Mifitary I Law Xeview

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Mifitary I Law Xeview I rr ,I Mifitary I Law xeview AMERICAN MILITARY LAW IN THE LIGHT OF THE FIRST MUTINY ACT'S TRICENTENNIAL Colonel Frederick Bernays Wiener, AUS (Retired) THE SIXTH ANNUAL WALDEMAR A. SOLF LECTURE IN INTERNATIONAL LAW. TERRORISM, THE LAW, AND THE NATIONAL DEFENSE Abraham D. Sofaer THE CULTURE OF CHANGE IN MILITARY LAW Eugene R. Fidel1 ANDREW JACKSON, MARTIAL LAW, CMLIAN CONTROL OF THE MILITARY, AND AMERICAN POLITICS: AN INTRIGUING AMALGAM Jonathan Lurie INSTRUCI'IONS AND ADVOCACY Major Michael D. Warren and Lieutenant Colonel W. Gary Jewel1 Volume 126 Fall 1989 Pamphlet HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY NO. 27-100-126 Washington, D.C., Fall 1989 MILITARY LAW REVIEW-VOL. 126 The Military Law Review has been published quarterly at The Judge Advocate General’s School, US. Army, Charlottesville, Vir- ginia, since 1958. The Review provides a forum for those interested in military law to share the products of their experience and research and is designed for use by military attorneys in connection with their official duties. Writings offered for publication should be of direct concern and import in this area of scholarship, and preference will be given to those writings having lasting value as reference material for the military lawyer. The Review encourages frank discussion of relevant legislative, administrative, and judicial developments. EDITORIAL STAFF MAJOR ALAN D. CHUTE,Editor MS. EVA F. SKINNER, Editorial Assistant SUBSCRIFWONS: Private subscriptions may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Publication exchange subscriptions are available to law schools and other organizations that publish legal periodicals. Editors or publishers of such periodicals should address inquiries to the Editor of the Review. Inquiries concerning subscriptions for active Army legal offices, other Federal agencies, and JAGC officers in the ARNGUS not on ac- tive duty should be addressed to the Editor of the Review. The editorial staff uses address tapes furnished by the U.S. Army Reserve Personnel Center to send the Review to JAGC officers in the USAR; Reserve judge advocates should promptly inform the Reserve Per- sonnel Center of address changes. Judge advocates of other military departments should request distribution from their service’s publica- tion channels. CITATION: This issue of the Review may be cited as 126 Mil. L. Rev. (number of page) (1989). Each quarterly issue is a complete, separate- ly numbered volume. i POSTAL INFORMATION: The Military Law Review (ISSN 0026- 4040) is published quarterly at The Judge Advocate General’s School, U.S. Army, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903-1781. Second-class postage paid at Charlottesville, Virginia and additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Military Law Review, The Judge Advocate General’sSchool, U. S. Army, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903-1781. INDEXING: The primary Military Law Review indices are volume 91 (winter 1981) and volume 81 (summer 1978). Volume 81 included all writings in volumes 1through 80, and replaced all previous Review indices. Volume 91 included writings in volumes 75 through 90 (ex- cluding Volume Sl), and replaced the volume indices in volumes 82 through 90. Volume indices appear in volumes 92 through 95, and were replaced by a cumulative index in volume 96. A cumulative index for volumes 97-101 appears in volume 101, and a cumulative index for volumes 102-111 appears in volume 111. Volume 121 con- tains a cumulative index for volumes 112-121. Military Law Review articles are also indexed in A Bibliography of Contents: Political Science and Government; Legal Contents (C.C.L.l?); Index to Legal Periodicals; Monthly Catalogue of United States Government Publications; Index to US. Govmment Periodi- cals; Legal Rescvurces Index; three computerized data bases, the Pub- lic Affairs Information Service, The Social Science Citation Index, and LEXIS; and other indexing services. Issues of the Military Law Review are reproduced on microfiche in Current US. Government Periodicals on Microfiche,by Infordata International Inc., Suite 4602, 175 East Delaware Place, Chicago, Illinois 60611. ii MILITARY LAW REVIEW TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page Thesis Topics of the 37th Judge Advocate Officer Graduate Course ................................. V American Military Law in the Light of the First Mutiny Act's Tricentennial Colonel Frederick Bernays Wiener, AUS (Retired) 1 The Sixth Annual Waldemar A. Solf Lecture in International Law: Terrorism, the Law, and the National Defense Abraham D. Sofaer ............................... 89 The Culture of Change in Military Law Eugene R. Fidel1 ................................. 125 Andrew Jackson, Martial Law, Civilian Control of the Military, and American Politics: An Intriguing Amalgam Jonathan Lurie .................................. 133 Instructions and Advocacy Major Michael D. Warren and Lieutenant Colonel W. Gary Jewel1 ................. 147 iii SUBMISSION OF WRITINGS: Articles, comments, recent development notes, and book reviews should be submitted typed in duplicate, double-spaced, to the Editor, Military Law Reviau,The Judge Advocate General’s School, US.Army, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903-1781 (hereinafter TJAGSA). Authors should also submit a 5 ?h inch com- puter diskette containing their articles in an IBM-compatible format. Footnotes also must be typed double-spaced and should appear as a separate ap- pendix at the end of the text. Footnotes should be numbered consecutively from the beginning to end of a writing not chapter by chapter. Citations should conform to the Uniform System of Citation (14th ed. 1986), copyrighted by the Columbia, Har- vard, and University of Pennsylvania Law Reviews and the Yale Law Journal, and to Military Citation (TJAGSA 4th ed. 1988) (available through the Defense Technical Information Center, ordering number AD B124193). Masculine pronouns appearing in the text will refer to both genders unless the context indicates another use. Typescripts should include biographical data concerning the author or authors. This data should consist of grade or other title, present and immediate past positions or duty assignments, all degrees, with names of granting schools and years received, bar admissions, and previous publications. If the article was a speech or was prepared in partial fulfilment of degree requirements, the author should include date and place of delivery of the speech or the source of the degree. EDITORIAL REVIEW: The Editorial Board of the Military Law Review consists of the Deputy Commandant of The Judge Advocate General’s School; the Director, Academic Department; the Director, Developments, Doctrine, and Literature Depart- ment; and the Editor of the Review. They are assisted by instructors from the teaching divisions of the School’s Academic Department. The Board submits its recommenda- tions to the Commandant, TJAGSA, who has final approval authority for writings published in the Review. The Military Law Review does not purport to promulgate Department of the Army policy or to be in any sense directory. The opinions and con- clusions reflected in each writing are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of The Judge Advocate General or any governmental agency. The Board will evaluate all material submitted for publication. In determining whether to publish an article, note, or book review, the Board will consider the item’s substantive accuracy, comprehensiveness, organization, clarity, timeliness, originali- ty, and value to the military legal community. There is no minimum or maximum length requirement. When a writing is accepted for publication, a copy of the edited manuscript will generally be provided to the author for prepublication approval. Minor alterations may be made in subsequent stages of the publication process without the approval of the author. Because of contract limitations, neither galley proofs nor page proofs are provided to authors. Reprints of published writings are not available. Authors receive complimentary copies of the issues in which their writings appear. Additional copies are usually available in limited quantities. They may be requested from the Editor of the Review. BACK ISSUES: Copies of recent back issues are available to Army legal offices in limited quantities from the Editor of the Review. Bound copies are not available and subscribers should make their own arrangements for binding if desired. REPRINT PERMISSION: Contact the Editor, Military Law Review, The Judge Ad- vocate General’s School, U.S. Army, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903-1781. iv THESIS TOPICS OF THE 37TH JUDGE ADVOCATE OFFICER GRADUATE COURSE Nine students from the 37th Judge Advocate Officer Graduate Course, which graduated in May 1989, participated in the Thesis Pro- gram. The Thesis Program is an optional part of the LL.M. cur- riculum. It provides students an opportunity to exercise and to im- prove analytical, research, and writing skills and, equally important, to produce publishable articles that will contribute materially to the military legal community. All graduate course theses, including those of the 37th Graduate Course, are available for reading in the library of The Judge Advocate General’s School. They are excellent research sources. In addition, many are published in the Military Law Mew. The following is a listing, by author and title, of the theses of the 37th Judge Advocate Officer Graduate Course: Major David A. Anderson, Spying in Violation of Article
Recommended publications
  • Early Understandings of the "Judicial Power" in Statutory Interpretation
    ARTICLE ALL ABOUT WORDS: EARLY UNDERSTANDINGS OF THE 'JUDICIAL POWER" IN STATUTORY INTERPRETATION, 1776-1806 William N. Eskridge, Jr.* What understandingof the 'judicial Power" would the Founders and their immediate successors possess in regard to statutory interpretation? In this Article, ProfessorEskridge explores the background understandingof the judiciary's role in the interpretationof legislative texts, and answers earlier work by scholars like ProfessorJohn Manning who have suggested that the separation of powers adopted in the U.S. Constitution mandate an interpre- tive methodology similar to today's textualism. Reviewing sources such as English precedents, early state court practices, ratifying debates, and the Marshall Court's practices, Eskridge demonstrates that while early statutory interpretationbegan with the words of the text, it by no means confined its searchfor meaning to the plain text. He concludes that the early practices, especially the methodology ofJohn Marshall,provide a powerful model, not of an anticipatory textualism, but rather of a sophisticated methodology that knit together text, context, purpose, and democratic and constitutionalnorms in the service of carrying out the judiciary's constitutional role. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction .................................................... 991 I. Three Nontextualist Powers Assumed by English Judges, 1500-1800 ............................................... 998 A. The Ameliorative Power .............................. 999 B. Suppletive Power (and More on the Ameliorative Pow er) .............................................. 1003 C. Voidance Power ..................................... 1005 II. Statutory Interpretation During the Founding Period, 1776-1791 ............................................... 1009 * John A. Garver Professor ofJurisprudence, Yale Law School. I am indebted toJohn Manning for sharing his thoughts about the founding and consolidating periods; although we interpret the materials differently, I have learned a lot from his research and arguments.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume II: Rights and Liberties Howard Gillman, Mark A. Graber
    AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONALISM Volume II: Rights and Liberties Howard Gillman, Mark A. Graber, and Keith E. Whittington INDEX OF MATERIALS ARCHIVE 1. Introduction 2. The Colonial Era: Before 1776 I. Introduction II. Foundations A. Sources i. The Massachusetts Body of Liberties B. Principles i. Winthrop, “Little Speech on Liberty” ii. Locke, “The Second Treatise of Civil Government” iii. The Putney Debates iv. Blackstone, “Commentaries on the Laws of England” v. Judicial Review 1. Bonham’s Case 2. Blackstone, “Commentaries on the Laws of England” C. Scope i. Introduction III. Individual Rights A. Property B. Religion i. Establishment 1. John Witherspoon, The Dominion of Providence over the Passions of Man ii. Free Exercise 1. Ward, The Simple Cobler of Aggawam in America 2. Penn, “The Great Case of Liberty of Conscience” C. Guns i. Guns Introduction D. Personal Freedom and Public Morality i. Personal Freedom and Public Morality Introduction ii. Blackstone, “Commentaries on the Laws of England” IV. Democratic Rights A. Free Speech B. Voting i. Voting Introduction C. Citizenship i. Calvin’s Case V. Equality A. Equality under Law i. Equality under Law Introduction B. Race C. Gender GGW 9/5/2019 D. Native Americans VI. Criminal Justice A. Due Process and Habeas Corpus i. Due Process Introduction B. Search and Seizure i. Wilkes v. Wood ii. Otis, “Against ‘Writs of Assistance’” C. Interrogations i. Interrogations Introduction D. Juries and Lawyers E. Punishments i. Punishments Introduction 3. The Founding Era: 1776–1791 I. Introduction II. Foundations A. Sources i. Constitutions and Amendments 1. The Ratification Debates over the National Bill of Rights a.
    [Show full text]
  • The Honorable Judge Sara J. Harper Profile Highlights
    The Honorable Judge Sara J. Harper Profile Highlights: • Attorney, human rights activist, mother and judge • First woman appointed to the Marine Corps judiciary • Retired from U.S. Marine Corps as Lieutenant Colonel in 1986 • Co-founded the first Victims’ Rights program in the country • First African American woman to win a seat on the Ohio Court of Appeals • Ohio Veterans Hall of Fame Inductee • Ohio Civil Rights Hall of Fame Inductee • National Bar Association’s Hall of Fame Inductee Judge Sara J. Harper (born August 10, 1926) grew up in Cleveland in Outhwaite Estates, a public housing complex in Cleveland. Her passion for service began early at the age of eight, when she got involved in Republican Party politics. Throughout her lifetime, she attended party meetings, distributed literature, and would take her mother lunch on election day, while she worked polling places as a Republican booth worker. • In 2014, Judge Sara J. Harper received recognition for her exemplary service from the Republican National Committee. Her Distinguished Career Judge Sara J. Harper graduated from John Adams High School in the Cleveland Metropolitan School District. After graduating from Cleveland College in 1948, Sara J. Harper went on to become the first African-American woman to graduate from Case Western Reserve University’s School of Law when she earned her degree in 1952. • Judge Harper later served as president of the Case Western Reserve University Law School Alumni Association. And, in 2017, Judge Sara J. Harper was honored by the Case Western Reserve University Trailblazer Project, as a distinguished alumnus of color who made history at Case Western Reserve University, in the community, and beyond.
    [Show full text]
  • Grandmama of Europe: the Crowned Descendants of Queen Victoria Free Download
    GRANDMAMA OF EUROPE: THE CROWNED DESCENDANTS OF QUEEN VICTORIA FREE DOWNLOAD Theo Aronson | 680 pages | 19 Nov 2014 | Thistle Publishing | 9781910198049 | English | United States Grandmama of Europe; the crowned descendants of Queen Victoria A very Grandmama of Europe: The Crowned Descendants of Queen Victoria book by Mr. Louise of Denmark. Paul of Greece [N Grandmama of Europe: The Crowned Descendants of Queen Victoria. A great starting off point as the book gives a very clear picture of those descendants of Queen Victoria who later became European monarchs. A woman of progressive opinions and… More. Seller Inventory Loved reading this piece of non-fic! About this Item: Theo Aronson, Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. I must admit, it was difficult trying to keep track of all the whose who, and how they were all connected Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine. The author has used many many letters from Queen Victoria to her children and grandchildren and theirs to her, so there is a lot of pr I enjoyed this book greatly. All orders are dispatched the following working day from our UK warehouse. A re-release of a book originally published inthe coverage ends before the reigns of Juan Carlos of Spain or Carl Gustav of Sweden. Sophia Queen of the Hellenes. However, these two marriages were not the only unions amongst and between descendants of Victoria and Christian IX. Very thoroughly researched and includes many anecdotes. Tamara rated it it was amazing Jul 14, Great insight into the influence that Queen Victoria's progeny had over the world and how even those familial relationships couldn't stop the coming of WWI.
    [Show full text]
  • Lloyd Cutler
    White House Interview Program DATE: July 8, 1999 INTERVIEWEE: LLOYD CUTLER INTERVIEWER: Martha Kumar With Nancy Kassop MK: May we tape? LC: Yes, but I’d like to have one understanding. I have been misquoted on more than one occasion. I’ll be happy to talk to you about what I think about the transition but I don’t want my name attached to any of it. MK: Okay. So we’ll come back to you for any quotes. We’re going to look at both aspects: the transition itself and then the operations of the office. Working on the theory that one of the things that would be important for people is to understand how an effective operation works, what should they be aiming toward? For example, what is a smooth-running counsel’s office? What are the kinds of relationships that should be established and that sort of thing? So, in addition to looking at the transition, we’re just hoping they’re looking toward effective governance. In your time in Washington, observing many administrations from various distances, you have a good sense of transitions, what works and what doesn’t work. One of the things we want to do is isolate what are the elements of success—just take a number, six elements, five elements—that you think are common to successful transitions. What makes them work? LC: Well, the most important thing to grasp first is how much a White House itself, especially as it starts off after a change in the party occupying the White House, resembles a city hall.
    [Show full text]
  • Just Because John Marshall Said It, Doesn't Make It So: Ex Parte
    Maurice A. Deane School of Law at Hofstra University Scholarly Commons at Hofstra Law Hofstra Law Faculty Scholarship 2000 Just Because John Marshall Said it, Doesn't Make it So: Ex Parte Bollman and the Illusory Prohibition on the Federal Writ of Habeas Corpus for State Prisoners in the Judiciary Act of 1789 Eric M. Freedman Maurice A. Deane School of Law at Hofstra University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.hofstra.edu/faculty_scholarship Recommended Citation Eric M. Freedman, Just Because John Marshall Said it, Doesn't Make it So: Ex Parte Bollman and the Illusory Prohibition on the Federal Writ of Habeas Corpus for State Prisoners in the Judiciary Act of 1789, 51 Ala. L. Rev. 531 (2000) Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.hofstra.edu/faculty_scholarship/53 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarly Commons at Hofstra Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hofstra Law Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons at Hofstra Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MILESTONES IN HABEAS CORPUS: PART I JUST BECAUSE JOHN MARSHALL SAID IT, DOESN'T MAKE IT So: Ex PARTE BoLLMAN AND THE ILLUSORY PROHIBITION ON THE FEDERAL WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS FOR STATE PRISONERS IN THE JUDIcIARY ACT OF 1789 Eric M. Freedman* * Professor of Law, Hofstra University School of Law ([email protected]). BA 1975, Yale University;, MA 1977, Victoria University of Wellington (New Zea- land); J.D. 1979, Yale University. This work is copyrighted by the author, who retains all rights thereto.
    [Show full text]
  • Early 19C America: Cultural Nationalism
    OPENING- SAFE PLANS Study for Ch. 10 Quiz! • Jefferson (Democratic • Hamilton (Federalists) Republicans) • S-Strict Interpretation • P-Propertied and rich (State’s Rights men • A-Agriculture (Farmers) • L-Loose Interpretation • F-France over Great Britain • A-Army • E-Educated and common • N-National Bank man • S-Strong central government Jeffersonian Republic 1800-1812 The Big Ideas Of This Chapter 1. Jefferson’s effective, pragmatic policies strengthened the principles of two-party republican gov’t - even though Jeffersonian “revolution” caused sharp partisan battles 2. Despite his intentions, Jefferson became deeply entangled in the foreign-policy conflicts of the Napoleonic era, leading to a highly unpopular and failed embargo that revived the moribund Federalist Party 3. James Madison fell into an international trap, set by Napoleon, that Jefferson had avoided. The country went to war against Britain. Western War Hawks’ enthusiasm for a war with Britain was matched by New Englanders’ hostility. “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists” Is that true? Economically? Some historians say they are the same b/w Jefferson and Hamilton both dealt with rich people - be they merchants or southern planters Some historians say they are the same b/c Jefferson did not hold to his “Strict Constructionist” theory because 1. Louisiana purchase 2. Allowing the Nat’l bank Charter to expire rather than “destroying it” as soon as he took office 1800 Election Results 1800 Election Results (16 states in the Union) Thomas Democratic Virginia 73 52.9%
    [Show full text]
  • Report of the Judges of the Court on Managing Transitions in the Judiciary
    30 January 2020 Report of the judges of the Court on Managing Transitions in the Judiciary I. Introduction 1. “Transitions”, for purposes of this memorandum, means the process of bringing the service of judges to a close upon the statutory end of their term; as the replacement judges commence their service. 2. A key challenge in the management of transitions in the judiciary is that posed by the end of mandate of one-third of the Court’s judges every three years. This necessitates proper management of the circumstances resulting in the continuation in office of a judge who remains at the Court to complete a trial or appeal in accordance with article 36(10) of the Rome Statute, even though her or his mandate has expired.1 To date, 10 judges have had extensions of mandate under this provision, the duration of which has ranged from several months2 to several years (i.e. between approximately 1.5 – 4 years).3 The present report focuses on this issue. It is an issue the current Presidency has taken up on its own to try and resolve – long before its resonance in aspects of the Draft Non-Paper produced by the Bureau of the ASP. By way of the latter, States Parties have identified the possible need to ‘[d]evelop and implement clear and firm procedures for managing transitions in the judiciary, such as the use of alternate judges, handover strategies etc’.4 1 Article 36(10) provides: ‘Notwithstanding paragraph 9, a judge assigned to a Trial or Appeals Chamber in accordance with article 39 shall continue in office to complete any trial or appeal the hearing of which has already commenced before that Chamber’.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 753 Circuit Courts
    Updated 2019−20 Wis. Stats. Published and certified under s. 35.18. September 17, 2021. 1 Updated 19−20 Wis. Stats. CIRCUIT COURTS 753.04 CHAPTER 753 CIRCUIT COURTS 753.01 Term of office. 753.077 Preservation of judgments. 753.016 Judicial circuit for Milwaukee County. 753.09 Jury. 753.03 Jurisdiction of circuit courts. 753.10 Attendance of officers, pay; opening court. 753.04 Writs, how issued; certiorari. 753.19 Operating costs; circuit court. 753.05 Seals. 753.22 When court to be held. 753.06 Judicial circuits. 753.23 Night and Saturday sessions. 753.0605 Additional circuit court branches. 753.24 Where court to be held. 753.061 Court; branch; judge. 753.26 Office and records to be kept at county seat. 753.065 Naturalization proceedings, venue. 753.30 Clerk of circuit court; duties, powers. 753.07 Circuit judges; circuit court reporters; assistant reporters; salaries; retire- 753.32 Clerks, etc., not to be appraisers. ment; fringe benefits. 753.34 Circuit court for Menominee and Shawano counties. 753.073 Expenses. 753.35 Rules of practice and trial court administration. 753.075 Reserve judges; service. 753.01 Term of office. The term of office of every elected cir- judges, officers and employees thereof with suitable accommoda- cuit judge is 6 years and until the successor is elected and quali- tions, adequately centralized and consolidated, and with the nec- fied, commencing with the August 1 next succeeding the election. essary furniture and supplies and make provision for its necessary History: 1975 c. 61, 178, 199, 422; 1977 c. 187 s. 92; Stats.
    [Show full text]
  • Scr Chapter 10 Regulation of the State
    SCR CHAPTER 10 REGULATION OF THE STATE BAR JUDICIAL COUNCIL COMMITTEE'S NOTE, 1979: The following rules, called the state bar rules, govern the state bar of Wisconsin and its members. SCR 10.01 is in the 1977 Wisconsin statutes as section 758.25. SCR 10.02 to 10.14 were originally adopted by the supreme court on December 7, 1956, effective January 1, 1957. They were amended on February 9, 1972; June 16, 1975; November 1, 1976; November 18, 1977; March 6, 1978; and December 14, 1978. The rules were originally numbered 1 to 14 and have been clarified and numbered SCR 10.02 to 10.14 for uniformity and convenience. See appendix for bylaws for state bar of Wisconsin. Certain provisions relating to fees will be contained in SCR 40.16. SCR 10.01 State Bar of Wisconsin. (1) There shall be an association to be known as the "state bar of Wisconsin" composed of persons licensed to practice law in this state, and membership in the association shall be a condition precedent to the right to practice law in Wisconsin. (2) The supreme court by appropriate orders shall provide for the organization and government of the association and shall define the rights, obligations and conditions of membership therein, to the end that the association shall promote the public interest by maintaining high standards of conduct in the legal profession and by aiding in the efficient administration of justice. SCR 10.02 Organization of the state bar of Wisconsin. (1) Creation of Association. All persons licensed to practice law in this state are organized as an association to be known as the "state bar of Wisconsin," subject to the provisions of this chapter.
    [Show full text]
  • Travelling Law
    Draft: cite only with authors permission Craig Jones1 Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Travelling Law Targeted Killing, Lawfare and the Deconstruction of the Battlefield Striking Origins Above the Palestinian village of Beit Sahour on the morning of November 9th 2000 an Israeli Air Force (IAF) helicopter could be heard. Then, an explosion. The Jeep of Hussein Abiyat went up in flames, and with it the senior member of Fatah. The anti-tank missile killed Abiyat and two innocent elderly women. Collateral damage. Later that day, two months after the outbreak of the second Intifada, the Israeli military publically assumed responsibility for the strike: “During an operation initiated by the IDF, in the area of the village of Beit Sahour, missiles were launched from Air Force helicopters towards the vehicle of a senior activist of the Fatah Tanzim. The pilots reported the target was accurately hit. The activist was killed and his deputy, who was with him, was injured."1 The announcement marked the beginning of Israel’s official assassination policy. The justification and legal contention was that Israel had entered what IDF lawyers called “an armed conflict short of war”2 and Israel was thus entitled to target and kill enemy individuals as permitted by the rules of war. Though it might now seem difficult to believe, the European Union and the U.S. condemned the attacks and rejected the Israeli legal justification. British Foreign Secretary Jack Straw claimed that the assassinations were "unlawful, unjustified and self-defeating"3. The E.U. said the policy amounted to "extrajudicial killings", while U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • White House Transition Interview
    White House Interview Program DATE: December 29, 1999 INTERVIEWEE: GERALD RAFSHOON INTERVIEWER: Martha Kumar [Disc 1 of 1] MK: When you’d like to go off-the-record or on-background, that’s fine as well. Ultimately the material goes into a presidential library; it will go into the [Jimmy] Carter Library. We’re working with the National Archives on it. The full interviews don’t come out publicly until 2001, when a new President comes in, and also you’ve had a chance to go over the transcript. GR: Okay. MK: It’s going to be used in various ways. It’s a group of presidency scholars and we’re doing profiles of seven offices. We’ve selected seven offices. And we’ll go back over time to the [Richard] Nixon administration, and profile what the functions have been, the responsibilities, different ways in which they’ve been organized. I’m writing the one by myself on communications. I’m doing press and communications by myself. The pieces themselves are going to be short, although they’ll be on a pass-coded website for people coming in so they can then⎯in addition to reading the fifteen pages about some of the general things about the office⎯they’ll be able to select items within it as well. We’ll have links in to longer pieces. And then we’re doing what we call “Standards of a Successful Start” in the spring, which are isolating maybe eight elements that are common to successful transitions. GR: Interesting. Did you read Bob Woodward's latest book, Shadow: Five Presidents and the Legacy of Watergate? MK: Yes.
    [Show full text]