Charles De Villers Et L'allema

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Charles De Villers Et L'allema Charles de Villers et l’Allemagne. Contribution à l’étude du Préromantisme européen. Monique Bernard To cite this version: Monique Bernard. Charles de Villers et l’Allemagne. Contribution à l’étude du Préromantisme eu- ropéen.. Littératures. Université Paul Valéry - Montpellier III, 1976. Français. tel-00981985v2 HAL Id: tel-00981985 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00981985v2 Submitted on 14 Apr 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Monique Bernard Charles de Villers et l’Allemagne Contribution à l’étude du préromantisme européen Thèse de 3ème Cycle présentée et publiquement soutenue devant l’Université Paul Valéry de Montpellier le 14 juin 1976 Jury M. le Professeur Jean Richer, Président M. le Professeur Jean Boissel, Rapporteur M. Le Professeur Pierre Laubriet, Assesseur Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 1976 C H A R L E S D E V I L L E R S 1 765 - 1815 CARL von VILLERS Geb 4ten Nov. 1765. Gest 26ten Feb.1815. M. Ch. Villers a la vivacité d'un Français et la profondeur d'un Allemand; son âme expansive paraît multiplier les forces de son corps pour contribuer à tout ce qui peut étendre la civilisation et rendre l’homme plus sensible et plus heureux. On le trouve toujours s’il faut répandre des idées nouvelles ou s'il y a quelque bien à opérer. Millin, dans le Magasin encyclopédique, 1809 5 Avant-propos pour la version numérique Cet ouvrage est la thèse de 3e Cycle que j’ai soutenue devant l’Université Paul Valéry de Montpellier le 14 juin 1976 sous mon nom d’alors, Monique Sickermann-Bernard. Le jury était composé de Mrs les Professeurs Jean Boissel, mon directeur de thèse, Jean Richer, Président du jury et Pierre Laubriet, assesseur. Mes activités professionnelles m’ayant par la suite éloignée des études littéraires au profit de l’enseignement du français langue étrangère en Allemagne, cette thèse n’a jamais été publiée. Elle n’existait donc que dans une version dactylographiée dont des exemplaires se trouvent entre autres à Montpellier, Hambourg et Göttingen. Me replongeant dans la matière dans la perspective des prochaines commémorations du 250e anniversaire de la naissance et du 200e anniversaire de la mort de Charles de Villers, j’ai constaté qu’il était aujourd’hui moins oublié qu’à l’époque où je travaillais à ma thèse, qu’on avait beaucoup écrit sur lui depuis (voir notes et bibliographie complémentaires) et devant ce renouveau d’intérêt pour sa personne j’ai souhaité profiter des nouvelles technologies pour mettre à la disposition d’un plus grand public le travail de mes années d’étudiante tout en m’assurant la protection de ma propriété intellectuelle. A la relecture de ce travail de jeunesse, il ne m’a pas semblé qu’il eût perdu de son actualité pour une meilleure connaissance de Charles de Villers. Bien qu’ayant conscience de ses faiblesses j’ai décidé de n’y rien changer et de le présenter comme ce qu’il est, c’est-à-dire une thèse datant de 1976, portant la marque de son temps et de l’enthousiasme juvénile de son auteur. Mes retouches se sont donc limitées à la correction des inévitables coquilles ou Errata que j’ai remarqués ou sur lesquels on avait attiré mon attention, ainsi qu’à quelques améliorations d’ordre stylistique : j’ai parfois ajouté ou supprimé un mot, remplacé un mot par un autre dans un souci de précision, ou changé la structure d’une phrase pour une meilleure lisibilité. J’ai parfois complété ou précisé une note dans le texte original et j’ai ajouté des notes complémentaires [indiquées ainsi (x) dans le texte] dans un souci d’actualisation. Une bibliographie complémentaire recense les ouvrages ou articles écrits depuis 1976 sur Charles de Villers ou sur le sujet ainsi que ceux dont j’ai eu connaissance trop tard pour pouvoir les utiliser dans ma thèse, mais qu’il m’a semblé nécessaire d’indiquer pour plus de précision dans des références citées ou une meilleure compréhension du contexte. Enfin j’ai ajouté la traduction des citations en langue allemande, comme le jury me l’avait demandé pour la soutenance, et je l’ai complétée par celle des principales expressions citées en allemand dans le texte. J’espère qu’elles seront utiles au lecteur non germanophone. Mes remerciements vont tout particulièrement à Nicolas Brucker, sans les encouragements duquel je ne me serais jamais attelée à cette tâche, à Freya Baur qui m’a apporté son aide précieuse pour convertir un texte dactylographié en version numérique, et à Franziska Meier qui m’a mise en contact avec l’un et l’autre et m’a redonné le goût des études littéraires. Neunkirchen am Brand, mars 2014 6 7 INTRODUCTION Villers et Madame de Staёl ; les intermédiaires. But et méthode de cette étude ; ses limites. Revue critique des ouvrages consacrés à Villers. Points sur lesquels portera cette étude en particulier On trouve toujours M. de Villers à la tête de toutes les opinions nobles et généreuses; et il me semble appelé, par la grâce de son esprit et la profondeur de ses études, à représenter la France en Allemagne, et l’Allemagne en France. Madame de Staël, De l’Allemagne On a coutume d’associer au nom de Madame de Staël le point de départ d’une influence allemande décisive sur la littérature française. On s’accorde à considérer son ouvrage De l'Allemagne comme l’acte de naissance du romantisme française, on l’appelle souvent la « Bible des romantiques », bref on le considère à juste titre comme un ouvrage fondamental pour toute l’évolution des tendances littéraires au 19e siècle. Mais si la contribution de Madame de Staël dans ce domaine a eu l'importance que l’on sait, c'est surtout parce que son livre a eu un effet de choc, a été la révélation brutale d’un univers nouveau; révélation attendue par une génération ardente qui ne trouvait pas dans son propre pays les sources nécessaires à son renouvellement, et par là à son épanouissement; ou, pour reprendre les mots de L. Reynaud, c’est parce que ce livre « lui apportait son propre idéal de vie, et de pensée »1. Madame de Staël n’a pas pour autant découvert l’Allemagne. Comme le fait remarquer Ch. Joret: « L’Allemagne de Mme de Staël ne fut pas en réalité la révélation d'une civilisation, mais bien plutôt une invitation à « revenir à l’étude d'une littérature autrefois admirée »2. Raoul Rosières qui rappelle cette initiation de la France au génie allemand dans les années 1750 à 18003 fait remarquer que la littérature du XVIIIe siècle avait déjà fortement subi l'influence de l'Allemagne. Sainte-Beuve qui avait d'abord voulu le démontrer, ne s’était finalement pas arrêté sur la question et s’était contenté d'écrire: 1 Reynaud., Louis, L’influence allemande en France aux 18e et 19e siècles, Paris 1922, p. 144. 2 Joret, Ch., Les rapports intellectuels et littéraires de la France avec l’Allemagne avant 1789, Paris 1884, p. 45. 3 Rosières, Raoul, « La littérature allemande en France de 1750 à 1800 », Revue politique et littéraire, T. 32, 15 sept. 1883, p. 328 – 344. 8 « L’Allemagne de Mme de Staël n'en est pas moins un brillant assaut, pour avoir été précédé, avant 89, de toutes ces fascines jetées dans le fossé! »4. La littérature allemande avait en effet déjà joui en France dans la deuxième moitié du 18e siècle d'une grande vogue dont le point culminant se situe dans les années 1760 - 1770, et l’on peut penser que ses partisans n'avaient pas tous cédé au « snobisme » comme le prétend Reynaud5. A cette époque on avait en effet lu, traduit, admiré et imité, souvent sans choix, les auteurs allemands.6 Si cet engouement avait été écrasé par la tempête révolutionnaire, s’il avait même fait place à un courant d'hostilité, si le grand public, sous l'Empire, avait fini par se désintéresser de l'Allemagne, les intermédiaires cependant n'avaient pas manqué entre les deux nations tout au long de cette période d’interrègne; il s’agissait surtout d'intermédiaires désireux de répandre en France la civilisation allemande, la culture française n'ayant plus besoin de se faire connaître à l'Allemagne. Ainsi donc, grâce à ces intermédiaires, la chaîne n’avait pas été interrompue entre les premiers propagateurs de la culture allemande et Mme de Staël. Tous n’étaient pas des Allemands désireux de révéler aux Français leur littérature inconnue ou méconnue de ces derniers, tous n’étaient pas des fanatiques adoptant « toutes les opinions même les plus extravagantes »7 que leur soufflaient leurs amis allemands. S'ils se sont tournés avec tant d’ardeur, avec tant d’espoir du côté de l'Allemagne, c’est qu’ils ont cru découvrir en elle quelque chose de nouveau. Au début du 19e siècle, Charles de Villers représente en quelque sorte un cas-type, et certainement le plus intéressant, de cette sorte de Français convertis au germanisme pour des raisons souvent inexplicables, en apparence irrationnelles, mais toutefois plus profondes qu’on pourrait le penser an premier abord.
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