Gottlieb Wilhelm Daimler (German pronunciation: day morning classes. In 1853, Daimler, with Steinbeis’ [ˈɡɔtliːp ˈdaɪmlɐ]; 17 March 1834 – 6 March 1900[1]) assistance, got work at “the factory college”, F. Rollé und was an engineer, industrial designer and industrialist born Schwilque(R&S) in Grafenstaden, so-called because its in Schorndorf (Kingdom of Württemberg, a federal state manager, Friedrich Messmer, had been an instructor at of the German Confederation), in what is now Germany. Institute of Technology.[3] Daimler performed He was a pioneer of internal-combustion and well, and when Rollé und Schwilque began making rail- automobile development. He invented the high-speed way in 1856, Daimler, then 22, was named petrol . foreman.[3] Daimler and his lifelong business partner Wilhelm May- Instead of staying, Daimler took two years at ’s bach were two inventors whose goal was to create small, Polytechnic Institute to hone his skills, gaining in-depth high-speed engines to be mounted in any kind of loco- grasp of steam locomotives, as well as “a profound con- motion device. In 1885 they designed a precursor of viction” steam was destined to be superseded.[3] He con- the modern petrol () engine which they subse- ceived small, cheap, simple engines for light industrial quently fitted to a two-wheeler, the first internal combus- use, possibly inspired by the newly developed gas engines tion and, in the next year, to a stagecoach, and of that era.[3] a . Daimler called it the grandfather clock engine In 1861, he resigned from R&S, visiting Paris, then went (Standuhr) because of its resemblance to a large pendu- on to , working with the country’s top engineer- lum clock. ing firms, becoming knowledgeable with machine tools. In 1890, they founded Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft He spent from autumn 1861 to summer 1863 in Eng- (DMG, in English—Daimler Motors Corporation). They land, then regarded as “the motherland of technology”,[4] sold their first automobile in 1892. Daimler fell ill and at Beyer, Peacock and Company of Gorton, Manchester. took a break from the business. Upon his return he ex- Beyer was from Saxony.[5] While in London, he visited perienced difficulty with the other stockholders that led the 1862 International Exhibition, where one of the ex- to his resignation in 1893. This was reversed in 1894. hibits was a steam carriage.[3] These carriages did not ev- resigned at the same time, and also returned. idently inspire him, however, for his wish was to produce In 1900 Daimler died and quit DMG machine tools and woodworking machinery.[3] in 1907. In 1924, the DMG management signed a long Daimler went to work for Maschinenfabrik Daniel Straub, term co-operation agreement with Karl Benz's Benz & Geislingen an der Steige, where he designed tools, mills, Cie., and in 1926 the two companies merged to become and turbines. In 1863, he joined the Bruderhaus Reut- Daimler-Benz AG, which is now part of Daimler AG. lingen, a Christian Socialist toolmaker, as inspector and later executive.While there, he met Wilhelm Maybach, then a 15-year-old orphan.[6] Thanks to Daimler’s orga- 1 Early life: 1834–1852 nizational skills, the factory managed to show a profit, but he quit in frustration in 1869, joining Maschinenbau Gesellschaft Karlsruhe in July.[6] Gottlieb Wilhelm Daimler was the son of a baker named When in 1872 Otto und Langen reorganized as Johannes Däumler (Daimler) and his wife Frederika, Gasmotoren-Fabrik Deutz, management picked Daimler from the town of Schorndorf near Stuttgart, Württem- as factory manager, bypassing even Otto, and Daimler berg. By the age of 13 (1847), he had completed six years joined the company in August, taking Maybach with him of primary studies in Lateinschule and became interested as chief designer.[6] in engineering. The next year, he began an apprenticeship with a carbine maker, Raithel.[2] He graduated in 1852, While Daimler managed to improve production, the passing the craft test with a pair of engraved double- weakness in the Otto’s vertical piston design, coupled barreled pistols.[3] The same year, at eighteen, Daimler to Daimler’s stubborn insistence on atmospheric engines, decided to take up mechanical engineering, abandoning led the company to an impasse.[6] Neither Otto nor Daim- gun smithing,[3] and left his hometown. ler would give way, and when Daimler was offered the choice of founding a Deutz branch in St. Petersburg or re- Signing up at Stuttgart’s School for Advanced Training signing, he resigned to set up shop in Cannstatt (financed in the Industrial Arts, under the tutelage of Ferdinand by savings and shares in Deutz),[7] where he was shortly Steinbeis. Daimler was studious, even taking extra Sun-

1 2 4 THE GRANDFATHER CLOCK ENGINE (1885)

joined by Maybach.[6] At Cannstatt, Daimler and the more creative thinking Maybach[6] devised their engine. At Daimler’s insis- tence, it eliminated “the clumsy, complicated slide-valve ignition”,[8] in favor of a hot tube system invented by Leo Funk, since Daimler also distrusted electricity.[8] It took considerable effort and experimentation, but even- tually, the duo perfected a .5 hp (0.37 kW; 0.51 PS) vertical single, which was fitted in the Reitwagen, a purpose-built two-wheeler chassis with two spring-loaded stabilizerss.[8] When this proved the engine capable of Daimler’s summer house (Cannstatt) driving a vehicle, Daimler devised a 1.1 hp (0.82 kW; 1.1 PS) single and ordered a Wimpff und Soehne four- seater phaeton to house it.[8] Daimler’s engine was in- in southern Germany, purchasing a cottage in Cannstatt’s stalled by Maschinenfabrik Esslingen and drove the rear Taubenheimstrasse, with 75,000 goldmarks from the wheels through a dual-ratio drive.[8] compensation from Deutz-AG. In the garden, they added a brick extension to the roomy glass-fronted summer house and this became their workshop. Their activities alarmed the neighbors who reported them to the police 2 The Otto four-stroke engine as suspected counterfeiters. The police obtained a key (1876) from the gardener and raided the house in their absence, but found only engines. In 1872 (at age 38), Daimler and Maybach moved to work Daimler and Maybach spent long hours debating how best at the world’s largest manufacturer of stationary engines to fuel Otto’s four-stroke design, and turned to a byprod- at the time, the Deutz-AG-Gasmotorenfabrik in . uct of . The main distillates of petroleum at It was half-owned by Nikolaus Otto, who was looking for the time were lubricating oil, kerosene (burned as lamp a new technical director. As directors, both Daimler and fuel), and benzine, which up to then was used mainly as Otto focused on gas-engine development while Maybach a cleaner and was sold in pharmacies. was chief designer. In 1876, Otto invented the four-stroke cycle, also known as the Otto Cycle, a system characterized by four piston 4 The grandfather clock engine strokes (intake, compression, power, and exhaust). Otto (1885) intended that his invention would replace the steam en- gines predominant in those years, even though his en- gine was still primitive and inefficient. Otto’s engine was In late 1885, Daimler and Maybach developed the first of patented in 1877, but the patent was soon challenged and their petrol engines, which featured: overturned. Unbeknownst to Otto, Daimler, and May- bach, in Mannheim during 1878, Karl Benz was concen- • a single horizontal cylinder of 264 cc (16 cu in)[9] trating all his efforts on creating a reliable two-stroke gas (58×100 mm, 2.28×3.94 in)[9] engine based on the same principle. Benz finished his en- gine on 31 December 1878, and was granted a patent for • air cooling his engine in 1879. • large cast iron flywheel Meanwhile, serious personal differences arose between Daimler and Otto, reportedly with Otto being jealous • surface [10] of Daimler, because of his university background and knowledge. Daimler was fired in 1880, receiving 112,000 • hot tube (patent 28022) goldmarks in Deutz-AG shares in compensation for the patents of both Daimler and Maybach. Maybach resigned • cam operated exhaust valves, allowing high speed later. operation

• 0.5 hp (370 W)[9]

3 Daimler Motors: small, high- • 600 rpm running speed, beating previous engines, speed engines (1882) which typically ran at about 120 to 180 rpm • weight of around 50 kg (110 lb)[9] After leaving Deutz-AG, Daimler and Maybach started to work together. In 1882, they moved back to Stuttgart • height of 76 cm (30 in)[9] 3

In 1885, they created a carburetor which mixed gasoline km/h; 6.9 mph). The boat was called af- with air allowing its use as fuel. In the same year Daimler ter the river where it was tested. (patent DRP 39- and Maybach assembled a larger version of their engine, 367). This was the world’s first and boat still relatively compact, but now with a vertical cylinder engines soon would become Daimler’s main prod- of 100 cc displacement and an output of 1 hp at 600 rpm uct for several years. The first customers expressed (patent DRP-28-022: “non-cooled, heat insulated engine fear the could explode, so Daimler hid with unregulated hot-tube ignition”). It was baptized the the engine with a ceramic cover and told them it was Standuhr (“grandfather clock”), because Daimler thought “oil-electrical”. it resembled an old pendulum clock. • street- and trolleys. • in the air in Daimler’s balloon, usually regarded as the first airship, where it replaced a hand-operated engine designed by Dr. Friedrich Hermann Wölfert of . With the new engine, Daimler success- fully flew over Seelberg on 10 August 1888.

They sold their first foreign licenses for engines in 1887 and Maybach went as their representative to the 1889 Paris Exposition to show their achievements.

5 First Daimler-Maybach automo- The Reitwagen (riding ), the world’s first internal combustion motorcycle (1885) bile built (1889)

In November 1885, Daimler installed a smaller version Engine sales increased, mostly for use in , and in of this engine in a wooden two wheeler frame with June 1887, Daimler bought another property at Seelberg two outrigger wheels, creating the first internal combus- hill, Cannstatt. It was located some distance from the tion motorcycle (Patent 36-423impff & Sohn “Vehicle town on Ludwigstraße 67 because Cannstatt’s mayor did with gas or petroleum drive machine”). It was named not approve of the workshop. Built at a cost 30,200 gold- the Reitwagen (riding car). Maybach rode it for three marks, the new premises had room for 23 employees. kilometers (two miles) alongside the river Neckar, from Daimler managed the commercial issues while Maybach Cannstatt to Untertürkheim, reaching 12 kilometres per ran the engine design department. hour (7 mph). In 1889, Daimler and Maybach built the Stahlradwagen, Also in 1885, but unknown to Maybach and Daimler, their first automobile that did not involve adapting a only sixty miles away in Mannheim, Karl Benz built the horse-drawn carriage with their engine, but which was first true automobile using an integral design for a motor- somewhat influenced by bicycle designs. There was no ized vehicle with one of his own engines. He was granted production in Germany, but it was licensed to be built in a patent for his motorwagen on 29 January 1886. France and presented to the public in Paris in October 1889 by both engineers. The same year, Daimler’s wife, On 8 March 1886, Daimler and Maybach secretly brought Emma Kunz, died. a stagecoach made by Wilhelm Wafter into the house, telling the neighbors it was a birthday gift for Mrs. Daim- ler. Maybach supervised the installation of a larger 1.1 hp[9] 462 cc (28 cu in)[9] (70×120 mm, 2.76×4.72 in)[9] 6 The Phönix engine (1890 to 1900) version of the Grandfather Clock engine into this stage- coach and it became the first four-wheeled vehicle to With demand for engines growing, for uses in everything reach 16 kilometres per hour (10 mph). The engine from to railcars,[8] Maybach and Daimler ex- power was transmitted by a set of belts. As with the mo- panded. With funding from gunpowder maker Max Dut- torcycle, it was tested on the road to Untertürkheim where tenhofer, industrialist Wilhelm Lorenz, and banker Kilian nowadays the -Benz Arena, formerly called the von Steiner, Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft was founded Gottlieb-Daimler-Stadion, is situated. 28 November 1890,[11] with Maybach as chief designer. Driven by Daimler’s desire to use the engine as many ways Its purpose was the construction of small, high-speed en- as possible,[9] Daimler and Maybach used the engine in gines for use on land, water, and air transport. The three other types of transport including: uses were expressed by Daimler in a sketch that became the basis for a logo with a three-pointed star. • on water (1886), by mounting it in a 4.5 metres (15 Many German historians consider this Daimler’s “pact ft) long boat and achieving a speed of 6 knots (11 with the devil”.[12] DMG expanded, but it changed. The 4 10 REFERENCES

newcomers, not believing in automobile production, or- The ill-defined relationship between the inventors and dered the creation of additional stationary building capac- DMG harmed the image of DMG’s technical department. ity, and considered merging DMG with Otto’s Deutz-AG. This continued until 1894 when the British industrialist Daimler and Maybach preferred plans to produce au- Frederick Simms made it a condition of his 350,000 mark tomobiles and reacted against Duttenhofer and Lorenz. purchase of a Phoenix engine license, which would sta- Maybach was denied a seat on the board and on 11 Febru- bilize the corporation’s finances, that Daimler, now aged ary 1891, he left the business. He continued his design sixty, should return to DMG. Gottlieb Daimler received work as a freelance in Cannstatt from his own house, with 200,000 goldmarks in shares, plus a 100,000 bonus. Simms received the right to use the name “Daimler” as Daimler’s support, moving to the closed Hermann Hotel in the autumn of 1892. He used its ballroom and winter his brand name for the engines. In 1895, the year DMG assembled its 1,000th engine, Maybach returned as chief garden as workshops, employing twelve workers and five apprentices. engineer, receiving 30,000 shares. The new company developed the high-speed inline-two During this period, they agreed to licenses to build Daim- Phönix, for which Maybach invented a spray carburettor, ler engines around the world, which included: a needless innovation given it still relied on hot tube ignition.[8] This was fitted in a singularly ugly car,[8] • France, from 1890, by Panhard et Levassor and which entered production (after a cessation of hostili- ties between Daimler, Maybach, and the DMG board), • the United States, from 1891, by American and Ger- in 1895.[8] man piano maker Steinway & Sons • the United Kingdom, from 1893, by Frederick 7 First automobile sold (1892) Simms' Daimler Motor Syndicate transferred in 1896 to the Daimler Motor Company In 1892, DMG finally sold its first automobile. Gottlieb • , by Austro Daimler Daimler, aged 58, had heart problems and suffered a col- lapse in the winter of 1892–1893. His doctor prescribed Daimler died in 1900, and in 1907 Maybach resigned a trip to Florence, where he met Lina Hartmann, a widow from DMG. 22 years his junior who was the owner of the hotel where he was staying. They married on 8 July 1893, honey- mooning in Chicago during its World Fair. 8 Honours The disputes with Lorenz continued. Daimler attempted to buy 102 extra shares to get a majority holding, but was Gottlieb Daimler was accepted into the Automotive Hall forced out of his post as technical director. The corpora- of Fame in 1978. Between 1993 and July 2008 Daimler tion was 400,000 goldmarks in debt. The other directors had a stadium named after him in Stuttgart, Germany. threatened to declare bankruptcy if Daimler didn't sell The Mercedes-Benz Arena was the venue for six matches them all his shares and all his personal patent rights from in the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany. the previous thirty years. Daimler accepted the offer, re- ceiving 66,666 goldmarks, and resigned in 1893. Gottlieb Daimler’s motto was Das Beste oder nichts (“The best or nothing at all"; “Nothing but the best”).[14] In 1894 at the Hermann Hotel, Maybach together with Mercedes-Benz adopted this motto as their slogan in Daimler and his son Paul designed a third engine called 2010. the “Phoenix” and had DMG make it. It featured:

• four cylinders cast in one block arranged vertically and parallel 9 See also

• operated exhaust valves • List of German inventors and discoverers • a spray nozzle carburetor, patented by Maybach in • 1893 • an improved belt drive system 10 References This is probably the same internal-combustion engine re- ferred to by the American author and historian Henry [1] “Gottlieb Daimler”. Encyclopædia Britannica. Brooks Adams, who describes the “Daimler motor” and [2] Wise, David Burgess (1974). “Daimler: Founder of the its great speed from his visit to the 1900 Paris Exposition Four-Wheeler”, in Northey, Tom, ed. World of Automo- in his autobiography.[13] biles. London: Orbis, Volume 5, p. 481. 5

[3] Wise, p. 481.

[4] Press Kit: Mercedes-Benz in the UK. Stuttgart, 13 June 2007; Daimler Global Media

[5] Ehland, Christoph ed. (2007) Thinking Northern: Tex- tures of Identity in the North of England. Editions Rodopi, Amsterdam

[6] Wise, p. 482.

[7] Wise, pp. 482–483.

[8] Wise, p.483.

[9] Georgano, G. N. (1990) Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886– 1930. London: Grange-Universal, p. 13.

[10] Abrams, Michael (April 2012), Gottlieb Daimler, American Society of Mechanical Engineers

[11] Wise, p.483, makes no mention of financial troubles, nor of von Steiner.

[12] Etscheit, Georg. “Der Tόftler im Glashaus”. Zeus.zeit.de. Retrieved 9 May 2009.

[13] Adams, H., The Education of Henry Adams, Ch XXV, originally published 1918

[14] Nitske, W Robert (1955). The complete Mercedes story: the thrilling seventy-year history of Daimler. London: Macmillan. p. 9. OCLC 59017729.

11 Sources

• Siebertz, Paul. Gottlieb Daimler: ein Revolutionär der Technik. 4. Auflage, Stuttgart: Reclam Verlag, 1950. • Wise, David Burgess. “Daimler: Founder of the Four-Wheeler”, in Northey, Tom, ed. World of Au- tomobiles Volume 5, pp. 481–3. London: Orbis, 1974.

12 External links

• Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz-Foundation • Encarta article (Archived 2009-10-31)

• The workaholic who made the automotive revolu- tion possible 6 13 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

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