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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-47300-2 - The Cambridge History of Scandinavia: Volume II: 1520–1870 Edited by E. I. Kouri and Jens E. Olesen Index More information

Index

Tables and ﬁgures are denoted in bold typeface. This index follows Scandinavian alphabetical order, with æ/ä, ø/ö, å and Þ coming at the end of the alphabet.

Á Glæsivöllum (poem), 895 administration. See also chancery, civil service A Norseman’s View of Britain and the British 19th century Norwegian, 968–70 (book), 893 20th century Swedish, 982 Aagesen, Jens, 421 Danish provincial, 117–23, 280, 407–9 Aalborg, Niels Mikkelsen, 400 growth of in 17th century, 384–91 Aarestrup, Emil, 889 growth of in 18th century, 656–67, 1031 Aasen, Ivar, 893, 967 Icelandic, 282 ABC Book, 81 in Greenland, 286–7 Abildgaard, Nicolai, 615 of West Indies, 305 abolitionist movement, 297–8 Adolf Frederik (Swedish king), 644–5 absolutism. See also revolutions Africa, 294–9 administration under, 385, 790–1 Aftonbladet (newspaper), 792, 899, 987, 990 and Iceland politics, 1001–2 Afzelius, Arvid, 897 and natural law, 377–84 Age of Aristocratic Rule, 346 and nobility, 343–69 Age of Liberty as consequence of processes under way, and end of Absolutism, 1033–6 358, 368–9 and pietism, 551 Danish Kongelov law, 654–6 and political parties, 605 educational laws in, 847–8 constitutional monarchy in, 641–7 February Revolution (1848) fall, 803 education in, 574 ﬁscal developments, 340–2, 1029 music, 630 inclusive nature of, 914–15 social mobility during, 530, 532, 534, 537, 543 landholding in, 333, 539–40 Agenda ecclestiastica in Castro Svetico (1631), nobility demographics, 345 415 noblemen resistance to the king, 272–5, 283, Agricola, Mikael, 80–2, 86, 614, 901, 1014 357–8 agriculture reforms in, 1031 17th century Denmark, 178–82, 196–7 social mobility during, 531 18th century Denmark-Norway, 457–74, Academy of Art (Denmark), 607, 615, 876–8, 458, 463, 467, 470, 472–3 882 18th century Scandinavia, 652–4 Academy of Sorø, 427, 594, 862 18th century Sweden-Finland, 473, 474–85, Act of Religion (1655), 431 476, 481–2 Adam Homo (epic poem), 890 19th century revolution, 705–7 Adelcrantz, Carl Fredrik, 616 and food supply, 161–3 Adlersparre, Georg, 650 and size of families, 171–2

1117

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-47300-2 - The Cambridge History of Scandinavia: Volume II: 1520–1870 Edited by E. I. Kouri and Jens E. Olesen Index More information

Index

agriculture (cont.) Arason, Jón, 57–9, 1013 associations, 797 archaeology (Finnish), 939 crop failure during Great Northern War, architecture 334, 823 19th century, 870–81 enclosure movement, 707–11 castles and fortiﬁcation, 1019 forestry as part of, 728–30 during Enlightenment, 605–8, 616 role of livestock, 725–8 Europeanisation of Scandinavian, 373–4 Ahvenanmaa (Åland Islands), Finland, 668, realism in, 883–5 792–3, 941 Reformation, 1015 Akers engineering works, 762 royal court, 591–3 Aladdin (play), 887 Arcimboldus, Angelus, 20 Albrecht of Mecklenburg (Swedish king), 101 Arctic Albrecht V of Brandenburg, 415 lack of formal organisation in, 801–2 Albrici, Vincenzo, 626, 628 whaling in, 285 alchemy Ariosti, Attilio, 630 during Protestant Reformation, 415 aristocracy. See noblemen during Reformation, 94–5, 97 Ármann á Alþingi (journal), 998 alcohol abuse, 838 Armfelt, Gustav Mauritz, 871 Alexander I (Russian Tsar) army and war, 670 in militarisation of Scandinavia, 269–78 annexation of Finland, 650, 668 in Norway, 400, 406 Gustavian constitution for Finland, 650, Sweden creating national, 327 688–9, 936 Sweden, mortality, 328 independence of, 789 Árnason, Jón, 895 Old Finland annexation, 941–3 Arndt, Johann, 408 Alexander II (Russian tsar) Arndt. John, 414 education, 847, 864 Arnold, Gottfried, 546 liberalism of, 805, 916 Arne (drama), 894 loyalty to, 942–3 Arnt, Johan, 408 Allgemeine nordische Geschichte (book), 574 Arppe, Nils, 758 Almqvist, Carl Jonas Love, 801, 830, 899–900 Arrebo, Anders, 614 Almuevennen (newspaper), 797 art Alvsson, Knut, 35 classicism in, 881–3 Alþingi, 58, 998–1005 Finnish, 943 American War of Independence, 292, 303, 307 Reformation, 610–15, 1015 Amorina. Den förryckta frökens levnadslopp och artisans. See craftsmen bedrifter (book), 899 Arwidsson, Adolf Ivar, 792, 901 Amtmandens Døtre (novel), 893 Asbjørnsen, Peter Christen, 892 Anckarsvärd, Carl Henrik, 911, 984 Asia colonies, 287–94 Andersen, Hans Christian, 889–90, 929 Asiatic Company, 289–93 Anderson, Benedict, 946 Asker, Bjorn, 368 Anderson, Jens, 19 Aslaksen, Cort, 95, 413 Andersson, Gudrun, 526 associations Andreae, Laurentius, 25, 62–3, 65, 67–8, 70 19th century, 687–8 Andrews, Lancelot, 98 after the February Revolution, 802–8 Angermannus, Abraham, 78 and public opinion, 790 Anglo-Dutch wars, 219, 241–4 landless peasant, 735–6 animals, 473, 756 rapid growth of, 925 Anjala Letter of Confederacy, 649 astrology, 94–5 Anna of Mecklenburg, 54, 99 Astronomia Danica (book), 94 Anthelius, Zacharias, 432 astronomy, 93–4 Apollo (periodical), 637 Atlantica (book), 595, 614 Apologia nobilitatis danicæ (book), 380 Atterbom, Per, 898

1118

Index

Augsburg Confession Beck, David, 611 and Lutheranism, 99 Becker, Reinhold von, 901 in Denmark, 494, 573, 600 Beckstedt, Ditlev, 629 in Sweden, 70, 75–6 Beckstedt, Jost Heinrich, 629 restrictions in, 415 begging August of Saxony, 54, 99, 264 Enlightenment problem, 574–7 Augustana Synod, 827 Reformation right to, 208–9 Aurora-seura (Aurora Sällskapet, musical Bell, Andrew, 853, 869 society), 637 Bellarmin, Robert, 422 Auroraförbundet (society), 897–8 Bellman, Carl Michael, 618, 636 Australian emigration, 825 Bentham, Jeremy, 690 autocracy Beowulf (poem), 888 18th century administration, 659–64 Berch, Anders, 571 Aveelen, Anna Maria van den, 558 Berg, Andreas, 629–30 Åbo Morgonblad (newspaper), 792 Berg, Frants, 56 Bergman, Torbern, 571 Bacchanterna eller Fanatismen (drama), 899 Berlin, Johan Daniel, 629 Baird, Robert, 795 Bernadotte, Jean Baptiste. See Karl XIV Johan Balders død (Danish opera), 635 Bernardi, Bartolomeo, 628, 631 ballet, 625 Bernstorff, Johann Hartwig Ernst von, 607 Baltic and Guinea Company, 297 Bertouch, Georg von, 630 Baltic economy Besson, Gaspard, 627 16th century, 176 Beurreus, Dionysius, 70–1, 415 demographics, 415 Bibelns lära om Kristus (book), 900 internationalism of, 213–28, 370 Bible Napoleonic Wars, 678–9 and Finnish sense of identity, 934 Netherlands and English trade in, 229–45 Finnish, 81, 84 struggle for supremacy in, 246–67, 407–15, in evangelical humanism, 28 590, 1012, 1030–1 in Sweden, 70, 75 Sweden expansion in, 186–91 Bible Society, 807 Baltic War (1655-60), 240 Biblical Prayer Book, 81 banking. See also credit Biblicists, 28 beginning of, 757–8, 760–1, 969 bicameral legislature savings, 794 and liberalism, 912, 952–3, 955, 978–9 bankruptcy (Danish), 952 in Sweden, 911–12, 1032 Banks, Joseph, 992–6 Bielke, Hogenskild, 375 Baptist church, 820, 821, 827 Bille, Esge, 56 Barfod, Frederik, 929 Binck, Jacob, 610 Bargum, Henning Frederik, 297 Birger Jarl och Mechthild (opera), 633 Barlow, William, 98 Bishop Hill (Swedish colony), 818–19 Baro, Peter, 98 bishops (Catholic) baroque architecture, 611, 616 exclusion from council of the realm, 35, barter (African), 295–6 347, 1012 Bartholin, Caspar, 92, 414–15 imprisonment by Christian III, 45, 108 Bartholin, Hans, 548 in Finland, 79–83 Bartholin, Thomas, 92 Bismarck, Otto von, 915, 956 Basedow, Johann Bernhard, 567, 572–3 Bjerregaard, Henrik, 891 Basilikon doron (essay), 87 Bjørnson, Bjørnstjerne, 892–4 Bastholm, Christian, 585 Björn, Andreas, 529, 541 Battle of the Nations. See Napoleonic Wars Björnram, Andreas, 83 Battus, Levinus, 94 Black Death, 135, 282 Bayle Pierre, 580 Blanche, August, 900, 990 Beaulieu, Antoine de, 625 Blicher, Steen, 889

1119

Index

Bloch, Marc, 706 Brug, Kvaerner, 762 Block, Johannes, 80 Brumel, Antoine, 620 Blom, Frederik, 879 budgets. See economy Blommorna (poems), 898 Bugenhagen, Johannes, 46, 50–1, 65, 90, 1012 Bluhme, Johannes Bartholomaeus, 548, 553, Bugge, Sophus, 892 555–6, 562 buildings. See architecture boatswain recruitment, 328, 333, 337 bullocks. See oxen Bohemian Brethren (religious movement), bureaucracy. See administration 434 Bureus, Johannes, 415, 612 Bodin, Jean, 375 burghers. See also merchants Bogbinder, Ambrosius, 48 after absolutism, 382–3, 910 bokmål (language), 892 and control of trade, 106, 215–16, 349 Bólu, Hjálmar Jónsson frá, 895 and Kalmar Union collapse, 102 Bondevennernes Selskab (association), 797 and peasant uprisings, 35, 37 Bonocini, Giovanni, 630 elite developed from, 343, 388, 659, 1036 Book of Concord, 55, 74–5 heavy taxation of, 332, 352 books importing from Germany, 223–4 and emigration to America, 813 majority of Reformation population, 193 in Reformation, 1013 status of, 527, 529, 910 spread of in Enlightenment, 1033 Burke, Edmund, 907 Borchgrevinck, Melchior, 621 Burke, Peter, 541, 644 Bornemann, Henrik, 548 burn-beating Boström, Christopher, 868 and households, 445 Bothvidi, Johannes, 415 and size of families, 172 Bourdon, Sébastien, 611 Finnish, 144–5 bourgeoisie. See also middle class of forested lands, 142, 729 19th century Scandinavian, 834–41 Buxtehude, Dietrich, 627 and parliamentary representation, 917–24 Bäck, Kalle, 717 and political debate in Norway, 912–13 Böhme, Jacob, 415 and Swedish voluntary associations, 987–8 desiring rule of law, 924–7 Calvinism Reformation, 201 in Finland, 84 transition from feudal estate to, 773–86 in Sweden, 71–2, 77 Boy, Willem, 610 Campe, Joachim Heinrich, 567 Brage og Idum (journal), 929 Canada Brahe, Per, 387, 408, 415 emigration to, 815–16, 825 Brahe, Tycho, 93–6, 99 timber from, 743 Brand (drama), 894 canals, 752–3, 761, 879 Brandenburg, 243, 259, 261–2, 301 Capion, Etienne, 629 Brant, Per, 633 capitalism. See also entrepreneurship Brask, Hans, 21, 30, 48, 63 18th century, 455–7 Braudel, F., 177 19th century, 686–7 breastfeeding, 701–2 and colonial trade, 221–3 Bredal, Niels, 633 and dissolution of paternalism, 841 Breiðfjörd, Sigurður, 895 and need for currency, 1025–6 Bremer, Fredrika, 801, 900 and religious tolerance, 415 Bremer, Johan von, 566 by importing burghers, 223–4 Brenz, Johannes, 52, 65, 82 Danish monarchy attempts at, 339 British East India Company, 291, 293 during Middle Ages, 105 British and Foreign Bible Society, 794 lack of in Finland, 750 Brochmand, Jesper, 403–15 Caps Party (Sweden), 558–9, 565–6, 570, 582, Brorson, Hans Adolf, 554 604, 643–6, 1033 Brostrup Landstad, Magnus, 892 Careel, Henrik Jönsson, 86

1120

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Carelius, Nicolaus Magni, 86 Charles II (English king), 243 Caribbean colonies, 300–8 Charlottenborg, København, 611, 615 Carloff, Henrich, 294 Chaunu, Pierre, 697 Carlson, Frederik Ferdinand, 985 children Carsten, Frederika, 801, 902 in households, 452–3 Cassander, Georg, 73 mortality of, 698–703, 698–9, 703 Castrén, Matthias, 939 China Catalogus et ordinaria succession episcoporum Danish colonies in, 290 Finlandensium (book), 614 tea trade, 505 Catechism (book), 81 Christensen, Balthazar, 1000 Catherine the Great (Russia empress), 228, Christian I (Danish king), 620 649 Christian II (Danish king) Catholicism. See also Jesuit order and church, 19–24, 33 and Kalmar Union, 102 and council of the realm, 105–9 and Lutheran Church Order, 51 and Finland, 79 and welfare of poor, 208 and humanism, 24–5 controlling intellectualism, 192 and Kalmar Union, 103–4, 1011 disappearance of, 1015 and Sweden, 29–31, 61 during Protestant Reformation, 45, 193, expulsion of, 34, 38, 44, 343 1012 laws, 36–7, 117, 120 festivals, 509 policies of, 117 in Denmark, 19–28, 107 Christian III (Danish king) in Finland, 79–88 and Dacke uprising, 1012 in Norway during Reformation, 56 and Iceland reformation, 58 in Sweden-Finland during Reformation, annexation of Norway, 21 60–88, 415 as Reformation king, 44–7, 49–52, 55–6, 68, land ownership, 33, 35 1013 cattle-rearing death of, 53 Danish crisis, 463 education under, 90 Danish nobility doing, 345 laws, 120 Iceland, 1005 mercenaries, 38 in Scandinavia, 141, 171 Christian IV (Danish king) cavalry administration, 119, 126, 338–9 after absolutism, 341 and noblemen, 110 farmsteads, 1029 and Seven Years War, 236 Swedish, 329, 335 and War of Kalmar, 237, 250–4 Cederhielm, Josias, 551 art and architecture under, 1015 Celsius, Anders, 571 coronation of, 372, 593 censorship. See absolutism defeat of, 1015 centenary (Protestant), 415 deﬁning boundaries, 318, 1016 centralisation industrialisation under, 181 16th century, 1029 military state, 314–15, 336–7 17th century, 386, 415 music, 621–3 18th century, 659–61 relations with Germany, 258, 315 19th century, 977 taxation, 317, 348–9 after Napoleonic Wars, 914 theology under, 398–415 and military power, 1021 Thirty Years War, 238–9, 254–7, 310, 348 of education, 402–3 Christian V (Danish king) centrifugal households, 452 building projects, 603 chancery. See also administration centralisation under, 390 Danish, 117–18, 126, 387–9 coronation of, 600 Swedish, 123–5 military at court, 274 charcoal, 747–8 music, 627

1121

Index

Christian V (Danish king) (cont.) coal, 747 war, 262–3 Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 243 Christian VI (Danish king) collegial system. See absolutism dependent on ministers, 606 Collegium Germanicum, Rome, 85 pietism under, 551–3, 557, 1016 Collegium Illustre, 364, 415 poor care, 576 Collett, Camilla, 893 school reform, 562–3, 569–70 Collin, Anders, 560 theatre ban, 631 Colonial War (1756-63), 290 Christian VII (Danish king) colonies mental illness of, 276, 606 Asian, 287–94 theatre under, 634 Delaware (North America), 299–300, 810 Christian VIII (Danish king) Føroyar Islands, 279–84 linguistic edict, 951–2 Greenland, 284–7 relations with Iceland, 1000–1 Guadeloupe (Caribbean), 308 Christian IX (Danish king) in Africa (Gold Coast), 294–9 administration, 961 lack of 18th century, 457 and relations with Iceland, 1004 north Atlantic, 502 Christian Frederik (Norwegian king), 671–3 St Bartholomew (Caribbean), 306–8, 502 Christiania (Norway) See Kristiania Scandinavian attempts to establish, 221–3 Christianity. See Catholicism, Lutheranism Tranquebar, 502 Christiansborg Palace (Denmark), 606–7, 877, West Indies (Caribbean), 300–6, 502 879 Columbus, Samuel, 614, 626 Christoffer of Oldenburg, 107 Comenius, Amos, 434 Chronicon episcoporum per Sveciam (book), 615 common people. See peasantry church bells rebellion (1531), 40 commoners of rank (Sweden), 531 Church Order of 1597, 50, 90, 415 communication. See also transportation Chydenius, Anders, 582, 646, 907, 1027, 1034 and Danish nationalism, 959 Chytraeus, David, 74, 82 and Finnish nationalisation, 942 civil service. See also administration and Norwegian nationalism, 971–2 associations, 688–90 and Swedish nationalism, 986–9 becoming elites, 785–6, 962–4, 1013, 1016 government sponsorship of, 754 education for, 571 Compagnie du Nord, 243 foreign influence in, 375 Concerts of the Hague, 320 in 18th century Scandinavia, 532–5, 659–67 Confessio Augustana (book). See Augsburg lessening power of after absolutism, 912 Confession Norwegian farmers revolt against, 974 Confessio Christiana (apology), 422 Swedish 17th century nobility in, 366 Confessio Hafniensis (Protestant confession), 49 civil war (Danish), 107–8, 270 Confirmation Ordinance (1736), 554, 562–3, Civil War (US), 819, 824 849 Clara Raphael. Tolv Breve (novel), 890 conglomerate Scandinavian states, 392–4 Clasen, Johan Frederik, 630 Congregatio de propaganda fide, 415, 422 Classicism Congress of Vienna (1815), 907, 923, 950–1, in art, 881–3 985, 998 move toward realism in art and conscription architecture, 883–6 Danish, 954 Clement VIII (pope), 76 Finnish, 413–14 Clement, Skipper, 38 military, 269–78, 1032 Clementis, Gregorius, 85 Swedish, 327, 365 climate Consistorium generale, 432 and food supply, 161–3, 697 conspicuous consumption and industrialisation, 749 and fashion, 514 and Swedish economy, 222 and power of monarchy, 378 Club War, 107, 115, 132 in nobility, 350–1

1122

Index

in Sweden, 366, 610–11 countries join forces in, 104 laws curbing, 591, 596 enfeoffment, 123 constitution Gustav Vasa, 110 beginnings after absolutism, 907–24 money and debt from, 126, 1018 Danish, 948 nobility and monarchy mutual interest in, difference between Sweden and Denmark, 44, 343, 347 589 religious tensions from, 38–9, 48, 1012 Eidsvold, 672–3 county councils, 919 Norwegian, 963–5, 973, 1012 coup d’état (Gustav IV Adolf), 650–2, 788, Swedish, 397, 604–5, 641–50 896, 1034 Constitution of the Danish Realm, 953 court culture constitutional night, 908 18th century, 628–37 Consultatio de articulis inter catholicos et decorations, 601–2 protestantes controversia (book), 73 Enlightenment, 604–8 Controversiarum sacarum pars (book), 415 festivals, 593–5 Conventicle Proclamation (1726), 551 music during Renaissance, 619–27 Conventicle Proclamation (1741), 555 prestige of architecture, 591–3, 596–9, 602 conventicles, 547–8, 551–2, 806–7 court of appeal convertible husbandry, 724–5 Danish provincial, 119 copper in Sweden, 384 in Norway, 488 Norway, 403–4 in Sweden, 330, 488 craftsmen corn, 464 18th century, 491–7, 502 correspondence, 815, 823 19th century, 750, 835 Corro, Anthony, 98 and dissolution of paternalism, 841–2 Corsaren (prose), 890 associations, 799 Cossack Rebellion (1648-51), 240 transition into middle class, 782–4, 958 cottagers, 781 Cranach, Lucas, 610 cottars. See also farmsteads Cranmer, Thomas, 65 Denmark, 139 credit. See also banking Finland, 143 Danish access to, 335–6 household structure, 451, 536 Swedish for army, 331–2, 1029 Norway, 137 Creutz, Gustaf Philip, 617 Sweden, 482 Crimean War, 916, 955 council of regency (Sweden), 366 crisis council of the realm. See also rigsråd Danish agricultural, 463–4, 959 and Counter-Reformation Catholicism, ecological, 721–3 75 crofters. See also peasantry and Danish political power, 105–8, 199, and freeholders, 780 250, 314–15, 318, 338–9, 344, 915 emigration to America, 843 and Kalmar Union, 101 in cultivation, 479–83, 482 and Thirty Years War, 316, 347–56 in enclosure movement, 732–6 in Sweden after reduktion, 367 in peasantry, 536 political changes in, 34, 45, 353–9 treatment of, 719 Counter-Reformation Catholicism crop rotation, 724–5 and Jesuits, 415 crown. See monarchy in Finland, 85 crown farmers in Sweden, 73, 75 becoming freeholders, 775 country trade, 288, 293 Swedish peasants 18th century, 653 Count’s War (1534-6) Crusell, Bernhard Henrik, 634 against Catholicism, 107 Crymogæa (book), 996 and Hanseatic League, 130, 247 Crypto-Calvinism, 97–100, 413–14 and Norway, 36 Crøger, Olea, 892

1123

Index

cultivation after Great Northern War, 454–5, 463 Danish 18th century, 462–3 after Thirty Years War, 339 Finland, 484 decision making intensiﬁcation of, 721–5, 1024 18th century Scandinavia, 659–67 Swedish, 474, 477–80 in Sweden not involving agreement, 910 curia Delaware colony (North America), 299–300 and Danish Reformation, 47 demographics. See also population growth and Danish sales of indulgences, 19 17th–18th century Scandinavian, 441–53 and Sweden, 60–88 18th century Scandinavia, 407, 413–14, nationalisation of, 21 652 currency 19th century Scandinavian, 691–704, 693, and commercialisation of agriculture, 736–9 703 and industrialisation, 755 colonial, 291, 300–3, 308, 810 Danish, 336, 1028 Denmark, 138–40 Swedish, 1029 during industrialisation, 768 Customs Tariff of 1742 (Denmark), 456, 503 factors behind shifts in, 160–71 Cygnaeus, Uno, 847, 865 Finland, 143–6 households, 171–5 Dacke uprising (1542–5), 40–3, 131, 327 Iceland, 140, 282 Dafne (opera), 623 military, 269, 273–5 Dahl, Johan Christian, 882 Norway, 136–8 Dahlberg, Erik, 596, 613 of nobility, 361 Dahlstierna, Gunno, 614 Scandinavia, 153–5 dairy farming, 707, 725–8 slave, 303 Dalarna Uprising (1743), 540–1, 644–5, 663 Sweden, 140–3, 187 Dalin, Olof von, 617 Sweden nobility, 205 Daljunkern’s revolt (Sweden), 63 Demonstratio (book), 98 Dalvisa (poem), 895 Den danske Psalmebog (book), 620 dance Den döde (poem), 898 ballet, 625 Den forordnede ny Kirke-Salmebog festival, 516 (hymn-book), 621 Daniel Hjort (play), 902 Den lilla kolargossen (poem), 897 Danish Customs Tariff of 1742, 503 Den nationelle winsten (1765), 582 Danish East India Company, 288–90 Denmark Danish Sound dues absolutist revolution in, 272–3 and military power, 246, 252 agrarian economy of, 178–82 and Sweden, 257–8, 260, 265, 312, 320 and control of Baltic trade, 242–3, 246–67, Dutch involvement in, 236–45 311 elimination of, 756 and Napoleonic Wars, 674–82 rising, 318 anti-Swedish coalition, 264 Dannebrog, 913 architecture, 876–8 Dannevirke (newspaper), 799 art, 882 Dass, Peter, 614 as military state, 342 David, Christian, 949 Catholicism, 20, 22–4, 26–7 Davis, John, 284 colonies, 279–99, 296 De Jure Præsantia Chymicorum (book), 93 demographics, 138–40, 149 De poesi Fennica (book), 617 emigration to America, 820–2 De Ponticice Romano libri quinque (book), 415 estate ownership in, 31 De sancta ﬁde (apology), 414 ethnicity of, 155 De scepticismo historica (book), 617 June constitution, 914 De stella nova (book), 95 literature in, 887–91 debt Middle Ages social unrest, 36–9 after Count’s War, 126, 1018 nationalisation of, 914–15, 946–61

1124

Index

noblemen in, 105–10, 196–201 Düben, Andreas, 624, 626–7 Reformation in, 44–55, 91–132 Düben, Gustav, 625–6 rural reforms, 717–20 dues slave trade, 506–7 and Sweden, 316, 323 tax peasants in, 34, 412 Danish Sound, 236–45, 325, 336, 756 urbanisation, 152 in 16th century Denmark, 339 Denmark-Norway Dury, John, 415 18th century agriculture, 457–74, 458, 463, Dutch. See Netherlands 467, 470, 472–3 Dutch East India Company. See Vereenigde break-up after Napoleonic wars, 870 Oost-Indisch Compagnie military might in 16th century, 335–6 Dutch Northern Company, 234–5 Denmark’s Necessity (poem), 956 Dutch War of Liberation (1568), 184 Der vereinigte Götterstreit (opera), 627 Dybeck, Richard, 989 Descartes, René, 375, 580, 625 Dybvad, Jørgen, 413 deserving poor, 208–9 Dyrvik, Ståle, 945 Desprez, Louis Jean, 616 Dølen (periodical), 893 Det Eviga (poem), 897 Det går an (novel), 899 Early Modern era. See also Reformation Det Norske Nationalblad (newspaper), 792 militarisation of Scandinavia in, 269–78 Deutschlanlied (anthem), 938 struggle between Denmark-Norway and development. See urbanisation Sweden, 246–67 diamond industry, 826 East India Company, 504–5, 505, 529 diet. See riksdag Eberhard, Johann Otto, 547 Diet of Augsburg (1555), 78 Eckersberg, Wilhelm, 882 Diet of Porvoo (Borgå, 1809), 789 economy. See also ﬁscal developments Diet of Speyer (1529), 64 18th century, 455–7 Diet of Västerås (1527), 24, 114, 1011 and push for parliamentary representation, Diet of Worms (1521), 23 912–13 Diet of Örebro (1529), 25 beginnings of modern, 219–21 Digte (poem), 887, 889 colonial, 279–308 Digte og Sange (poem), 894 during Reformation, 192–209 Digtninger (poem), 889 emancipation of Scandinavian, 49–52 Dikter (poem), 900–1 government sponsorship to growing, 755–7 Diplomatarium Islandicum (book), 999 natural resources base, 1025 Dippel, Johann Konrad, 551–3 Netherlands and Baltic trade, 217–19 discrimination, 396–7 education disease. See epidemics and Danish nationalism, 959 Dissertatio historiam Bibliothecae regiae and humanism, 24–5 Academiae Aboensis (book), 617 and mendicant orders, 26–7 Ditlevsen, Hans, 516–17 and Protestant Reformation, 51–3, 56–7, 63, Djurhuus, Napoleon, 896 66, 415 domestic industry, 751–7 and Reformed Catholicism, 22–4 Dominican order (Catholic), 26, 415 and Swedish nationalism, 978, 988–9 dominium maris Baltici, 246, 253–5, 259–60, 262, by missionaries, 289, 293 312, 318, 370, 1014, 1023, 1027 centralisation, 402–3 Doordt, Jacob van, 610 during Enlightenment, 568–74 Dowland, John, 621 elementary, 560–8, 757, 776 Drake, Michael, 444 Finnish, 402, 938 Drottningens juvelsmycke (collection), 899 for poor, 208–9, 574–5, 790, 794 Drottningholm, 598, 611, 613, 616 Icelandic, 1007 Drottningholmsmusiquen (music), 631 Jesuit, 415 Dryvil, S., 495 local, 389 Düben, Anders von, 630 New World colonies, 812–14

1125

Index

education (cont.) Engel, Carl Ludwig, 871–3, 877, 942 Norwegian, 970–1 Engelbrekt, E., 990 of noblemen during Reformation, 346–7, Engelbrektsson, Engelbrekt, 114, 990 364, 1032 Engelbrektsson, Olav, 21, 25, 36, 55, 1012 popular, 846–55 Engelstoft, Laurits, 949 royal, 588 engineering, 761–7 slave, 304 England universities, 862 abolitionist movement in, 297–8 Egede, Hans, 285, 549, 890 and control of Baltic trade, 219–21, 230, Egilsson, Sveinbjørn, 894, 1007 242–5, 485–7, 529 Ehrenstrahl David Klöcker, 611–13, 615 and Iceland, 992–6 Ehrenström, Johan Albert, 616, 871 and socialist movement, 804 Ehrensvärd, Augustin, 616 and whaling in Arctic, 285 Eidsvold constitution (Norwegian), 672–3, Calvinism in, 98 688, 868, 951 colonies, 298–9 Eigtved, Nikolai, 616 during Napoleonic Wars, 674–80 Ein ny Psalme Bok (book), 621 emigration to from Scandinavia, 169 Einarsson, Baldwin, 998–9 inﬂuence of, 711–13, 742–69, 793–7, 848, Einarsson, Gizur, 57–8 852–5 Ekeblad, Claes, 570 madrigals in, 622 Ekman, Robert Wilhelm, 943 missionaries, 293 Elbe toll, 240 support of Sweden, 264, 321 Elbfas, Jacob, 611 technology transfer from, 761–7 Eldgamla Ísafold (song), 894 Enlightenment elective monarchy, 591, 1021–2 agrarian reforms in, 774–6 elementary education art and architecture in, 615–18 and industrialisation, 757 court culture, 604–8 and national identity, 988–9, 1007 elementary education, 564–8 popular, 846–55 rationalism, 580–6 start of, 560–8, 776 religion, 556–60, 1017–8 Elenchus (book), 84, 615 social welfare in, 574–80 elites. See also noblemen university reform, 568–74 burghers becoming, 343, 388, 659, 1036 ennoblement civil servants becoming, 1013, 1016 in 18th century Scandinavia, 530–2, 601, 1032 social, 784–6 in Sweden, 364, 366, 381–2, 397, 523–5 social structure, 784–6 Enten – eller (novel), 890 Elisabeth I (Russian Empress), 644–5 entrepreneurship, 757–61, 785–6, Elizabeth I (English queen), 71–2 See also capitalism emancipation epidemics of slaves, 304 and population growth, 135, 163 emigration. See also New World in Iceland, 140, 1008 and mortality, 704 in Sweden, 334 and religion, 820–2 Epilog vid Magisterpromotionen (poem), 898 great, 809–31 episcopalism Emperor’s War (1626), 266 in Iceland, 57–9 En Dansk Students Eventyr (short story), 889 in Norway, 55–7 En glad Gut (drama), 894 of Catholic church in Denmark, 19–20, En Hverdags-Historie (short story), 889 44–55 enclosure movement, 707–11, 776, 842 Erasmus, 23–4, 79 Enebom, Gustaf, 584 Erastus, Thomas, 71, 92 enfeoffment Eric XIV (Swedish king), 248 Føroyar Islands, 280 Erici, Ericus the Younger, 85 Reformation economy, 127–30 Erickssøn, Jørgen, 57

1126

Index

Erik of Pomerania (Nordic Union), 102, 104–5, Everdingen, Allaert van, 613 116, 125 Ewald, Enevold, 548–9, 576 Erik XIV (Swedish king) Ewald, Johannes, 635 and Estonia, 393 existentialism, 890 and religion, 71–3 exorcism, 413 conflict with brothers, 81, 1024 expert knowledge, 385–6 courts under, 112, 119 exports deposition of, 359 causing need for money, 1026–35 Europeanisation of, 372 Danish, 179–80 fiscal administration, 127–30 from colonies, 279–308 nobility, 105 from Greenland, 287 prestige of, 594 Norwegian during Reformation, 183–4 Eriksson, Jacob and Erik, 557 recession in, 742–6 Eriksson, Magnus, 102 Swedish, 188–9 Ervingen (vaudeville), 893 Eskimos, 284–6 Fabler for Børn (fable), 891 estates Faggot, Jacob, 711–12 and military, 272 Falkman, Charlotta, 902 breakdown during Reformation, 192–6, 1022 family Danish 18th century, 457–9, 458 and children, 452–3 in absolutism, 389–90, 1031 and household, 445–6 in Denmark, 179 and marriage, 446–7, 452 in Norway, 470 as centre of 19th century bourgeoise, 836–8 in Sweden, 359, 474 as centre of 20th century Sweden, 983 monarchy gifting nobles with, 330 fertility, 448–50, 448–9 non-noble in Sweden, 910 merchant, 497 Nordic 16th century, 31–4, 32, 35, 86, 105–10 structure, 450–3, 451 transition to bourgeois class society, 773–86 famine. See food supply Estonia farmsteads. See also cottars 18th century demographics, 413 18th century Finland, 483–4 absolutism, 408 18th century Sweden, 477–80, 481 not part of the Swedish kingdom, 393 19th century lifestyle, 838 taxation of, 409 and taxation, 169–71 Et Digt (poem), 887 household structure, 451, 535–6 Europe mixed, 725–8 and control of Scandinavia, 261–7, 321, 948, Norwegian, 471–2 955–7 ownership in Middle Ages, 32–4, 35, 105 disdain for rigsråd, 655 supporting Danish soldier, 341–2 Early Modern era, 248 supporting military, 329, 333 economic centre, 176–8, 185 fashion gardens, 611 festival, 512–15 influence of, 286, 456, 517, 587–604, 606–8, foreign influence in, 376 620–7, 1027, 1032 peasant folk, 776 integration in 17th century Scandinavia, royal court, 589 370–91 February Revolution (1848), 802–8, 865, 908, isolation of Sweden from, 186–7 911, 913–14, 924, 938, 953, 1001–2 military same as Nordic countries, 277–8 Felgenhauer, Paulus, 415 evangelical movement Fennoman movement, 902–3, 925–6, 934–45 19th century, 839 Feralok (poem), 895 and mendicant orders, 26–7 Ferdinand II (German emperor), 256 in Denmark, 21, 46–55 Fersen, Axel von, 651 in Sweden, 62–78 fertility, 693 reformers, 24, 27–8, 777–8 festivals, 509–12, 554, 840

1127

Index

feudalism. See Middle Ages fishing Fibiger, Mathilde, 801, 890 18th century, 489–90 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 950, 997 and size of families, 172 fiefs Føroyar Islands, 281 administration, 117–23 herring, 232–3 enfeoffment, 127–30 Icelandic, 282, 1005–6 in 16th century, 338 Norwegian, 183–4, 471 in Sweden for military service, 399 Fiskars ironworks, 761 Middle Ages, 116–17 Fjeldeventyret (vaudeville), 891 Finck, Heinrich, 620 Fjölnir (periodical), 894–5, 998 Finland Fleming, Klaus, 83, 115 administrative districts, 400, 655 Floding, Per Gustaf, 617 architecture, 870–3 Floris, Cornelis, 610 as part of Russia, 667–70 fluyt, 231 as part of Swedish kingdom, 142–3, 393, 395, Flygare-Carlén, Emilie, 900 401–2 Fogelberg, Bengt, 885 court of appeal, 386 folk high schools, 777, 805, 856–7, 968 demographics, 143–6, 149 Folkeligheden (poem), 954 economy of 16th century, 186–91 folklore, 1008 emigration from, 167 Follingius, Petrus, 81 ethnicity of, 156–7 food supply historiography, 574 18th century Scandinavia, 508 humanism in, 25 19th century Scandinavian, 832–3 immigration from, 816–17 and population growth, 161–3 language, 386, 774 and social welfare, 206–9 literature, 614, 901–3 commercialisation of, 736–9 nationalisation, 690, 934–45 festival, 519–22 opposition to Gustav III, 648 shortage due to war, 165 parliament, 916–18 shortage in colonies, 275–6 peasant revolts, 107, 115 Forbes, John, 415 recruitment of troops from, 328–9, 398, foreign policy 414–15 during Reformation, 1014 Reformation in, 79–88 of Hats and Caps parties in Sweden, 644–6 trade ties to Russia, 225, 651, 749, 756 Foreningen til Dansk Læsnings Udbredelse Finland framstäldt i teckninger (lithographs), 944 (association), 799 Finlayson cotton mills, 761, 763–4 forestry Finnish Agricultural Society, 917 18th century, 485–7, 499, 529, 747–8 Finnish Literary Society, 792, 799 burn-beating, 142–6 Finnish Missionary Society, 807 dues, 339 Finnish War (1808-9), 975, 977, 980 in 19th century economy, 728–30 Finnish Women’s Association, 800 middle class control of, 203 Finno, Jacobus Petri, 84, 615 Norwegian, 411, 471 fire Norwegian during Reformation, 185 in Finland causing rebuilding, 873 recession in, 721, 743–4 London, 185 technological developments in, 765–7 of København, 550, 569, 627, 629 Form of Government (Sweden) First World War, 981 18th century, 654–6 fiscal developments. See also economy administration of, 366, 375, 657 Denmark-Norway, 337–41 and Gustav III, 647–50 in Sweden as Great Power, 326 and Karl XIII, 651 Middle Ages, 115–17 Formula of Concord, 423 natural resources base, 329–31, 589–90 Forsius, Sigfrid Aron, 85, 415, 615 Swedish in 17th century, 332–5 Forsskål, Peter, 581–2

1128

Index

Förster, Kaspar, 627 missions, 547 Foucart, Jacob, 623 music under, 628–9 Foxe, John, 413 pietism, 545–6 Fra de Stummes Leir (essay), 893 poor care, 576 France rural schools, 561–2 and control of Baltic trade, 243–4, 262 Frederik V (Danish king) and support of Denmark, 263, 606–7 nobles running country under, 606 Caribbean colonies, 308 pietism, 556, 572 inﬂuence of, 375, 600, 605 poor care, 577 slave trade, 297 theatre under, 634 support of Sweden, 259, 261–2, 321–2, 595–6 Frederik VI (Danish king) Franciscan order (Catholic), 26–7 constitutional monarchy of, 950–2 Franck, Sebastian, 414 education under, 947 Francke, August Hermann, 546, 549–50, 560, monitorial education method, 853 569, 574, 575–6 Napoleonic Wars, 677, 680–2 Francke, Gotthilf August, 570 Norwegian relations, 671–3 Frandsen, Hans, 91, 95 Frederik VII (Danish king) Franzén, Frans Michael, 583, 896–7, 901 constitutional monarchy of, 953 fraternities (religious), 27 relations with Iceland, 1001–2 Frederik I (Danish king) Frederiksborg Castle (Denmark), 591–3, 609, and collapse of Kalmar Union, 31 611 and Lutheran heresy, 23 Fredmans Epistlar (songs), 636 and Reformation policies, 47–9, 119, 126 Fredmans Sånger (songs), 636 constitutional monarchy of, 641–3 freedom of religion, 1017 control of church, 20–1, 557–9, 1011 freedom of the press, 573, 582, 606, 642, 646, Conventicle Proclamation, 552 792, 1033 council of the realm, 35, 106 free-holding peasants. See also land death of, 38 ownership, tax peasants, tenant farmers deposing Christian II, 343 and rural reform, 720, 730–1, 773–6 peasant uprisings, 37–8 Danish, 466 relations with Sweden, 61 Finnish, 484 sepulchral art, 610 folk high schools, 856–7 Frederik II (Danish king) Norwegian, 470–3, 653, 974 and noblemen, 109, 126 Swedish, 475–82, 685–6, 911 and Protestant Reformation, 51–5, 99 French Revolution, 292, 907, 950, 976, 983, and Seven Years War, 236, 248–50 997, 1034 education under, 91 Freudenthal, Axel, 941 Europeanisation of, 372 Fribert, L. J., 814 funeral, 593 Friis, Christen, 403, 415 laws, 119 Friis, Christian, 413–14 naval expansion, 1029 Friis, Johan, 52, 90, 118 Frederik III (Danish king) Friis, Jørgen, 47 and changes to the council of the realm, Fritiofs Saga (saga), 898, 984 353–9 Frobisher, Martin, 284 and dissolution of council, 199, 357–8 Frolich, Fritz H., 758 collections of, 602–3 Fru Inger til Østeråd (play), 893 coronation oath, 599 Fryxell, Anders, 985 music, 627 furs, 299 opposing succession of Norwegian lands, 395 Fürstenspiegel (book), 415 Peace Treaty of Roskilde, 259, 320 Fædrelandet (newspaper), 792 Frederik IV (Danish king) Færøsk Anthologi (book), 896 absolutism under, 390, 1016 Fältskärnsberättelser (novel), 887, 902 Great Northern War, 263–7 Fänrik Ståls sägner (epic poem), 901, 903, 937

1129

Index

Føroya kvæði: Corpus carminum Færoensium ﬁghting for Sweden, 329 (medieval ballad collection), 896 Gnesio-Lutheranism, 75 Føroyar Islands (Faroe Islands) importing burghers from, 223–4 as Danish colony, 279–84, 671 inﬂuence of, 376, 713–14, 724–5, 869 as part of the Norwegian kingdom, 392 language battle in Denmark, 606–7, 951–2 literature, 896 nationalism in, 950 local government, 922 pietism in, 545–6, 550 trade monopoly over, 405 Gersdorff, Joakim, 321 transition to parliamentary representation Gesta danorum (book), 24 in, 916 Gestricius, Martinus Olai, 72 Förklaring öffuer Johannis Uppenbarelse (book), ginger (spice), 301 433 Gjedde, Ove, 288 Gjenboerne (play), 891 Gabler, Matthias, 22, 90 Gjenganger-Breve (aesthetic), 889 Gadolin Jacob, 581 Gluck, Christoph, 632 Galen of Pergamon, 90, 96–7 Glückstadt Company, 294–5, 300 Galle, Peder, 430 Glüsing, Christoffer, 547 Gamle norske Folkeviser (songs), 892 Gnesio-Lutheranism Gardie, Jacob de la, 415 against Calvinism, 98 Gardie, Magnus Gabriel de la, 383, 597–8, 600, from Germany, 75, 84 610 in Denmark, 415 Geer, Louis de, 189, 374, 415 in Holy Roman Empire, 411, 414 Geijer, Erik, 897, 926, 983–5 in Sweden, 415 Geist, Christian, 626–7 Godsejerforeningen (newspaper), 797 Gellner, Ernest, 946 gold, 294–5 Geminiani, Francesco, 630 Gold Coast colonies (Africa), 294–9 genant (enfeoffment), 121 goldrushes, 823, 826 genealogy research, 828 Goldschmidt, Meir Aron, 890 General Trading Company, 285 Gothicism geography and cultural nationalism, 983–4 and emigration, 811 in architecture, 613 and industrial progress, 747–51 in literature, 614 and public opinion, 801–2 in Swedish royal court, 594–5 and Swedish economy, 186 Gothus, Laurentius Petri, 83 of Finland, 395, 940–1 government of Norway, 971 local administration during absolutism, George I (English king), 265 791–2 George III (English king), 995 sponsored associations, 793–7 Gerhardt, Johan, 414 sponsorship of communication system, 754 Geringius, Israel, 584 sponsorship of growing economy, 755–7 German War (1630), 328 governor Germany abolishment of Swedish, 989 and control of Hanseatic League, 214–17, Icelandic, 1003–4, 1022 218 Norwegian, 391, 400, 966 and emigration to America, 822–3 Graduale (book), 620 and Finland, 80, 84–6 grain and Icelandic trade, 282 crop rotation, 724–5 and spread of evangelism, 61, 68–9 Danish production, 179, 467–8, 467, 1025 chancery, 117 for Napoleonic Wars, 679 conscripted soldiers in, 273, 277 prices, 229–30, 730–1 demographics, 155–8, 169, 189 recession in, 744 Denmark refraining from interfering in, Sweden, 474, 477 310, 319 Grallari (book), 621

1130

Index

Gram, Hans, 548 Gröndal, Benedikt, 895 Gram og Signe (opera), 633 Guadeloupe colony, 308 grammar school. See elementary education Gudmundsson, Dadi, 58 Gramsci, Antonio, 803 Guðmundsson, Sigurður, 1008 Grand Tour, 415 guilds. See craftsmen Granlund, Juhana, 903 Guinea Company, 297 Grasaferð (short story), 895 Guldberg, Ove, 566, 573, 582 Great Emigration, 809–31 Guldhornene (poem), 887 Great Fire of London (1666), 185 Gunnersen, Birger, 24 Great Flight, 334 Gunnerus, Johan Ernst, 572–3 Great Northern War (1700-21) Gustaf Wasa (opera), 634 alliances during, 322 Gustafsson, H., 659 and changes in elites from, 785 Gustav II Adolf (Swedish king) and Danish East India Company, 289 administration under, 384–5, 1026 and Greenland, 285 and nobility, 206 and Sweden’s fall from Great Power, 327, and spread of Protestantism, 416 333–4, 394, 1033 coronation of, 595 break up of Sweden’s empire after, 1021 military technology of, 326–32 country militia reorganised, 341 music, 624–5 debt from, 454–5, 463 political strategies of, 125, 360–3 European inﬂuence of, 261 religious tolerance of, 415 European inﬂuences, 263–7 taxation under, 332, 1029 indelningsverk, 1030 Thirty Years War, 238, 253–7, 313, 316 peace that followed, 606 urbanisation, 223 population decline from, 144, 163–4 Gustav III (Swedish king) shipping after, 245 against Enlightenment, 584 Great Power as autocrat, 605, 647–50, 667 dismantling of, 225 education, 568, 573, 583 European, 263, 267 Gothicism, 595 Great Northern War (1700-21), 263 lessening nobility power, 909 representation of, 588–9 rationalism, 559 Russia as, 267 religious toleration of, 1017 Sweden as, 186–91, 204–6, 257–62, 266, theatre under, 633 317–18, 322–3 trade policy, 499 Greek language Gustav IV Adolf (Swedish king) in Finland, 83 coup d’état, 650–2 in Sweden, 90 war with Russia, 667–70 Greenland Gustav Vasa (Swedish king) as Danish colony, 284–7, 922 and Catholic church, 21–2, 25, 39–41, as part of the Norwegian kingdom, 392 110–12 missionaries to, 549 and Finland, 79, 81, 86 Grevens Fejde (Danish civil war). See Count’s and hereditary monarchy, 112–13, 1023 War and relations with Denmark, 61, 248, 401 Grevens og friherrens komedie (manuscript), 381 and spread of Protestantism, 61–71, 87–8 Grieg, Edvard, 894 council of the realm changes, 34–5, 1011–2 Gripenstedt, Johan August, 911 Dacke uprising (1542–5), 40–3 Gripsholm castle (Sweden), 609 economy of, 127, 129, 187, 215, 221 Grosch, Christian Heinrich, 874–6 peasant conscription, 343 Grubb, Nils, 551 rebellion against Christian II, 30–1, 104 Grundtvig, Nikolai Frederik Severin, 805, 839, right of inheritance for, 359 856, 888, 954, 956, 997 sepulchral art, 610 Grundtvigianism (religious movement), 777, support of nobility, 123 793, 805, 839, 856 Gyldenkrone, 201

1131

Index

Gyllembourg-Ehrensvärd, Thomasine, 889 university, 864–5, 867 Gyllenhielm, Carl Carlsson, 415, 613 Helvetius, 583 Göta Canal, 753, 761, 879 hemman. See mantal Göteborgs Handels- och Sjöfartstidning Hemming, Henrik, 85 (newspaper), 990 Hemmingsen, Niels, 54–5, 95–100, 400 Götiska Förbundet (society), 897, 983–4 Henry VIII (English king), 64, 68 Götrek, Per, 799 Henry, Louis, 445 gårdsbruk (rural holdings), 136 Herbart, Johann Friedrich, 859, 869 Herboville, Jan van, 70, 415 Haandværkerdannelsesforeningen Hercules (epic poem), 614 (association), 799 Herder, Johan Gottfried, 583, 585, 858, 907, Haandværkerforeningen (association), 799 937, 945, 950, 997 Haeffner, Johann Christian, 634 herredagar, 113–14, 126 Hajnal, John, 445 herring buss, 233 Hakon Jarl hin Rige (poem), 887 herring trade, 232–3 Hálfdanarson, G., 999 Hersleb, Ole, 548, 563 Hallgrímsson, Jónas, 895, 921 Hersleb, Peder, 548, 554, 556, 561, 563, 576 Hammarskiöld, Lorenzo, 898, 985 Hertha (novel), 801 Hammershaimb, Venceslaus, 896 Hertz, Henrik, 889 Handbook for Emigrants to America’s West with Hið islanska bókmenntafélag (society), 894 a description of the journey there, as well hierarchy. See ranking as the mode of life and methods of ﬁeld Hierta, Lars Johan, 899, 987 cultivation with special reference to high schools. See folk high schools Wisconsin (book), 814 Hindsholm, Jacobsen, 414 Hannikainen, Pietari, 903 Hippocrates, 90, 96 Hanseatic League Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus (book), 614 and economic development, 130–1, 214–17 Historia de omnibus gothorum sveonumque and Kalmar Union, 112–13 regibus (book), 614 control of trade, 106 Historica Danica (book), 89 dissolving of, 176 historiography fear of renewing, 311 educational signiﬁcance, 949–50 herring trade, 232 Icelandic, 996–7, 999 Hansen, Christian Frederik, 876–8, 881 nationalisation effects of, 967, 985–6 Hansen, Maurits, 891 Historisk Afhandling om Musik och Instrumenter Hansen, Peder, 586 (music), 633 Hanthorst, Gerrit van, 611 Hjemløs (novel), 890 Hartlib, Samuel, 434 Hjortens Flugt (poem), 889 Hartmann, Johan Ernst, 635 Hobsbawm, Eric, 946 Hasselnødder (book), 891 Hojer, Andreas, 548, 554 Hats Party (Sweden), 558–9, 565–6, 570–2, 578, Holbach, 583 604–5, 643–6, 1033 Holberg, Ludvig, 542, 548, 556, 606, 617, 629, Haugean religious movement, 777–8, 793, 631, 891 859, 1035 Holger Danske (opera), 635, 888 Heckscher, E. F., 443, 740 Holmberg, Werner, 943, 944 Hedlund, Sven, 990 Holstein, Frederik Adolph, 998 Heegaard, Anker, 763 Holstein, Johan Ludvig, 554 Heiberg, Johan Ludvig, 888–9, 892 Holstein-Gottorp, 260–6, 270 Helge (saga), 898 Holy Roman Empire Helie, Paul, 20, 24, 26–8, 46, 49, 89 and control of Baltic trade, 262 Heljarsloðarorusta (prose), 895 and Thirty Years War, 316 Helmich, Johan, 631 Gnesio-Lutheranism, 393, 414 Helsingius, Marcus Henrici, 84, 615 soldiers from, 409 Helsinki (Finland), 870–3, 942 under Danish control, 311

1132

Index

Holy See demographics, 140, 149, 441 and Reformed Catholicism, 25 economy, 1005–7 in Sweden, 65, 73–4 education in, 859 in Sweden and Norway, 21–2 income from, 410 short-sightedness of in Denmark, 19–20 lack of local government in, 798 homestead, 636–7 lack of middle class, 404 Homestead Act, 820, 822, 824 literature, 894–6 Horn, Arvid, 643–4 local government, 921 Hornemann, Claus Frees, 585 marriage in, 448 Horrebow, Otto, 585 music, 621 horses, 719 nationalisation, 992–1008 hospital, 578–9 Reformation in, 57–9, 1013 Hospital and Orphanage Acts (1763, 1766), transition to parliamentary representation 578 in, 915–16 Hostrup, Jens Christian, 891 Icelandic Literary Society, 793, 894, 997 House of Nobility ordinance (1626), 362 Idea medicinæ philosophicæ (book), 92–3 households idealism. See Classicism 18th century farmsteads, 535–6 Iduna (periodical), 897 18th century town, 496 illegitimacy, 448 and family, 983 illustration and marriage, 445–6 Enlightenment, 617 home schooling in 19th century, 849–51 Reformation, 613 patriarchal, 525 Illustreret Tidende (newspaper), 990 structure of, 171–5, 450–3, 451 immigration. See migration hoveri. See servants Imperial Alexander University (Finland), 805, Hroch, Miroslav, 934, 946 864–5, 871 Hugvekja til Íslendinga (political article), 1002 Imperial War. See Thirty Years War Huitfeldt, Arild, 93, 375 indelning (natural resource income for Hülpher, Abraham, 633 military), 329 humanism indelningsverk, 273–4, 333–4, 383, 400, 409, and Reformed Catholicism, 22–6 1029 evangelical, 27–8 India in Finland, 83 Danish colonies in, 289–93 in Scandinavia during Reformation, trade, 504–5, 505 89–100 indigo, 301 Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 858 Indledning til philosophiske Forelæsninger hunger (book), 887 and population growth, 697 industrialisation in Iceland, 994–6 18th century Scandinavian expansion, huuhta. See burn-beating 742–69 Hærmændene på Helgeland (play), 893 and modest militarisation, 268 Händel, Georg, 630 Danish, 181 Härkäpää, Eerik, 82 in England, 219 Höckert, Johan Frederik, 886 in Sweden, 189 Højre (political party, Denmark), 961 Netherlands, 231 Hårleman, Carl, 616 Industriföreningen (association), 799 infant mortality, 832 Ibsen, Henrik, 893 Ingemann, Bernhard Severin, 888, 929 Iceland Ingermanland, 393 as Danish province, 108–9, 282–4 Ingman, Erik, 903 as part of the Norwegian kingdom, 392 inheritance rules, 197–8 associations, 804 Instrument of Government. See Form of civil service, 535 Government

1133

Index

intellectualism, 95–100, 192 Johannis, Canutus. See Johanneksenpoika, internationalism Knuut 19th century, 685–90, 747 Johansen, Hans Chr., 444 Baltic economy, 213–28 Johnsen, Hinrich, 633, 636 Sweden and Denmark losing in, 265–6 Johnsen, Johan, 612 intolerance. See morality Johnson, Gisle, 807 Inuit. See Eskimos joint household, 445 Irenicum (book), 415 Jónsson, Arngrímur, 996–7 Irgens, Joachim, 203 Jónsson, Grímur, 1003 iron Jónsson, Hjálmar, 895 based on charcoal, 747 Juel, Jens, 615 carrying emigrants to America, 819 Juel Niels, 262 in Norway, 488 Julin, Johan, 761 in Sweden, 190–1, 488, 499 July Revolution (1830) manufacture in England, 743–4 and bourgeoisie, 790, 907 technological developments in, 764–5 and Iceland, 997–9 Isaac, Heinrich, 620 and political reform, 911 Isert, Paul Erdmann, 297 political reform, 914 Ísland (poem), 895 June constitution (1848), 914–15, 955, 957 Ivan IV the Terrible (Russian tsar), 248, 1023 Jus Regium (book), 377 Iversen, Johan Erasmus, 631 Jussoila, Johannes, 85 Iversen, Jørgen, 301 Jutikkala, Ein0, 173, 444 ivory, 294–5 Juusten, Paavali, 80–1, 614 Jørgensen, Jørgen, 994–5 Jacobi, Sven, 25 Jönsson,Ture, 30 Jagellonica, Katharina (Swedish queen), 592 Jaktslottet (story), 899 Kaalund, Hans Vilhelm, 891 James VI (Scottish king), 100 Kagg, Lars, 613 Jan van Huysums Blomsterstykke (poem), 891 Kalevala (poetry collection), 799, 801, 903, 926, Janson, Hector Frederik, 573 938 Jansson, Eric, 818 Kalmar Union Jardin, Nicolas-Henri, 607 aristocracy after, 343–4 Jarrick, Arne, 542 collapse of, 29–31, 38, 61, 112–13, 247, 310, Jersin, Jens Dinesen, 400 312, 623 Jesperssøn, Niels, 620 revival of, 248 Jesuit order (Catholic). See also Catholicism Kalmar War (1611-13) during Reformation, 56, 415 and Denmark, 250–4, 266 in Finland, 85 Dutch contributions to, 237, 374 in Sweden, 74 militarisation, 270, 318, 336 Jesus og Fornuften (journal), 585 Sweden in, 313 Jews Kanava (periodical), 902 missionaries to convert, 550 Kanteletar (poems), 903 religious freedom of, 1017–8 kantori, 620 settlements during Gustavian era, 648 Karelians, 941 Jochumsson, Matthías, 895 Karl IX (Swedish king) Johann III (Swedish king) aristocracy aligned with, 1024 and increase of noble privileges, 105, 115, Gothicism, 595 129, 359 new churches under, 1016 conﬂict with brothers, 113, 1024 struggle for power, 1013 governors under, 124 taxation, 216 religion, 72–4, 81–3, 85 theology of, 415 territorial expansion, 248–50, 252, 592 trade, 252 Johanneksenpoika, Knuut, 81 weakening of the council of the realm, 360

1134

Index

Karl X (Swedish king) Klosterlasse. See Nicolai, Laurentius Baltic expansion, 242, 319 Klöcker, David. See Ehrenstrahl Peace Treaty of Roskilde, 259–60 Knorring, Sophie, 900 war against Sweden, 227 knowledge. See education wars (1657–60), 340–1, 355, 363 Knutsson, Karl (Swedish king), 102 Karl XI (Swedish king) Kock, Jørgen, 48 absolutism under, 206, 363, 368–9, 382–3, Kock, Oluf Jensen, 413–14 408 Kold, Christian, 856 against pietism, 550 Kong Salomon og Jørgen Hattemager coronation of, 595 (vaudeville), 889 indelningsverk, 1029 Kongeboligen, 874 war against Sweden, 262–3 Kongelov law, 654–6 Karl XII (Swedish king) Kongsberg Silver Mine, 487 against pietism, 550 Kongs-Emnerne (play), 893 and absolutism, 274, 384, 408 Koppelwirtschaft, 724–5 anti-Swedish coalition, 263–7 Korhonen, Paavo, 903 in Great Northern War, 322 kornsalgperioden, 730–1 Karl XIII (Swedish King), 651, 1030 Koskinen, Yrjö Sarkari, 902, 926, 944 Karl XIV Johan (Swedish king) Kraff, Jens, 572 administration, 788, 791 Krafft, David von, 615 building projects, 874, 879–80 Krag, Anders, 96 foreign policy, 976, 985 Kraus, Johann Martin, 634 Napoleonic Wars, 670–1, 677–8, 680–2 krigsbefälet (military ofﬁcers), 270 parliamentary reforms under, 922–3 Kristiania (Norway). social problems under, 796–7, 909, 965–6 enhancement of, 874, 969 Karl XV (Swedish king), 931–2 Kristianopel Treaty (1645), 339 Karl August (Swedish crown prince), 651 Kristina (Swedish queen) Karl of Södermanland, 75–7, 83–4, 114, 270 abdication of, 319 Karlsborg, 880 age of nobility, 206 Karlstadt, Andreas Bodenstein von, 22 and ennoblement, 363–4, 364, 595 Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 863 fortress named after, 222 Kayser, Johann, 628 religious tolerance of, 415 Keadan (novel), 891 song and dance under, 625–6 Keiser, Reinhard, 628 taking of national treasure in abdication, Kellgren, Johan, 582–5, 617, 896 597 Kempe, Anders, 415 Krohn, Julius, 903 Kenicius, Petrus, 415 Kronberg Castle (Denmark), 591, 609, 619 Keyser, Rudolf, 925 Krumpen, Stygge, 45 Khunrath, Heinrich, 415 Kuhlau, Friedrich, 636 Kierkegaard, Søren, 889–90 Kung Fjalar (epic poem), 901 Kierlighed uden Strømper (opera), 633 Kunzen, Friedrich, 635–6 king. See monarchy Kurki, Arvid, 79 King Frederik Hospital, 578 Kymäläinen, Olli, 903 King Frederik University, 862, 874–6 Käkisalmi, 393 King of May festival, 509–12 København Kingo, Thomas, 621 19th century rebuilding of, 876–8 Kirkesalmbog (hymnbook), 893 capital city growth, 394–5, 413–14, 527–8 Kivi, Aleksis, 903, 940 centre of economy, 411, 457, 507 Kjærgaard, T., 721–2 region governed by, 652 Kjøbenhavnsposten (newspaper), 792 Københavensposten (newspaper), 792 Kleiner katechismus (book), 957 Klingenberg, Poul, 381–2 La Mettrie Julien, 583 Klingenstierna, Samuel, 571, 580 La Naissance de la paix (ballet), 625

1135

Index

lactation. See breastfeeding in Sweden, 65, 89 Laestadians (religious movement), 1035 music, 622 Lagervall, Fredrik, 903 schools, 777 Lamprechtz, Arendt, 612 Lauantaiseura (society), 901 Lancashire method (smelting), 765 Laud, William, 414 Lancaster, Joseph, 853 Launai, Pierre de, 632 land Laurentsen, Peder, 48, 51 classiﬁcation, 775 Laureus, Gabriel, 558 enclosure movement, 707–11, 732–6, 776, Law of Jylland, 120 842 laws land ownership. See also free-holding banning associations, 805 peasants during Reformation, 23, 118–20, 193 18th century Scandinavian, 537–9 enclosure movement, 707–11 and council of the realm, 106 Europeanisation of, 375 and Dacke uprising, 41 luxury items, 350–1 and inheritance, 198–9 Norwegian having own, 403 by monarchy, 111 League of Schmalkalden, 69 church control of Danish, 19–20 Lehmann, Orla, 797, 930–1, 953 Danish 18th century, 457–9, 458 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 580 farmsteads, 35, 179, 188, 196–7 Leijoncrona, Christoffer, 614 in conglomerate states, 412–13 Lemke, Johan Filip, 613 Nordic 16th century, 31–4, 32, 206 Leonora, Ulrike (Swedish ruler), 265 paying for schools, 562–3 Leopold, Carl Gustaf, 897 landboreformerne, 717–20 Leth, Christian Langemach, 569 landehjælp (taxes), 121 Lex politica Dei, 86 Landstad, Magnus, 892 Lex Regia (Danish constitution of 1665), 377–9, Lange, Joachim, 568 1031 Langelands-Reise i Sommersen 1804 (poem), Libellus puerilis (book), 415 887 liberalism Langlet, Emil Victor, 884–5 and bicameral parliament, 911, 952–3, 955, language 978–9 bokmål, 892 and dissolution of paternalism, 841 building a Norwegian, 967–8 and economic growth, 755–7 decrease of Finnish, 386, 400 and social status, 785–6 edict in Schleswig, 951 in literature, 891, 899–900 English, 812 politics of, 803–4 Finnish, 864–5, 917, 934–45 Lidner, Bengt, 617 foreign inﬂuence in, 376–7 Lieder im Volkston (songs), 637 German church, 624 Liljor i saron (poetry anthology), 898 Icelandic, 997–9 Lindegren, J., 164 in Scandinavia, 155–60 Lindenov, Hans, 591 Nynorsk, 892 Ling, Pehr, 984, 986 regulations, 954–5 Linné (Linnaeus), Carl von, 570–2, 580–1, 616, Lapland, 1016 618, 862 large family, 172–5 Linstow, Hans Ditlef Frantz, 873–6 Laslett, Peter, 445 literacy tradition, 848–9 Latin language literature as international language, 376 and national identity, 936–9, 949–50, 967–8, Dutch writing in, 374 973 in Denmark, 90, 95, 97 Enlightenment, 616–18 in Finland, 82, 84 Føroyer Islands, 896 in Iceland, 1007 Icelandic, 1007–8 in Protestant Reformation, 51–2, 404 Reformation, 614

1136

Index

Scandinavian, 887–903, 927 Lutheran Norwegian Church Order (1607), Scandinavianism in, 929 56–7 Little Ice Age, 415 Lutheran Swedish Church Ordinance (1571), Liturgia svecanae ecclesiae catholicae et 70, 75 orthodoxae conformis (liturgy), 73 Lutheranism liturgy and Christian III, 45–55 in Finland, 81–2 and economic growth, 757 in Sweden, 73 and isolation in Europe, 1014 livestock and literacy, 1033 18th century Sweden-Finland, 477 and population counts, 442–3 role of, 725–8 and social ranking, 957 living standards, 696–8 Gävle School of, 72 Livonia (Swedish province) in Denmark, 20, 23, 98–100, 107 18th century demographics, 413 in North America, 300 absolutism, 408 orthodoxy movement in, 398–415, 541, and reduktion, 383–4 551–2, 848–9 income from, 409 power of in Reformation, 193, 1016 insecurity over land privileges, 407–8 Lüning, Johann, 588 war, 1023 Lütkens, Frantz Julius, 546–7, 574 Ljóðmæli (poem), 895 Lycksalighetens ö (play), 898 local administration Lykke, Kaj, 380 and associations, 796–8 Lyriske Digte og Romancer (novel), 890 implementation after absolutism, 907–8 Læstadius, Lars, 802 opening up of larger world, 845 Längman, Erik, 758 Loci communes (book), 69 Läran om staten (book), 789 Locke, John, 565, 580, 583–4 Läsebok för folkskolan (textbook), 988 Lofhuus, Christian, 665 Lönnrot, Elias, 903, 938 London (England), 742–69 Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 898 Maamiehen ystävä (periodical), 902 Longomontanus, Christian Sørensen, 94, Machiavelli, 375 415 madrigals, 622 Lorenz, Johan the Younger, 627 Maður og kona (novel), 895 Louis XIV (French king), 200, 244, 261 Magalotti, Lorenzo, 373 Louise (Danish Queen), 546, 548, 561, 575 magic. See mysticism Lovsamling for Island (book), 999 Magni, Petrus, 25 Lubin, Eilhard, 414 Magnus, Johannes, 25, 65, 594, 614 Lundberg, Gustaf, 615 Magnus, Olaus, 25, 594, 614 Lunge, Vincent, 36 Malling, Ove, 949–50 Lüning, Johann, 588 maison de plaisance, 616 Luren (prose), 891 malaria, 291, 462 Luther Foundation, 807 Malthus, Thomas Robert, 705–6 Luther, Martin Mander III, Karel van, 594, 610 and Christian III, 50–1 Mangor, Elon, 701 and humanism, 24 manor and Sweden, 62, 65, 69 Danish 18th century, 459–60 Bible by, 52 in enclosure movement, 730–1 excommunication of, 23 labor service on Danish, 466, 719 in Finland, 25, 80–2, 86 mantal, 477, 479, 483–4 teaching of, 957 mantalslängder (annual population list), 136 Lutheran Church Ordinance (1537), 46, 51–2, manufacturing, 375 55–9, 68, 73 Marie Stuart i Skottland (drama), 894 Lutheran Formula of Concord. See Book of marriage Concord age of, 174–5

1137

Index

marriage (cont.) middle class and family, 446–7, 452 18th century, 507–8, 665 in Post-Reformation clergy, 196 19th century, 686, 851, 958, 976–7 planned, 198 education for, 855–61 Marriage Act (1582), 99 emergence of, 542, 785–6, 1036 Marselis consortium, 201, 203, 375 in Reformation, 183–5, 195, 200–4 Martin, Elias, 616 right to pursue a trade, 803 Martini, Olaus, 415 self-confidence of, 952 Martyrerna (drama), 898 social mobility of during industrialisation, Masius, Hector Gottfried, 548, 569 757 Mathiae, Johannes, 434 transition from craftsmen to, 782–4 Matras, Christian, 896 Midsummer Eve festival, 511 Mattheson, Johann, 630 migration Matthiesen, Jacob, 414 and mortality, 703–4, 703 Matthiæ, Johannes, 415 and population growth, 166–70 medical education, 91–5, 415 between Scandinavian countries, 844 Melanchthon, Philip, 50, 52, 65, 69, 80–2, 90, entrepreneurship, 759–61 97–100 religious tolerance of, 415 mendicant orders (Catholic), 26–7, 63 Strangers’ Articles of 1569, 415 men’s fashion, 513, 515 military class Mentzer, Balthazar, 414 during Early Modern age, 269–78 mercenaries Reformation, 192–3 and Dacke uprising, 42–3 military developments. See also war and financial administration to pay for, after absolutism, 341–2, 382 125–6, 131, 1029 and capital cities, 395 and international trade, 226 and development of state, 1020 and Kalmar Union, 102–3 and rise to Great Power status, 413 and rise to Great Power status, 413 during Reformation, 414–15 and spread of evangelical ideas in Sweden, Norwegian, 970 61 Swedish, 326–9, 331–2, 879–80, 1030 Danish, 318, 335–6, 342, 348, 1018 mills, 760–1 Danish Sound dues, 320 Mingotti, Pietro, 632 Mercer, Josias, 93 mining merchants. See also burghers 18th century Scandinavia, 487–9 acting as banks, 757 and emigration to Africa, 826 shipping fleet size, 746 and emigration to America, 817 Merwitz, Claus von, 58 in Greenland, 287 Messenius, Johannes, 85, 415, 612 Norwegian during Reformation, 185, 203 Metcalf, M. F., 642 Swedish 16th century, 188–9 Methodists (religious movement), 819 Minuit, Peter, 222 Meulen, Cornelis van der, 612 missionaries. See also Moravian Brethren Meursius, Johannes, 415 British, 293 Meyer, Jacob, 758 societies, 796 Michaelis, Johann, 581, 585 spreading pietism, 548–9 Middle Ages to colonies, 289, 547 Denmark confers noble status after war, Mitjens, Martin, 612 345 Mjältsjukan (poem), 898 Finnish Catholic church in, 79 Moberg, Vilhelm, 828 fiscal modernisation, 115–17 Modeer, Adolf, 568 mortality in, 161 Moe, Jørgen, 892 Nordic social structure, 31–4, 32 Moffett, Thomas, 92–3 start of capitalism, 105 Moldenhawer, Daniel, 585 tax peasants, 34, 105 Molesworth, Robert, 342

1138

Index

Moltke, Adam Gottlob, 607 Motala engineering works, 761–3 Momma, Abraham and Jacob, 523 Mouton, Jean, 620 monarchy Müller, Henrik, 204, 382 and armed forces, 269–78, 351–2 Munch, Peter Andreas, 913, 925 and control of church money in Murbeck, Peter, 566, 588 Reformation, 63–4, 73, 280 Murgrön (novel), 902 and nationalisation of the church, 20–2 Muscovy Company, 285 and noblemen, 101–32, 357–8 music and welfare of poor, 208–9 16th and 17th century court, 619–27 Danish constitutional, 948 18th century court, 628–37 farmstead ownership, 179, 282 and emigration to America, 813 hereditary in Sweden, 112–13 festival, 515–19 in Sweden, 86, 128–9, 604–5 Musical Society (Denmark), 631 political control in Middle Ages, 34–43 mysticism political control in Reformation, 117–23, during Reformation, 415 194, 1013 romanticism and, 954 provincial, 115–16 Scandinavian, 78 transition to rule of law over absolutism, Møller, Poul Martin, 889 924–7 Målare, Urban, 613 monitorial method (teaching), 852–5 monopoly N. F. S. Grundtvigs Poetiske Skrifter (book), noblemen in council of the realm, 345 888 of colonial trade, 281–2, 284, 291, 295–7 Namnlösa sällskapet (society), 900 of exports, 404–5 Napoleonic Wars Monrad, Ditlev, 953 and hard times in Denmark, 298, 947 Montaigu, René Magnon de, 629 and Iceland, 992–6 Montesquieu, Baron de, 584, 909 and shipping demand, 292 morality Denmark in, 674–82 and pregnancy, 449–50 military reduction, 277 associations promoting, 797 Sweden’s participation in, 650, 670–1 during Reformation, 415, 1032 national identity pietist, 548, 554–6 19th century Scandinavian, 690 toward poor, 576–80 beginnings of, 789–93 Moravian Brethren. See also missionaries in Finnish literature, 901–3 Conventicle Proclamation (1741), 555 search for in 19th century, 924–7 during Enlightenment, 557–9 Nationalföreningen (newspaper), 987 missionaries, 289, 558 nationalisation. See also Scandinavianism pietist movement, 552–3 and realist art and architecture, 884–5 Morgenbladet (newspaper), 973 and state formation, 1020 Morgensange for Børn (songs), 888 and universities, 866–7 Mormonism, 820–2 Finnish, 934–45 Morsing, Christiern Thorkilsen, 24, 90–1, 93 in literature, 892, 894–6 mortality of Catholic church, 20–2 and emigration, 704 of Denmark, 946–61 and food supply, 161–3 of Norway, 962–74 decline in 19th century, 691–6, 693, 832–4 of Scandinavian churches during from war, 163–6 Reformation, 87–8 in Middle ages, 161 of Sweden, 975–91 infant, 698–703, 698–9, 703 nation-state population research focus on, 443–5 Denmark becoming, 959–61 Mortensen, Claus, 48 Finland becoming, 934–45 Mosaic Law, 119 Iceland becoming, 992–1008 Mose och Lamsens wisor (songbook), 551 Norway becoming, 962–74

1139

Index

nation-state (cont.) spread of, 1033 political and social instability, 1014 Swedish, 987 Sweden becoming, 975–91 Newton, Isaac, 581 Native Americans (US), 299 Nicobar Islands colony, 290, 293 Nattvardsbarnen (poem), 898 Nicolai, Laurentius, 395, 415 natural law, 377–84 Nicholas I (Russian tsar), 791 natural philosophy, 95–100 Nielsen, Erik, 32 natural religion, 583 Nielsen, Hans, 620 Naumann, Johann Gottlieb, 634 Nielsen, Rasmus, 415 Navigation Act (England), 184–5, 456, 504, Nilsson, Sven A., 164 746, 816 Nissen, Georg, 636 navnegård (named farms), 137–8 Nitschmann, David, 552 navy Noble Academy, 572, 576 and control of Danish Sound, 247 noblemen. See also elites Denmark-Norway, 336–7, 413 16th century Swedish, 364 English Royal, 743, 992–6 18th century Scandinavian, 530–2 German, 315 and Catholicism, 35 importance of, 166, 254, 1018, 1020–1 and collapse of Kalmar Union, 31 in militarisation of Scandinavia, 269–78 and council of the realm, 34–5, 1022 Swedish, 262, 328 and Denmark, 19–20, 38–9, 346, 591 neoclassic art, 615–16 and industrialisation, 758–9 neo-humanism, 857–9 and peasant revolts, 41 neo-Platonism changes during Reformation, 105–10, 126–7, in Scandinavia during Reformation, 192, 195 95–100 changes up to absolutism, 343–69 in theology, 414 farmstead ownership, 32–3, 32, 179, 196–201, Netherlandic War (1672-9), 261, 270 280 Netherlands in Norway, 183, 201, 964 and control of Baltic trade, 217–19, 218, 220, in Sweden, 113, 360–3, 610–11 229–32, 235–40, 262 land ownership, 31–4, 32, 171, 349 and rich trades, 234–6 militarisation of, 193, 271–2, 329 and whaling in Arctic, 285 non-council, 349, 381–2 colonies in North America, 299 Scandinavian growth of power with, economy of, 176–8 1021–2 emigration from Scandinavia, 169 Swedish vs Danish, 132, 205–6, 318 Golden Age, 229–30 treatment of by monarchy, 330 import of fish, 489–90 nomads, 158–60 influence in Scandinavia, 374–5, 529 non-noble estate, 910, See also peasantry military education in, 326 Nora, Pierre, 943 support of Sweden, 259, 264, 321 Norby, Søren, 1011 New Netherland, 299 Nordenflycht, Hedvig Charlotta, 617 New Sweden Company, 221–2, 299, 810, Nordens Aand (poem), 929 817–18, 1017 Nordens Mytologi (book), 888 New Uppsala (colony), 818 Nordiske Digte (poem), 887 New World. See also emigration Nordlands Trompet (poetry), 614 need for seamen, 829 Norges Dæmring (sonnet), 892 ready to receive immigrants, 810 Norgesparagraf (1537), 1022 Scandinavian emigration to, 814–22 Norman, Georg, 69–70 Scandinavian organisations in, 827 norms. See morality sources of knowledge, 812–14 Norske Folkeventyr (folk tales), 892 newspaper Norske Folkeviser (songs), 892 beginnings of modern, 792–3 Norske Huldre-Eventyr og Folkesagn (folk tales), Norwegian, 973 892

1140

Index

North American colonies Oldenberg rulers (Danish) Dutch, 299 absolutism under, 788, 790–1 Swedish, 299–300 administration under, 656–9 trade with, 221–3 demands on, 791 Norway. See also storting Kongelov law, 654–6 absolutism in, 390–1 Olearius, Adam, 603 administration, 122–3, 399 Om poesi i sak (essay), 899 and control of Baltic trade, 242–3, 246–67 On the Lord’s Supper, Baptism and Other Things and middle class, 405–6 (tract), 77 architecture, 873–6 open-ﬁeld farming, 713–14 art, 882 opera, 627–9, 632–6 as Danish province, 108–9, 392–3, 396–7, oppsittere, 471–2 1022 Oratio de optima republica (book), 86 Catholicism in, 21–2 Order of the Dannebrog (Danish), 601 demographics, 136–8, 149 Order of the Elephant (Danish), 601–2 economy of 16th century, 182–6, 201–4, organisations (emigrant), 827 1025 orphanages emigration to America, 814–16 education, 575–6 independence movement, 671–3 pietist, 549–50 lack of nobility in, 912 Orpheus og Eurydike (opera), 635 land ownership in, 32 orthodoxy movement (Reformation), legal system in, 403, 964–7 398–414, 541, 551–2, 848–9 literature, 891–4 Oskar I (Swedish king) parliamentary representation in, 105–10 administration, 911 peasant uprisings in, 827 defence league, 931 Reformation in, 25, 55–7 liberalism of, 909 tax peasants in, 34 Oslo. See Kristiania union with Sweden, 964–7, 1020 Overall, John, 98 Nova Ordinantia (church order), 73 overhoffrett, 403 Novellae Constitutiones (laws), 415 Owen, Samuel, 761, 795, 807 November constitution (1863), 956 Oxe, Peder, 90, 95 Núma rímur (epic poem), 895 oxen, 179–80, 198, 463 Ný félagsrit (journal), 999 Oxenstierna, Axel Nyere Digte (poetry), 891 and Form of Government, 258, 317, 384–5 Nynorsk (language), 892, 967 art representation in, 613 Nynorsk (movement), 925 strategies of, 190, 326, 362, 408 taxation under, 216, 332, 1026, 1029 Ó, Guð vors lands (anthem), 895 theology of, 415 Obdan, Jacob van Wassenaar, 242 Odae sveticae (poetry), 614, 626 painting Odalbonden (poem), 897 19th century Classicism, 882 Oddur Hjaltalín (poem), 894 and national identity, 943 Odhner, Clas, 985 Enlightenment, 616 Oecolampadius, Johannes, 90 realism in, 885–6 Oehlenschläger, Adam, 887–8, 893, 898, Reformation, 610–13 927–8, 950, 997 Palladius, Peder, 50, 52, 54, 90, 97, 415 ofﬁcials. See civil service palm oil, 298 Ogier, Charles, 372 Palmberg, Johannes, 415 Oksanen, August, 903 Palmstedt, Erik, 616 Ólafsson, Eggert, 997 Pálsson, Ögmundur, 57–8 Old Norse (language), 967, 983–4 Paludan Müller, Frederik, 890 Old Norse (society), 885 Paracelsianism, 91–100 Oldenbarnevelt, Johan van, 237 Paradoxa (book), 414

1141

Index

Pareus, David, 433 18th century, 535–41 Paris Commune (1870–1), 907–8, 923, 991 and Danish council of the realm, 108 parish schools, 564, 850 and enclosure movement, 714–21 parish societies, 796, 804, 917–24 conscription of, 327, 336, 348, 389 parliament demands on, 30, 1022 19th century Scandinavian, 688 during Middle Ages, 34, 113–15 Danish, 113–15 education, 852–5 Swedish, 63–4, 70 Fennoman movement focus to, 937–8 Parliament Act (1866), 785 majority of Reformation population, 193 parliamentary representation. See also Storting proﬁting from 16th century economy, 195 and bourgeoisie, 917–24 Reformation, 53, 78, 178, 183, 188, 344, 532–5 economic considerations, 912–13 Swedish, 977–8 in Sweden, 910–12 taxation, 337 parochial school system, 846–55 Pedersen, Christiern, 24–6, 89, 1013 Pas, Simone de, 594 Pedersøn, Mogens, 620–2 Pasch, Lorens, 615 Pederssøn, Geble, 56 pastor Peer Gynt (drama), 894 as intermediary between monarch and Pepusch, Johann Christoph, 630 people, 788 Peter Paars (poem), 629 assistance for, 790–1 Peter the Great (Russian tsar), 225, 264, 266 elected by freeholders, 793 Petri, Laurentius, 65, 70, 72–3, 82, 86 paternalism Petri, Olaus, 25, 28, 62–5, 67–8, 70, 80, 86, 111, common in 19th century, 841 1014 in countryside, 843 Petri, Theodoricus, 621 Patkull, Johan Reinhold, 383, 408 Peucer, Caspar, 94 patriotism Phantasterne (novel), 890 and Romanticism, 949–51 Phelps, Samuel, 994–5 and Scandinavian conscription, 276–7 philanthropy Norwegian, 963 education, 848 Paulinus Gothus, Laurentius, 415 Enlightenment, 579–80 payment in kind, 330 women and, 794, 800 Peace of Frederiksborg (1720), 323 Phosphoros (periodical), 897 Peace of Hamina (1809), 925–6, 940 Physica (book), 614 Peace of Kiel (1814), 682, 927–8, 947, 963, 965, Piae cantiones (collection of songs), 85, 615, 621 995 pietism Peace of København (1660), 320–1, 323–4, 356 associations, 793–7 Peace of Lübeck (1629), 310, 315, 319, 415, 424, in universities, 568–70 1027 spread of, 545–54, 1016 Peace of Oliva (1660), 1030 Pilo, Carl Gustaf, 615 Peace of Uusikaupunki (1721), 323 Piltur og stúlka (novel), 895, 1008 Peace of Westphalia (1648), 258–9, 317, 319, Pio, Louis, 804 326, 332, 393, 1030 piracy Peace Treaty of Frederiksborg (1720), 265–6 Føroyar Islands, 280 Peace Treaty of Roskilde (1658), 259–61, 320 Nicobar Islands, 293 peasant revolts. See also public opinion plantations (Caribbean), 295, 302–3 and transition into smallholding, 779–82 Platen, Lieut.-Col. Baltzar von, 879 anti-evangelical, 27 Platen, Count Baltzar J. E. von, 759 in Dalarna Sweden, 644–5, 663 ploughs, 723–4 in Denmark, 339, 1011 Plütschau, Heinrich, 547 in Nordic Middle Ages, 34–43, 131–2 Poesier (poems), 891 in Norway from taxation, 469, 664–5 Poetisk kalendar (poems), 898 in Sweden, 63–4, 70 Poetiske Skrifter (poems), 887 peasantry. See also crofters, non-noble estates poet’s coronation, 928

1142

Index

Poland at beginning of agriculture revolution, anti-Swedish coalition, 259, 360 705–7 navy, 254 during Reformation, 207–9, 959 Sweden war against, 313, 321 Pratensis, Johannes Philip, 91–2, 94–6 political parties Pratum Spirituale (book), 622 emergence during Age of Liberty, 643–6, press 923–4 beginnings of the, 792–3 landless peasant, 735–6 Swedish, 987 politics Prez, Josquin des, 620 and population growth, 169–71 primary education. See elementary education during 18th century Scandinavia, 541–4 principality theory, 645 middle class influence during Norwegian privateer Reformation, 201–4 colonial, 307 military influence, 272, 276–7 during Napoleonic Wars, 678, 993 nobility influence in, 199–201 privy council of union between Sweden and Norway, Danish constitution enabled, 915 964–7 during Age of Liberty, 642 reformers, 735–6, 778–9, 908–24 Pro fide et Christianismo (association), 568 Polyfem (periodical), 898 production Pontoppidan, Erik, 514, 554–6, 570, 572, 578, agriculture, 736–9 1016 Danish agricultural, 179–80 Poor Law (1708), 208–9 Products Edict of 1724 (Sweden), 456 poor relief professional military, 275–7 19th century, 685–6, 834 Prognosticon (book), 415 and voting, 918 progress (ideal), 839 during Enlightenment, 574–80 protectionism (English), 742–6 during Protestant Reformation, 66–7 Protestantism. See Reformation education for, 560–1, 790, 848 Prussia on Danish manors, 461 in Napoleonic Wars, 670 population growth. See also demographics Swedish invasion of, 316 18th–19th century Scandinavia, 444, 652–4, Prøver af Landsmaalet i Norge (book), 967 691–704, 693, 750, 957 public opinion. See also peasant revolts and agriculture commercialisation, 737–8 after absolutism, 908–24, 1034 and Dacke uprising, 41 growth of, 787–93 and economy, 183, 195 in Reformation, 1015 and emigration, 809, 815–16 Puhakka, Antti, 903 and large families, 174 Puritans, 98 and peasant revolts, 779–82 Pyhy, Conrad von, 69, 123 during 15th century, 135–6 Pyrenese Peace (1659), 1030 factors behind, 160–71 Porthan, Henrik Gabriel, 574, 582–3, 617, 943 Ragueaus, Franciscus, 86 Possevino, Antonio, 74, 415 railways postal service and emigration to America, 824 Norwegian, 972 beginnings of modern, 752–4, 754 Swedish, 986 Finnish, 942 potato Norwegian, 972 and increase in standard of living, 832–3 Swedish, 986 and population growth, 694 Ramus, Peter, 94, 96 crop rotation, 724–5 Randelin, Wendla, 902 in alcohol, 794 ranking Poulsen, Hans Frederik, 932 17th century, 1026 poverty 19th century, 834–41, 957 as a result of excessive taxation, 368 end of, 841

1143

Index

ranking (cont.) Reinhard, Martin, 22, 90 of 18th century townspeople, 494–8, 501–2, Reitzer, Christian, 548, 569 528–9 Renaissance of nobility, 378 music in, 619–27 of noblemen, 361 style in art and architecture in 16th of workers in enclosure movement, 731–6 century, 609–10 Rantzau, Johan, 38 Rerup, Lorenz, 946 Rask, Gertrud, 549 Resen, Hans Poulsen, 400–15 Rask, Rasmus, 997–8 Reuterholm, Gustav Adolf, 584, 650 rationalism Reventlow, Anne Sophie, 548 after pietism, 559–60 Reventlow, Christian, 713 in education, 573–4 Reventlow, Ludvig, 567, 579 in literature, 617 revolts rise of, 580–6 against civil service, 974 Raumannus, Johannes, 85 anti-evangelical, 644–6 Realism movement in Denmark, 339 in architecture and art, 883–6 in Middle Ages, 34–43, 131–2 in literature, 899–900 tax peasant, 41, 63–4, 70, 107, 115, 131, 412–13 recession (export), 721, 742–6, 1027 revolutions. See also absolutism Red Book (liturgy), 73–4, 83 February, 802–8, 865, 911, 913–14, 953 Redemption Act (1649), 339 French, 292, 907, 976 Redemption Treaty (1653), 241 Icelandic, 994–6 Reden an die deutsche Nation (book), 950 July, 790, 907, 911, 914, 997–9 reduktion social during Reformation, 193–4 and peasant tax protection, 333, 399, 537 Reykjavík (Iceland), 1000–1 demand for, 367 Rian, Øystein, 535 from riksdag, 383 Richardt, Christian, 891 income from, 409 Richert, Johan Gabriel, 911, 984 Reenberg, Morten, 548 Riddarhuset, 597 Reff, Hans, 56 riﬂe club movement (Sweden), 981, 989–91 Reformation. See also Early Modern era rigsråd (Swedish council of the realm) and Catholic church, 347 and Christian III, 44 and class structure, 192–209 and Lutheran heresy, 23 climate during, 161–3 riksdag (Swedish parliament). effects on intellectualism, 89–100 during Age of Liberty, 534–5, 641, 646, 647, Føroyar Islands, 280 655, 1032 health care, 66–7 estates and, 360–3 in Denmark, 44–55 King Karl IX, 368 in Finland, 79–88 peasants in, 540 in Iceland, 57–9, 282 roots of, 113–15 in Norway, 55–7 riksdag of Västerås (1527), 111–12 in Sweden, 60–78 Risell, Nils, 571 missionaries, 289, 293 Rogers, Benjamin, 626 orthodoxy movement in, 398–414 Rogers, Daniel, 94 population in, 135–47, 148 Rohn, Anton Christopher, 548 Thirty Years War, 313–17 Roman, Johan Helmich, 630–1 Reformed Catholicism Romanticism and humanism, 22–6 and Danish nationalism, 949–51 in Denmark, 20 and education, 855, 862–4 Rehn, Jean Eric, 616–17 and Norwegian national identity, 967–74, reindeer 976 economy in Scandinavia, 158–60 Icelandic, 997–9 in Finland, 146 in literature, 887–99

1144

Index

Rosén, Sven, 558 St John (colony), 302, 304–5 Rosenborg Castle (Denmark), 592, 609 St Thomas, 300–5, 502 Rosenius, Carl Olof, 807 salt Rosenkrantz, Gunde, 380, 1028 and Dutch trade, 230 Rosenkrantz, Holger, 414–15 and Indian trade, 290 Rosenkrantz, Oluf, 380 Saly, Jacques François, 607, 610, 616 Rosenlew, Carl, 759 Samfundet för utgivande av handskrifter rörande Rosenstein, Nils von, 571, 584 Skandinaviens Historia (society), 983 Rosicrucianism, 418 Sami Rosidor, Claude de, 630 geography of, 941 Roslin, Alexander, 615 missionaries to, 549, 802, 1016, 1018 Rosæfontanus, Petrus Parvus, 24 population in Scandinavia, 158–60 Rothovius, Isak, 415 taxation on, 312 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 567 Sanct Hansaften-Spil (play), 887 Royal Academy of Music (Sweden), 633 Sandberg, Johan, 885 Royal Academy of Sciences (Sweden), 571, Sandhed til Gudfrygtighed (book), 555 617, 910 Sangværk til den danske Kirke (songs), 888 Royal Act of 1615, 415 Sarti, Giuseppe, 632–4 Royal Opera (Sweden), 633 Sascerides, Gellius, 94 Royal Greenland Trading Company, 286–7 sawmills Royal Society (England), 993 and start of middle class, 784 Royal Theatre (Sweden), 634, 637 recession in, 744–5 Rudbeck, Olof, 595, 612, 614 Scandinavian, 485–7 Rudbeckius, Johannes, 86, 415 technological developments in, 765–7 Runeberg, Efraim, 712 Saxo, Grammaticus, 633 Runeberg, Frederika, 801, 902 Scacchi, Marco, 627 Runeberg, Johan, 706, 901, 903, 936–7, 942 Scalabrini, Paolo, 632–6 rural settlements Scandinavia industrialisation of, 751–7 17th–18th century demography, 441–53 Scandinavia, 149 18th century agriculture, 652–4 structure of, 459–62 as subsystem of Europe, 261–7 Russia colonial trade, 221–3 and control of Baltic trade, 248, 262 court culture, 587–604 and Finland, 667–70, 749, 1019, 1024 demographics, 135–47, 149 and international trade, 223–4, 228 disintegration of Catholicism in, 19–28 anti-Swedish coalition, 264, 644, 985 economic regions of, 177–91 as Great Power, 266–7 ethnicity of, 155–60 brake on Scandinavianism, 932 Europeanisation of, 370–91 proﬁting from Great Northern War, 323 feudalism in, 105 Rutström, Anders Carl, 558–9 industrialisation of, 742–69 Ruyter, Michiel de, 242 intellectualism, 89–100 Ryberg, Niels, 280, 523–5 literature, 887–903 Rydberg, Viktor, 900 Middle Age ﬁscal modernisation, 115–17 Rynning, Ole, 813 militarisation of, 269–78 Rønnow, Joachim, 45 religious and social regimentation, 398–415 Sabbath Ordinance (1730), 550, 559 struggle for supremacy in, 246–67 Sabbath Ordinance (1735), 554 urbanisation of, 149–53, 150 Sadolin, Jørgen Jensen, 47 Scandinavian Literature Society, 928 Saima (newspaper), 792 Scandinavianism, 928–33, Saimaa Canal, 752 See also nationalisation St Bartholomew (colony), 306–8 Scener i Rosenborgs Have (short story), 889 St Croix (colony), 302–5 Schaefer, Petter, 557

1145

Index

Scheibe, Johann Adolph, 631–2 Denmark-Norway stability after, 344 Schiltz, Bartholomeus, 624 naval war, 1018 Schimmelmann, Ernst, 297 Swedish expansion, 128 Schindler, Poul Christian, 627–8 to control Baltic, 237, 247–51, 313 Schinkel, Karl Friedrich, 875 Severin, Jacob, 285 Schack, Hans Egede, See Egede, Hans Severinus, Peter, 91–6, 99, 395 Schleswig-Holstein sheep-breeding Denmark losing, 946 Føroyar Islands, 280 emigration to America, 822 Iceland, 282, 1005 linguistic edict, 951–2 shipbuilding location of, 393 and importance of Baltic, 217 Schlözer, August Ludwig von, 574 Dutch, 231–2 Schnitzer, Sigismund, 96 English, 244 School Ordinance (1739), 562–3 technology and trade, 176 Schück, Herman, 114 Shrovetide, 509 Schulz, Johan Abraham, 635–7 Sibelius, Jean, 903 Schütz, Heinrich, 375, 594, 623 Sigismund (Swedish and Polish king) Schwartz, Johann David, 615 administration under, 384 Schweigaard, Anton, 868, 912, 971 and assemblies, 114 Schönheyder, Johan Christian, 585 and Poland, 250 science (in Reformation), 89–100 and Protestantism, 360 Scondia illustrata (book), 85, 615 Catholicism, 75–7 Scoresby, William, 287 deposition of, 252, 270, 312, 328, 1024 Scott, George, 807 Finn support of, 401 Scott, Walter, 888, 927 Jesuits, 85 sculpture struggle for power, 83, 1013 19th century Classicism, 881–2 Signaturerna (society), 900 realism in, 885–6 Sigurd Slembe (drama), 894 Reformation, 611 Sigurðsson, Jón, 999–1007 seamen, New World emigration, 829 silk secondary school system, 855–61 Danish attempts to set up manufacturing, secularisation 351 administrative, 658 Indian export, 290 of education, 565–8 silver parish societies, 919 in Norway, 487 Sehested, Christen Thomesen, 415 in Sweden, 188 Sehested, Hannibal, 321, 391, 600, 1029 Singoalla (book), 900 Seitsemän veljestä (novel), 903, 939 Sjöstrand, Carl, 943 Selmasångerna (poem), 896 Skabelsen Mennesket og Messias (epic poem), 891 Sennert, Daniel, 92 Skaldstycken (poetry collection), 896 sepulchral art, 610, 613 Skandinaviska sällskapet (society), 799 serfs Skeel, Mogens, 381 and rural reform, 719–20 Skírnir (journal), 894, 997 lack of in Denmark, 179 Skjelderup, Jens, 56 Sergel, Johan Tobias, 616 Skokloster, 598, 610 Serta Florea Svecana (book), 415 Skytte, Johan, 408, 415 servants Skytte, Martinus, 80–1 children as, 452–3 Skåne War (1675-9) in enclosure movement, 735–6 Denmark in, 263, 321 Swedish, 480 like European conﬂicts, 261 Seven Years War (1563-70) Norwegian army in, 406 academics from, 91 reasons for, 244 and growth of public discussion, 1034 Sweden trying to regain territories from, 324

1146

Index

Sláttuvísur (poem), 895 Spain slaves and control of Baltic trade, 262, 1014 African export, 294–9, 296 Twelve Years Truce, 235 Caribbean trade in, 307, 506–7 Spandemager, Hans Olufsen, 48 smallholding Spangenberg, August Gottlieb, 557 Danish 18th century, 461, 494 Spanish War of Succession (1701–14), 261 Danish 19th century, 958 Sparekassen (comedy), 889 Norwegian, 472–3, 472 Sparre, Aage, 19, 48–9 transition into, 779–82 Sparre, Erik, 375 smallpox Spegel, Haquin, 614 in Greenland, 309 Spener, Philip Jacob, 545–6 in Iceland, 140 Spinoza, 581 Smith, Adam, 582, 907, 946, 1007 Sprengtporten, Georg, 648, 668 Smith, Henrik, 24 Sprengtporten, Jakob, 647 Sneedorff, Jens Schielderup, 572, 907 Spring festivals, 509 Snellman, Johan Vilhelm, 752, 789, 792, 799, Springer, Christopher, 645 865, 902, 920, 926, 936, 938, 940, 945 St Petersburg (Russia) Snoilsky, Carl, 900 emigration to, 812 social mobility international trade, 224–6 and social status, 494 Stadier paa Livets Vej (novel), 890 merchants and craftsmen, 498 Staffeldt, Adolph von, 888 of commoners of rank, 530–2 Stagnelius, Erik, 898 social structure standard of living 19th century Scandinavian, 832–45, 957–9, 19th century Scandinavian, 832–4, 959–61 962 and education, 845 breakdown of classes during Reformation, differences in, 696–8 192–209 Greenland, 287 class system in education, 846–62 Stang, Frederik, 971 during the Enlightenment, 574–80 stapelstäder (staple towns) Nordic 16th century, 31–4, 32 Finnish, 404 of elites before industrialisation, Swedish, 331, 457, 499 784–6 starvation. See food supply of workers in enclosure movement, state. See monarchy 731–6 stavnsbånd socialism movement abolishing, 567, 579, 957 after absolutism, 907 and estate owners, 539, 653 from voluntary associations, 804 and rural reform, 719, 774 in Denmark, 961 deﬁnition of, 463–4 in Sweden, 979 ensuring serfdom, 564 societies. See associations steamships, 825, 929, 971 Sohlman, August, 990 steel. See iron Soininen, Arvo, 721 Steenbuch, Hans, 569 Some Thoughts Concerning Education (Locke), Steenstrup, Peter Severin, 762 565 Steffens, Henrich, 887, 950 Sommar, Magnus, 25 Stein, Baron vom, 908 Sonetter (poem), 900 stem families, 173, 446 Songes (collection of poems), 899 Stephensen, Magnús, 993 songs. See music Stiernhielm, Georg, 612, 614 Sorolainen, Ericus Erici, 82–4, 615 Stjerneld, Adolf, 983 South African emigration, 826 stock exchange opening, 220 South America Stockholm (Sweden) emigration to, 826 centralisation of, 331 trade with Danish West Indies, 304 export centre, 500

1147

Index

Stockholm (Sweden) (cont.) Svensson, Åke, 560 growth of, 394–5, 413–14, 528 Svensson, Erik, 25, 79 rebuilding of after Finland split, 878–80, Sverdrup, Johan, 913, 923 977 Sweden region governed by, 652 16th century, 186–91 Stockholm massacre (1520), 103 17th century, 217–19, 218, 363–6 Stockholm Palace, 605, 615 18th century, 657–65 Stockholms Posten (newspaper), 584 19th century, 878–80, 975–91 Stoklund, Bjarne, 946 and collapse of Kalmar Union, 29–31, 102–3 Stolberg-Wernigerode, Christian Ernst, 553 and control of Baltic trade, 242–4, 246–67, Store og gode Handlinger af Danske, Norske og 312 Holstenerne (book), 949 as military state, 329, 397–9, 646, 1030 storting (Norwegian parliament). See also Catholicism, 21–2, 27 Norway, parliamentary representation colonies, 294, 299–300, 306–8 adjustments to, 785–6, 922–3 demographics, 140–3, 149, 155 bicameral legislature, 913 education, 91–5, 414–15, 860–1 modern institutions, 969 emigration to America, 817–20 Norwegian independence, 673 estate ownership in, 32, 34–5 opposition, 779 foreign policy, 312–13 post-revolution, 789 hereditary monarchy, 112–13 priviledged representation, 688, 912 importing German burghers, 223–4 union with Sweden, 963–4 literature, 896–901 Strandiger, Otto Lorentzen, 547 modernism and church policy, 25 Strangers’ Articles of 1569, 423 peasant revolts, 39–43 Strindberg, August, 899, 981 pietism banned, 557–9 Strokirch, Carl Michael von, 558 Reformation, 123–5 Struensee, Johann Friedrich, 559, 572–3, 578, Reformation in, 60–78, 105, 127–30 582, 606, 634, 1034 rise and fall of nobility in, 204–6 Strøm, Christian, 839 slave trade, 307 student congress, 929–33 tax peasants in, 33 Sture, Sten, 29, 31, 34, 102–3, 116, 130 transition from four estates to constitution, Stuyvesant, Pieter, 300 909–12 ståndsamhälle. See estates urbanisation, 150 sugar Swedenborg, Emanuel, 617–18, 1016 and Caribbean slave trade, 294, 302, 506–7 Sweden-Finland as colonial export, 301, 305, 308 18th century agriculture, 473, 474–85, 476, vital industry in Denmark, 303 481–2 Sundt, Eilert, 842, 844 breakup after Napoleonic wars, 870 Suometar (newspaper), 792, 902 Swedish Academy, 897 superstitions. See mysticism Swedish African Company, 294 supreme court, 113 Swedish Baptist Society, 807 Svea (poem), 897, 975, 984 Swedish Products Edict of 1724, 503 Svea Hovrätt, 384 Swedish West India Company, 306 Svea rikes hävder (book), 897 Sweelinck, Jan Pieterszoon, 624 Sveaborg (Suomenlinna), 616, 976 Swenska folk-wisor från forntiden (songbook), Svecia Antiqva et Hodierna (engraving), 596, 613 897 Svend Dyrings Huus (ballad drama), 889 Symra (poems), 893 Svensk Literatur-Tidning (newspaper), 898 Synnøve Solbakken (drama), 894 Svenska folkets historia (book), 897 Syntagma institutionum christianarum (book), Svenska Lantbrukets Hinder och Hjälp (book), 54, 95, 98–9 712 Systems Universæ Theologiæ (book), 415 Svenska siare och skalder (collection), 898 Syv Aftensange (songs), 888 Svenskt arbete och liv (book), 740 Syvstjernen, 549

1148

Index

Sällskapet för Växelundervisingens Tessin, Carl Gustaf, 570, 605, 615 befrämjande (association), 987 Tessin, Nicodemus the Elder, 610–11 Sänger och berättelser av Sju signaturer Tessin, Nicodemus the Younger, 599, 610–11 (collection), 900 textiles Särkilahti, Pietari, 25, 79–80 beginnings of modern industry, 763–4 Söderblom, Nathan, 830 in England, 293 Sønnichen, Søren, 637 Indian export, 290, 292 Sång vid Svenska Akademiens femti års The Chronicle of Denmark (book), 93 minnehögtid (poem), 898 The Preacher (book), 98 The Swedish Mass (book), 65 Tabellverket, 443 The Wealth of Nations (book), 582 Tanker og Regler fra Grunden af om Musiken Then Swänska Argus (newspaper), 617 (book), 631 Theologia Deutsch (book), 415 Tanker om Nationalopdragelsen, betragtet som Thetis och Pelée (opera), 633 det virksomste Middel til at fremme Thielo, Carl, 631–2, 637 Almeenaand og Fædrelandskjærlighed Thirty Years War (book), 949 and trade, 238–9 tar as punishment from God, 393–415 as export from Finland, 404, 485–7 as war against Catholics, 313–15 in Sweden, 331 Danish fight for survival, 339, 1027 recession in, 743 economic crisis, 180 Taraval, Guillaume, 615 military developments, 254–7, 310 Tausen, Hans, 28, 46, 48, 51 need of recruits for, 328 tax peasants population, 166 Danish, 412 Scandinavian intervention in, 1015 Middle ages, 34, 105 Swedish financing of, 331 taxation Thomasius, Christian, 580 and population growth, 169–71 Thomissøn, Hans, 620 and reduktion, 333 Thomsen, Grímur, 895 Denmark-Norway changing base to, 337–41, Thorarenson, Bjarni, 894 356–8, 463, 463–7, 465, 467, 470, 472 Thorild, Thomas, 896 in Scandinavian conglomerate states, Thorláksson, Gudbrandur, 58, 620, 1014 410–11, 1032 Thorláksson, Jón, 894 increase during Reformation, 194 Thormøhlen, Jørgen, 531 revolt in Sweden, 366–7 Thoroddsen, Jón, 895, 1008 speculation by nobles, 352 Thorsteinsson, Steingrímur, 895 Swedish crown, 474, 474–7, 1026 Thorvaldsen, Bertel, 881–2 to increase economy, 755 Thrane, Marcus, 781, 804, 840, 912 Teckningar ur vardagslivet (novel), 900 Thum, Christian, 612 Tegnér, Esaias, 867, 897–8, 927–8, 975, 983–6 Thunborg, Mårten, 559 telegraph, 754–5 Thyselius, Carl Johan, 785 Norwegian, 972 Tietgen, Carl Frederik, 758 Swedish, 986 Tigerstedt, E.N., 897, 900 temperance movement, 795, 799, 804, 838 timber. See forestry tenant farmers. See also free-holding peasants time management (concept), 840 during Gustavian era, 648–9 ting assemblies, 113–15, 117, 124, 543 in 19th century local government, 921 tobacco in Denmark, 179, 460–1 as colonial export, 299, 301 in enclosure movement, 717, 732–4 drinking of, 376 in Norway, 653 toll. See dues profiting from 16th century economy, 195 Toll, Johan Christopher, 647 Tengström, Jacob, 918, 936 Tollesson, Pehr, 560 Terserus, Johannes, 404 Tolstadius, Eric, 558, 566

1149

Index

Topelius, Zacharius, 902, 936–7, 942 Treaty of Hamina (1809), 651, 669 Tordenskjold, Peter, 949 Treaty of London (1852), 955 Torstensson War (1643-5), 257–8, 319, 415, Treaty of St Petersburg (1812), 670 594 Treaty of Tilsit (1807), 667 town musicians, 629–30 Treaty of Örebro (1812), 670 towns. See also urbanisation Troil, Uno von, 584 18th century Scandinavia, 491–502, 501, Trolle, Arvid, 32 528–9 Trolle, Gustav, 21, 60, 79, 103, 114 19th century building, 686, 876, 878, 880 Trolle, Herluf, 351 architecture, 616 True Account of America, for the information and in Middle Age Denmark, 33 use of farmers and the ordinary man liberal political representation starting in, (book), 813 919–20 Turku (Åbo) castle (Finland), 610 promotion of, 149–53, 150 Turku Cathedral, 643 support of Protestant evangelicals, 46 Turku Musical Society, 637 Swedish founding of, 331 Turun Viikko-Sanomat (newspaper), 901 Trachenberg summit (1813), 670 Twelve Years Truce, 235, 237 Tractatus de gratis universali (book), 98 Twenty-five Years War, 128 trade Töllner, Johann G., 586 18th century, 499–500, 501, 742–69, 746 Törnrosens bok (novel), 899 18th century shipping, 503–7 19th century agriculture, 706–7 udflytning, 464–6 and industrial growth, 761–7 udskiftning, 464–6 Baltic, 229–32 Ueland, Ole Gabriel, 779 English restriction of export, 745 Ulfeldt, Corfitz, 240, 380, 600 freedom of, 948 Ulrika Eleonora (Swedish queen), 626, 641, Icelandic, 1006 645 import of European knowledge, 456 Ulriksson, Oluf, 48 in enclosure movement, 723–5 Ulstadius, Laurentius, 552, 557 increase from 15th to 17th centuries, 404–6, Un ballo in maschera (opera), 634 411 undeserving poor, 208–9 privileged companies in, 221–3 Union of Kalmar. See Kalmar Union rich, 233–6 United Provinces trade unions and Denmark, 240 and nationalism, 959 Twelve Years Truce, 235 attempts to neutralise, 803 wars, 239, 243–4 first, 783 unity. See Scandinavianism leisure activities, 840 University of Cambridge, 98 Trampe, Jørgen, 1003–4 University of Greifswald, 572 Trampe, Frederick Chr., 994 University of Göttingen, 581 Tranquebar University of Halle, 546, 550 colony, 502 University of Helsinki, 805, 871–2, 901–2 missions, 547–8 University of Kristiania, 868–9 transportation. See also communication University of København, 415, 569, 572–3, 867, 19th century technology, 844 878, 929, 1014 industrialisation of, 752–4, 754 University of Leiden, 415 travel University of Lund, 574, 867, 928–9, 1033 Danish education system to prevent University of Rostock, 24, 74, 82 foreign, 388, 415 University of Tartu, 1033 increase of Scandinavians doing, 373–9, 1033 University of Turku, 574, 580, 582–5, 669, 862, royal court, 590 901, 1033 Tre Kronor (Swedish palace), 599 University of Uppsala, 403, 414–15, 570–2, 574, Treaty of Altona (1689), 263, 1029 581, 584, 613, 867, 1014, 1032

1150

Index

University of Wittenberg, 6–7, 24–5, 50–1, voluntary associations 54, 62, 69, 79, 80, 82, 84, 86, 90, and Swedish nationalism, 987–8 94, 1012 during absolutism, 793–7 university reform, 862–9 Norwegian, 972–3 Uppsala Resolution (1593), 75, 77, 83 Vorhvöt (poem), 895 uppstäder, 331 Vormordsen, Frants, 48, 50 urbanisation. See also town vornedskab (serfdom), 34 18th century, 653–4 Vries, Adriae de, 592, 611 19th century, 685, 750, 835 Vårt Land (poem), 902, 937 and mortality, 833 Västgötaherrarnas rebellion (1529), 64 demographics, 149–53, 150 Finland, 484 wages in Sweden, 331 American, 829 industrial pattern, 767–9, 767–8 craftsmen, 332, 508, 958 lagging behind Europe, 224, 1028 increase in 19th century, 834 Norwegian, 406–7, 471–2 military, 115, 453 Urne, Lauge, 48 rise in cash, 834, 843 Utterström, G., 721 tenant farmers, 734–5, 781 Útilegumennirnir (play), 895 Wahren, Axel, 759 Uttini, Francesco, 633–4 Wallenberg, André, 758 Wallenstein, Albrecht von, 227, 257, 315, 1015 vaccination, 695 Wallerius, Johan, 571 Vajsenhuset (orphanage), 549, 554, 559, Wallerius, Nils, 581 576–7 Wallerstein, Immanuel, 177, 218 Valdemar IV (Danish king), 126, 214, 221 Wallin, Johan, 897–8 Valdemar Seier (novel), 888 Walloons Vallée, Jean de la, 610 immigration to Scandinavia, 169, 374, 1025 Vallerius, Harald, 518 in Sweden, 189 Veni Sancte Spiritus (ballet), 625 raw materials expert, 330 Venngarn, 610 Walter, Johann, 620 Venstre (political party, Denmark), 912, 916 Wandal, Hans, 377–8, 414, 548, 569 Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, 221–3, 239, war. See also military development 288 and international trade, 226–7 Verksted, Myrens, 762 and nobility, 132 Vi er et folk, vi kaldes skandinaver (song), and population growth, 163–6 929 and Swedish Reformation economy, 127–30 Við haﬁð (poem), 895 changing during Early Modern age, 268–9 Vier Bücher von wahrem Christenthumb (book), collecting revenue for, 125–6, 191, 316, 414 1027–9 Vikengen (poem), 897, 984 conscription in, 269–78 Viking colonisation, 279 heavy losses in, 1023 Vingboons, Jost, 611 in Denmark during Reformation, 200 Vinje, Aasmund, 893 permanent military preparedness for, 348, Virgin Islands colonies, 300–8 397–9 Visur Íslendinga (poems), 895 rivalry between Sweden and Norway, 310–25 Vitruvius Britannicus (book), 874 War of Kalmar. See Kalmar War Vladimir den store (epic poem), 898 War of Liberation (1568-1648), 326 Vladislav (Swedish king, and Polish prince), War of Spanish Succession, 302 77 Wargentin, Pehr, 443 Vogler, Georg (Abbé), 634 water power Voigtländer, Gabriel, 623 and industrial progress, 748 volcano (Icelandic), 284 transportation, 752–3 Voltaire, 582–5 Weckmann, Matthias, 623

1151

Index

Wecksell, Josef, 902 19th century, 686, 837–8 welfare (social), 206–9 Bible societies, 794 Welhaven, Johan Sebastian, 891–2, 968 fashion, 512–13, 515 Wergeland, Henrik, 778, 868, 891–2, 968 in associations, 800–1 Wernicke, Israel Gottlieb, 635 in folk high schools, 857 Wessel, Johan Herman, 633, 891 in literature, 890 Westen, Thomas von, 549 work and infant mortality, 702 West India and Guinea Company, 295–7, 301 work migrations, 812 West Indies (Caribbean) Worm, Christen, 569, 730–1 as Scandinavian colonies, 300–8 Worm, Ole, 92, 415, 602 colonisation of, 1017 Wrangel, Carl Gustav, 597–8, 610 slave trade, 295–9, 296, 300–6 Wright, Frances, 813 Weyse, Christoph Ernst, 636 Wrangel, Herman, 613 whaling writing literacy, 850–1 Greenland, 285 Wuchters, Abraham, 611 in Arctic, 285 Whitelocke, Bulstrode, 626 Zakrevskyi, Arsenii, 873 Wiedewelt, Johannes, 947 Ziegenbalg, Bartholomaeus, 547 Wikmanson, Johan, 634 Zinzendorf. Nikolaus Ludwig von, 552–3 Wilhelm, Friedrich, 261 Zwinger, Theodor, 92–3 Winstrup, Peder, 413, 415 Zwölff lutherischen Kirchen (book), 415 Winther, Christian, 889 witchcraft Älgskyttarne (epic poem), 901 during Reformation, 393–415 Älvsborg ransom, 411 Scandinavian, 78, 1032 With, Withe de, 240 Åbo Morgonblad (newspaper), 792 Wivallius, Lars, 614 Åhlström, Olof, 636 Wolff, Christian, 568, 570, 572, 580–1 Åland Islands, See Ahvenanmaa Wolker (von Walcker), Elias, 551 Wolimhaus, Simon, 415 Ørn, Jacob, 623 women Ørsted, Anders Sandøe, 914, 920 16th–17th centuries, 1015 18th century, 494–5, 498, 526–7 Þjóðólfur (newspaper), 1008

1152