., 2000 41,215,653 2013; Lee, 2013; Lin et al ., 2013; Liu et al ., 2013; 1999 39,759,847 Padula and Perdereau, 2013; Perumaal and Jawahar, 2013; Most electric motors work by interacting with a Petrescu, 2012a; 2012b; Petrescu and Petrescu, 1995a; magnetic field of an electric motor and the winding currents 1995b; 1997a; 1997b; 1997c; 2000a; 2000b; 2002a; 2002b; to generate force. In some applications, such as regenerative 2003; 2005a; 2005b; 2005c; 2005d; 2005e, 2016a; 2016b; braking with traction motors in the transport industry, 2016c; 2016d; 2016e; 2013; 2012a; 2012b; 2011; electric motors can also be used in the reverse direction as Petrescu et al ., 2009; 2016a; 2016b; 2016c; 2016d; 2016e; generators to convert mechanical energy into electricity, 2017a; 2017b; 2017c; 2017d; 2017e; 2017f; 2017g; that is, they recover energy that otherwise would lose. 2017h; 2017i; 2017j; 2017k; 2017l; 2017m; 2017n; Electric motors can be found in as diverse applications 2017o; 2017p; 2017q; 2017r; 2017s; 2017t; 2017u; as industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools, 2017v; 2017w; 2017x; 2017y; 2017z; 2017aa; 2017ab; household appliances, power tools and disc drives, electric 2017ac; 2017ad; 2017ae; Petrescu and Calautit, 2016a; motors can be powered by DC sources such as Be batteries, 2016b; Reddy et al ., 2012; Tabaković et al ., 2013; cars or rectifiers; through AC (AC) sources, such as from the mains, inverters or generators. Small motors can be Tang et al ., 2013; Tong et al ., 2013; Wang et al ., 2013; found in electric watches. General purpose motors with Wen et al ., 2012; Antonescu, 2000; Antonescu and very standardized dimensions and features provide a Petrescu, 1985; 1989; Antonescu et al ., 1985a; 1985b; convenient mechanical power for industrial use. 1986; 1987; 1988; 1994; 1997; 2000a; 2000b; 2001). The largest of the electric motors are used for ship propulsion, pipe compression and pumping-storage Materials and Methods applications with a rating of 100 megawatts and today are increasingly used in industrial robots and in mechatronic Figure 1 shows the kinematic scheme of an Otto mobile systems. Electric motors can be classified by types internal combustion engine (Petrescu, 2012b). of power sources, internal construction, applications, Relationships (1) express the velocity of the center output type of motion and so on. of gravity to calculate the moment of inertia Electric motors are therefore used to produce linear (mechanical or mass of the whole mechanism) reduced or rotary forces and must be distinguished from devices to the crank (2). In fact, squares of the velocities weight such as magnetic solenoids and loudspeakers that centers ( S2 and S3) of the mechanism are required convert electric power into motion but do not generate (Mirsayar et al ., 2017; Cao et al ., 2013; Dong et al ., usable mechanical powers which are referred to as 2013; Garcia et al ., 2007; Garcia-Murillo et al ., 2013; actuators and transducers. He et al ., 2013; Lee, 2013; Lin et al ., 2013; Liu et al ., Perhaps the first electric motors were simple 2013; Padula and Perdereau, 2013; Perumaal and electrostatic devices created by the Scottish monk Jawahar, 2013; Petrescu and Petrescu, 1995a; 1995b; Andrew Gordon in the 1740s. Only today, after nearly 1997a; 1997b; 1997c; 2000a; 2000b; 2002a; 2002b; three hundred years of existence, the electric motors begin to be put to work at their full capacity. 2003; 2005a; 2005b; 2005c; 2005d; 2005e, 2016a; However, in transports, although they have gone a 2016b; 2016c; 2016d; 2016e; 2013; 2012a; 2012b; long way, electric motors could not take the place of the 2011; Petrescu et al ., 2009; 2016a; 2016b; 2016c; Otto motor home, obviously primarily due to technical 2016d; 2016e; 2017a; 2017b; 2017c; 2017d; 2017e; problems, then for reasons of dynamics and thirdly due 2017f; 2017g; 2017h; 2017i; 2017j; 2017k; 2017l; to social reasons. 2017m; 2017n; 2017o; 2017p; 2017q; 2017r; 2017s; Powering a car with electricity is difficult today, 2017t; 2017u; 2017v; 2017w; 2017x; 2017y; 2017z; compared to vehicles equipped with internal combustion 2017aa; 2017ab; 2017ac; 2017ad; 2017ae; engines. Petrescu and Calautit, 2016a; 2016b; Reddy et al ., 274 Relly Victoria Virgil Petrescu et al . / American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 2018, 11 (1): 273.287 DOI: 10.3844/ajeassp.2018.273.287 2012; Tabaković et al ., 2013; Tang et al ., 2013; Tong et al ., 2013; Wang et al ., 2013; Wen et al ., 2012; Antonescu and Petrescu, 1985; 1989; 0 Antonescu et al ., 1985a; 1985b; 1986; 1987; 1988; y 1994; 1997; 2000a; 2000b; 2001): yrB =⋅sinϕ +⋅ l sin ψ ; r ⋅ cos ϕ +⋅ l cos ψ =⇒ 0 S3 2 2 l⋅cosψ =−⋅ r cos ϕψλϕψ ;cos =−⋅ cos ;sin =−⋅ 1 λ cos ϕ 3 sin ϕ −⋅lsinψψ ⋅=⋅& r sin ϕωψλ ⋅⇒=−⋅ & ⋅ ω B sin ψ ψ⋅sin ψψ +⋅2 cos ψ =−⋅ λ cos ϕω ⋅⇒ 2 && & 2 λ⋅−(1 λ2 ) ⋅ cos ϕω ⋅ 2 ψ&& = − 3 sin ψ vyrB≡& B =⋅cosϕω ⋅+⋅ l cos ψψ ⋅=& α l = l2 sinϕ sin( ψ− ϕ ) ' =r ⋅ cos ϕ ⋅⋅+⋅ωλ1 =⋅r ⋅=⋅⇒ ωω s B sinψ sin ψ 2 S2 ''sin(ψϕ− ) '2'22 sin ( ψϕ − ) ⇒≡=⋅ssrGB ⇒≡=⋅ ssr GB 2 3 sinψ3 sin ψ ψ = φ2 xr=⋅cosϕ +⋅ a cos ψ xr =−⋅ sin ϕω ⋅−⋅ a sin ψψ ⋅ S2 &S 2 & ⇒ a yr=⋅sinϕ +⋅ a sin ψ yr =⋅ cos ϕω ⋅+⋅ a cos ψψ ⋅ S2 &S 2 & l sin ϕ x= − r ⋅ sinϕω⋅+⋅⋅a λψ sin ωλ =−⋅−⋅ ( l a ) sin ϕω ⋅ A &S2 l sin ψ 1 l 2 sinϕ sin ϕ yrS =cosϕωλ + a cos ϕ ωλϕ = cos la +⋅ λ ω & 2 r = l1 l sinψ sin ψ 2 ω1 φ '2 '2 '2 2 22 2 2 sin ϕ sxyG=+=− S S λ( la ) sin ϕλϕ + cos la +⋅⋅ λ 2 2 2 sin ψ (1) 2 X sin ϕ '2 2 2 2 2 O S1 sG =⋅−λ( la ) ⋅ sin ϕ ++⋅⋅ la λ ⋅cos ϕ 2 sin ψ Fig.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Internal Combustion Engine (Edited from Wikipedia)
    Internal Combustion Engine (Edited from Wikipedia) SUMMARY An internal combustion engine is an engine in which combustion, or the burning of fuel, occurs on the inside. It is a machine that makes large pressure increases inside a sealed box (cylinder). The pressure increase pushes a rod which is attached to a wheel. The rod pushes the wheel and makes it spin around. The spinning wheel is attached to other wheels, such as four car wheels, with a belt or a chain. The engine is very strong and can make all the wheels move. Engines need oil to make them slippery or the moving parts would grind together and stick. Parts of a car engine are measured to 0.01 of a millimeter and some engine parts fit together very tightly. Internal differs from external combustion where the fire is outside the engine, such as a steam engine. Most road vehicles use the internal combustion engine today, and most of those use the four-stroke engine. Rocket and jet engines are combustion engines but they do not turn wheels. The fire in their combustion chamber pushes gases rapidly out the back, which pushes the rocket forward. HISTORY Various scientists and engineers contributed to the development of internal combustion engines. In 1791 2, John Barber developed a turbine. In 1794 Thomas Mead patented a gas engine. Also in 1794 Robert Street patented an internal combustion engine, which was also the first to use liquid fuel (gasoline), and built an engine around that time. In 1798, John Stevens designed the first American internal combustion engine.
    [Show full text]
  • Internal Combustion Engine
    AccessScience from McGraw-Hill Education Page 1 of 15 www.accessscience.com Internal combustion engine Contributed by: Neil MacCoull, Donald L. Anglin Publication year: 2014 A prime mover that burns fuel inside the engine, in contrast to an external combustion engine, such as a steam engine, which burns fuel in a separate furnace. See also: ENGINE . Most internal combustion engines are spark-ignition gasoline-fueled piston engines. These are used in automobiles, light- and medium-duty trucks, motorcycles, motorboats, lawn and garden equipment, and light industrial and portable power applications. Diesel engines are used in automobiles, trucks, buses, tractors, earthmoving equipment, as well as marine, power-generating, and heavier industrial and stationary applications. This article describes these types of engines. For other types of internal combustion engines see GAS TURBINE ; ROCKET PROPULSION ; TURBINE PROPULSION . The aircraft piston engine is fundamentally the same as that used in automobiles but is engineered for light weight and is usually air-cooled. See also: RECIPROCATING AIRCRAFT ENGINE . Engine types Characteristics common to all commercially successful internal combustion engines include (1) the compression of air, (2) the raising of air temperature by the combustion of fuel in this air at its elevated pressure, (3) the extraction of work from the heated air by expansion to the initial pressure, and (4) exhaust. Four-stroke cyc le. William Barnett first drew attention to the theoretical advantages of combustion under compression in 1838. In 1862 Beau de Rochas published a treatise that emphasized the value of combustion under pressure and a high ratio of expansion for fuel economy; he proposed the four-stroke engine cycle as a means of accomplishing these conditions in a piston engine ( Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Counterpoise Defined Final
    A WHITE PAPER DESCRIBING THE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE’S FINAL MODIFICATION THE COUNTERPOISE BI-RADIAL ENGINE Authored by Del Wolverton Chief Science Officer/Founder WolvertonBailey, Inc. SUMMARY This is the year, 2017, that we celebrate 140 years since Dr. Nikolas Otto patented the four-stroke internal combustion engine in 1877. His gasoline engine serves as the origin of the “Otto Cycle” which is used as the basis for seven internal combustion engine variants today. For purposes of this white paper, the four-cylinder Otto engine will be used as the “reference engine.” Since Dr. Otto’s engine was built around the origin of the four-stroke-cycle of the pistons, this allows us to have a piston per cycle. Many changes have taken place during the past century in the size and shape of the engine as designed for various uses, however, this original four-stroke cycle is still used even in the latest internal combustion engine, the Counterpoise Bi-Radial Engine. This discussion will first describe the “basis” Otto Cycle, providing a simple, “math-free” description of each of the four strokes in the cycle. Then, in order to help understand the operation, power, and weight advantages gained in the evolution, the author will take you through the existing variants, all the way to the latest internal combustion engine—complete with the final patented design, the WBI Counterpoise Bi-Radial Engine. CONTENTS Single-Piston of the Otto Cycle ..................................................................................................... 2 The Four
    [Show full text]
  • History of the Internal Combustion Engine
    1 2 THE HISTORY OF THE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE Sorin RAŢIU1 1UNIVERSITY « POLITEHNICA » TIMIŞAORA FACULTY OF ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA ABSTRACT The article presents a brief outline of the history of the internal combustion engine industry. Engine design and car design were integral activities, almost all of the engine designers mentioned in the article also designed cars, and a few went on to become major manufacturers of automobiles. All of these inventors and more made notable improvements in the evolution of the internal combustion vehicles. KEYWORDS history, internal combustion engine 1. INTRODUCTION An internal combustion engine is any engine that uses the explosive combustion of fuel to push a piston within a cylinder - the piston's movement turns a crankshaft that then turns the car wheels via a chain or a drive shaft. The different types of fuel commonly used for car combustion engines are gasoline (or petrol), diesel, and kerosene. Many people claimed the invention of the internal combustion engine in the 1860's, but only one has the patent on the four stroke operating sequence. In 1867, Nikolaus August Otto, a German engineer, developed the four-stroke "Otto" cycle, which is widely used in transportation even today. Otto developed the four-stroke internal combustion engine when he was 34 years old. The Diesel Engine came about in 1892 by another German engineer, Rudolph Diesel. The Diesel engine is designed heavier and more powerful than gasoline engines and utilizes oil as fuel. Diesel engines are a commonly used in heavy machinery, locomotives, ships, and some automobiles. It is important to mention that the basic operating principles of these engines have been around for more than a hundred years and they are still in place.
    [Show full text]
  • The Development of the Single Sleeve Valve Two-Stroke Engine Over the Last 110 Years
    energies Review The Silent Path: The Development of the Single Sleeve Valve Two-Stroke Engine over the Last 110 Years Robert Head * and James Turner Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Design, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +44-0789-561-7437 Abstract: At the beginning of the 20th century the operational issues of the Otto engine had not been fully resolved. The work presented here seeks to chronicle the development of one of the alternative design pathways, namely the replacement for the gas exchange mechanism of the more conventional poppet valve arrangement with that of a sleeve valve. There have been several successful engines built with these devices, which have a number of attractive features superior to poppet valves. This review moves from the initial work of Charles Knight, Peter Burt, and James McCollum, in the first decade of the 20th century, through the work of others to develop a two-stroke version of the sleeve- valve engine, which climaxed in the construction of one of the most powerful piston aeroengines ever built, the Rolls-Royce Crecy. After that period of high activity in the 1940s, there have been limited further developments. The patent efforts changed over time from design of two-stroke sleeve-drive mechanisms through to cylinder head cooling and improvements in the control of the thermal expansion of the relative components to improve durability. These documents provide a foundation for a design of an internal combustion engine with potentially high thermal efficiency. Keywords: two-stroke; sleeve valves; patents Citation: Head, R.; Turner, J.
    [Show full text]
  • (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,480,536 B2 Weiss Et Al
    USOO8480536B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,480,536 B2 Weiss et al. (45) Date of Patent: Jul. 9, 2013 (54) HYBRID DRIVE HAVING ASEPARATING 6,722,332 B2 * 4/2004 Kojima ...................... 123,179.3 CLUTCHWHICH ASSISTSA DIRECT START 6,807,934 B2 10/2004 Kataoka et al. 6,931,318 B2 * 8/2005 Kaita et al. .................... TO1,113 7,013,213 B2 * 3/2006 McGee et al. ... 701 113 (75) Inventors: Ruediger Weiss, Moetzingen (DE); 7,074,156 B2 * 7/2006 Graf et al. ......................... 477/5 Mario Kustosch, Vaihingen/Enz (DE) 7,079,942 B2* 7/2006 McGee et al. ... ... 701 113 7,085,631 B2 * 8/2006 McGee et al. .................. TO1/22 (73) Assignee: Robert Bosch GmbH. Stuttgart (DE) 7, 160,225 B2 1/2007 Berger et al. 7.213,665 B2 * 5/2007 Yamaguchi et al. ....... 18Of 65.27 7,214,156 B2 * 5/2007 Oliver ............................... 475/8 (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this 7,216,729 B2 * 5/2007 Syed et al. ......... ... 180/65.28 patent is extended or adjusted under 35 7,273,119 B2 * 9/2007 Tsuneyoshi et al. ....... 180/65.28 U.S.C. 154(b) by 964 days. 7.350,602 B2 * 4/2008 Colvin et al. ...... ... 180/65.28 7,370,715 B2* 5/2008 Colvin et al. .. ... 180/65.28 (21) Appl. No.: 12/162,819 7,380,620 B2 * 6/2008 Suzuki ........ ... 180/65.28 7,407,026 B2 * 8/2008 Tamor ......... ... 180/65.28 7.469,667 B2 * 12/2008 Leone et al.
    [Show full text]
  • The Counterpoise Bi-Radial Engine
    A WHITE PAPER DESCRIBING THE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE’S FINAL IMPROVEMENT THE COUNTERPOISE BI-RADIAL ENGINE Authored by Del Wolverton Chief Science Officer/Founder WolvertonBailey Innovations, Inc. SUMMARY This is the year that we celebrate 140 years since Dr. Nikolas Otto patented the four-stroke internal combustion engine in 1877. His gasoline engine serves as the origin of the “Otto Cycle” which is used as the basis for the six internal combustion engine variants today. For purposes of this white paper, the 4-cylinder Otto engine will be used as the “reference engine.” Since Dr. Otto’s engine was built around the origin of the 4-stroke-cycle of the pistons, this allows us to have a piston per cycle. Many changes have taken place during the past century in the size and shape of the engine as designed for various uses, however, this original 4-stroke cycle is still used in the latest internal combustion engine just patented in 2016. The discussion in this white paper will first describe the Otto Cycle, providing a simple, math- free description of each of the four strokes. Then, in order to help understand the operation, power, and weight advantages gained in the evolution, the author will then take you through the five existing variants, plus the newly patented latest and final design improvement—the Counterpoise Bi-Radial Engine. CONTENTS Single-Piston of the Otto Cycle ..................................................................................................... 2 The 4 Strokes ...............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The History of the Gasoline Engine at Mercedes-‐ Benz
    Contact: Josef Ernst Telephone: +49 (0) 711-17-7 64 Press Information 77 Date: June 2008 The history of the gasoline engine at Mercedes- Benz THE HISTORY OF THE GASOLINE ENGINE AT MERCEDES-BENZ ............................... 2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GASOLINE ENGINE ....................................................... 4 CARL BENZ AND THE HIGH-SPEED FOUR-STROKE ENGINE ................................... 13 GOTTLIEB DAIMLER, WILHELM MAYBACH AND THE “GRANDFATHER CLOCK” .. 24 THE MERCEDES-BENZ GASOLINE ENGINE FROM 1926 ON .................................. 46 MERCEDES-BENZ GASOLINE ENGINES AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR ........... 53 THE CARBURETOR ERA COMES TO AN END ........................................................... 79 MERCEDES-BENZ GASOLINE ENGINES IN RESEARCH AND MOTOR SPORTS ......... 108 TIMELINE: THE HISTORY OF THE GASOLINE ENGINE AT MERCEDES-BENZ AND ITS PREDECESSOR COMPANIES .................................................................................. 120 Daimler Communications, 70546 Stuttgart/Germany The history of the gasoline engine at Mercedes- Page 2 Benz • Unparalleled development of the gasoline engine since the invention of the automobile in 1886 • Technological potential far from exhausted The four-stroke gasoline engine was the heart of the first modern automobile designed by Gottlieb Daimler and Carl Benz in 1886. Independently of one another, the two pioneers developed small, high-speed engines, based on Nikolaus Otto’s four-stroke principle, for the drive system of new automobiles. Since the use of these engines in the Benz patent motor car and Daimler’s motor carriage, the four-stroke gasoline engine has experienced unparalleled development. With their constant innovation, Daimler AG and its predecessor companies have played an important role in the success story of this internal combustion engine for more than 120 years. It was thanks to their tireless worK that the single-cylinder power unit of the automobile pioneers became an ultra-modern drive system, especially for passenger cars.
    [Show full text]
  • Internal Combustion Engines (Heat Engines II.)
    TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF BUDAPEST Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Internal Combustion Engines (Heat Engines II.) Lecture note for the undergraduate course 7th Semester Dr. Antal Penninger, Ferenc Lezsovits, János Rohály, Vilmos Wolff 1995. Revised: Dr. Ákos Bereczky 2006 CLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES Principle of operation • four stroke engine or • two stroke engine • other Charging system • Naturally aspirated • Mechanically charged • Turbo charged Fuel type • gas fuels -natural gas -gasification (pirolysis) -biogas, waste gas -other • liquid fuels crude oil fractions (distillation fuels) • Crude-oil (Diesel fuel) • Benzine • Kerosene (JET-A) • Heavy (ends) oils, etc Renewable fuels • Rape-, sunflower-seed oil, RME • Alcohols, Bioethanole, etc Other Air-fuel mixing methods Internal (CIE, GDI (SIE)) External (SIE) Control methods • qualitative (SIE) • quantitative (CIE, GDI (SIE)) Combustion chamber design • single open combustion chamber • divided combustion chamber swirl chamber systems prechamber systems Start of Combustion • External energy (Spark) • Compression • Hot Spot Basic principals of mechanical construction Arrangement of cylinders • in line arrangement • V arrangement • opposed cylinder engine • radial type engine Fluid inlet-outlet control • side valve (SV) arrangement • overhead valve (OHV) arrangement • overhead camshaft (OHC) arrangement cooling system • air cooling • water cooling Ideal cycles . To produce mechanical power from heat power, a cycle process is needed. Carnot cycle would be ideal, but there is no machine which is working according to the Carnot cycle. At the Carnot cycle: Where: Process 1 to 2 - isentropic expansion Process 2 to 3 is isothermal heat rejection Process 3 to 4 is isentropic compression Process 4 to 1 is isothermal heat supply Efficiency of the cycle: −∑W ∑Q ()()T− T ⋅ s − s T ηηη = = = 1 2 BA =1 − 2 ⋅ − Q1Q 1 T1 () sBA s T1 There are other types of cycles and machines which are connected with each other.
    [Show full text]
  • Diesel Dynatronixtm Diesel Dynamometer/Mechatronics Educational Trainer
    Diesel DynatronixTM Diesel Dynamometer/Mechatronics Educational Trainer Curriculum/Lab Manual Copyright October 1, 2016 All Rights Reserved-Turbine Technologies, Ltd. Table of Contents Chapter 1: Internal Combustion Engine . 4 Otto Cycle . .5 Diesel Engine . .11 Chapter 2: Dynamometers . .. 15 Brake Dynamometers . .16 Prony Brake . 16 Water Brake . .17 Eddy Current Brake . 18 Transmission Dynamometers . .19 Chassis Dynamometers . .20 Chapter 3: Diesel Dynatronix System . .21 Engine and Dynamometer . 22 Automation Suite . 23 Engine Pressure Measurements . 25 Dynamometer Excitation Loading Measurements . .26 Chapter 4: Educational Engine Performance Operations . .29 Lab Operation 1: Performance Curves . 30 Data Analysis 1: In-Depth Performance Calculations Using Air Standard Diesel Cycle . 36 Chapter 5: Feedback Loops . 40 Lab Operation 2-1: Feedback Loops-Cruise Control . .43 Lab Operation 2-2: Feedback Loops-Electric Power Generation . 46 Lab Operation 2-3: Feedback Loops-Process Water Pumping . 47 Glossary of Terms . 48 Chapter 1: Internal Combustion Engine The internal combustion engine (IC) is the most common power-producing device on earth and predominantly uses a piston-cylinder configuration. It is a heat engine that receives heat at a high temperature because of combustion (burning) of fuel inside the engine. The fuel is usually a hydrocarbon type fuel such as gasoline, kerosene or diesel fuel. Other forms of fuel such as LP Gas and methane are also used as alternative fuels. The fuel usually mixes with air inside the engine and burns rapidly, with the resulting exhaust gases being high temperature and pressure. This process is a release of chemical energy which provides the high-temperature, high-pressure gases inside the engine.
    [Show full text]
  • Counterpoise Engine Technology
    InDesign template Counterpoise tm Engine Technology Better Geometry. Better Physics. A Better Internal Combustion Design. WOLVERTON.BAILEY 002 MOTORS TO POWER OUR FUTURE EIGHT CYLINDER COUNTERPOISE MODEL Shown is a Desk Top 8 Cylinder Counterpoise Engine Engineering Model: Built by California Polytechnic State University. WOLVERTON.BAILEY 003 One Eight Scale 8 Cylinder Engineering Model: Built by California Polytechnic State University COUNTERPOISE TECHNOLOGY. THE FUTURE OF ENGINES & MOTORS Wolverton.Bailey Innovation’s Counterpoise tech- of engine weight. Key attributes include: nology combines the features of both static and rotary > 165% More Power To The Wheels engines. Similar to the Siemens-Halske Sh. III [1] the crank- > Revolutionary Rotating Bore shaft and the engine case rotate in opposite directions. > Incorporates Best Effects of Atkinson, Miller, Counter-rotation is where the similarities in engines stop. Nahum [3] explains the problems with traditional rotaries, and Otto Engines. none of which are shared by the Counterpoise engine. > Unprecedented Power Density – 2.37 HP Per Counterpoise design additionally employs an offset bore Pound of Engine Weight to develop higher torque than in the cylinder assembly. > Superior Low RPM Torque The geometry of the Counterpoise™ engine offers a huge > Reduced Cooling Requirement improvement in efficiency over that of a conventional Otto > Uses Standard Round Pistons & Rings, etc. engine. The torque of the engine is immediate and in- creased in each cycle. > Engine Sizes - 15hp to Any Scale - [no upper limits] In addition, the engine cycle is completed in a single > Fuel Choice Flexibility counter-rotation, reducing friction and heat lost. The cost > Double the Power Strokes Per Engine Cycle of rotating the bore is offset with the complete elimina- > Double the power stokes per 720 degrees tion of the valve train providing a huge net gain in overall efficiency.
    [Show full text]
  • Gottlieb Daimler
    Gottlieb Daimler Gottlieb Wilhelm Daimler (German pronunciation: day morning classes. In 1853, Daimler, with Steinbeis’ [ˈɡɔtliːp ˈdaɪmlɐ]; 17 March 1834 – 6 March 1900[1]) assistance, got work at “the factory college”, F. Rollé und was an engineer, industrial designer and industrialist born Schwilque(R&S) in Grafenstaden, so-called because its in Schorndorf (Kingdom of Württemberg, a federal state manager, Friedrich Messmer, had been an instructor at of the German Confederation), in what is now Germany. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology.[3] Daimler performed He was a pioneer of internal-combustion engines and well, and when Rollé und Schwilque began making rail- automobile development. He invented the high-speed way locomotives in 1856, Daimler, then 22, was named petrol engine. foreman.[3] Daimler and his lifelong business partner Wilhelm May- Instead of staying, Daimler took two years at Stuttgart’s bach were two inventors whose goal was to create small, Polytechnic Institute to hone his skills, gaining in-depth high-speed engines to be mounted in any kind of loco- grasp of steam locomotives, as well as “a profound con- motion device. In 1885 they designed a precursor of viction” steam was destined to be superseded.[3] He con- the modern petrol (gasoline) engine which they subse- ceived small, cheap, simple engines for light industrial quently fitted to a two-wheeler, the first internal combus- use, possibly inspired by the newly developed gas engines tion motorcycle and, in the next year, to a stagecoach, and of that era.[3] a boat. Daimler called it the grandfather clock engine In 1861, he resigned from R&S, visiting Paris, then went (Standuhr) because of its resemblance to a large pendu- on to England, working with the country’s top engineer- lum clock.
    [Show full text]