Narrative of the Events Which Follow Campaign In

— R DI ST RICT OF NEW YO K, ss.

B RED a on the thzrteen th da Se te B E I T REMEM E , y of p m ber, i n the th t ” t - ni n a o In n n Um ted S ta Am erzca G EO RG E thzr y th ye r f the depe de ce of the tes g , N A ND C o sazd dzstm ct hav de osztcd zn e o ce tztle a S HEL DO of the , e p th s ﬁ the of ‘ c lazm as o reetors t n the m ords otlom b ok t e n ht w e ey pr p , f ng , to 101 : o , h g her of th t ’ A Narratw e of Ev n rvhzchfollorveet B n ap a Cam aa n zn Ba ea the e ts W o rte s p g ss to the perwd of I ns dcthronem en t . By I LL I A M DUNLA P I n con orm zt act Con i Um ted S a en tztled An act f y to the of the gress fthe t tes, n b e u n t or n u a m n l a ni g, y s c n g p c m a ha an d f the e co r ge e t of e r the co es f ps, c rts , au and ro rzetors o u l dun n un th re books to the thors p p f s ch cop es , g the t es e t n m en l ean and al to an act en tztled A n act u lem n a an act n ai l ed so , , , s pp e t ry to , e t ed learn ' c g an act or n u a m n of m g, by se un n ep a m a a f e e g of p , th co r e e t the c es s ch rts, d b k the au and o a of u o du n n un therem an oo s to thors pr pr etors s ch c m es , g the t es a d eatendzn b n i o to a d esz m n n m en teoned , n g ef f of g g, e gravm the e ts th”ere the rts g , and etchi ng hzston cal and otherpu nts . T HERON DD RU , ~ Clerk oft he DIS tﬂC t ofNew Yorkv

L I & N RR T V E c . X A A ,

A T the m n o n o f v 18 12 the ter i ati the ear , pe n er o fNapoleon Bo n apa rte had rec ei v ed the shock fro m u hit - h it n ever recover~ " des u c o n o f um n ed . The tr ti h a life i n that m em orable y ear is u nparalleled i n the re

r co d s o fo ur globe . The havoc an d suffer

‘ i n in s ut o t Euro e u i n g the o h p , tho gh them s s n m us s an d w t elve e or o , are lo t, the hole a ten tio n o fthe o bserver is occu pied by the n us n s so stu n us i n cote m pora eo eve t , pe do

n u an d r so m m n u m ag it de characte , o e to s, in ns u n s w w ss n , their co eq e ce , hich ere pa i g i n the n orth . W e have seen the v a n qu ished e m peror

s n w o fhis m ho st ‘ an d de erti g the reck ighty , ﬂying recrea n t toward his capital while 1 v t f m W n o n the s of the ic or, ro il a, ﬁr t day the n su n ssu s his n u n s e i g year, i e co grat latio to his triu m pha n t ar m ies an d su bjects res c f f s B u s ued ro m a oreign m a ter. t till m uch 4

was to be do n e ; an d the eve nt s which fob lo wed the ca m paign i n R ussia are n o le ss worthy the pen o f the hi storia n an d the m n o ad iration o fm a ki nd . The i n te n tio n f the prese n t writer is to gi v e a b rief ebro n o lo gic al n arrative o fthe i m porta n t tra n s actio ns i n the n orth o f E u rope an d in n w m n i n n Fra ce, hich ter i ated the abdicatio o f n m the Fre ch E peror. The ﬁ rst p ublic act o f Napoleo n Bo n a f hi s u n s i s his ss parte a ter ret r to Pari , addre to th e deputies ofthe legislative body o f

m s m w h a. the e pire . He tell the , it rather greater m ixt ure o ftr uth tha n the r ulers o f E urope u sually display i n their co m m o n ic atio n s su s an d w to their bject the orld , that he has m et with great reverses o ffe r

‘ un an d sus n s ss s ss s t e, tai ed evere lo e ; he a ert “ that the Fren ch dy n a sty will reig n i n “ - n n d uss n s - re n Spai , a the R ia e ter their frightful cli m ate he a n n ou n ce s his sati s~ f n w n u o f his s actio ith the co d ct all allie , an d his determ i n atio n to de fen d the m ; he c all s upo n his people to m ake every s acri ﬁc e n su m t e rather tha b i to a bad peac , w h ul aus ss o f n hic wo d c e the lo all , eve 5

“ o f an d n u s s n hope ; co cl de by ayi g, I have n eed o f great re so u rces to m eet the n s s w u m s n s e b t expe e hich circ ta ce xact, u n otwith stan di ng the differe n t m ea ns which m m n s o f n n w s ' n y i i ter fi a ce ill propo e to yo , I hope n o t to i m pose an y n ew bu rden s o n ” m y people . While Napoleo n was a ssu ri ng his people o fhis n n i n his s s s co fide ce allie , tho e allie were takin g m ea su res to m ake their peace w t the n u an d s u i h co q eror, to ec re a por tion o fthe spoil which a co nti n u ation o f the war n st n m s T h agai Fra ce pro i ed . e Ki ng o f Pr ussi a was the first to reco n cile

m s f n who hi el to Alexa der the liberator, c u t a sun der the bo n d s which u n ited him

n an d n w s m e to Fra ce, e gaged ith the a sword to defe n d hi m fro m the ven gea n ce m n s o f u s n o fNapoleo n . The o arch R s ia a d Pr ussia agreed to u n ite their late ho stil e

n s n s o f n legio agai t their brother Fra ce, M t e uss n m ss . an d h Pr ia A ba ador, the n Krusem arc k m a n wn s Baro de , de k o thi u ff n s v an d f n s to the leag e, o e i e de e ive, f M 18 u o n 2 7th o 13. Fre nc h co rt the arch , T he Prussia n m a n ife sto i s l o ng en um e» p r 6

t n su s o f m n as is usu ra es m a y bject co plai t, al o s s n s an d n u s w s n the e occa io , co cl de ith thi

: I n su s e o ft n s paragraph ch a tat hi g , it c ou ld n o t lo n g rem ain do ubtful what part s s the ki n g sho uld take . For year pa t he h ad sacriﬁced every thi ng to the preserva tio n o fhis political existe n ce ; n o w Fra n ce h erself uts s s n and p at hazard thi exi te ce, u does n othi ng to protect it . R ssia has the

w his m sf un s an d po er to aggravate i ort e ,

n us ff s f n hi m yet ge ero ly o er to de e d . The i fu ki n g ca n n ot hesitate . Fa th l to his pri n

c i les an d his u s ns his m s p d tie , he joi ar to s f m n n n tho e o the E peror Alexa der, cha gi g his s s m w u n n his b t y te itho t cha gi g o jec . o s n w n n He h pe by breaki g ith Fra ce, a d n m s f uss n b attachi g hi el to R ia , to obtai y a n u t n ho o rable peace, or by the s re ngth o fhis m s s o f his w s ar , the ole object i hes, th e n n n c o fhis e i depe de e people, the b n e

' w su fro m i t an d n ﬁts hich re lt , the i herita n ce his f s o n e halfo f w o f ather , the hich has s f i been wre ted ro m h m . The ki ng will adhere with all his power to all the pro po sitio ns con form ed to the co m m o n i n te t o f the soverei ns o E uro e est g f p . He ar 7

" dently desires that they m ay prod uce a state o fthi ngs i n whic h treaties shall be no

n m u s i n w w m a lo ger ere tr ce , hich po er y m u n o f u s c an d r beco e the g ara tee j ti e, eve y o ne n n n m s fto his n u s , co ﬁ i g hi el at ral right , m ay be n o lo n ger torm e n ted in all the poi n ts o f his existe n ce by the ab use o f 7) 3

There is certai nly m u ch tr uth an d wi s ‘ m n s n n n do i thi paragraph , co tai i g a pro fo un d political lesson to r ulers an d people ; an d the desires o fhis Pru ssia n m ajesty are m s n u s m s f o t at ral to a little de pot like hi el , n su rro u ded by great o n e s . Du o f ss n o n The ke Ba a o, the ﬁrst o f

18 13 n sw u ss n m n April , , a ered the Pr ia a i fe sto i n a style o f bittern e ss the m ore

us f m its n s n u n f s ca tic ro co ta t rec rre ce to act . He ns uss s an d c begi , Pr ia olicited o n u an l n w n i n 18 12 b e cl ded a lia ce ith Fra ce , ca u se the Fre n ch ar m ies were n earer the Prussia n states tha n the Ru ssia n arm ie s P u ss s i n 8 13 w . ere r ia declare , 1 , that she s s us the violate her treatie , beca e R ussia n arm ies are n earer her states tha n the Fre n ch

' arm ies then ‘ pro c eeds to take a 8 retrospective view o fthe ﬂuct uati ng c on d u ct o fthe Ki ng o fPr ussia fro m 1792 to the s n m n u n w s o f pre e t ti e, co cl di g ith threat cha sti sem e nt . ‘ I n m n m n n the ea ti e, the the prete der on o f n s n to the thr e Fra ce, re idi g at Hart w i n n n w wis ell , E gla d , ith great political do m u n o fL o u is . ssu , der the title XVIII i ed ” n ss hi s s u I a addre to oppres ed s bjects . n s u s n w s his n thi paper Lo i ack o ledge i ability , an d prete n d s that he has n o i n cli n atio n to obtai n the thro n e o f Fra n ce b ut thro ugh the wi shes o f the people . He reiterates

ssu n s f m m ad m in i a ra ce or erly ade, that the s trati v e an d j udicial bodies shall b e m ai n tai n ed ; that those holdi ng places shall re tain them ; that all pro sec utio n s fo r acts co m m itted si n ce the revol utio n shall be prohibited ; that the prese n t code o flaws shall be co n ti n ued ; that the presen t hold ers o f la n d s shall be un m olested that the orga n izatio n o f the arm y i n all its grades m n a n and n shall be ai t i ed , the co scription abolished . n t who u n Ber adot e, , der the title o f i n i the tu Crown Pr ce, s ac al m on arch of 9

w n u s n S ede , tho gh elected to thi dig ity by 1nt1 1 ues o f n s m s e the g Bo aparte, ee to hav acted excl usively fo r the ben eﬁ t o f hi m selfan d the people over who m he had b e

_ t co m e the ruler . Fore seei ng the da n ger o w n f m w o f uss i s S ede ro the po er R ia , he su s uss sec etl ppo ed to have aided R ia 1 v, b hi s ns n an d has y advice, agai t Fra ce, it n n asse1 ted u ss n n o f eve bee _ that the R ia pla the la st great ca m paign was sugge sted by hi m w in n m o f s ; he, ho ever, the a e Charle n o n m is XIII . w ope ly broke ter s with h horm er m s an d m the a ter, prepared to arch S wedish con scripts (for the Fre n ch ' sy stem o f co n scription was fully established i n w f uss u t S eden )to the aid o the R ia n a tocra . s n i n n m s o f By a treaty, ig ed the a e the n s o f t n an d Sw d n at ki g Grea Britai e e , m o n 3d o f M 1 8 13 Stockhol , the arch , ,

w n n s s n usan S ede e gage to . e d thirty tho d m en un der Ber n adotte to operate in G er

m n n s n : n n o n her a y agai t Fra ce E gla d, assen tm the n n n o f w part , g to a exatio Nor ay to c 1 0 wn o f w n Russ n the S ede ; ia h avi g, by a u s a 1 eed v un previo treaty , g to gi e that co tr n n D n to w n and y , belo gi g to e m ark; S ede , 10

to co n q uer i t fo r her i fn ec essary . E n gla n d likewise e ng ages to pay S wede n o ne m il n s n an d v s an o f lio terli g , gi e her the I l d u u G adalo pe . Th us t he despo t o fFra n ce saw the c o aliti o n agai n s t him stre n gthe n i ng daily i n co n seq uen ce o fhis R ussia n d e feats and dis aster s ; b ut he o n his part was n ot i n active i n c alii ng forth the m ighty re so urces ofthe great n atio n over which b e r uled with a f h rod o iro n . T e pla ns adopted by the Fre nch gover n m en t pu t at the dispo sal o f the e m peror an ar m y o ffo ur h un dred tho u s n m en fo r E an d two un a d the lbe , h dred

o u s n d o n n s n u th a the Rhi e , be ide ﬁlli g p the m s o f ar ie Italy an d S pai n . T he repet t o f the m i n i ster o f exterior

n s the m e an d n w n relatio to e p ror ki g, he s n o f uss s s the f peaki g Pr ia , ay , de ectio n ’ o fGe n eral D Y o rc k cal led the e n e m y i n to

sta s o f n o fP u ss an d c o ; the te the Ki g r ia , m pelled o ur ar m ies to evac uate the Vist ula an d the . uss proceed to Oder Pr ia , to dis

u s n n ns ff fu n s g i e her i te tio , o ered to r i h a n w e n n n . i n s an d co ti ge cy She had Sile ia, o n s s suf u o thi ide the Oder. a ﬁcient n m ber f 1 1

f m an d o f troops already or ed , cav alry which wo uld have been so ~ u seful in op: posi n g the ligh t troops ofthe en e m y . But n o t kee h er m s she had decided to p pro i e . The ki ng aba n do n ed a reside n ce i n which he was covered by the Oder to go i n to an ope n city i n order to hail the approach o f v e E i the e n e m y . Hardly had he arri d at res law f n u w m n the , be ore Ge eral B lo , i itati g ’ n o f n D Y o rc k n hi trea so Ge eral , ope ed s li n es to the R ussia n light troops,an d facili ss o f tated their pa age the Oder . The king n t w o ff m s an d at le g h thre the a k , by three successive ordi n a n ces called to arm s first the you ng m en rich e n o ugh to equip th em ; s n w o fthe u f selve , the the hole yo th ro m s n n w n - f u s o f eve tee to t e ty o r year age, an d ” la st the m en above that age .

I n f uss n m s act , the R ia ar ie had adva n ced with little oppo sitio n ; had taken po ssessio n o f W s w o n 8 th o f u n ar a the Febr ary, a d m arched as frien d s i n to Berli n o n the 4th n n s o fMarch . The Ha overia had display ed the Britis h Ha m b u rg had received the R ussia n troop s with accla m a n s an d a m its n n tio , procl i ed a cie t govern ent u n d ssu n s o f n f m w , er a ra ce protectio ro the E m peror Alexa n der . I n April the R ussia n arm ies had been a ug m ented to three h u n dred an d ﬁfty - eight s n m en s w un thou a d ; be ide hich , Co t Tol s toy had crossed the Niem en with rei nforce n s o fo n e un us n m en m" m e t h dred tho a d , pri c ipally Co ssack s. The adva n ced corp s ’ d arm ée o f the S wede s had arrived o n the f m m n an d w fo l Elbe ro Po era ia , ere to be lo wed by t we n ty - ﬁv e thou sa n d m en u n der the i m m ediate com m a n d o f the Cro wn

n n . ussi n m Pri ce Ber adotte The Pr a ar y , u n der the co m m a n d o f the celebrated u n n n t o f Bl cher, had adva ced i to the vici i y

E rfurth .

O n the sth o fApril the R ussia n s an d

u s n s who so m et the Pr s ia , had lately at f n an d n f o n h poi n t o the bayo et, i licted eac m s s o f us war w other all the i erie glorio , ere arra nged i n perfe ct harm o n y u n der the o r o f u n W n s n and O s d ders Co t ittge tei , ppo e u n to the Fre n ch der the Viceroy o fItaly . ’ The Fre nch corp s d arm es was co m posed o f s n s m u n n u w n four divi io , a o ti g to abo t t e ty

two thousa n d m en ; an d had been pl un der.

en stein s su s d g , by thi victory ppo e that he m u n n had preven ted an atte pt po Berli . Abo u t this ti m e (April 3d) the E m peror

uss i n m n ss o fR ia , a procla atio addre ed to m n s and s n n Ko utusoff the Ger a , ig ed Pri ce ” s s the n n n o f uss a S m olen k , declare i te tio R i

‘ an d Prussia to red uce Fra n ce to her ah m s and s an d n cie n t li it , re tore liberty i de pen denc e to the pri n ces an d n ation s o f

Ger m a ny . The E m peror Napoleon havi ng appoi n t

n s n o f n an d m ed his co ort Rege t Fra ce, ade every other n ecessary dispo sitio n fo r what he wo uld call the sec urity an d glory o fthe f a s a m m n o f e m pire, le t P ri to t ke co a d the u s s s w as if u n n um ero ho t hich , by s per atural w n ss m and in po er, had bee a e bled arrayed h o stile oppositio n to the late co n q uerors o f . m s o f n u s an d russ the ar ie Fra ce, A tria , P ia . O 11 the 24th o fApril Napoleon left M ay n e ce . U po n his join i ng the arm y every thi n g a n n o un ced his i nten tio n to act o n the I n n s u n o f offe n sive . co eq e ce these appear ‘a uces the co m bi n ed R ussia n an d Pru ssia n ar m ies had bee n u n ited betwee n Leipsic an d n u s n adv anta Alte b rg, a po itio highly geo n s i n all ca ses either o f a ttack or d e ~ 1 5

f n e n n n n e c The Fre ch , havi g co ce trated

f s w debauchin M erseb ur their orce , ere g by g an d W ss n f s t he s m m ei e el , at a e ti e that a co n siderable corps u n der Lau risto n was

s n o n wa s w e t to rd Leip ic , hich appeared to be the m ai n object o foperatio n ; this m ove m e n t determ in ed Co un t Wittge n stei n to m ake the attack whe n it wo uld be o ut o f ’ the po wer o fLau risto n s corps to cooperate w m ith the ai n arm y . ' ' Ma 1 5hal P ri n ce Ko utuso fi Sm ole n sk h ad

e n f o n m h Bun tzleau b e le t ill the arc at , where he died b ut his death was n o t pu b

W i ~ lished . u n n s n who v r Co t ittge tei , had tli all m m n f s wa y co a ded the allied orce , s m n o w appoi n ted co m a n der i n chief. The battleoft he 2d May co m m e n ced by the at tack o f Bea uharn ois u po n the village o f

' s r n and the s i n f n o f Li te ia , bridge ro t Leip N n was w n re sic . While apoleo aiti g the sult o fthis attack with the i n te n tio n to

o o n s W n s n f w n m ve Leip ic , ittge tei , ollo i g

n o f e n s a n his pla op ratio , ttacked the ce tre q o fthe French arm y at the village o fGross ’ ner s D Y o rc k an d u G o rc hen . Ge al Bl cher co m m an ded this attack,Wh ich appears to ’ 16

r n h an d have b een u nexpec ted by the F e c , T he m ade with an overwhel m i ng force.

” n a b ut was e s b attle beca m e ge er l , b tte t at

t a n l o fGro ssLG o r the ce n r l poi t, the vi lage

was n an d re- k n the c hen, which take ta e , at

fthe n si x se t m s w h poin t o bayo et, veral i e it u T h n n e i m m en se sla ghter . e Fre ch ce tr , re d n wa n su peate ly broke , s at le gth pported

tro whic h m o n Lei s1 by the ops had oved p c, who m ade an attack o n the right o fthe al

1 res1 bl s s l ies which was r sti e . To oppo e thi s the w a o f corp , hole c valry the allied ar m w fr m l f w y ere ordered o the e t , here they had been em ployed with altern ate success an d repulse i n charges upon the French o m n s o f n f n an d w n n c l u i a try, ere i te ded

~ “ for a co m bi n ed charge u po n the Fren ch left : great expectatio ns were raised o fc o m lete su ss f m s m noeu b u t p cce ro thi a vre, dark n ess interven ed before the cav alry could b e

brought i nto a c tion. The n ext m orn i ng

s w a . “to 9 n w the the allie ere p rep red , re e

’ ‘ u he - battle, b t t Fren ch were alread i n y '

s m m n s an d t e a i s no em ﬁr t ove e t , h ll e did t de it e t f o w h fa c xpedien t o oll t em . A s r as an 17

' b e j udged froin the state m e nts o f both pa1 t es w n usan d m en we k an d i , t e ty tho re illed w un o n s da ofs u h an d o ded thi y la g ter, each party a n n ou n ced a glo rio us v ictory obtain ~

m s f. s u w s ed by hi el The eq el , ho ever, prove that the adva n tage was With the French :

s u n o f the allie occ pied the poi t their attack , an d their adversary po ssessed an d m oved forward upo n his ; the ‘ lo ss o n each side was

u s h probably abo t eq u al . Thi battle as n e m n t o f u bee d n o i ated the bat le L tze n . , O n 6 th o f M a n e Witt e n the y , Ge ral g ste i n had placed his arm y bet wee n the Elbe

' n s w m m n o fs a d the El ter, ith the co a d eve E b ral o f the bridge s over the l e .

m u n w t s n d n w Ha b rgh , ot i h ta i g the po er an d the a ssura n ces o f protectio n m ade by

s n was n d m her Ru s ia deliverer, a gai oo ed to experie n ce the m iseries o fforeig n do m i

A o f w s f s n n atio n . body S edi h orce had bee ' ' n fo r its f n e b ut u thrown i to the city de e c , p on the approach o f an arm y erD an es an d

n u n n B u theS wedes Fre ch der Ge eral r y ere, “ and the n m s ub retired , city agai beca e n s o was jcet to the Fre ch de p t. The city — l aid u n der a co n tribu tio n o f forty eigh t a s a d 18

ff1* m m ion s o a s . o r as of ill , am ng othe ; pun ish m en t fo r- having rejoic ed at lib er

: h n taken e sly -res nsu . its fr e avi g j m a , to i re “ e

‘ T he allied s ar ies f o f m , a ter the battle

Lutzen, appear to have m ade su ccessivere tro ade m o m ts u n s n gr ve en , til they had cho e an exceedin gly stro ng positi on i n adva n ce ofWurtc hen an d Ho c hkirk , a place cele b i ated i n the history o f the seven y eal s war w c o n c en t1 ated f o , here they a orce f from o ne h u n dred an d ﬁfty to o n e h u n dred and S xt us n m en an d s i y tho a d , tren gthen ed

“ th m s s m n s w art e elve , by every ea hich the

o f f n d su e de e ce coul gg st . O n i he l 0th o f M ay the Fren ch ar m y O the 1i5t pas sed the Elbe. n h it took up its s n i n fr n o f t he es u po itio o t alli at Ba tze n . O n the 19 th the Fren ch em peror arrived

f m es n at hi s m ne u ro Dr de ca p ar Ba tzen , ’ and im m egi ately reco n n oitered the e n e m y s s n an d f0 1 m ed hi s o f po itio , plan attack . O n s s m e d a s o ft he F1 e c h thi a y a corp " n u n e Lauristo n w was d r , hich advan cing to oin the n m wer m et j m ai ar y , e an d partially 19

’ f s o f D Y o rc k an d de eated by, the corp T de T oll . he s m a Barclay , y allie clai ed victory with the acq uisition o ften pieces o f c an n o n t an d o ne th o usa n d ﬁve h un dred priso ners ; b ut the affair does n o t a ppear to have been sufﬁcie nt to disco n cert Bo n a ’ parte s i nte n ded attack upo n the li n es o f m s w o n the allied ar ie , hich took place the 0th 1110 1 11m g o f the 2 . T he t ight o fthe allied arm ies n as sup:

1 b m u n t ns b w s po ted y , o ai covered y ood Ba utze n co ntai n ed their ce ntre this to w11 n r w u ha v i n g bee cove ed ith redo bt s. The left o f the allies l ean ed u po n fortified ri s i ng gro un ds which defe n ded the debouches f n fro m the river Spree . All their ro t was covered by the Spree . They had a seco n d f fi s n i n o f s orti ed po itio , the rear the fir t ;

f in f n o f o fH o c hkirk the le t ro t the village , the cen tre covered by three i ntren ched vil lages an d so m e m arshes ; an d their right

s n u n s an d n n m n by ri i g gro d i tre ch e ts. , M s O udi n o t u o f c o m ar hal , D ke Reggio , an ded o f n m m , the right ' the Fre ch ar y l ea n i n g u po n the m o un tai n s to the left o f

‘ n d f ft o f the Spree, a separated rom the le 1520

the altis s b y a v alley a n d the m ar Mars ‘ 1 V l o nald u o fT arentu rn Ge m s sh al l I , D ke

was "U po n the left o f fhe l

‘ ‘ m o n nera » Be n om m n d Mar t, Ge l rtra d c a de

o f "M sh l u po n the right the allies. ar a Ney , ' ’ ' n o f M s w v G ene al Lau s n Pri ce o k a , r ri to ,

' and n Re i n ier W ats H erswer Ge eral g , ere oy

da r' wn o ut of the l n n o re r ' o f , th o i e, i t the a f the Fren c h arm y by the battle of the 19 thl

F m the s . n r u zen N ro height ea Ba t , apo

ﬂ s n a e . o leo directed the b ttl . He rdered Oudi n o t to pa ss the S pree and attack the m ean n s wh s u r f o f tai ich ppo ted the le t the allies .

‘ Marshal M Do n ald was directed to thro w

f “ a b ridge o v er the Spre e between Baut z en

“ ii ' an d the m ou ntai ns; Marm o n t was o rdei ed to throw a n oth er over a turn which th at

' river takes to the l eft of l Marshal

‘ t Du o f' Dalrnatia t m the c o Soul , ke , to m

i212

‘ village was c arri ed by his t roop s y b u t the

‘ ‘ reser o f theualli es v n n the Frenci h ve ad a ci g, were ' 1b eaten b ack agal n with slanghter; o u u w or e the A b t So lt, h l d

‘ centre ‘ debouchcd b u t C o unt W ns n , ittge tei

' l n u s attacfkt of en t poi t, rep l ed the the c reo f

' ‘ the Fren ch With lo ssﬁ A t this m o m ent Bo

' M aub our an d a ower u l ar tiller ~to g, p f y , the

’ ‘ attack o fthe right o fthe allies c o rritn arzdett

‘ thé - by v eteran Bl ucher, an d lay this m ove ' ‘ ‘ - m en t deci ded theM o s sy c o nt est; i n ta

' ' s vanc o fthe French warm s"- T he alli es were

il -I z j t S nevv attack a nﬂMarshal Ne y ; 1331552 23

' W u r n n u n he rtc he . Bo aparte havi g t r ed t s w right o fthe allie , they ere obliged to an d f o f retreat , le t the ﬁeld battle covered

‘ w m n w un d 1n ~ an d ith the i gled o ded , y g, in ss ss n o f dead, the po e io the Fre n ch u n w n arm y . D ri g the hole ight the allied

m s n n u an d f ar ie co ti ed their retreat , by o ur ’ ' o clock i n the m or n i n g o f the 2 2d the n m m n u u Fre ch co e ced the p rs it . T he allies m ade a stand at Reiche n

an d were a ain an d a bach , g attacked , ag i n t ” T he w obliged to re reat . battle as again

an d s n . n bloody ob ti ate The Fre ch bro ugh t. n G i nto actio all their cavalry . e n eral Regnier with the Saxo n corps gai n ed the b s . n n a n d u height eyo d Rette bach , p rsu ed s s as far as n f their adver arie Hotte dor . n m s n z The Fre ch ar y re ted ear Gorlit , the allies con ti n u i n g to retreat in the direction w Of Sch eid n itz . hus 19 th 20th 2 l st an d 22d o f T the , , , May presented a s uccessio n o f car n age in fo u r successive battles fo ught by at lea st o f the ﬁ nest troops i n the world

' The killed an d wo un ded were horribly

Of losses ~on ei great o n both sides. the 24

ther part we c an m ake n o a ccurate esti~ " m ate ; b ut so m e I dea m ay be form ed o f" the slaughter m nd sufferin g by the Fre n ch

’ s m n h . the allies lo st i n w u n tate e t, t at o ded ' n m en o f w m ~ 10 000 w e alo e , ho , er n c kn o wled ~ left o n the field . The Fre c h a g ed a lo ss :o f killed an d wo un ded ; w h m a u an d n ot hic probably y be do bled , equ al the car n age o f these fou r bloody n s w days. Several ge eral ofﬁcer ere kil led m n W m n i r ener an d , a o g ho ge eral K g , M s u u f u w e ar hal D roc, d ke o Fri li, er de m n n stroyed by the sa e ca on ball . On the 4th o f J un e an arm istice was s n to c o nti n ue f m m t ig ed, ro that ti e to he '

20th o f Ju lv . s was the Thi preceded , by ' arrival o f co u nt S ho uv alo ﬁ and the Prus~ sian gen eral Kliest at the head q uarters o fthe us m w victorio E peror, here they had o a con feren ce fm a n y hours. It was stip ulate d that the allies sho uld du ri ng the

a - m n n d m m n i n s bove e tio e ti e, re ai Ea t Prus sia n d n c in ax n an d s , a the Fre h S o y Sile ia, hav m g the privilege to provis io n the gar~ r se-us o fDantz i c n us n Mo lsk i , Stette , C tri , , Ee r ﬁv e s w h a fee u se o fa y . eve y day , it r 2 5

Fren ch league o f groun d in the rea r o f o f s h b lo c each . A corps the allie t at ka ded M u was m o agdeb rg re ved . The pri n ci pal privilege gai ned by the allies was exem ptio n from attack i n their we ake n ed

c on dition . T he events an d term i natio n o f this s r t m n o f o ne m n w s b ho ca paig o th , ere u jec ts o fa ston ish m ent. to the civilized world ; and various and stro ng were the hopes an d fears o f m a n ki n d d uri n g the n egotiatio ns

fo r which this arm istice gave ti m e . T he

Prussia n gov ern m en t m ade public dec laf ratio n that the ti m e gai n ed should be em ployed i n preparation s fo r sec uri ng its n n n n of un i depe de ce . The gover or the co try betwee n the Vistula an d the Russia n f n c lm ed m n s o f ro tier, a the i d the people by assuran ces that the arm i stice wo uld n ot m n i n e and wn n ter i ate p ace, the cro pri ce

‘ o f Sweden too k a positio n with an arm y m en o n we b e o f the lo r Elbe, to ' ready fo r the reco m m encem en t o f hosts-v ities N tw s n n s w a l . o ith ta di g the e arlike p

' pearanc es a con gress o fplenipoten ti aries m et at u an d n o on s to Prag e, eg tiati 3 26

peace were carried o n form ally un der the/ n o f m ro f us r m ediatio the e pero A t ia, by whose in terference the arm istice was ex

ten ded to the 10th o fA ugust . 0 11 the 14th o f A ugust the em peror o f s m n f s m w h he A ustria publi hed a a i e to, hic an n oun ces the fail ure o fthe n egotiatio n s at

u an d s his so n - i n - law Na o Prag e, charge , p bb l n c au e n un s l n w s . n eo , ith g the He a o ce as a co nsequ en ce his joi n ing the leag ue a al nst r n n the n m e g F a ce, that bei g o ly od eft hi m o f rese1 v 1n hi n n l p g s i depe dence, d u n for uro an proc ri g peace pe. us war was n wa an th Th the re e l, d e , power o fAustria n ot o n ly withdrawn fro m n b ut set i n n t i — Napoleo , array agai s h m a

w s ' rs T po er tated at soldie . he total force in arm s o f theallies was said to b e exc luswe o f 70 o r

w s u n e m m n o f n S ede d r the co a d Ber adotte . All these m ighty arm l es were u n der the

‘ com m a nd ofm en who had learn ed the m ost approved m ode o fwarfare,either by ﬁght- t

' ‘ i ng against or un der the orders of Bon a parte .

Hostilities . recom m enced by an attack 27

u po n a positio n o fthe allied arm y i n fron t o f Lauen b ur h w M s us g , hich ar hal Davo t, w su f o f n an d n s ith a perior orce Fre ch Da e , 1

carried at the poi n t o fthe bayo n et . The ' allies o n their part reco m m en ced the b o m b ardm en t o f n Stetti . Frenc h hav in n n an m The , g co ce trated ar y

of m en i n the n ns o fBe ruth e viro y , u n M s O udin o t m m m n der ar hal , ade a ove e t o n the 2 1st o f Au gust which threate n ed n n a o f Berli . They adva ced by the w y n an d f t he s n s o f Trebbi , orced all po itio s u htil u un the allie , they occ pied the co try w n M n w t e c r O n bet ee itte alde an d h S a e. the 2 3d Ge n eral Bertra n d debouched upon

the uss n s o fT auen aein ut. was Pr ia corp , b repul sed ; b ut a n other part o f the Fre nch a m o f ss n r y carried the village Gro Bere , an d the w n u n n f hole adva ced po Ahre dor . The actio n was ren ewed by an atte m pt o s to n ss en fthe allie regai Gro Ber . A di v 1sro n o fthe Fre n ch ar m y havi n g threat

n v o f Ruhldsdo rf n e ed the illage , Ber a

s n f m i n n dotte e t a orce to take the ﬂa k , which decided the day i n favo ur o f the

s who 26 n n n n allie , took ca o , priso ers,

beside baggage an d am m un ition . 28

o f s fo r It appears that the pla n the allie . c am a1 n o f18 13 was o pen in g this seco n d p g , to advance fro m Bohe m ia by the pa sses n an d m m n offen swe in to Saxo y, co e ce ope n d o f n m rations 111 fla n k a rear their e e y , shou ld he m ai n tain his po sition s i n Lua

satia and o n the ri ght ba n k o f the Elbe.

While the m ai n Ru ssm n arm y u n der Bar.

‘ De n u n s o f cl ay Tolly, i cl di g the corp n n Milarad o v itc h us Wittgen stei a d , the Pr an r s o f s and w f the si co p Klei t, the hole o A u s an m w offen swel tri ar y, ere to act y , un der the chief com m an d o f Pri n ce S c hwartz enb ur h n u w h g . Ge eral Bl cher, it ’ a corps d a/rm ée co m posed o fa div m on o f ’ P russ1an s u n n D Y o rc k w h der ge eral , it t wo ssian d s n s w to m fo m R u ivi io , ere ove r s o n us an d t n the fo Sile ia L atia , threa e r nt

I n n f W h t s B u r co orm ity it hi plan, l che adva n ced i n three col um n s o n the 2oth o f u us the n w w n r s A g t, Fre ch ithdra i g thei po ts b efore hi m b ut o n the 2 1st Bon apart e a n n s Buntslau Lo dva ced upo the allie at , u

' en b ur a d u n a e an d after an g, n La , ttack d , o s i a e c n t s o t ss n v et a b t n t o e t, frced he Pru ia e

30 ed s an d r for the an battle , ecorded gall try d s e an d s u e n b ut i play d, the la ght r i flicted ; n o w on ts o f m s in w h u the c flic ar ie , hich t o s n s n n us n s s n a d are e gaged, or eve tho a d lai , s n n i n si nific an c e l n c m s n w h i k i to g , o pari o it the great days o f co n flict in which hun d red s o fthou san ds were engaged i n deeds of e and m s o f m n d ath , the victi a bitio by

“ ten s o ftho usa nds lay m a ngled with wo un d s in m n a s o f an d d m o n i gled he p dead y g, the

horrible ﬁelds o f thei r c on ten tio n . T he 27th o f Augu st is m e m orable in the r r eco ds even o f this war. T he Fren ch had sc arcely retired to their po sts i n an d n r s n w en the allied arm s as r u e , a o d D de , h ie , i f with an intent o fter m in ati ng the war by the destr uctio n o f Bo n aparte and his m a a m n a ta u o n legion s, de co bi ed t ck p ’ all the Fren ch works . A t fo ur o clock in the aftern oo n the troops m oved to the as m n us ann n f sault. A tre e do c o ade rom all e r of the a arm l es th . artille y llied began the a n s o f des u i n a d oper tio tr ct o , n was an swered by an equal and m ore destruo tive discharge of ca n non upo n the u n shol

exed an d a va n i n assa lants. 1 0 11 a l ﬂ d c g i l 31’

o f uss P u ss and sides the tr0 0 ps R ia , r ia , s u n the w k s o f the Au stria , clo ed po or

and i n s . s w u n a Fre n ch , everal place ith vai li ng valour storm ed the redo ubts literal ’ l i n n n n s m u h . u s n s y , the ca o o t The A tria gai ned o n e redoubt o f eight gu n s n o t f m m a n w b ut above sixty yard s ro the i all , the Fre n ch o n ly q uitted it for a shelter w s f m w n t behi n d other ork , ro he ce hey t n m s m s s i n m o wed do wn heir e e ie , the elve o f s m e sec urity . The artillery the allie ad

s n u n w s o f n o i m pre sio po the all the city, and the troop s were exposed to an u n a n s u w w n o vaili g la ghter, here there ere s f ks d breache to acilitate their attac , an where they were expo sed to the ﬁre o f an

n m w m u n ot B a e e y ho they co ld reach . o n a arte s n hi s ass n s m p , eei g aila t co pletely e s o f o f check d, ordered a ortie his

' guard s ; an d it req uired all the skill o fthe allied gen eral s to withdra w their troop s n M fro m the com bat. Pri ce aurice o f Lichte n stein su stai n ed the attack o f the s and r v n r f m h gu ard , p e e ted the etreat ro é

u l e rm r n~ c o m i ng a ro t . The a li d a ies ega 1 n am m en s v n m an th u" ed their e c p t , lea i g y o 32

San ds of thei r b est troops dead and dying o n the ﬁeld . n m e o who n d The Fre ch E p r r, had e tere Dr esden 1m m ediate1y after the v ictory he h ad n u an d us i n m obtai ed over Bl cher, j t ti e m n s to direct these i porta n t operatio , de term in ed upon fo llo wm g u p the rep ul se o fthe allies by an attack u po n their en

T e tr w o c am pi nents the n ext day . h oops h h ad m ade the sortie o f the 2 7th rem al ned an d o n them o rn i n o f t e u po n the ﬁeld, g h 2 8th Bo n aparte m arched his whole arm y to th e attack . T he allies occ upied a v ery exten ded po sitio n o n the heights surro u n di ng the o f s n an d u city Dre de , altho gh to a ssa ult an ar m y i n its cam p which the day before had bee n con sidered strong e n o ugh to ‘ carry the redo ubts an d walls of a city de f n b m en s m o re e ded y , or, perhap , , s an u us und t n the n wa ard o er aki g, yet Fre ch com m a n der knew that he had the ad r an tage o fdirecti n g troop s tr iu m phi ng l n the u ss o fthe n Who if s cce precedi g day , check

/ ed. c o uld retir e to the shel ter o f the ram part s lin ed with can non which supported 33

e da w s w h t th ir rear. The y a hazy it a grea f o f n and was n all rai , the battle pri cipally m ai ntai n ed by the artille ry o fboth arm ies and f u n by req e t charges o f c avalry . Toward s the m iddle o fthe day a c ata s troph e occ urred which awake n ed m ore tha n o rdi n ary sen sibility and regret throughou t the d m : n a M w st allie ar y Ge er l oreau, hil i n earn est con versatio n with the E m peror o f uss a o n n s o f da R i , the operatio the y , had both his legs carried off by a can no n

s b n u his s . hot, the all goi g thro gh hor e This distin guished warrior had q ui tted his m n n U n d s i n use retire e t i the ite State , co q uen c e o fa previo us arra n gem en t with the d m n s had th allie o arch , an d accepted e Com m ission o f Major Gen eral from the

m o f uss and a as f o f E peror R ia , cted chie s ff o n the ta fthe allied arm ies. It had bee S u s in additio n to w w ppo ed, the eight hich his n a m e and talen ts thre w in to the c om o n u s o f ur t was m ca e E ope, hat it expect ed that the Fre n ch arm ie s m ight b e i n d uc ed to rally ro u n d him i n ca se o f any

o ff un n o f n reverse ort e o the part Napoleo , and r u f f u e that Mo ea , the orm er avo rit 34

o fFr n c w u h m n general a e, o ld be the c a pio If su h and restorer o f the Bourbon s. c “ ‘ f1us were the pla n s ofthe allies they were fo r f trated by a ran do m ca n n on ball a ter sufferi n g all the tortu re o fa double am pu M u u n tatio n , Gen eral orea expired d ri g the retreat which followed the battle o fDres

den . Bon aparte perc e1v1ng that the left wi n g e es m sed cf u s n s was ofth alli , co po A tria , i n so m e m easure separated fro m the m ai n ar m y by the in tersectio n o f the v alley o f

uen ere M u f u n w h Pla , ord d rat to all po it it a e f e an d se n ed hi m r gr at orc , co d by othe e T he s eede so able m an oe11V 1 s. attack ucc d far as w the en em n c n fus n to thro y i to o io , m e n t us n n T he an d ak m a y ho a d priso ers. s n F1 enc h m r allie , perceivi g tha t the E pero h ad p ushed a la1 ge body o f forces across the K o n in stei n an d in o s Elbe at g P a , to p s ss m s fof ss s 1n the1r 1 ear an d e hi el the pa e , h avin g su ffered severely by the act 1o n s o f t s two s n e t he e bloody day , bega their r trea

i n e n n o f 1 8 h n h the ve i g the 2 t . The Fre c

m o n s a w v ic to clai thi d y , ith propriety, a r b ut i sts o f a n s n y , the r boa t ki g pri o 35 ers 60 n n n and 40 an o f urs are , ca o , p colo , in the usual sty le o f E uropea n offi c ial s s w n o f de patche , here exaggeratio the en e ’ m s ss s an d fu n m y lo e , care l co ceal ent o f r o wn s s s to thei di a ter , appear be the m ain o object fthe writers. By the subsequ e nt e n s s is n i n s ve t , the ob erver e abled o m e m easure to separate truth fro m fal sehood: Gen eral Va n da m m e had the co m m an d o fthe troops which Bon aparte had pushed forward upo n the great road o fP eterswalde to e m barra ss the retreat o f the allied ar s m m n u s n s n m ies. Thi ove e t ca ed a other a in r o n 29th o f u us h gu a y battle the A g t . T e uss n um n un un s m R ia col der Co t O ter an, who was to ret urn by the pa ss o f O ster w f u n n am m i n ss ss n o alde, o d Va d e po e io f

ss in m un n s and m st. the pa the o tai , o galla n t ly forced their way thro ugh with the bayo n et. uss n u s, u n n . The R ia g ard der the Gra d u n s n n m su D ke Co ta ti e, ca e to their pport, an d though the Fre nch repeatedly retu rn w e i n k ed to the charge, they ere k pt chec w an d n n the hole day, their pla evide tly

fus d. s n w ho w r trate The allie ack o ledge, o n s s n f m e ever, thi occa io , a loss o n , 36

and suppose the Fren ch loss at least dow

T he allied arm ies fou nd them selves un~ der the n ec essity o fm aking am ore gen eral

o n t 30t u hat div isio n u of attack he h, pon t the Fren ch arm y which had been engaged th n d n ot n v m e e precedi g ay , o ly to gi e ti fo r those colu m n s o fthe arm y to fall back which were retiri ng u po n the Alten berg and Di oldswalde b ut t te pp road, o extrica the Brussian c r s of n s w h o p Ge eral Klei t, hic had not dise ngaged it selffro m the m o un

tain s. A great proportion o f the artillery train an d baggage o f the allied arm y had n o t yet got clear o f the m o untal ns when the Fren ch appeared at Hollen dorf and u m ut e m n s fo m K l , abo thre Ger a m ile r

Toplitz . The attack bein g determ in ed up o n uss n s an d us ns , R ia A tria n t o f he m n n bega the bat le Toplitz, t re ai i g part o f the troops co llected for this ser v ice rem ain in g i n col um ns of reserve in

ent l o f the adjac plai n . The vi lage Kul m is situ ated at the bottom o f a ra nge of m oun tain s which form s a barrier between Saxony and Bohem ia ; from this point

s s n s an ti s u a lery, soldier pri o er , d ta d

m m n i n f o f the ard s. The co a der chie allies 111 the battle o fToplitz was Barclay

de T elly . I n s a s n o f n an d Sile i the ab e ce Bo aparte, the di efts m ade fi o m that a1 m y which had en n B u was n ad v an rec tly beate l cher, take tage o f by that skilful vete1 a n to attack n n o w u n the m m n d o f the Fre ch , der co a ‘ o n ald On 29th o fA Marsh al M D . the u ' ‘ us M Do n ald was d f w t ss g t, e eated i h the lo o f m en s n s and 100 s f pri o er , piece o n u m o f s ca n n o n . The ber lai n does n o t

wh . n o f s appear, or at proportio lo s fell to f s the share o the victor . I n the m ea n ti m e the allied arm y u n der

n t , w was s the Ber ado te hich oppo ed, to Fre n ch troops co m m a n ded by Marshal O u di n o t who n n wa , threate ed Berli , s at tacked o n the 2 3d o f Au gust at the village" o fGro ss Bere n . The co n test tho u gh se v was n ot n u fu : O ere , lo g do bt l udino t was u e an d rep l s d beate n with the lo ss o f i 2 ri sone s, 6 i s o f n n n 30 ai s ns p p ece ca o , c s o , (1 his b aggage This success n o t o n ly

n d the o s un r Gir l d preve te c rp de a , which ' 39 m anoeu u n n f m M d b ur vred po Berli ro ag e g , f m m n n w O udi no t b ut s ro co bi i g ith , expo ed s o n 7th it to a eparate attack the 2 at Belzig, where it was co m pletely defeated with a ss o f3500 s n s 8 s o f n n n lo pri o er , piece ca o ,

‘ an d art o fit s su ss s p s baggage . The e cce e en abled the cro wn pri nce to press upo n . the retreat o f O u din o t toward s Witte n O th wn o f u u burg. n the 2 8 the to L cka su n n T auen z ei n w its rre dered to Ge eral , ith s n 1000 m en an d o n 30th the garri o , , the allied arm y had i ts adva n ce b etwee n I n ter an d n n bock Zi a . On the lo wer Elbe ho stilities co m m en ced i m m ediately o n the cessatio n o fthe arm is an d M s u s ke the tice, ar hal Davo t attac d u n u n Walm o din b ut w ut allies der Co t , itho

‘ an c s an an c o n se y de i ive adv tage , or y q u en c e b ut a m u t ual sla ughter o fthe s e" f diers o either part . Early i n Septem ber the allied arm y o f

“ s un e G n Ben in se n ss reerve d r e eral g , cro ed

th e and n u n . Oder, adva ced po the Bober The troops which had b een at Toplitz fo r

m m w n su s w a n so e ti e, aiti g pplie , ere gai t in m n Russ n s an d us pu otio . The ia Pr 40 s n s un “ a an d W t~ ia , der Barcl y de Tolly it

enstein wl th s . s s ns g , o m e Au trian divi io , r - n e an d e e tered Saxon y by Peterswald , a n u an d c Dr s en M rie b rg, approa hed e d

a a n . n S c hwartz en b er w h a g i Pri ce g, it s o f u s n s a en the r ht o corp A tria , thre t ed ig f the n i n Fre ch Lusatia . O n the 8 th o fSeptem ber the Russ1ans an d ru ss n s un u W n s in P ia , der Co n t ittge te , who had advan ced through the m ountains b n sw an d e s a o n the eyo d Peter alde Z hi t , read r th to D esden , were attacked by e n a d f ef o n es Fre ch n de eated . The chi c t t Was for i o n o n the the v llage h a, which Fren ch ﬁnally forced the allies to aba n don ; an d W n s n sw ittge tei retreated to Peter alde. The allie s ack n o wledged a loss o f 1000 w On t 9th killed an d oun ded . he Bona parte join ed this portion o f his arm l es and r ss u n s ho fi t p e ed po the allie , w retreated gh i n u n cum u a f e g, til they had ac lated orc sufﬁcie n t to j u stify giving battle ; they were accordingly drawn up fo r the co nte st on the l 2th with , m en an d 800

s o f n n n i n s r n s n . n a piece ca o , t o g po itio Bo a d e s a o m e e p rte eclined th ri k, nd c m nc d 41

m m n w s D s n a retrograde ove e t to ard re de ,

breaki ng up the roads i n his retreat .

Marshal Davou st. havi ng despatch ed a corps u n der Ge n eral P ec heux to ward s

M u un Walm o den ss agdeb rg, Co t cro ed the

o n l 4 n su s n h Elbe the th , a d rpri ed the Fre c s w h was u w ss o f3000 corp , hic ro ted ith a lo

m en w u n an d s n s. killed , o ded , pri o er The gra n d arm ies o fFra n ce an d o fthe allies fro m the 13th to the l 6th had several affairs an d skinm ishes each occa sio n ally On the 16 Bo n adva n ci ng or recedi n g. th a parte m ade an attem pt to t urn the right o f the s f u m the s m m as allie be ore K l , at a e ti e n d f n h saili ng the ce ntre a le t . The Fre c succeeded i n gai n in g the ﬂa n k o fthe allies u n and f t m f m perceived , orced he ro their

u ss n s n d uss positio n . The R ia a Pr ia ns were saved fro m absol ute defeat by gen e Co lo redo w s o fA u s n s who ral ith a corp tria , n d n i n h adva n ced a held the Fre ch c eck . The Fre n ch like wi se su cceeded i n throw i n n o f s n nfus n g the ce tre the allie i to co io , b ut ﬁ n al ly withdre w to their position o n the m un ns n ss ss n w o tai , keepi g po e io , ho e v er o f v o fl n ff m w c , the illage :olle dor , ro hi h 42

en he o ss o f they had driv the allies. T l ’ n i n s afiair was n s b ut is m e thi co iderable, n ot stated i n the despatches A r n h co s u n r m m nd of F e c rp ‘ de the co a n f Den o uette c n s s n o f ge eral Le ebre , o i ti g 8000 700 n f n s u r n o f cavalry, i a try , a q ad o M m u s an d o f rs w a el ke , a party Tarta , ere ' attacked n ear Alten b urg by Plato fi an d d m l hi s ss s .an ut u . Co ack , co p etely p to ro t Fifteen h u n d red priso n ers an d five g uns fu o f t were the r its his achievem en t . O n s of a m o f o m the the ide the r y B he ia, allied sovereign s hav i n g been join ed by the

o f n Beni n sen ne to corps ge eral g , deter m i d f r w r f he m m ove o ard by thei le t . T ar y was ordered to m arch o n the first o f Octo ’ o fm anoeuv erl n an d s m ber. A variety g o e fighti ng took place i n the c ro ssi ng o f the G n " u ss o n Elbe . e era Bl cher cro ed the first an d attacked the Fre n ch en tren ched po sts W r n an d E u betwee n a te berg ledi . The re sistan c e o fthe French u n der gen eral Ber was as usu o s n t an d tren d , al , b ti a e, the c on ’ ’ n r test kin g an d bloody . Ge e al D Y orc k s

r s a r s o n s s t n oo c o p c r ied the tr ge t po i io , t k 1 00 r soners 16 es of abo v e 0 p i , piec cannon 43

” I n with their trai n . this actio n the Prus sia n s suffered severely; A body o f 2000 m en o f the Fren ch threw the m selve s i n to W n the m nd f itte berg, re ai er alli n g back

u u u pon Ke m berg . Bl cher p rsued th em in o f s M the n . s Ne directio Leip ic ar hal y , his s f m s with corp , retreated ro De sa u to

w s s w n t o ard Leip ic, to hich poi t the wo h s m s n o w n as if tile ar ie te ded , by co n sen t s s n o f u there to ettle the de ti y E ro pe . It appears that the pla n o f the Fren ch

m n s P u n E peror had bee to trike at rag e, a d establi sh hi m self o n the li n e o f supply o f m s s the A u stria n ar ie . For thi p urpose Ge neral Va nda m m e had been p u shed fori w ssu n o f su w ward ith a ra ce pport, hich f aus his s u n an d f aili ng, c ed de tr ctio , ail ) o f su u re o fthe pla n pply . The en c h troops in the m ou n tai ns o f Bohem ia had uffe x m s ss i n n s u n s red e tre e di tre co eq e ce. At Dresde n great scarcity and con sequen t e n n an d m isery had b e experie ced, the Fre n ch corps who retraced their steps the Elb e w in across , ere a deplorable state u n o fs fferi g. T he arm y ofthe allies co nti n ued to ad e in t s n w va n c a direct lin e o Leip ic, ear hich place the head quarte rs o fPri nce Sch wartz

n b w s s earl i n . e erg ere e tabli hed , y October n l an n u The Pri c e Roya d Ge eral Bl cher, n n w s m n havi g adva ced to ard s the a e poi t, the allied forces had n early form ed a j un c

" tio n a rideau was th us dra wn acro ss this a o f n n n f m D ss u p rt Saxo y , exte di g ro e a to

o n f I n Marien burg the Bohem ia n ron tier .

e Ben i sen . the m ea n ti m e G n . ng drove the Fren ch fro m their i ntren c hm en ts at Gieshu be"an d adva n ced to wards Dresden o n the t f m t f grea road ro To pli z . The great orce

u n s n s bro ght agai t Bo aparte, e pecially by the co m m a n d o fthe gr eat resou rces o fRus sia an d t n s s n the ale t di played by Ber adotte, who was m m bf the pri e over the allies, plac h e Fre nch arm ies i n extrem e jeo ou h so p ardy , th g lately tri um pha n t before

Dresde n . The Cro wn Pri nce i n te nded by a m ove m en t o f the whole alli ed force to the left ba n k o fthe Saale to force Bon aparte to a ge n eral battle with forces m uch superior

his i n n um e an d n t n to b r co di io , or to em a r ss an d ss his r a b r a hara etre t, ifhe sho uld u n wa n the fu e m o re po that river, iti g rth r “

ts ofB n a I n the m an ti m e/ t e m eri o parte . e h i “ vario us corps d ai ‘ m é e o fthe allies co n tinu ' ' c d n hemmin i n their / adv ersar to adva ce, g y u n til he had take n his stan d aro nn d' Leip sic Bu t before the deci sive e v en ts which tb ok place o n that m e m orable ﬁeld o f ac ti n we m us c o m t u t he o , t re rd ore par ic larly m ove m e n ts o f the allied arm ies in th eir n c an d f u hé adva e, a bloody battle o ght twee n the Fre n ch and allied arm v o fS ile i o s a o n the 14 th fOctober. When the alli es received c ertai n i n tel ligenc e that the Fre nch ar m ie s were with dra wi n g fro m the righ t ban k o f the Elbe to u s r wn n collect abo t Leip ic , the C o Pri ce o cc upied with his adva n ced guard the left n of M u d an d n u ba k the l a , Ge eral Bl cher had his ad v a nce at M erz eb erg an d S c hed O n t his n itz . the l e h Bl ucher p ushed advan ced g uard o n the great road to Lel p s ic u n s o f , occ pyi g the villa ide it . The Fre n ch wera i n is fro n t, holdin g Deb u tch. an d Bitterfeld with s o m e o s n wn tro p alo g the M ulda . The Cro Pri n ce issued orders to m arch to Halle i n 47 the n ight o fthe 14th ; b u t when his troops were i n m arch he took up his head q u ar ‘ at and ' S WGGIS ll ters Sylbitz, placed the m w its ri ht at W n an d its f ar y ith g _ ilte le t n u w u n ear Petersberg . Ge eral B lo occ pi ed the ce n tre o f his li n e betwee n Peters

e an d n an d s o f Wi nf b rg Oppi , the corp f b Bl z ingero de was o n the le t at Zor ig . u f un the f u s an d s n th cher o d o rth , ixth , eve s o f n m an d o f corp the Fre ch ar y , part the u d u n M s s M m n an d Ne g ar , der ar hal ar o t y G e n eral Ber tran d occ u py i ng a li n e with its right at Fr ey ro da an d its left at Lin de n thal . The co u n try is open an d very fav o ura ble to cavalry aro u n d these villages ; b u t i n f n o f f n w ro t Rade eld, the Fre ch ere

b w an d n vered y a ood , had the adva tage

o fm ore i ntersected gro u n d . The pla n o f attack o f the allies was that Ge n era"Lan

n s u ss u an d s gero ho ld a a lt carry , ﬁr t Frey f e D ’ o an d h n . n Y o rc k r da , t e Rade eld G eral , ’ his s m ec was m o n with corp d ar , to ove the great ca usey leadi n g to Leipsic u ntil he

S itzc he ra an d n u n hi reached , the to t r to s left an d force the Fre n c h po st at Li n den 48

s o f u ss n s was ess o n t hal . A corp R ia to pr

‘ the m n s . s o f ai road to Leip ic The corp .

st was to f w en r e en . n G . St Prie ollo G e al La

' u m i da r w e geron . Abo t d y the caval y er f n d an d s t st ns. on e , the troop at heir atio

‘ on s was m as an d the The et ade directed , n e f m e s i n n Fre ch r tired ro th ir po t adva ce, b ut obsti n ately c on tested the posts covered b wo o d ' on t an d es o n y heir right, the villag f A t M u n their le t . ockern a m o st sa ng i ary

n i ct n su an d it - was n an d a co ﬂ e ed, take ret k en sev eral tim es with prodigiou s sla ughter

o n h s as e e h s t bot parts. Thi w th otte t par o f an d m st o f su ofﬁ the ﬁeld , o the perior c r w un A t e s ere either killed or wo ded . n th nu m s w u le g , ber prevailed here valo r was u l an d the v ous s n s eq a , ictori Sile ia carried all before them an d drove the

‘ en e n Fr ch b yo d the Parthia . T he resista nc e o n the right o fthe Fre nch

a s s n Bus. w s n early a per everi g. Here the

' s ns b ore the u n o fthe an d ia br t ﬁght, they

w u u essfu . t a es ere eq ally s cc l with h eir lli . ho u a s n the c r was T gh the llie gai ed vi to y , it

n ight al o ne which put an en d t o the action .

“ T he vetera n Blu cher held as tro phies o f n u st 18 n n n o n e and few co q e ca o , eagle, a un e s n s an d k n w ss h dr d pri o er , ac o ledged a lo (i 0 o f betwee n an d 7 00 m en . Before we e n ter i nto a detail o fthe battles

o f s o n w f o f c m ~ Leip ic, hich the ate the a

ai n an d o fE uro e n us p g p depe ded , let take a vie w o fthe state o fthat un fortu n ate city m m us an d i ediately previo at the ti m e . s s m m t o f Leip ic, the greate t co ercial ci y m n n n i n its n Ger a y , had bee ope declaratio f w n s an d o ill ill to the Fre ch de pot, had, co n sequen tly suffered a full portio n o f the m iseries an d oppressio n he k n ew so well to i n ﬂict ; an d all the surrou n ding un was n s an i m co try re dered de olate by i m n s m w o n s e e ar y hich gathered all ides, an d subsisted in the m o st lice n tio us an d wa steful m a n n er u pon t he produ ct o fthe l an d o f w s soi the property the people, ho e o wn despot was i n allia n ce with the leader

s - s lhat o fthese locu t like protector . All

n s e sa n f m m s s had bee par d to xo y ro i po t , n u n s an d u t n s was n o w co trib tio , q ar eri g ,

u an d easan t an d literally devo red , the p the v illager gladly escape d with their live s fro m

s o f h n n o f the allie t eir ki g . The citize s 5 50

‘ Leipsic co uld look fro m their sleeples ‘ an d see m s w c s m d n n u m ar ie hi h ee e i erable, t en li erally circl e the m . Bodies o f tl o o ps were co n sta n tly e nteri n g and pa ssi n g fro m

itals w s an d w n an d p ﬁlled ith ick ou ded , o supported by the city . Scarcity f food rem i n ded the i n ha bita n ts that unless so m e cha n ge soo n took place they were doo m ed s o ff m in e In to all the horror a . thi s sta te o f thi ngs they a n xiou sly beh eld the approach

f m s f m n n e an o the allied ar ie , or i g a oth r d a greater circle aro u n d the host that sur 1 c t ro u nded the r i y . The order i n wh ich the allied ar m ies approached to the attack o f the Fren ch was as follows . The corps o f G en eral

G 1ula P r1n c e M u n s n Thi y , a rice Lichte tei , “ m n an d Plato ﬁ w i n el a , ere collected the ‘/ u o f ltl arkradstadt w t o r n eighbo rhood , i h m f w o n i s n ders to ove or ard Le p ic, keepi g open a co m m u n icatio n o n the o n e side wit h

’ ‘ ’ lu c hc r s arm an d o n s B y , the other the e corps were to detach fi o m thei r r1ght to facilitate the attac k o fthe corps o fGen e " ral Merev eidt an I the divi s i o n o fBla n ch" 51

f “ eissen dorf u n w k u n d n n r , po Z ac a a Co e witz at whic h latter pla c e th e bridge across

‘ the Pleiss e was to be carried Ge n eral ’ Nost elz s cavalry were to form o n their

I n s o f r t s c s right . ca e etreat he e orp were

~ u n t s o f to retire po Zei z . T he reserve the R ussia n an d Pr ussia n g uard s were to

m 0 11 w . w to ove to Rotha , here they ere pa ss the Pleisse and for m in co l um n s o n t he o f i s right ba n k . T reserves the pri n ce e f ss m e n s Merev eldt He e Ho b rg, Ge eral an d W t n s n s to i tge tei , were al o take post at this statio n ; Ge n eral Barclay De Tolly to c o m m a n d all the col u m n s o n the right f le ’ b a n k o the P isse. Gen erals l V ittgen s n s an d i n u w tei , Klei t, Kle a , ere to adva nce ti o m thei r re spective po sition s 0 11 Leipsic the u ss n u s fo u n n h e R ia g ard i g t eir res rve . Gen eral Co lloredo adva nce d ‘fro m Hom e to as re serve G en eral Kle in au . The re ’ treat o f Colloredo s corps was to be on

C hem n etz and . o fW n s n s , that ittge tei , Klei t, n n an d Klei n au o n Alten berg a d Pe ig. The ar m y o f Ge n eral Ben ingsen was to p u sh o n fro m Co ldlitz o n Grim m a and 52

T h re r m a af r h s w e ade y , te t i detail , ith t e aid o fhi s m a an h p, have accurate n otion o fth S ua n a n d n n n o fthe a i es e it tio i te tio ll ,

‘ pr ev iou s to o n e o f the greatest b attles

n us en c n ot W it; Bo aparte, th cir led, did a u i to be attacked . Tho gh u n der d sadv an ta eo u s u m s n s b e s i l the g circ ta ce , had t l

“ o spirit - o f a co n queror, an d the skill o f a n m m m m W an a m co su ate co an der. ith r y i n f i n n um b s v ofw h erior er , the ca alry hic was con tem ptible in com parison with th eir s s n m se f adver arie , the Fre ch E m peror hi l n d o n l 6th o f led the battle, a the October, s d a o ft s n s en o f n a the ﬁr t y hi lo g c e car ge, ~ n s o f the a s an d s m ed broke the ra k llie , ee

still to be the favo urite o fvictory . Taki ng a vie w o fthe su1 ro un di ng ho sts f m Le1 s1c n m was se n ro p , the Fre ch ar y e stretc hl ng i n a va st sem i c l rc le f1 o m Palm s

f Brohstheide an d was s to e e dor to , lo t the y

i n the woods o f Ko n n ewitz . Their re

serves were in an i nn er - C1rcle n ear the city . w s n o an d W s c u m n s T o ard the rth e t, the ol were m ore detached; though the form o fthe

lines ' was the sa m e The m o rm ng of the

5 1 the bells o fLeipsm to be rung ; b ut the b at , tle r u n si x i n n n an d e n aged til the eve i g, th

’ seem ed o nly to c ea se by m utual c o n sent at o f dark ness m * k the . approach The illed u n d o f was m m n s et and wo de the day i e e, y w this was b ut a prelude ﬂto the Battle o f

L eipsic . O n the n ight o fthe l 6th the i nhabita n ts o f Leipsw were ordered to rej o i c e fo r a

“ victory obta i n ed b y their protectors ov er ' the allies ; b ut they still beheld the sa m e s u n t m b ho stile circle aro d heir city , arked y li n es o fﬁres en c n c lin g each other un til lost

n c and saw u u n s i n dista e, their p blic b ildi g an d the corn m agazi n es cro wded with m u tilated wretches who were bro ught groan ’ i ng fro m the ﬁeld o ftheir m o n arch s glory ~ to s uffer an d die ; an d tho se were fo rtu n ate

' who fo un d shelter an d a ssista n ce i n these abodes ofm isery ; fo r such were the m ulti un s has n sse d tudes, that h dred (it bee a rte that tho u sa n ds)lay o n the pavem e n ts with r f o r wat to u n r o ut aid, o ood, er q e ch thei

b ur n in g thirst .

' The 17th o fOctober was passed witho ut the a t n and in r t o n ren ewm g c io , p epara ions 5 5

- both parts fo r the str uggle o fthe succeedi ng s n n a o n day . The allie i te ded to ttack the 18th an d was m n d to m m n , it deter i e co e ce fro m their differen t poi n ts o fa sse m bly o n the pri n ci pal villages sit u ated o n the g reat

road leadi ng to Leipsic . The arm ies o f the n orth an d Silesia were j oi n tl v to at t f m n o f an d ack ro the li e the Saale, u pon F n h si n o n the the re c po tio Partha river . Ge neral Bl ucher rei n forced the Cro wn Pri n ce Bern adotte with m en to t f m s o f au a tack ro the height F cha , while Bl ucher was to u se his u t m ost e n deavo urs

n ss ss n o f s I n to gai po e io Leip ic . the eve nt o f the whole Fre nch force bei n g bro ught to ac t agai nst either o f these ar m ies they were to support each other and co nc ert u m s f rther ovem e n t . The Fre n ch force which had b een o p s n an d Bluc l1er had po ed to Ber adotte , taken u p a stro n g po sitio n o n the left ba n k o f th xP artha n its the s n e , havi g right at tro g n t o f u an d its f t w s poi Fa cha, le t o ard Leip l ic l 7th o f s . The October appea red to be s kept holy beca use it wa the Sabbath, b ut we k n ow that h eroes do n ot c ease from 56

the work o fde structio n either at the c om » ive m a n d of God or Nature . Com parat sile n ce reign ed thro ughou t the late scen es o t b u t s m o f u n n f dea h , the oke b r i g vil s an d n s o fwo u n s s lage , the groa ded oldier , and the hu m o fpreparation fo r further m ise r s w u as n y , m arked thi hollo tr ce o ly the deceitfu l cal m which precedes the tem

pest . The m or n i ng o f the 18 th o f Octob er he f o f u b arrived . T ate E rope was to e

decided by the joi n t talen ts- o f Bern adotte and u W t n s n de Bl cher, i tge tei , Barclay T ell and S c hwartz en b er i n o y , g, placed p s n N n n po itio to apoleo Bo aparte . M o n

s w n as n n s arch ere e gaged their e gi e , or a s s o f stood by s pectator the sc e n e . T he battle bega n with the dawn o f the ’ da an d b elo re n n i n y , f i e o clock the m orn i n g u h who le li n e it raged thro g the . To force the right o fthe Fren ch an d gai n possessio n o fthe s o f u was height Fa cha, the ﬁrst o h f j ec t o Bern adotte. T he R ussia n corps o f

’

'Wi z m ero de an d the u n g , Pr ssia n s un der w s n e fo r s Bulow, ere de ti d this pu rpo e, :while the S wedes were o rdered to fo rc e 57 the ss o f P fo sen n d pa age the river, at a s s n s we Mockau . The e ﬁr t operatio re suc c essful an d G eneral VVin z in ero de k , g too 7

3000 . u a n m prisoners at Fa ch a d So e gun s. T he cen tre o fthe allies bei ng e ngaged with the centre o fthe Fre n ch n ear the vi llages o f S to llent an d Pro b esthe da n al z y , Ge er Bl ucher put his arm y i n m otion ; an d ’ Bern adotte s arm y ‘ had no t sufﬁcie nt ti m e to m ake their ﬂa n k m ovem e nts before the

Fre n ch i n fa ntry aba n don ed the li n e - o fthe an d n m n an d river retired over the plai , li e um n w s s u n P au n s col , to ard Leip ic, occ pyi g

d f S o m erfeldt an d S c ho n feldt. N n or , , othi g very re m arkable happe n ed i n this part o fthe e t e c lo se o f w n ﬁeld u n til n ar h the day , he

n n who had s s Gen eral La gero , cro ed the a o f S c ho n feldt river, attacked the vill ge w fu an d was uls w ro» ith great ry , rep ed ith p w v e u n portion able loss. He, ho e er, r t r ed to the attack an d took it ; b u t was drive n Blu o ut agai n by a charge o fthe Fre nch .

n o f s n s s n him the cher, heari g the e actio , e t

m o st positive order to re- occ u py it at the

- n po i n t o f the hay o net an d it was do e.

i a Duri ng the actio n 22 g un s o fSaxon art l 58

lery Jo m ed the allies an d two Westplialian t m s n l egi m en s. The Saxo ns co po ed a pri c ipal part o fthe s eventh corps un dergen e , ra Re n ier an d w ste i n the f wm l g , ere po d le t g ha u m n ac n ear Fa ucha . They dj st co e i to t n an d s u t u io , the allie had already bro gh p T o a great n u m ber o fg un s agai nst them .

the asto m shm ent f o their leader, they m arched forward i n close ﬁles with their m us s u and w n en e ket cl bbed , e t over to the m y with all their artillery . The artillery was m m u n u n n i ediately t r ed po the Fre ch . The m ost desperate re sista n ce m ade by

the Fren c h o n s was Prob esthe A thi day at y (l a t ler it , S el l z , an d Ko n n ewitz ; b ut thec o

lum n s o fthe s w m the w allie , to ho attack as

ass n n u ig ed, carried every poi t, tho gh at

ss u an d e1 v e1 great lo , by a valo r p se an c e w w s s hich a irre istible .

N s s n s ight clo ed thi bloody co te t, m which the Fre n ch ar m y was defeated with

a ss of w un an lo killed , o ded , d pri

so n rs 65 s o f ry 17 e , piece artille , battalions o f m n n f n , w h m to Ger a i a try hic ca e over , the i s u th n e i n , all e d ri g act o , wi th all the 59

ff a d n s s s n i sta n ge eral , be ide the Saxo art l

' VV t h i ef n an d es al an s m e n . lery, p , b ore tio ed n was o n Bo aparte already the retreat, an d co n ti n ued d uri ng the n ight o fthe 18 th to w aw his s n s an d ithdr hattered battalio , to m ake such preparatio n s fo r the defe n ce o f Lel psrc as sho uld place that city as a bar

w hi an d t s has rier bet een m the vic or . He i n the l atter part ' o f his career proved that he was deﬁcien t i n o n e essential q uality o f an accompli shed gen eral he has n ever provided fo r the sa fety o f his ar m ie s i n

c o f f W u u a se de eat . itho t rec rri ng to the

m s o f s n s t exa ple the greate t ge eral , wi ho ut

- m n n n F M u W l~ e tio i g rederick , or orea , or e

' lin to n ev en the u o f Y m g , d ke ork , the ili tary ge n i us ofthe E n glish royal fa m ily,was

better at a retreat tha n Bo n aparte . O n the m o rm ng ofthe 19th the to wn o f Leipsic was attac ked an d carried ; the resi st a n ce m ade by the Fre nch was scar c ely sufﬁ cie n t to give ti m e to thei r retiri n g col um n s to press o ut o f the city by the R an stadt d t b n o f gate, an re reat y the li e the Saale, m s the o n ly road ope n to them . The ar ie

o B Bern a e tte and Ben in sen f l ucher, d ; g , 69

With the gran d arm y u n der Wittgen stei n f

an d c T . ss u n Bar lay de olly, all pre ed po the r n fo e an d n s s as etiri g , e tered Leip ic alm o t

soo n as the Fre n ch E m peror quitted it . The horrors an d con fusion o fthe retreat h as bee n V 1v idly de scribed by an eye wit

n ss. um n s o f n w h e The col the Fre ch , hic n wn s had e tered the to by three gate , to

ss wa o ut h u h o n e, w pre their y . t ro g hile

the artillery o f the ~ allies th u n dered upon a d s s set o n the city, n their hell had it ﬁre

i n several places; Cries an d sho uts re; f m e 1 1 et1 sou n ded ro ev i y q u arte . The eat

o f 1 em ai ni n 0 0 s n f B na the g tr p , eve be ore o f m diso r parte had le t the city , had beco e a u m an d f u s w e dered ro t . Ho e oot g ard er m n an d i ss i m i gled together, the r progre

' peded by wago n s an d ca n n o n freque n tly an d n wa locked together choki g the y , while droves o fcattle were an xiou sly urged forward fo r the fut ure suste n an ce o fthe

u I o f s f gitives. n the m id st thi co n fusion the e m per0 1 was seen with a n u m ero us reti n ue 0 11 s m n his wa w th , all hor eback , aki g y i d f u u u1 ro u di s i ﬁc lty thro gh the s n ng chao . A by road was afterwards poi nted o ut to

” ' P n e Pon ato wsk w o h d e n ri c i y , h a be

b ed with t he l o ss of

‘ m ade their esc e t e m at ec am e ri m e if; ap h b him u n w sse d thro gh a garde , by hich he pa u the o t ward gate .

n P o niato wsk who had n Pri ce y , bee cha rged with the defe n ce o f that part o f b d the Leip sic sub ur s n earest the Born a roa ,

n n hi s c u t o ff u s the ﬁ di g retreat ; r hed, at

‘ head o f a few Polish c u irassiers an d the

f s o fhis sui te u n ne s u m n o ﬁcer , po the are t col

o f s. two u n s the allie He had already wo d , an d n o w received a m usket ball i n his left H e u s arm . u his n m s an d p hed thro gh e e ie , v w m s f n Pleisse s e thre hi el i to the , the oppo it ba n k o fwhich he reached with the loss o f h s s b e u nt n an d i hor e ; m o ed a other, pro c eeded s n o f w h to the El ter, the ba k s hic n He were already li ed by the en em y . un i n an d w hi s se pl ged to the river, ith hor i n sta ntly sun k . After Bo n aparte an d his m arshal s had m ade their escape the rout beca m e m ore f d t u I n and m ore co n used an d es r ctive . m n m n s the ea ti e, the allied pri ce , at the

o f t s rm s n d head heir re pective a ie , e tere

s ff n t n s an d m et i n the Lei p ic at di ere poi t , t s ua n m a grea q re, there to e joy the accla 62

n s o fV 1ctor and re m c e (IOWn tio y , j over the n m fall o ftheir great e e y . The retreat o fthe Fren c h fro m the20th b 3d o f N em m ofOcto er to the ov ber, fro the Saale t o the Rhin e,was a succession o f an d s s n the wo di a ter, o ly exceeded by m isc u es o ftheir retreat the preceding year n to m from the D ieper the Nie en . A i tho ugh it was o n ly d url ng the ﬁrst si x or seve n day s o f the retreat that o u t o f the o s m s s m wh le coale ced ar ie , o e division s of the Silesia n arm y u n de r Bl ucher could keep up close e n ough to hara ss their en e s u w s o f s n s w m ie , yet p ard pri o er ere 70 s o f nn n n an d m ade, piece ca o take , the o fB n as i n u ss was route o aparte, R ia, m ark

s n an d c o n ﬁa i ati o n ed by de olatio , pillage, g , an d by thousa nds o fthe lifeless or expiri ng f his u m b n vic tim s o cr el a itio . The disa s ters o fthe F re nc h did n o t solely procee d o the n m u sue m t fr m e e y that p r d the , or he n ecessary evil s o f precipitate ﬂight ; Ozer

' ff w a o f ss s an d n i eho , ith body Co ack other o o s n the f n o f the light tr p , had gai ed ro t m an d u n o i n f s f Fren ch ar y , tho gh t orce u

‘ nt ff m ﬁc i e to o er battle, preceded their arch , prepari ng fo r them an e n dless suc c essm n o f v t in w fo r an d c ut exa io n s. They lay ait o ff detached parties they b roke down bridge s an d de stroyed the m agaz m es which had bee n prov ided i n the to wn s the Fre n ch had to pa ss I n these operatio n s alo n e

' C z ern ic ho fi is said to have take n 4000 priso n ers fro m the Fre n ch . us u n an d ss n Th h ted hara ed , they lear ed , M n se as they approached the ai e, that a VV re w m . n de verer trial a aited the Ge eral , w an m was w n fo r m ith ar y , aiti g the at Kir

' z i an d s n s o f n s m g, the ce e the Berezi a ee ed

n n n w. prepari g to be e acted a e Wrede, like ’ T c itc h ofi s i a o f fu h a n w r. g , tood the y rthe ss an d u W t nst n progre , Bl cher, like it ge ei , Bu pressed them o n fro m behi n d . t Field Marshal Prin ce S c hwartz en b erg had m ad e to o su re o fthe effect ual oppositio n which W u m Kirz i an d o r rede co ld ake at g, had dered Ge n eral Bl ucher to t urn offto ward s o n at the Calm an d C blen tz . Bo aparte W w s an d was tacked rede ith great kill , seco n ded by the desperate valo ur o f the o i u s shattered re m ain s fh s ar m ies. He b r t u r s him and thro gh the ba rier oppo ed to , 64 '

‘ o wn r p erhaps with an eq u al lo ss o n hi s . pa t strewed the field with o f his o ppo a»

rs T he ~ allies w o b se . ere liged to retreat, t a s was an d to evac ua e H n an . Thi battle

‘ fought o n the 30th o fOctober.

“ m u su h m r T he Fren ch ar y p r ed t eir a ch , l n s n i n H an an w n » eavi g a garri o , hich Ge e

vs as ral Wrede attacked by s torm . He w u n i n n s b ut the severely o ded the o et , was n an d en place take , the whole Fr ch w garriso n put to the s ord . , For the p urpo ses o ffreei ng the n orth o f a n o f n m o f s n n n G erm y the e e y, tre gthe i g gen eral Walm o den i n his operatio n s again st M s u s who s h s si ; ar hal Davo t, till held i po

‘ t n o n n o f o f o s io the right ba k the Elbe, p

s ss n B m n the m u s of W s e i g re e , o th the e er an d o f u m u o fre the Elbe, red ci ng Ha b rg,

“ s n n the k n o f n n o tori g Ha over to i g E gla d , f

u n o ff ust fro m Holla d ~ an d fa" c tti g Davo n , cilitati n n s u n u n g operatio po that co try , the Cro wn Pri n ce m oved with his arm y to

wards Ha n over and the n orth . On the li ne o fthe Rhin e the operations

o f the n m u n ' r n e gra d allied ar y _ der P i c " S c hwartz enb erg b 1' 0 11ght thi s portio n o f

T he n n o f W s r Jero m e. avigatio the e e was restored by the red ucti o n o fC arltfo rt an d A n ssault o n t li Blexen . a Stad was repti

— ‘ b ut nc arr1s0 n feari n ré sed j the Fre h g , g a i n w w an d r ss the e petit o , ithdre c o ed Elb m u w M s us so n to Ha b rg, here ar hal Davo t o m fu w t hi after sh ut hi sel p i h s arm y . When Bo n aparte assem bled his forces at f h hi e M s . w s L ipsic, he le t ar hal St Cyr, it corps an d the re m ai ns o fthe corps o fV an : m m f n s n an d his da e, to de e d Dre de cover

On 17 f . ﬂa n k . the th o October, St Cyr attacked and defeated the corps o fR ussia ns u n der T olsto y whic h was left to m a sk Dres en f r o f ei sm n d . A te the battle L p Ge eral

» n u was s nt n s . an d Klei a e agai t St Cyr, ﬁ nal 1y succeeded i n m aki n g priso n ers o fhis gar

r s n . s n s o f t n i o The garri o S ette , Erfurt, d n s s m f an Da tzig, hared the a e ate; The troo ps u n der the di rec tio n o f Ber ette n u to n ad co tin ed ad v a n c e . Wi n z inge

‘ r ode e stabli shed his head q u arters at Bre~ m en an d s o n n u , detached troop Olde b rg d as an d t en an E t Friedl , h ce they crossed

Em s n e n an d o s the , e t red Holla d , took; Cr t t t ainjen wi h i s garriso n. Other Du ch 67

c towns shared the sa m e fate . The orps o f V o n B ulo w en tered Holla n d by the side o f M u n s s w n y n f ter, eepi g ever thi g be ore it , an d p utti ng the garrison s o fDoesburg an d A rn hei m to the sword On the n ews o f the approach o f the victorio us allies the i n habita n ts o f the u m s d m R m H aerla Hag e, A ter a , otterda , m , n an d s m wn s s in Leyde , o e other to , ro e resi sta n ce to the Fre nch who subm itted to um s n s and m n w w circ ta ce , by agree e t ithdre s n n m n their troops. A provi io al gover e t

n s s d u d ut bei g e tabli he at the Hag e, ep ies " were despatched to E n gla n d to i n vite the ri nc eb f n ssum n m n p Ora ge to a e the gover e t, t and to solicit aid fro m the m i n is ry . Som e troops were i m m ediately se n t o ff; an d an arm a m en t u n der Sir Tho m a s Graha m as w n sem bled i n the Do n s . The pri ce o f Ora nge arrived at S c hev eli n o n the 30th o f

m an d was s u as s n Nove ber, he al ted overeig pri n ce o fthe Netherla n d s.

' Bonaparte reo en tei ed Franc e a secon d His s n was ti m e as a fugitive . ﬁr t atte tion n s o f m and turn ed to the ﬁn a ce the e pire, f o veln b er 1 1 the es b y a decree o N , tax 6 8

n d u s u m n an d m e su es a d tie were a g e ted , a r

’ were adopted soo n after to an t1c 1pate the O n the 19th m o m et reve n ue. the e per r e I n hi s a ss s m his s n ate . ddre he tell the , that the splen did victories he h ad obtai n ed i n the la st cam paign were re ndered u seless by the u nparalleled d efectio n o f his allies ; that as he had n e v er b een se duc ed b s w f u n su y pro perity , he ill be o d pe rior to ad v ersity ; that a preli m in ary ba sis o f n egotiatio n fo r a peace had bee n pre s n hi m b the es an d n e o tia e ted to y alli , g tion s e n tered i n to thereo n ; that the de lay s atte n dan t upon a sse m bling a c o n

‘ gress at Ma n hei m are n o t to be attributed n w s s fo 1 an d to Fra ce ; that he i he peace, regrets the n ecessity o f callin g upo n his peo ple fo r n ew sacriﬁces ; that Den m ark an d N s n m n fa fu i aple . alo e re ai ith l to h m ; that he has recognized the n eutrality o fthe n in eteen S wiss Ca n ton s ; an d con cl udes by c alli ng u po n the s en ate fo r their suppo rt , A n ew levy o f co n sc ripts had al ready been ordered by Bon aparte which m ea sur e called forth a declaratio n fro m the

ied o wers a d at Fran f t c . all p , d te k or , De 1, 69 ,

8 13 in w m u 1 , hich they pro lgate a ne w,

i n fa o f w ws w the ce the orld, the vie hich ” u m in w r g ide the the prese n t a . They sa t n o t m war n n y that hey do ake upo Fra ce, b ut n s n n w agai t that prepo dera ce hich , to m sf un o f u an d o f n the i ort e E rope Fra ce, the E m peror Napoleo n has too lo ng ex erc ised beyo n d the li m it s o f his e m pire that the first use they have m ade o fvi eto “ ry is to offer peace to his m ajesty the e m peror o f the Fre n ch that the co n di tio n s offered are fo un ded o n the i n depen n o f n m as w as o n de ce the Fre ch e pire, ell the i ndepen den ce o fthe other states o fEu rope ; that they desire that Fra n ce m ay b e w fu an d as n o ne great , po er l , happy , bei g o fthe fou n dation s o f the soci al edifice o f E urope ; that they con firm to the Fre nch em pire an exte nt o fterritory which Fra n ce u n der her ki n gs n ever k n ew ; that they de s a n o f s n w to ire partitio tre gth , by hich preserve their people fro m such m iseries as hav e been experien ced ; an d that they will n o t lay down their a rm s until this o h j ec t is o htain e¢ “ m n m r n s for war I n the ea ti e prepa atio ,

' n defen si v e w e o n o ffensi v e a d , ere carri d n m with u n rem ittin g exertio n . Napoleo ade his last effort t o recr uit his exhausted ar s n the s ss m ie , a d allie prepared to cro the O n 2otb Rhin e an d in vade Fra n ce . the o f Decem ber m en en tered S wit

“ l s the " ne s z er an d an d cro sed Rhi at Ba le, witho ut oppo sitio n . On en teri n g the Swi ss territory the c m m n i n f o f t e s P i i nc e o a der chie h allie , S c hwartz en b e ssued an w h rg, i order by hic his soldiers were n otiﬁed that they e n tered the S W1ss s f n s O territory a rie d . ther ar m ies o fthe allies pa ssed the Rhi n e at D us seldo rf n hef t a d at Coblen tz . T orce tha - en tered Fra n ce was stated at m en .

n s an d u u se m s rev 1o us i h , Port g e ar ie , had p ly e n tered the territory o fFra n ce by the ‘

’ s u an d n o th, had gai ed several bloody bat tles over Marshal Soult n ear Bayon n e

r fr n e i o st on g o ti r places o f the. Rhin e n p s; s ss n o f r n m s an d n F n e e io thei e e ie , e tered ra c b y its m ost v uln era ble part ; taki ng their route through Fran che Co m pte an d Lor n rai e . They had already addressed a pro cla m atio n to the Fren ch peo ple i n the sa m e

‘ style o f dign iﬁed m oderatio n an d wisdo m which had characterized their precedin g

n in s an w declaratio re pect to peace, d hich m ark s such superior talen ts i n the co un cil s ' of the em ero r o f p Russia . They a ssu red the Fren ch people that they did n o t m ake war u n m b ut n W s po the , o ly i hed to repel the attem pts o f the gover n m en t ofFra n ce

su u s s o f n f to bj gate the tate the co ederacy . They prom ise to re spect pu blic order an d s m private property . They di clai all m o n tiv es o fretaliatory ve gea n ce . They c o n el u de by e xpress in g their de sire for that peace which they had offered before en

s o f n teri ng the territory Fra ce .

n o n s as o n m n Bo aparte, thi very a y

c s n s n n his o w other o ca io , had bee bli d to n i n terest thro ugh an i n ordin ate wis h to pro t m i ht J i av e m n an m ote i . He g re ai ed d bee n c o nﬁrm ed o n the i m perial thron e o f t n l Fra n ce ; b u he de m a ded Ita y . The

s o ff m o n an d ~ m in i ters ate oved , he prepar fo r s s u e ns his d s n ed the la t tr ggl agai t e ti y . 7a

1 the 30th o f m s n e 0 1 Dece ber, the e at add ressed the Fre n ch emperor fo r the la st

ti m e i n the to n e an d ter m s o f ad ulation . They told hi m that they ca m e to offer hi m

b u o f h m n an d the , tri te t eir attach e t grati t ude that he had given the stron gest pl edge in his po wer o fhis de sire fo r peace ; that he acted upo n the belief that po wer i s s n n n m n d t tre gthe ed by bei g li ited , a tha the art o fpro m otin g th e happi ness o ftheir people was the chief policy o f ki n gs ; that the Fre n ch u n ited u n der him wo uld n o t suffer their i n vaders to tri um ph ; an d they co n clu de with requ esti ng hi m to o h tai n peace by a la st effort worthy o f him “ s f an d n s n th s o f the el , the ig e repo e ” World . " I n his a nswer he tell s the se n ate thet they h s n w has n fo r b ut ave ee hat he do e peace, i n n m B n s n the m ea ti e, ear , Al ace, Fra ch e m r an are n v ad s o f Co pte, B ab t, i ed ; he talk the te n der n ess o fhis heart; an d call s upo n the Fren ch to succo ur the Fre n ch ; c o n “ u n w u s n i s n o w n o cl di g ith , the q e tio ‘ m oro to re c over the con q uests we have m ade.

In the ‘ m eantim e the r arm ies o fthe allies m oved onto their desti ned poi n t witho ut

s o f n s u n un Bo n a apy ob tacle co eq e ce, til pa1 te in person put him selfi n oppo sitio n to the vete1 an P1 ussia n Gen ei al Bl uch er fat ren h the battle o f; La Rothiere . The F c m n m s m . v e peror, ha g appoi ted the e pres

M . u a n r ft s o n aria Lo isa gai ege nt, le Pari

m n n o fthe 25th o fJan ar f 18 14 the or i g u y , , to take the com m an d of the arm ies o f

Fra n ce . Field Marshal Bl ache 1 havi ng bee n c o m ~ plim en ted with the co m m a n d o f the A us tria n co1 ps o fCo u n t G uilay an d the Prince o fWirtem b er 1n n Royal g, additio to the Russm n an d Prus sia n arm l es before under l

‘ his s f un m s f o osed in his order , o d hi el pp , adva n ces towards Pan s by an arm y c om m an ded Em e1 o r in n by the p perso . T he f w 8 s s 0 t , allied orce ere at lea t , O at this n n h s n poi t, the Fre ch per ap early eq ual i n m n u ber . M s u ft a r c o ar hal Bl cher, a er e nn m sanc e m ade o n the m o rn ing p fthe 1st o fFeb pua r fo llo wm y , gave the g directio n s fo r an at 7 5

The corps o fG en el al Baro n Sachen was ordered to m ove forward i n two col u m ns f m n n s o n e n the n o f ro Tra e , taki g directio

n n the r o fDi euv ille and Brie e by oad , the s n o f eco d n the village o La Rothiere . The ’ c o rps o fGe n eral Co un t G u ilay form ed the s o f ﬁ s u m n an d o re erve the r t col , that f n Ge eral A lsu ﬁeffd he seco nd . The Rus sia n g uard s were ordered to for m a re s fo r w o n the b erve the hole, heights e w n d t ee Tra n n es an Ecla n ce .

‘ The Pri n ce Royal o f Wi rtem b erg was ordered to m arch from Ecla nce u po n Cha u m n n sm w in f n o f e il , leavi g a all ood ro t the right o fthe po sitio n o fthe allies occ upied

n o n his f w w o f by the Fre ch , le t, ith a vie t ur ni ng it and ope n i n g a . co m m u n ication

‘ w n u n W who was ad ith Ge eral Co t rede, n Chau m enil f m Do u lev e t r a nci n g U po ro n . The at tack co m m en ced precisely at 12 ’ n w i n s n o clock . The Fre ch ere po itio at

n an d n Die ville La Rothiere, havi g their

o f b left at the sm all village La Gi ri e.

as w as o fthe. es Their cavalry , ell that alli , “ was dra wn o u t i n the plai n betwee n the n i n fan tr dis two positions. The Fre ch v 76

' i ‘ s i e m a sé s o n ﬂan hs o f anti po ed n l arg s the , w hi s w w l ne w h it n; the village , hich ere i d it artillery . Skirm ishi n g an d can n on ading i n the plai n w e u s w was ere the pr l de to the attack , hich

’ m ade with irresistible im pet uo sity by the

n o f Wirtem b er who e Pri ce Royal g, drov n fo m b ut sc en e the Fre ch r the village, had 1 occu pied i t when i n their turn they atr

ac an d x him . A i a ked, beat, e pelled br g de o fgren adiers were ord ered to his support ; he n e an d f lon ‘and n agai attack d , a ter a g sa guin ary con test remain ed m aster o f the w a d u n o e ood n the village. D ri g these p r io n s u o fw n ts at , the res lt hich re m ai ed doub ; ful fo r t ree u s t he n m " h ho r , Fre ch e peror m n he n s n o f e aced t ﬂa k po itio the allies, b ut: the vetera n Blu cher was n ot to b e turn ed fro m steadily pu rsuin g the - co m b i n atio n s o h which the result o f the d ay n depe ded . T he effect o fthe com bi n atio n

’ ' o f G en eral Wrede s m o v em en t was acc u

' ratel f s n an d f . o f y ore ee , be ore the village Gib rie La w as ; i n the Pri nce. Ro yal of ’ VVi rtem b er s o ssessm n u s g p , every req i ite order was given fo r the exec ution ofrno v e~ 77

m en ts depen di ng u pon that eve n t and the o fW e approach r de . Bo n aparte havi ng m oved a corps to his f n l le t, Ge era Baron Sachen drew all his

' f o f w h ‘ orce to the attack La Rothiere, hic f m the o f or ed key the Fre n ch pos ition .

' n un ; . Ge eral Co t G uilay attack ed the to wn o f n b ut was u s Die ville, repeatedly rep l ed ; the conﬂict con ti n ued through the whole w u s su ss b ut n day ith vario cce , w ith early i u n . N t n u b ut d d eq al car age igh i terr pted , n o t m n s u an d was n ter i ate the tr ggle, it early m idnight before the Fre n ch aban don ed this s and n n i n ns ue n o f po t, the o ly co eq ce ,

the gen eral m ove m en t o fthe aarm y . The m ost bloody and ob sti n ate resist » n w was m the su a ce, ho ever, ade to perior f o f e n s a n orce vet ra troop , J y the Fre ch

.Ito t iere n who were po sted at La h . Baro Sache n carried the place by an irresistible

b u t was i n his u n f m . attack , t r expelled ro o f an d an d part the village, the artillery m usketry o fthe Fren ch was directed fro m the ch urch and adj orm ng hou ses, while the R ussia n s kept up an eq ually destructive

n n n l d . ﬁre from others. Bo aparte i perso e ' on an ‘ attack at the head o f his y o ung guards,an d had a horse shot u n der hi m . t r h Here. too the ﬁgh con tin u ed lon ge t an ’ ‘ , b ut u 10 o the i a e the day “ abo t clock v ll g s n n d a s wa aba do e to the R ussi n . The Fren ch retreated abo ut m id n ight i n two um ns u n sm n Lessic oiirt col po Le o t, , On o f V a o f and Ro n ay . the right the ill ge G en c n La . en w Rothiere, Sa h took t e ty piec es o fcan n o n an d so m e h un dred s o fpri h n o fWirtem b r so ners. T ePri ce Roy al e g v an u n Ch aum enil an d f m d h s ad ced po , or e i

‘ n with Gene a u n W e j unctio r l Co t red . The m si x s of n n n a for er took piece c a o , the l tter s i n seventeen . The los killed an d woun d w c d as very great . I m m ediate after the battle co m m en ced

m o tRussi a an d kin o f uss the e peror f i g Pr ia , with Field Marshal . Pri n ce S c hwartz en b m u n erg, ca e po the ﬁeld . Field M ar shal Bluc her i m m ediatelv after wards pro» c eeded to the fro nt to carry in to effect the n s h d m a dispo sitio he a de. He was a m o n g the fore m ost i n the attack o fthe village o f La Rothiere whe n o n the other part his

e e s the a — ~ gr at adv r ary led att ck . This b at 79

the s b o f tle i s called by allie , the attle La b n o f n n a Rothiere, y the Fre ch; Brie e . . T he Fren c h col u m n s bega n to retire n b u t s u abou t m id ight, they till occ pied the ’ position o f Brienn e at daylight on the 2 d o fFebr uary ; o n which day General G u i lay m oved with his corps alo n g the Au be o f the n m the upon the right Fre ch ar y , Pri nce Royal o f Wirtem b erg m arched nn n Wr n upon Brie e, Ge eral ede adva ced n u po n the right o fthe Pri ce Royal . The n n u to u n sm n Fren ch co ti ed retire po Le o t ,

o t an d n . m n ao Lessic ur , Ro ay Several i or u n the tib n s took place d ri g day . Pri nce Sch wartz en b erg received a sword: m m n in s m n fro the E peror Alexa der, te ti o y o fhis ad m iration o fhis skill an d talen ts i n bri nging his arm y witho ut lo ss fro m the f n s o f w n d s n l ro tier S itzerla , traver i g a l the d f n s o n s s o f n an d f e e ce thi ide Fra ce, or m i ng a j un ctio n wi th Marshal Bl ucher i n m n so s n u s n o r ti e to gai di ti g i hed a victory , was the high m eri ts o f the vetera n ﬁeld

” m s so f n s i n ar hal , o te oppo ed perso n to n or a o f n s Bo aparte, th t the other ge eral , 8 0

forgotten o r u n re warded by distin guishing r o f o n m a k s a ppr batio . O n the 5th o f Febr uary an affair took

‘ place between the advan c e o fthe corps of ’ n a D Y 'o rc k an d e o o f ge er l , the r ar fthat ‘ M s M Do ald. n La ssé b e ar hal n ear Cha u e, ‘ M Do ld c o n tween Vitry an d Chalon s. n a

‘ n to u tin ed retire pon Chalon s. Three ca n n o n an d som e hu n dreds o f priso n ei s w n the es who f w ere take by alli , ollo ed n he lralo n s an d o n Upo t road to C , the n en ri n h wn i m m Fre ch te g t at to , ediately, c om men ced a bom bardm en t Marshal ‘ M Do n ald en tered i n to a capit ulation to the wb w a reed to save to , by hich he g e ua o n 6 th w was vac te the place the , hich i g ac c ordi n l do n e, the n h i n g y ﬁ Fre c ret ri to t e f n o f M n e h le t ba k the ar . Tro yes was taken po ssessio n of by the 7th o fF u allies o n the ebr ary . The Prin ce Royal o fWi1 tem b e1 g had on the day pre c edin g tu rn ed the Fren ch po sitio n n ea r

Rav i n i n es l n t g , they aba doned Troy he n n an d the n nter it eve i g , pri ce e ed n ex t

’ an d B u r m s f w an n s bert, l che hi el , ith L gero

s at e us . corp , V rt Bo n aparte saw an d seized the eppm tuni ’ ty gaven him by the exte nsio n o fBlti c he1 s

a m u f n t o n th e 9 th o f r y, broke p ro m Noge u an d o n l oth Febr ary, the attacked the R u ssia n dwi sm n u n der A lSu ﬁeff at Cha m ~ ‘ aub ert w f n s s an p , hich, a ter a valia t re i t ce, was w u n n s n s killed , o ded , or take pri o er , i n cl udi ng their gen eral ; n o t m ore tha n 1600 m en s n who n s n e capi g, joi ed the divi io

' m c o f u un der the i m ediate are Bl cher. On the l l th o f Febru ary Marshal Blu ’ c 5 u e s w B r s an her head q art r ere at erge e , d ’ o n n s Y an d en that day Ge eral D orck Sach , in co n seq uen ce o f the su ccessful atte m pt

" ’ whic h Bo n aparte had m ade to break “ the l n u n u an d f f m a i e, t r ed abo t , a ter or ing

un n m a o n M n m : e j ctio , rched o t irail Her

' s v n n su en erals o f a e ere actio e ed . The g the allies with stood the at tack s o f the n em w m n ss an d Fre ch peror ith great ﬁr e ,

h 1 o sitl r u h the u . eld the r p o n th o g day, tho gh w t m m n s st of i h i e e loss. The hotte p art the n w t o f M c s actio as a the village ar hai ,

whic h was repeatedly taken and retake n . 83

’ Bo n aparte succeeded i n c utti ng off the al ’ lies fro m the m ai n divi sio n o f Bl ucher s m an d i n the n u ar y, they retreated ight pon e w ss o ff u c Chat au Thierry, ith the lo o r an

n o n . u G n s S a At Chatea Thierry , e eral ’ che n an d D Yo rc k pa ssed the Ma rne o n th e 12th s an d b , de troyed the bridge, y cir c uito u s u s e w s h n ro te retr ated to ard C alo s.

O n the 13th M s M n ar hal ortier, havi g re al red the c ss M n in p bridge, ro ed the ar e . ’ u su o f n an d D Y o rc k an d p r it Sache , the sa m e day Bo n aparte arrived at Chatea u hierr with n n fl w i n s T y y i te t to o lo the a m e n b u t was s m n n di rectio , he the a e eve i g n ew n s M n m recalled by eve t to o t irail . ield ~ Marshal u w F Bl cher, ith the two

s o f s and n n corp Klei t La gero , had bro ke n up fro m Vert us o n the 13th to attack the s o f M m nt w n corp ar o , hich Bo aparte had left at Etoges as a co rps o f observatio n

o n Up n the Pr ussia n vetera . Bl ucher ad v anc ed his u s t o m u head q arter Cha pa bert. Mar m o n t had a sm all corps o f fro m 9 to to ret e an d was obliged . r at ﬁght in the n u o f M m g, to eighbo rhood o nt irail , was w n w where he Jo ed by Bo aparte, ho 8 4

had m ade a forced m arc h wuh the . wh ole

’ o fhis guards an d a large body o fcavalry.

. s o n n o ac e A very evere acti w took pl . Marshal Bl ucher bein g in ferior m n um b

s u i n c av alrv f m his in ber , partic larly , or ed

f n tr n o s u s an d m m n r f: a y i t q are , co e ced a e F n m d treat “ The re ch ade repeated an desperate charge s with th ei r cavalry u pon s s u es o f n f n w u h the e q ar i a try, hich , altho g

s n n ss r w a su tai i g great lo , etired ith that d m irable ﬁrm n ess which characterizes the o A fter a Ger m a n tro p s. very severe and u l n s o n u n u n eq a co te t, carried d ri g a retreat o fn fou u s uss n m ar early r leag e , the Pr ia

' shal observed a large body o f c avalry po sted o n the Cha u ssé e in his rear near H e s v f hi w Etoges. re ol ed to orce s ay

“ u t s s and n n a thro gh hi ob tacle, by ope i g heavy ﬁre o f artillery an d m usketry upon

s s i n so m ass o n t thi cavalry , po ted a lid he Cha ussé e he succeeded in forci n g the m to

r i . U n h n s to w et re po reac i g Etoge , ard s n n m n w k u n ight, the Fre ch ade a e attac po the es W1th o f theirx i nfan tr alli a body y , which Bo n aparte had p ushed thro ugh by ro ads upo n the ﬂan k an d rear o fhis retreat

‘ ‘ on the S n u n dea n n ei e, Victor a d Oudi o t, ’ to s v S c hwa1 tz en her s m v m n s ob er e g o e e t , were too weak to act with any effec t even

o n f n s l s u n r P l i nc e the de e ive . The al ie de

' ‘k S c hwartz en he1 g m oved f1 o m T ro yes o n the l th N an d n s w n b o . ogen t Se ere take y

s 1 m an d n fo 1 es f1 o m to , the Fre ch c retired

the f the r1 ht n o f the e ne, le t to _ g ba k S i f destro m d u n W t a ter y g the bri ges . Co t it

en stem d n w s n - su r- ene g a va ced to ard Po t S i , n W w s Ge eral rede to ard Bray ,

‘ r e s f w i n ursuit: eplac d the bridge , ollo ed p o v s Wrede advanced u pon Pr ins. The corp o f the all ies u n der the pri n ce of Wirtem b n an d G uila m d e ir erg, Bla chi , y , ade goo th ss a am st an n ffe u s s ance pa age g i e ct al re i t ; an d o n the l 6th o fFebru ary the head q uaw ters o f Pri n ce S c hwartz en b erg we1 e ad v anc ed an d n d Plato tf to Bray , the ext ay u T he sam en tered Fo ntai n blea . e day the adva n ce o f the gra n d a1 m y was within 40

o f n s N n 1e m iles Pa , at a g ‘ ’ t ac tiv 1 an d l u o f Bu here, too, the ty va o r the Fren ch e m p eror and his troops cha nged Of ffa s O n 17 n a the aspect a ir . the th Bo parte had placed him selfin a situation to 8 7

c o m m en ce offen sive operatio n s u pon the ran m an d o I8 tl1 at g d allied ar y , r; the he ’ tacked Cou n t Wittge n stei n s corps at

‘ n s an d it w ss Na gi , beat back , ith a great lo o f m e n S c hwart en n an d artillery . Pri ce z

b was b his s s an d erg o liged to retrace tep , n u su d recross the Sei n e . The Fre ch p r e e with r peated attack s Upo n his rear. On the 19th Bo n aparte attacked the c s o f the n o f Wirtem her orp pri ce royal g, s o n M n an d u n the po ted o terea u, occ pyi g t s n n d bridge a that place . The allie co te de agai nst the fu ry o f repeated a ssau l ts un til

la i n w n n su te the day , he the Fre ch cceed ed in n m f m s n s an d drivi g the ro their po itio ,

u n b o cc pyi g the ridge . On the 2 15t the Fren ch head qu arters

‘ were agai n at Noge n t ; an d o n the 2 3d Bo a arte a a f n p ppe red be ore Troyes. To se u wn f m s u n an c re the to ro de tr ctio , agree m n was n n w l e t e tered i to , by hich the a lies were perm itted to leave the place witho ut

m n an d o n 24th n h olestatio , the the Fre c m e e p ror en tered . Mean while M arshal u f s Bl cher, a ter re t i n his m few d s and n , g ar y a ay , collecti g 88 e f c em n w n reach h d ssh very rein or e t ithi , a o ut fo m ungtl o n w n m to r a j ith the gra d ar y , u n r P rihc e wart enher O 1 n 2 s . de Sch z g. the t o f u s ed at, Febr ary , he had carcely arriv M u n and W h ery po the Seine, relieved it ’ - w en stei n s s w n wn was a . g corp , he the to ttack e d t o s i e . by w corps from the oppo ite s d s

‘ withou t any further result tha n bu rning w the n . uc n n i s o to Bl her m ai tai ed h s po iti n. This m ovem en t o fMarshal Bluc her facili tated the retrograde m ovem en t s o f"Prin ce

S c hwartz en her an d a m es n owrev g, both r i

‘ M s u u f m M ar a ar hal Bl cher broke p ro y , o n 23d o f u sse the A ub ei the Febr ary , cro d

: the n ext day n ear An gl ure; an d m arched . acro ss the co u ntry towards La Ferte G au s m em n s ve» cher. Thi ov e t appear to ha b een with a view o f bei n g rein forced b y the s o f u w Wo ro n z o w an d Win corp B lo , , z i11 e1 o de w w n n fo m g , hich ere adva ci g r n lattel a n ah ead n the orth , the h vi g y take ss n s ss u t an d m a s n e s it s Soi o by a a l , de pri o r

' 1 s n o f2000 m e eﬂ c tin a un e gar i o n . By e g J

‘ ‘ t n - w t s s Blud eﬁiwo nld io i h the e corp , h have m m nd o f m o s m sin a m and co a a t i po g , r y ,

‘ these an ni hilated a 1 m ies wel e not o n ly i n 1 b e n b ut in er f an n i g, great orce, adv ci g to w n t s to b e m nat a lo n e co ﬂic , ter i ed by g rion s p eace. When Marshal Blucher m arched u pon La Ferté u M s M mon re Ga cher, ar hal ar t t w his s eJoue o n ired ith corp to La Fert rre,

he . M n w was n d the t ar e, here he joi e by s o fM who n s at corp ortier, had bee po ted Chatea u Thierry to observe Wi nz inge " r s fu dem o n stration u o ode . By a kil l up n ’ M u wh m n M ar m o nt s c o m ea x, ich e aced un ic atio n wi s u m m th Pari , Bl cher co pelled

u La e s u s J ua r him to evac ate Fert o o r e, n s s fo r l s and leave ope a pa age the al ie , which was effected witho ut opposaitio n by n M n o n 2 8 th o fFeb rua cro ss i g the ar e the , M n w n n fol r . y ea hile Bo aparte, havi g elli nc o f m m n o f u ge e the ove e t Bl cher, brok e

f m s o n . 2 7 o f u U p ro Troye the th Febr ary, an d leav ing an in efﬁcien t force to watc h »

‘ ch wartz en b er m s Pr in ce S g, arched to oppo e s On t e o fM rc o f l . h 1st , a h thearm y Si e ia , b u n Marn e . ut Bon aparte arrived po the ,

' w a n n u n ss n Bl ucher as dva ci g po Soi o s. w i h had n l s . a c se e Thi pl ce, h bee v ra , 91

n an d n was no w in the tith es take retake ,

n o f s ~ an d s as the possessio the allie , erved p oi n t o f co n ce ntratio n fo r all the troops

t u n de i Bluc er O n . the des i n ed to act r h .

3d o f March ~the ﬁeld m ars hal was joi ned s fWi n z in ero de VV o ro n z o w by the corp o g , ,

n u w and his m n f m a d B lo , ar y exte ded ro t s n as far as Crao n e So isson s a lon g he Ai e . O n the ~ 4th Bo n aparte arrived o n the an d n da m to f a Aisn e, ext y atte pted orce A n s n e n t st p a ssage at Soi sson s . o b ti at co e

b u t was f w ss. t ook place, he ba ﬂed ith lo He the n deﬁled the pri n cipal part o f his an d o n the ti th su arm y to the right, cceed

i n u ed l n c 1 o ss g the l iver higher p, at Bery ec O n the 7 th ft l a B . he attacked the le ’ f l c he1 1 n1 C ao n e wi n g o B u s a y at r . He1 e t fo ught a bloody bat le . The left o f s m m n Wi nz wi n g the allie , co a ded by i n w n W gerode, here the pri cipal attack as suff an m m n s ss an d Blu m ade, ered i e e lo , cher o n ce m ore retreated before Bo n aparte

ss o f m en ut hors de co with a lo , p m

bat. After the battle o f Crao ne the veteran m arshal took a n oth er and a stronger posi 92

m c m m n n s u n im - n tio n a very o a di g it atio ,

n o n ~ O u 9th m ediately i n fro t f Lao . the ’ Bo naparte appea red i n fron t o f Bl ucher s si n an d w t u m en m e“ po tio , i h abo t ad an d m u e u s W h a gen eral rd ro attack , hic la sted d urin g that and the n ext day ; Du

“ s ri ng thi s tre m en dou s co n test, which ten n i i n o f n the n ated the retreat the Fre ch , right an d ce ntre o f the allies could do no m ore tha n m ain tain them selves i n their n s n b ut i n eft w n stro g po itio ; the l i g, ’ where the corps o f D Y o rc k an d Sachen f u h n ss n s w fi o g t , the Fre ch a aila t ere n ally disc o m fited w ss n 60 ~ ith great lo , leavi g 00 i priso n ers an d 48 pieces o f artillery with . the allies. u u s w t s ss n Tho gh rep l ed i h thi lo , Bo a parte left hi s adversary u n able or u nwilling to u su hi m an d m m e m v p r e , i diately o ed u n um s w o n the 12t s po Rhe , here h the allie 1 l u nder Ge ne a St . Priest had take n a posi n n tio . Bo aparte attacked him o n 11113 13111 w h the a n e o fhi s a m ns s n o f it dva c r y , co i ti g a an d rtillery cavalry . T he Russia n artillo ry a n d in fantry m aintain ed the con flict fo r

m e h urs S t. r o so o . P iest was struc k fr m

' naparte adva n ci ng rtro m Rheim s Upo n Fere

o m m n s o f the Cham pen i sse. The ove e t

‘ w m c o m m a n der s o f the allies were n o w ( di

- ec ted w s . f rm n - a u nc ti o m an d r to ard o i g j , those o f Bonaparte to " obstru ct that o h o f 1 w h ec t. re u n n s s n j F q e t cha ge po tio , it actio n s bet ween sm all corps o ftheco nten d

n m s l e. . O u 19th We i g ar ie , took p ac the

“ ﬁn d n a i n ssess n o fA rci s a d Bo parte po io , n

’ the n ext day the allies c o n c en trat ed all the c orps o f the m am a rm y before Arcis, an d ’ u o o the . o ffe d b ut . n e k re battle, abo t o cl c

Fren ch arm y were p erc eived . ﬁling: o ff o n

’ s o ft ﬁ ei the o he A u b e, and r ther ide “th ” “ c ol um ns takin g the d irectio n o f Vi try

T h u ~ n A rc l s was a d eir rear g ard , i , ttacke ‘ b the P n c o f~ Wi rtem b er ’ b ut Jth e y ri e g, y v alia n tly defen ded the m selves,an d c overed the m ove m e nt o f' the arm y

M s l Blu c her v b e x n . o m ed b t ar ha , 1 g J y he f r m i ns o s o f S t. P ies m e e a the c orp r t, ov d u n m s w his a d v n e po Rhei , hich a c e n ter ed as t he re a r o ﬁ- the Frenc h retreated:

their ju nction with therg ran d army a

” I n n n o f 2 1st: o f Ma the eve i g the rch , " 9U the : whole o f the Fre nch arm y was in

o . n m arc h f r Vitry That . ight the Fren ch e m peror re m ai ned at b o m m essus ; o n the follo wi n g day the adva n ce o fhis arm y ar at an d su m m n d rived Vitry, o e the place

s u n . uss n n w to rre der A Pr ia colo el , ith

4000 m en h fo r i s an d re , eld it the all e , fus su n w ed to rre der , hich obliged the Fre n ch co m m a n der to cro ss the Marn e by bridges which b e co n str ucted n ear Frign i n s i co urt. Bo aparte here pa sed h s whole m o n 2 3d and 24th o f M a ar y the arch , n d

m m a n o f S t i edi tely took the directio . ‘ M s s Ne an d M D B ez ier. ar hal y o n ald w i n f n o f s n ere ro t the allie , ﬁli g to join e m S t B th e peror at . ezier . Bo n apa rte m ight n o wh av e had o ne o f these three objects i n view : either by m ove m en ts rou n d the right ofthe allies to force m if f t the back ; or, that ailed , to opera e n m m un n s an d n Upo their co icatio , eve pro c eed to form a j u ncti o n with m arsha l A u

ereau s m n his for g ; or, la tly , by ovi g to e & c n w r o f M . a tresses tz , prolo g the by

n o n n ew n w the re si sti g a li e, hile he placed n o f n n n allies in the ce tre Fra ce, havi g take 96

- = autio n i ‘ the b est prec s n his po wer . for the

‘ Safety o fhi s c apitala is s t all es kn ew th s s to It aid tha the i l i la t b e his pla n by m ean s o f an i n tercepted

and t hat Pri n c eA c hwart z en b er re letter, S g t d his m m s c c ordi n l T he gula e ove ent a g v . l bold resol utio n was take n o f fo r m i ng the o the two m w w j un ctio n f ar ies to the est ard, th u s plac i ngthem selv es between the Fren ch m an d s an d n w h u n ar y Pari , proceedi g it a it ' ed force o fat lea s t m en to the c a o f n m p ital the Fre ch e pire .

’ I n order the better to m a sk this m ove

‘ f m ent the m o f m was , arch the allied ar y m ' f m P o u e s a d m s ade ro g y , Le m o nt, n Ar o n t e m e o fRuss1a two Vi ry ; the p ror , by ' e xtraordi n ary m arches o f 18 an d 12

u s e s s his e u s leag e , tabli hed h ad q arter ,

‘ With tho se o fthe m ars hal pri nce S c hwartv

e b er r o f z n n 24t . g, at Vit y the h o Marc h

' O n the 25th the /c o m b ined arm ies m arch ed in three col um ns to Fere x Cha m pe~ oi sse A ll f n . the cavalry o f the arm y orm

" he v n an d w to u s f a ed t ad a ce, ere p h or

- ward to Seza n n e . Marshal Bl ucher had a a n s and is un rrived at Ch lo , h cavalry , der

9 8 short distance o fVi try o n the n ight o fthe 2 4th w u an s S l c i o n h th a e , itho t y u p t at e pl c i n n f was the ha d s o the allies. O n the m orn i ng o f the 9 5th o f March the advan ced guard o f the Pri n ce Royal

' o fWirtem b ei 'g fell i n with the adv anc e o f ‘ Marm on t so o n after he had co m m en ced his m T he n e n a arch Fre ch , perc ivi g

fo rc e adv anc in u n m e . great g po the , retir d ﬂ u su an d uss an The cavalry p r ed, the R i u s n u ssi s g ard charged the Fre ch c ira er , n f w n f n n 1000 a d a ter ard s the i a try, taki g s n s 10 n n n h ss n s wa pri o er , ca o , wit cai o ,

n s S c . go , r U po n the arrival o fPri n ce S c hwartz en

F Cham en o isse , berg at ere p , a large body g o fFre nch were o bserved m archi ng direct ‘ s ly u pon head q uarters. Thi proved to b e a detached col um n o f m en un der G en m s W n m n it . a s A e , hich had bee ki g ’ way un der the protection o f Marm o n t s c orps from the n eighbourhood o f Mon t ’ m irail to join: the em peror s gran d arm y. T his c orps had in charge an uu m ease c on voy with rations o fb read an d f r " am m unition . T he c av alry o Ma sha 99

B u had s s s c s l cher fir t di covered thi orp , an d had driven it u po n Fere Cha m pe n o isse as o f n , the cavalry the gra d arm y was a n n m a s o f dva ci g. So e ch rge cavalry had n m u n s s n bee ade po thi corp , pri ci pally co m posed o f yo ung troop s an d n atio n al u s e w f m i n s u es an d g ard ; th y ere or ed q ar , defen ded the m selves wi th the skill and firm n ss o f n s W n the w c o e vetera . he v ere m pletely s urro unded by the cavalry o fboth m s s m f w s nt m n ar ie , o e o ficers ere e to de a d su n b u t fus an d s m their rre der, they re ed, ee ed determ i n ed to c ut their way through t n m s n o n an d w heir e e ie , m archi g firing ith o ut A o f uss n artilr cessatio n . battery R ia l was O n u n m w ery pe ed po the , hich broke do wn their ra n ks with terrible slau ghter ; an d this was followed by ren ewed charges o f w m destruc cavalry , hich co pleted their T he s o fM m n an d M tio n . corp ar o t ortier u n s an d f i n n s retreated po Pari , le t the ha d o f the allies o n thi s occa sio n between 8 0

d 0 s o n n n f m 6 an 9 piece f ca o , ro to s n s s d c n v a e m en : pri o er , be i e the o oy bov t ioned . 100

‘ ’ n s D Y o rc k an d s who had Ge eral Klei t , m oved fro m Mon tm irail to La FerteG au

c r o n 2 6113 in m au he , arrived the , ti e to g m e n t the disc o m ﬁtu re ofthi s portio n o fthe ’ ’ n m D Y o rc k s s Fre ch ar y . General corp o t in b ut n s m ade priso n ers. N h g a co tin ued series o fforced m arches co u ld have e n abled Marm on t and Mortier to carry

m f s m n s o ffthe re ai ns o thi ar y i to Pari . O n the 2 6th o f March the gra n d ar m y o f the allies was i n m otion i n three c o lu m n f Ch e h s ro m Fere am pen oiss . T e head q uarters o f the e m peror o f Russra an d Pri n ce S c hwartz en b erg were at Tref fou the cavalry o f Cou nt Pahlen were

us e o n n e u e an d p h d beyo d La Fert Ga ch r, ’ joi n ed Ge n eral s D Y o rc k an d Kleist ," the cavalry an d reserve were bivou acked at La

o n - o f Vergere, the right the great road ; the 6 th an d 4th corps were i n the cen tre ; the

5th - o u f an d the le t, the 3d re m ai n ed in the r v all ear to co er the baggage, artillery,

' s and trai n an d park , , to m ake the m arch o f w m the hole co pact . So m e partisan ' c orps occupied the country about Arcis

102

French troops fro m the woods about that

place . On the 29th the wh ole arm y (with the exception Of the corps o f Wrede an d n wh w ef i n s n at Sache , ich ere l t po itio n n u l Mea u x) adva n ced upon Paris. Co ti a s n b ut the n h skirm i hi g took place, Fre c eti red n u n n o n their l i ht and 1 , givi g p Pa ti , g , the grou n d i n fi o nt o f Mo nt m artre o n f their le t . P rev m us un n o f M s s to the j ctio ar hal , ‘ ’ Marm o n t an d Mortier s corps with the gar r s n o f s fo i o Pari , that capital had o nly r its ’ fen a o f n e s s de ce part Ge eral G rard corp ,

w u u s an d . the ith abo t reg lar troop , n u s m un n u n atio al g ard , a o ti g to abo t

en u n n u n . J s B n m , der Ge eral K li o eph o a w s n ua f parte , ith thi i adeq te orce, had c e o f f n o f the of harg the de e ce capital , M m n an France . ar o t d Mort1er ren der ed hi m ss s n 1n w every a i ta ce their po er. O n the 30th o fMa rch the F1 enc h o cc u pied with their right the heights o fFo n te o m n l an d n y , Ro ai vil e, Belleville ; their ft was o n M n m and le o t artre , they had e e al e o u s in the c ent o the c l s v r r d bt re, n a na 103

’ de l Our ue an d o n the wh ne a q , ole li train o f artillery o f above o ne h u ndred n f s s n was s n a d ﬁ ty piece s. Thi po itio tro g from the i n tersected n ature o f the gro un d o it s o f M n m t e n s right . The height o t ar r co m m an ded the plai n i n the rear o f the ’ n l O ur ue a nd d s n to ca al de q , ad ed tre gth n s n b ut t is s s n the Fre ch po itio ; i ea ily ee , that the force o f the defen ders was by n o m ea n s adequate to resist an arm y o f uss n s us ns an d uss n s R ia , A tria , Pr ia , us w n ur s n ﬂ hed ith victory , i ed to di cipli e, and n s u s directed by ge eral eq al , at lea t, t o f to he m arshal s Fra n ce . I n n order to attack the Fre ch positio ns, the Silesia n arm y was directed upo n Mo n t

m . n s and s o f L artre, St De i , the village a Valette an d Pa n ti n ; while the gra n d arm y o f the n o th attacked the right Fre ch , n e s o f n n om n l and height Fo te oy , R ai vil e,

Belleville . ' he 6th s un Reiﬁsk m T corp , der y , oved n i n um n s o f fro m Bo dy, three col attack , su u s an d s pported by the g ard the re erves.

n the u o f M ux t Leavi g great ro te ea , hey attacked the heights o f Ro m ai n vill e and 104

" ellevﬂle wh ch s we as Mo ntm art e B , i , a ll r , are v e m m n n the un b e ween ry co a di g, gro d t being covered with villages and cou ntry

' s e s c o m m an d P aris and seats . The e h ight ,

the cou ntry around .

° e en e ofWirtem her - wit hi3 Pri n c Eug g, m

s of 6th s m m n c e the divi ion the corp , co e d and n u fo r a n m a m t attack , e d red lo g ti e os n ﬁre ofar b ut n su rt galli g tillery, bei g ppo the s s o f n s c ar ed by re erve gre adier , he o f m n e a ried the heights Ro ai vill , nd the n h t se o f l Fre c retreated to ho Bel eville . T he Prin ce Royal o f Wirtem b el' g sup ported this attack by a sim ulta n eous m ove n u n the ts o f sn m e t, po heigh Ro ey an d f 3d s . o the Charento n . The corp arm y

s ' lac ed i n ec hello n n ear Nuill in re wa p , y , as we as the a serve, ll c valry The attack o fthe Silesia n arm y was de

b - s m c n an d did n ot co layed y o e ac ide t, m m en ce so soo n as th at o f Pr in ce Sch wart But the um n o f z en berg. col s Bluch er

’ were so o n see n debo uching un der Generals ’ D Y o rc k nd s an d a i t a Klei t, ttack ng he

n s t ns at u ' Fre ch po i io A berville an d Saare. — A t Pan tin the Fren c h m ade a gallan t re

106

‘ ’ un ss e his m m st s Co t Ne elrod , i perial aje y

m n1s n e s. i ter, e ter d Pari It i s s m m s us fu and w s o eti e e l , al ay

’ a f w ou i so greeable, to ollo the th ght wh ch “ f n su sts ts f if u an n had o te gge i el , s ch eve t n o t n w w ul n the happe ed , hat o d have bee "” c o n seq uen ce fo r although the desti n ed c hain o f ca uses an d effect s i s u n deviati ng

' and un n we c an m n cha geable, i agin e a li k

" m and ano tlier who se re oved, replace it by , con seq ue n ces in ev itably lead to a result

w ff n t fr m the r . us idely di ere o eality Th ,

‘ ifBon a arte ns o f w n hi m p had , i tead thro i g s f i n o f allies r ke t m s f el the rear the , p hi el w n m an d s we m u s m n bet ee the Pari , t i agi e ’ f m t s s n in w ' the ro hi day co ﬂict, hich Fren ch had so slen der a force to oppose to s o f s n s the i m m ense ho t their a s aila t , at a m o f n w the th all the r y Bo aparte, ith u n n s o fM m n an d M broke corp ar o t ortier, u n f f s a fa a wo ld have give a ear ul , perhap t l

“ c heck to the progress o fthe allied s ovea ' r ns But fo r m n n o eig . happily a ki d, Nap n us n i n m an o n e i n leo r hed bli dly , ore th s n h st c n an d m m nt ta ce, to is de ru tio the o e had n o w arriv ed when e m pire an d power 107 w f f m him an d new s o ere to all ro , a ystem f thi ngs com m ence u n der the gu idan ce o f

s u n s w i tho e co cil hich had overthro wn h m . T he f o f s a day a ter the battle Pari , the llied n s n an d en pri ce e tered that capital , their try m ay be co n sidered as the sign al o fthe f f c om plete do wn al o Napoleon Bon aparte ; perhaps by previous agreem e nt with the

- o f leaders the Fre n ch people . Before we e nter upon the detail o fthe arra nge m ents b y which peace was restor ed u we w to the to E rope, ill look back n s w h w ss n in the n i eve t hic ere pa i g orth , n an d in s u o f n u n Italy , the o th Fra ce, d ri g the m arch o fthe allies to Paris We have see n that the crown prin ce o f w n in N m n n S ede , ove ber, e tered Ha over, an d pu shed forward his troops i nto Hol I n s un s s n e la n d . both the e co trie thi pri c His ta was deservedly popu lar. great n um u n w ha le n ts an d co s m ate pr de ce, hich d b ee n so e m in en tly useful i n the council s o fthe allies d uring the progress o fthe war were n o w usefully exerted i n the n orth ; u sia us i and russia a rac t while R s , A tr a, P tt 108

e e ed the gaze o fthe world o il a m ul spl n I n u was did scen e o f action. Febr ary he and a d sse ro c a still 1n Ha n over, d re d a p l m en the ren h in tio n to h1s co untry , F c , which he declares that the i nten tio n o fthe F n b ut s u e allies i s n ot to divide ra ce, to ec r theiro wn i n depen den ce ; he accuses Bon a parte o f b ein g the a uthor o f all the ev ils m n suff b ut som w at whic h Fren ch e er, e h

‘ l udicro usly repi o ac hes them with servi ng On 12th a m an n o t born a m on g them . the u w n ss n n an d ofFebr ary , he cro i g the Rhi e e ntering with his Swedes the ter1 1to 1 y o f is n v u n n ss his h ati e co try, he agai addre ed n un m n s m t Fre ch co try e , he tell the , that a the com m a n d o fhis km g he had take n up m s fo r f n o f w n t he ar the de e ce S ede , tha had en w s an d ss s i n av ged the S ede , a i ted effecti ng the lib eration o f Germ a ny ; th at the b o f war o n the o f the o ject the , part all s is se u m s s n o t 1n ure ie , to c re the elve , to j w n an d t his r1n c 1 al n s Fra ce, tha p p happi es

a d u n in s urin the fu dopte co try , ec g ture ” a ness o fhis f rm e c o t h ppi o r un rym en.

1 10

n n w h o m i sa s , t at h v a pr cla atio , hich he y , a l ug bee n c alled to the sovereign ty by the has u n ok people, he declared that he derto the » s m n u n u o f a e o ly der the g ara nty a. ns u n w s u s f co tit tio , hich ho ld ec ure the ree do m o f the people agai n st all abus es : that he had co nsider ed i t hi s d uty to su m ” m o n m en o f ns n and together co ideratio , to charge them with the task o f establis h i ng a fun da m e ntal code corre spo n ding to s w s s an d n e ss s o f the the habit , i he , ce itie people ; that this had bee n perform ed and su b m itted to hi m ; th at he approves o fi t : b ut as n n s wh o f e it co cer the ole the peopl , the people m ust be co n sulted thereon ; that the people m u st receive the stro ngest assu ra n ce that their i nterests are atten ded n s u n t i us f e to by the co tit tio , hat relig o re

’ o s besec u red that e u n sh d m hall , d catio all n t s n f d m s be atte ded to, hat per o al ree o hall n o n an m n m t the a be lo ger e pty a e, tha d n o f us s m i n istratio j tice hall be i m partial , m m u u an d m n u that co erce, agric lt re, a

u es shall n o t o b struc ted that n o fact r , be , ,

’ re strai n t be i m posed o n the do m estic

fthe c o ti e~ eco n o m y o people, that by the p 11 1 ratio n o fthe two pri n cipal bran che s o fthe

“ n m n n l ws s gover e t, the ge era la hall be f u n (i n u n s s o f s o ded the tr e i tere t the tate, ’ “ that the fi n a nces; and the arm i n g o fthe the m ai n s o f the people, pillar body poli i n t n n u n tic, be placed hat ce tral poi t po which the greatest and m ost i nv al uable — privilege o fa free people their i ndepen ” — s de n ce m ay b e firm ly fli ed . After ta ki ng a gla nce at the m iseries the co untry has suff s u n o ered, he call po the people t support him i n his efforts to reestabli sh the un t an d s s t i n b e co ry, tate , tha order to en abled toj udge whether the co n stit utio n al

us f m m n s o f n ~ code, th ra ed , be a ea obtai

i n en d w s u s g the i hed , he p rpo es to sub m it

fo r m tu n s ra t n an assem x it , a rer co ide io , to o f st u ﬁ e s ns h bly the be q ali ed p r o ; he as,

t e ef n s l m m ss n h r ore, appoi ted a pecia co i io , s o ut o f s v n i n him 600 to choo e, a li t gi e to , rs n s in d ue t n o ul a pe o , propor io to the p p o n o f the s n m n s ho ti exi ti g depart e t , w , whe n con ﬁrm ed by the people (as afte 1 s m o n 28th o fM directed) hall eet the arch, 1 8 14 at A m ste1 dam an d n , , determ i e this ” w us n n s o n eighty b i ess. The pri ce goe to 1 12

a tha a st o f the erso n s c hdsen for . s y , t li p s eac h departm en t shall be m ad e p u blic ; t a an n n en us ee r h t y i habita t, b i g a ho ek pe , ' " i n in his n m e i n a r m ay , by s g g a egister W‘ hich shall lay ope n fo r eight days in b ac k

c n n s v o f an s n o er- f a to , di appro e y per o r p s n s W m m a m un u and o ho he y dee q aliﬁed , w n s him ‘ f that, he it hall appear to , rom sum m n u s s the m a i g p the regi ter , that j ority are satisﬁed with the pe1 son s thus su m n s a c o n b itted to their electio , he h ll sider them as the represen tative s of the w u m hole D tch people, call the together, a i n m s o f m an d s u e , ppear the id t the , al t

“ m as su t s in f m the ch ; hat they hall , reedo , in u an d a proceed their labo r, report by ,

c m m e s hi m - an d as o itte their progre s to ,

th e o n u n 18 d w c stit tio al code a opted, he ill

' t th r c rib ed ‘ a d i n st ake the o a p es , n be alled i n t sta e. I n m an m the n s a m "l the e ti e, E gli h r ) which had bee n sen t to the Netherla n d s to ~ c ooperate with the allies appears sto h ave

su stai n ed a serl es o f defeats an d disa sters. S ir ; m d s n u s i n the s r T Graha , i ti g i hed hi to y

’ o ft he present war hy ‘ the sa nguin ary as

On s u s s e an d on the the o thea t id , n orth s e n t o Mo n was m e id , ext le , the attack ad s m u an us an d s w so m es uc ; i lt eo ly , , at ﬁr t, ith

' s the i c e t ess. s s he n s c A i ted by , E gli h tra s m s s s t he m m n s ver ed the ora , caled e pale e t

n d c hev au x- - f and n a e de rize, gai ed posses t s1o n o fpart o f the ram pal . The garu so n n b su s and m f was take y rpri e , ade eeble re sistan c e f1s d s n s o f ass nts to the i t ivi io aila , b u t n o con fu sion en sued ; the Frenc hﬂe w n s s and m thel r u su s fu to the po t , ade al kil l

M n an d valia n t defe nce . ajor Ge eral Cooke Co m m a n ded the left col um n o f the E n g

s M a n and li h , jor Ge eral Skerritt Brigadier G r m n w h Ge n eral o e acco pa ied the right, hic was the ﬁrst that forced its way i nto the two u m ns w to m place . The col ere ove m so as f m un n alo ng the ra part , to or a j ctio

as ss b m a s an d as soo n po i le, clear the ra p rt , n um n f the A nt a ssist. the ce tre col , or orce T he f um n wa s wn werp gate . le t col thro i nto di sorderb y fi ndi ng a difﬁc ulty 1n pa ss i n o n we and h k g the ditch the , t eir attac ’ n f s 1 1 was delayed u til hal pa t o clock .

s b ut n ene They assaulted by e calade, the

s for t m . T he n m y wa prepared he Fre ch , 1 15 f m s o f w s s u the ro the top the all , rai ed p e s w b o oks an d s wn ladd r ith , da hed do the m en o n the froz en ditches. The gates Were O n f m w n an d the pe ed ro ithi , greater part o f this col um n likewise gai n ed the ram M part s. ea n while Gen eral Gore an d Co lo nel n w d M ne Carleto ere kille , ajor Ge t s w u n an d ral Skerri t everely o ded , the r u m n f n s an d suff ight col ell i to di order, ered n in w un an d proportio ably killed , o ded , n u w priso n ers . The E glish g ard s ere dra wn U an d ns wh n p, prepared to ﬁre by platoo , e they were ordered to thro w o ut their pri m i n an d a n the as g, charge ; they dva ced at p de char e b u t w m w wn s w g , ere o ed do by ho ers o f balls which laid n early the whole m n o f h brigade pro strate . A detach e t t e gu ardswhich had bee n sen t to the a ssi st n n an d s u a nce o fColo el Carleto , to ec re the

er t we1 e c u t o ff. A n ts p ga e, totally um n n n fo 1 c e The cen tre col , havi g bee d

ss an d i ts m m n s back with great lo , co a der

w re- f m un e c o m b oth killed , ere or ed d r the m an d m as m a n d o f a ajor, arched to the sistanc e o f Ge n eral Cooke . 1 16

A fe a n o f n fu s n isas er an t r ight co io , d t , d e da ' b ro ke n to s ow the sla ught r, the y , o ly h En s r f n i ua n and to ex gli h thei orlor st tio , s m u n c o n m s po e the , prote ted, the ra part ; ’ i o f m s un T h to the surer am their e n e ie g s. e r s e o f th f ur h um n the al e erv e o t col , Roy s n u n e a s u ss ﬁre Scot , getti g d r de tr ctive cro ; n m n c o m threw dow their ar s. The Fre ch m n n n s o a der, Ge eral Biza et, took the ﬁr t p portun ity which dayligh t afforded to sen d 1 an offic er to Ge n eral Cooke with a sum m on s to su rren der ; which he very wisely

w an d the ' rem ai nder o f co m plied ith , the " English laid do wn their arm s o n theram

f n - o - parts o Berge p Zoo m . ‘ Gen eral - Biza n et dre w forth the adm ira tion o f his en em ies m ore by his h um a ne atte n tion to his sufferm g a ssaila n ts tha n by n t f n h is excelle de e ce. He en tered i n to an agree m en t for a suspensio n o fhostilitie s for e s suff r s n s no t t thr e day , ered all p i o er , o o w un rt o n a d severely o ded, to depa parole, n alleviated by every m ea n s i n his power the m rsem es which a rash attem pt had brought ' li h t oo s on the Eng s r p .

e uha n s who ne l ss Was with B a r oi , , verthe e ,

m ns n s o f he. Nea obliged , by the de o tratio t o litans a am st his n n u his re p , g rear, to co ti e trograde m ove m e n ts Abo u t the m iddle o f February Lo rd W n n w an m o f n s elli gto , ith ar y Spa i h , Por tu uese an d n sh n m n g , E gli , ope ed the ca paig n o f s n l i the sou th F1 a n ce . Thi great ge era had n n w n su ss s o f bee e abled, o i g to the cce e Russ n 1 m 1 s o ut o f ia , to drive the Fre ch a e the n s an d u u s nsu and Spa i h Port g e e peni la , to f ollo w the m in to the Fren ch territo ry . O n the 27th o f February was fought the b e o f t ‘ m w M s S dult attl Or hez , hich ar hal was defeated by the allies u n der Lord Wellingto n fan d lost a large portion o fhis a m no t n b w u n s an d c a r y o ly y death , o d , p tiv it b ut dese1 ti o y , by n . The arm y o fthe allie s havi ng crossed the “ A o u w nn an d n s t t d r, belo Bayo e, i ve ted ha

‘

' c Lo rd Welli n to u - o ” ity, g n p shed n a detach ‘ m n o fhi W f s m u n . s d e t ar y; der Sir Bere or , ‘ to ta ss o f o On the ke po essio n B rdeau x . 12 o f M c ns o f ux th ar h the citize Bordea , p rece ded by the m ayor; ca m e o ut to m eet the n s n a m ns and E gli h ge er l with accla atio , 1 19

' displayed the white cockade i n token o f u s ” loyalty to Lo i XVI . u s n t n u o fA n o ul em e an d Lo i A oi e, d ke g , n w u n o f n who ephe to the tit lar ki g Fra ce, had been sen t to the so u th to joi n Welli n g to n an d v n t f n s w h , take ad a age o the eve t hic m f u u n n s u s ~ ight avo r the Bo rbo dy a ty , p bli h d s n f m tu n d e letter pate t ro the ti lar ki g, ated f m w n n au n him ro Hart ell , E gla d , thorizi g

‘ ’ to establi sh the ki n g s govern m en t in all places to which he m ight be able to pe n e

‘ lev v t s an d al trate to roop , receive the legianc e o f tho se who m ight aba n don the O ppo site sta n dard ; to com m a n d all the m i litary fo r the ki n g ; to take fro m the p ublic chest s all n ecessary trea sure fo r the roy al l service ; to appoi n t all offi cers both civil an d m ilitary these po wers to co nti n u e i n un l ft n o fhis force til the arriva o he ki g, or brother Charle s Philip (Mo n sie ur)who had bee n appoi n ted lie ute n a n t ge n eral o f the

n om ki gd .

‘ The d uke o f A ngoulem e proceeded to

e u a d ssu the o f n Bord a x , n a red people Fra ce f n s that they were delivered rom tyra t ,

s n s n s an d us i m ~ war , co criptio , vexatio posts ; an d the whole o fthe departm ent o f

n s fo r Lo u-is La La de declared XVIII . I n the m ea n ti m e the shattered arm y o f S oult con tin ued to retreat before Welli n g

to n who n his m n s , , havi g collected detach e t , o n 18 th o fM us n h the arch , p hed the Fre c

with so m e lo ss to Vic Bago urey an d Tarbes.

” On the 2otb So ult m ade a show o f giving s b u t o n ofth battle at Tarbe , , the approach e

s s m s . On 24th allie , retreated kir i hing the u the Fre n ch arm y had reached To lo use. N0 eve n t o fi m porta n ce took place i n the south o fFran ce u n til a fter the m om e n tous t n s n s atP aris w fae ra actio , hich decided the t o f u we m a n o t u n n E rope ; yet, that y t r agai nf s o fo u r s we wi l to the i erior part tory, l here n otice so m e u nfortu n ate occu rren ces in which the wa ste : o fh u m a n life was even m n usu as n u ore tha ally to be regretted, n ss an d w u t m s n an ece ary, itho acco pli hi g y u s O n l 0th o fA l desirable p rpo e . the pri W n n n o t n o fthe Lord elli gto , havi g heard ss n o f u n P s ce atio hostilities agreed po at ari , attacked the po sitio n s o f Marshal So ult at

“ u us t he n an d a To lo e ; Fren ch joi ed battle , on st su w was as s n um c te cceeded, hich a g a

122

’ e u a on ofthe capital o fFranc . The capit l ti

n f t s w i was co sisted o eigh article , by hich t

o t s o f. n s u pr vided , that the roop the li e ho ld

' leave the c ity with all the appu rten an ces o f l ’ ’ their corps d arm ée at sev en o c lo c k 1n the

‘ m orn ing ; that hostilities sho uld n o t re co m m en ce u n til two ho urs after ; that all

s n s &c . &c s u f as f e ar e al , . ho ld be le t be or the capitulatio n Was propo sed ; that the n atio nal guards should be separated fro m

s o f n and ~ disarm ed o r dis the troop the li e, b a n ded at the pleasure o f the allies ; and the city was recom m en ded to the " gene ro sity o f the allies. On the 31st the e m peror o f Ru ssia and n o f uss o f t s ki g Pr ia, at the head their roop , (fo r o n such o c c asm ns all e m perors and

n s the1r tro o s en ~ o f ki g head p , ) tered the city P s and w d w a m a n ari , ere receive ith ccla tio s. The white cockade was display ed by so m e of s ns and the o f “ the Pari ia , cry Vive ” u s . was h an d n u Lo i XVIII eard e co raged .

n n u in u n f m s an d The atio al g ard their i or , m av en ues ’ fo ar ed, cleared r the troops o fthe a s to ss w llie pa , hile the people hailed the entra n ce of an i n vading and c on queri ng 12 3

"a m as ss n an d w r y a ble i g, the lo er order o f the populace a m used the m sel v e s by pl aci n g

u n n o f s a u o a rope , ro d the eck the t t e f

n s u n has le Napoleo , ho ti g a The e m pero r o fR ussia wen t i m m ediate l o f n an d i n y to the hotel Talleyra d , the aftern oo n o f the sa m e day p u bli shed a

n s n o f declaratio , tati g that the object the allies was to re strai n the a m bitio n o f B0 a arte an d t as s n as n b n p , tha oo Fra ce, y c n n n m n s as ha gi g her gover e t, hall give n o f e s sura ce peac , the allie are ready to treat o n term s favo urable to her ; that they will treat n o m ore with Na poleo n Bo n aparte or any o f his fam i ly ; that they respect the i n tegrity o f n n n an d us t n a cie t Fra ce, beca e hey thi k , that fo r the happi n ess o f E urope Fra n ce

u an d s n o ght to be great tro g, they are eve n willi ng to add to her a n cie n t power ; that they will recogn ise an d g u ara n ty the co n stitutio n which the Fre nch n atio n shall

s f an d n s n n give it el , i vite the e ate to appoi t s n n m n an a provi io al gover e t, d prepare such a co n stitutio n as m ay be adopted by he n On f t Fre ch people . the ﬁrst o April 124

the em peror o f R ussia n om in ated Gen e

n as n o f s an d the ral Sache gover or Pari , sam e day the provisio nal govern m en t was

n n s st n o T r n n e orga ized , co i i g f alley a d , Pri c ’ f n n the u D A lb er n o Be eve te, D ke g, Ge e r al u n de u n n , n s de Co t Bo r o ville, Fra coi e F n u an d A b b e M n s u u a co rt, the o te q ie . O n e o ft ﬁrst s was r heir act to o der every , obstacle to be re m oved which oppo sed the

u n o fthe u us d jo r ey pope, the co rageo hea o f u his o wn o s an d t the ch rch , to territ rie o

’ o e a s o f S an d rder that Pri n c C rlo p i , Fer i ’ h n s e s u n u w h a d broth r, ho ld be co d cted it all ho n o urs to the ﬁrst Spa n ish po st

‘ A decree fo r the dethro n em en t of Bo

‘ naparte was bro ught forward i n the con serv ativ e s n o n 2d o f w e ate the April , hich , f s n was o n 3d l t a ter revi io , the adopted . s i n ns u declare , that a co tit tion al m o n ar c h v the m o n arch exi sts o n ly i n v irt u e o f l n s u t n so c ial c o m ac t the co tit io , or p ; that Na n n u n o o f poleo Bo aparte, ” d ri g a peri d

n u n n m n . s fir m a d pr de t gover e t, gave rea on to expect further acts o fwisdo m an d j u s~

b ut ft rw s the m t tice, a e ard violated co pac

m l s which un ited hi to the people, by evy

126“ him i n m en and m on ey ; th at he had ali ens do ned the woun ded withou t dressi n as» istanc e su s s n a he had ru e d s , or b i te ce th t in wn s u c o untr »anrl the to , depop lated the y , i ntrod uced fa m in e an d cont agio n ; that for se us s m r nm e nt all the ca e the i pe ial gover , s s 2 8th 12 e tabli hed Floreal , year , had c e s an d t m s ea s d to exi t, tha to acco pli h the w s o f n s t n o f i h Fra ce, the re tora io peace,

n d n l n w u s na a a reco ci iatio ith E rope, the e te s an d r s l st N declare dec ee , , That apoleo n Bon aparte has forfeited the thro n e ; and the hereditary go v ern m en t establi shed in his fam ily is abolished . d n an d the arm 2 . The Fre ch people y

re f m o f delit to a ab solved ro their oath ﬁ y . n wards Napoleo Bon aparte .

- s nt s b e 3d . The pre e decree hall tra n s m i tted by a m essage to the provisio n al go » v ern m en t o f n n f w h Fra ce, co veyed orth it ar m n s an d arrm es and to all the dep t e t the ,

' im m ediately be p roclai m ed l n all the qu al

ters o fthe capital . A si m ilar resol utio n was t he sa m e day b adopted by the legislative ody . Prin ce S c hwartz en b erg lost no ti m e l n 1 27

com m un icating to the m arshal duke o fRa

us the n s w n e g a eve t hich had take plac , n him an n n as f m ro givi g i vitatio , ro the p s n l n m n n the us o f vi io a gover e t, to joi ca e the .co u ntry with the troops u n der his c o m m a n d“ T he Fren ch m ars h al accepted the n n sa n m an d i vitatio , yi g, that the ar y peo ple havi n g bee n absol ved fro m their oath f n o f s n o allegia ce , by the decree the e ate, h e r n l war w u N n ; to p eve t civi , ill q it apoleo o n the follo wi n g con dition s : That all n s u n n n s o f Fre ch troop , q itti g the ba er N n s f or apoleo , hall be ree to retire to N m n w m s an d am a dy ith their ar , baggage, m un n and w m n u s f itio , ith ilitary ho o r ro m

s if i n n s u n f the allie ; that , co eq e ce o this

m en s n o fN n s m ove t, the per o apoleo hould

f n t he n s o f b s his f all i to ha d the al e , li e

s u u n hi m an d is li ho ld be g ara tied to , h b ev t i n um s b s o f y a circ cri ed pace territory . The se ter m s were acceded to by the al l s an d m o f d u o f u ie , the ar y the ke Rag sa m arched throu gh the allied arm ies to Ver s w m n s n o f saille , ith every de o tratio re spect o n f n u s o f the part o the co q eror Fra nce . On the 5th o f April an address dated ' C an d si ned n Lu c o tte orbeil , g Ge eral , was m u n m pro lgated to the Fre ch ar y , sayi ng , that the E m peror Napoleon has a n n oun ced that he bein g co n sidered as the o n ly obsta o f u is cle to the peace E rope, he ready to

n u n thro n e ~ o r fe s f fo r r e o ce the , li it el , the welfare o f Fra n ce ; that he dem a n ds the suc c ess1o n to the thron e fo r hi s so n an d em press ; that the a n swer o f the first

s o f s i s w an d bodie the tate a aited , that the allies appeared to protect the free ex pressio n o fthe wish o fthose bodies ; that n m u is s s i n the m ea ti e a tr ce e tabli hed . O n the sa m e day Marshal Ney addressed n s n o f a letter to Talleyra d , pre ide t the pro

s n n m n s n Ne vi io al gover e t, ayi g, that he ( y ) an d the d ukes o f Taren t um an d Vice n za s o n 4th had repaired to Pari the , charged f n f m o f uss to de e d , be ore the e peror R ia , ’ o f s t the in terest Bo n aparte dy n asty . Tha an u n foresee n eve n t put a stop to the n e

‘ ' o tiatio n s and f s n the ' ev ils g j that, ore eei g o f war if u s o f u civil , the ca e the Bo r " w s n o t m m he bon s a pro ptly e braced ,

m an d e had repaired to the e peror, m ad kn own the washe s of the Fren ch people ;

executive po wer 15 m the lu n g ; that the k n s n d t e m the i g, e ate, an legisl a iv body ake la ws : laws m ay m igi n ate in the sen ate or s d b ut t s a c n legi lative bo y , ho e rel tive to o trib u tio n m u st origi n ate with the latter ; ’ the ki ng s sa n ctio n n ec essary to alaw th at s n s l ns s o f fat) the e ate h al co i t at lea st , at m s 200 n t e es o t , their dig ity hereditary , h pr s n s n s m n‘ su and re e t e ator to re ai ch , the m aind er o fthe n um berto be n a m ed bv the k in g a se n ator m ust be twe n ty ~ o n e years o f an d s o f a e age, all prince the blood r by right se n ators ; that the deputies to - the l sl v as w w n ast egi ati e body , they ere he l ad u n s nt n u u n e jo r ed, hall co i e til replac d by a n ew electio n ; to take plac e in 18 16 ; they shall as se m ble by right o n the l st o f October o fe a c h year ; the ki ng m ay c o n

" v oke extraordi n ary session s o f the leg1s-f v d m a d u n m a ss e lati e bo y , y a jo r it , y di olv

~ it b u t i n the s n t m u s b e , latter ca e, a o her t fo rm ed m at lea st three m o nths; that n o

” m em b er o f the se n ate or legislative body c an be arrested b ut by a uthority fro m the body to which he belon gs the t) ial o f a m em ber o f either body b elongs to the 131

ual o f n i s a r h se n ate ; that eq ity taxatio ig t, and taxe s c an o nly be i m posed by free c o n sen t o f the sen ate and legislative b o d v ' that the m ode o frecr uiti n g the ar m y shall be ﬁxed by law ; that the i n depe n den ce o f u is u n i n s u n the j diciary g ara tied , the tit tio o f u s s and the u o j rie pre erved , p blicity f cri m i n al trial s ; that the m ilitary i n ser v o r o n f s v t n s ice, hal pay, pre er e heir ra k an d em ol um e nts ; that the perso n o f the ki ng is sacred an d in violable ; the m i n is ters respo n sible fo r violatio n s o f the la ws u s w s s n t by p blic act , hich they m u t ig ; hat freedo m o fco n scie n ce an d worship is gua rahtied ; that the liberty o f the press is ‘ w n o f re en tire, ith the exceptio legal p ressio n o f a b u ses resulti n g therefro m ; u de is u an an d that the p blic bt g ar tied , the sales o fn ation al do m ai n s irrevocably m ai n tai ned ; that n o Fre n ch m a n shall be pro se c uted fo r opin ion s or votes which he has

n an d all u m ss to give , are eq ally ad i ible civil an d m ilitary e m ploy m en ts ; that the

' exi sti n g la ws re m ai n i n force till l egally repealed that the presen t co n stit utio n shall be sub m itted to the a c cepta n ce o f the 132

e u s t n s u X French p ople. Lo i S a i la s avier shall be pro c lai m ed ki ng o fthe Fren ch as s n as s h s1 n ed an d sw n oo he hall ave g or , by

a n s n I ac ce t hé co nsti tuti on act tati g, p t ; I

swear to observe it, and cause i t to be ob ” s erved.

the ut o f n s ut n S uch is o line the co tit io , th m ust w w , e n as hich , ith approbatio , it a o f em o f uss an d his ppear, the peror R ia a s s n llie , the French conservative e ate de c and M ns u r and reed ; o ie r, the brothe

‘ u n n o f u s hav m n s lie te a t Lo i , g e tered Pari

on 13th of was n d s the April , ext ay vi ited by the sen ate an d legislative m m s n they, by a decree, co itted the provi io “ al e n m n hi m un u s ns gov r e t to , til Lo i Sta i laus Xavier shall have accepted the co n sti-a ” Hi tu tio nal charter . s royal high n ess as sured these vi siters that he had m ade hi m selfacq uai n ted with the co n stitu tio n al ac t which recall s his brother to the thro n e o fF n and t u h has n o t ra ce, ho g he received w n s u n b e f po er to accept the co tit tio , ro m his n w o fhis ssu s k o ledge brother a re the m , 1n his n m w l t a e, that he il ad m it he basis o f

it . He then repeats the m aterial points in

134 o time b een dr v n to o wer h is emands f , i e l d , had not y et lowered them as rapidly as his falling fo rtunes de m anded ; and had ﬁnal ly bee n obliged to abdicate the t hron e. No o th er c o n dition s were granted to hi m h n ns n an d th so er n t a a pe io , epetty v eig f b ty of the little islan d o El a. To this place o fba n ish m en t he was sent

‘ n e the s t f c o m m i ss1o n ers ~in an u d r e cor o , was en d o fB » E ngli sh frigate . S uch the i ’ n a a us On n aparte s cam paig g inst R sia. 20th f he ft n n a the the o April le Fo tai ble u, hi s um n an d m o scene o f h iliatio , e barked n

he 28th . Ra heu n e r us fo r t at St p , ar F ej , E a w b e safe an d lb , here ly arrived, took possession o fthe islan d o n the4th o fMay . We will n o w con clude this brief n arra tive o fthe m ost stupen dous ev ents ev er wit

ed b n n the f te o fth c o ~ n ess , y otici g a e n stitu n b the F n h s n an d th tio , decreed y re c e ate, e n t o f e wh deﬁ itive trea y peac , ich has fixed for a tim e the tran quillity and the balan ce ofpo wer o fE urope; u s n s u e h vin Lo i Sta i la s Xavi r, a g arrived i n e an d n r Franc , bei g eceived with every dem on strati on o fjoy by the people and 135 the m who n w him as ilitary, ack o ledged m n n w n the legiti ate ki g, ot ith sta n di g that n o t s n sw n he had accepted , ig ed , or or to u ns u n f n m s f s pport the co tit tio , eeli g hi el n o f n u an d i ndepe de n t a co q ered people, ou n us es on ly acc table to the , victorio alli , ho n s him assu m o n w had rei tated , ed , the d o fMa k n s an d 2 y , the i gly tyle, declared, w n o n an d N that he as ki g fFra ce avarre,

o f an d by the grace God, recalled to the thro n e o f his fathers by his people ; that after readin g with attentio n the plan of a constitution s s n he h ad propo ed by the e ate , s s b ut t foun d the ba i good, tha a great n um b er o f a t s w n r icle , o i g to precipitation in

aw n m u . c an n o t m f dr i g the p, beco e u n da m e n tal laws o f the state that he will c o n the sen t an d s an d voke a e legi lative body, f m o n l oth o f J un th lay be ore the , the e , e

o fhi s labours . w r result He, ho eve , gives f w n ssu n s t he the m the ollo i g a ra ce , that represe n tativ e govern m en t shall be m ai n tained n o s n an d u s , divided i t a e ate a ho e co m posed o f dep uties o fdepart m en ts ; the taxes shall be freely impo sed ; p ublic and private liberty en su red ; the liberty o fthe 136

ss s w u n s n ec essa p re re pected, ith preca tio it f m o f ry to public. tran q m ll y the reedo worship guara n tied p roperty shall be sa v iolab le the s s of n a cred . and i n ; ale the t io n al dom ai ns rem ain 1rrev o c able ; the

‘ “ n s o n sible m a b e s u m i i sters re p , y pro ec ted d . us s an by o n e o fthe legislative ho e , tried b t u s m an d y he other ; the j dge irre ovable, the j udicial power in depen den t ; the pub u n n s n s lic debt shall be g ara tied ; pe io , m r r n s the ho nou rs, ilita y a k , pre erved ;

f n u n n e w legion o ho o r m ai tai d , ith a deco ration determ i n ed by the king ; every Fren ch m a n sh all b e a d m it ted to civil an d m m e n s an d n o n ilita ry e m ploy t , i divid ual disturbed for his form er o pl m o ns and v otes . O n the 4th o f Jun e the ki ng presen ted n n s u on as to the Fre ch people a co tit ti , he had m s m sam e ti m e de pro i ed the , at the _ c l rin u a g that all a thority resides i n the per, so n of n b ut t t - he rac m usl the ki g, ha g y relea ses to the people certain portio n s o f

“

as s e i n s n . s liberty , peciﬁ d thi gra t Thi con stitutio n is founded upo n the above m errtioned ec n o f L u s W n d laratio o i , he he

138 an am b itiouS hero, an u nblushin g de b auchee w - m eam n v , or a ell g dri eller, alrhOst e qually i ntolerable and who had b een forced in to war by the i nterferen ce tio ns ; who had con quered every people o f E u rope to whose territory their arm ies u a w m s suf c o ld appro ch , hile they the selve ered all the m 1ser1es o f bad experim e ntal n m n i n e f m f m t o f gover e t very or , ro hat a m o b to that o f a despot ; who had at last elec ted on e m an to reign over them un der the shadow o f a represen tative gov ern m n an d the m n s ofthe m f r e t , re ai for o a e u w r o f des o t o p blic, ith the eality a p ; n w sub m itted to an al m ost un qu alified m onar c h rec el v m a n o n su t s y, g ki g ch erm as his w and w o f n ue s s ll ill, the ill their co q ror , ha dictate . We will no w take a v iew o fsuch parts of the defi n itive treaty o f peace as bear upon the great qu estio n of the adj ustm en t o f n e o fE n the bala c uropea power. The li m its o fFra n ce are settled as they were at the epoch o fJ with som e additions in drawing the l i ne of de 139 m arkatio n between her and her n eighbours the rep ublic o f Ge n eva shall form a part o f f n o f w n an d the co n ederatio S itzerla d , is ssu the u se o f u s a red the ro te by Ver oi, to facilitate co m m u n ication with other parts o f the co nfederation ; the n avigation upon the Rhi n e shall be free ; d uties which m ay be levied by states bou n ding o n the river to be regulated by a con gress ; Hol n u n s n o fthe la d , placed der the overeig ty us o f n s an n s ho e Ora ge, hall receive i crea e o f and its n is territory, pri ce prohibited fro m weari ng a foreign crown ; the states o f m n s n n n and Ger a y hall be i depe de t, u n ited by a federati v e league ; S witzer b e n n n t la n d shall i depe de t ; Italy, excep s n us s c o m the part give to A tria , hall be posed of sovereign states ; Malta shall n n who n belo g to Great Britai , e gages to “ s n l n s s s re tore to Fra ce the co o ie , fi herie , f s an d s s m n s o f actorie , e tabli h e t every kin d which Fra nce po ssessed in Ja n ua

g r 1792 . u y , , exceptin Tobago, St L cia, s o f n and its n n s the I le Fra ce depe de cie , which Fra nce cedes to E nglan d ; Fra n ce t of likewise cedes to Spai n the par St . Do m ingo which becam e hers by the peace T he u n of w n and No o fBa sle. l g S ede r m ay cedes G uadalo upe to Fra nce ; En gla n d agrees to allo w to the Frenc h all the facilities o f the m ost favoured n ation s in their trade with British I n dia ; an d Fra n ce agrees n o t to fortify or hold troops in the s s n n w n place re tored to her by E gla d, ithi the m s o f n s so v erel nt o n li it the E gli h , g y the co n ti n en t o fI n dia ; the right o fFra n ce to the ﬁsheries rem al n s as i n 179é ; two s o fthe v essels o f war m third , ar ed or n o t. ‘ rm an d n an d am m i a ed, the aval artillery un ti n w w n u n s o f o , hich are ithi the bo d the

s s n s n t place re tored by Fra ce, hall belo g o n an d o n e un Fra ce, third to the co try so restored ; from this stipulatio n the vessels n d s n s o f n nd a ar e al Holla d are excepted, a ” o ft e especially the ﬂeet h Te xel . There is n o n o f n no n n otice Pola d , lo ger a ation ;

Warsaw rem ain s with Ru ssia ; the “ states ” m en tion ed as return i ng to A ustria are n an d its n n s w t M n u Ve ice depe de cie , i h a t a an d Peschiera .

' Thu s it has pleased the great rulers of Europe to adj ust what is called the balan ce