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Early 19C America: Cultural Nationalism

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Early 19C America: Cultural Nationalism OPENING- SAFE PLANS Study for Ch. 10 Quiz! • Jefferson (Democratic • Hamilton (Federalists) Republicans) • S-Strict Interpretation • P-Propertied and rich (State’s Rights men • A-Agriculture (Farmers) • L-Loose Interpretation • F-France over Great Britain • A-Army • E-Educated and common • N-National Bank man • S-Strong central government Jeffersonian Republic 1800-1812 The Big Ideas Of This Chapter 1. Jefferson’s effective, pragmatic policies strengthened the principles of two-party republican gov’t - even though Jeffersonian “revolution” caused sharp partisan battles 2. Despite his intentions, Jefferson became deeply entangled in the foreign-policy conflicts of the Napoleonic era, leading to a highly unpopular and failed embargo that revived the moribund Federalist Party 3. James Madison fell into an international trap, set by Napoleon, that Jefferson had avoided. The country went to war against Britain. Western War Hawks’ enthusiasm for a war with Britain was matched by New Englanders’ hostility. “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists” Is that true? Economically? Some historians say they are the same b/w Jefferson and Hamilton both dealt with rich people - be they merchants or southern planters Some historians say they are the same b/c Jefferson did not hold to his “Strict Constructionist” theory because 1. Louisiana purchase 2. Allowing the Nat’l bank Charter to expire rather than “destroying it” as soon as he took office 1800 Election Results 1800 Election Results (16 states in the Union) Thomas Democratic Virginia 73 52.9% Jefferson -Republican Democratic Aaron Burr New York 73 52.9% -Republican John Adams Massachusetts Federalist 65 47.1% Charles Pinckney South Carolina Federalist 64 46.4% John Jay New York Federalist 1 0.7% Total Number of Electors 138 Total Electoral Votes Cast 276 Number of Votes for a 70 Majority 1800 Election Results (Into the House of Representatives!!) 1 vote for each State Thomas Virginia Democratic-Republican 10 62.5% Jefferson Aaron Burr New Democratic-Republican 4 25.0% York Blank ------- 2 12.5% •Despite their political differences, Hamilton knew that Jefferson was the better man for the job. Much more qualified than Burr This deadlock pointed out a flaw in Constitution – as a result 12th amendment was passed, requiring separate ballots be cast for President and VP A New Style Of Gov’t • Jefferson tried to cutback on government – He appealed to the common man (even wearing slippers and work clothes in the office!) • He reduced the size of the army • Halted an expansion of the navy • Cut back on costs of govt social functions http://www.netaonline.org/JeffersonAtDesk.jpg Significance First party overturn in history of the country Significance: demonstrated the effect of a two-party system Significance Jefferson surprisingly kept most of Hamilton’s Financial Plan intact • Kept most of go’vt officials • Did get rid of excise tax • Kept the B-FAT As a president, Jefferson is pragmatist rather than an idealist • Alien and Sedition Act expires • Congress enacted new naturalization law • *Succeeded in cutting nat’l debt and balancing budget by cutting gov’t spending. – Secretary of Treasury Albert Gallatin – gov’t that governs least, governs best – Gov’t for the people JOHN MARSHALL AND THE SUPREME COURT • Federalists are very important in the courts • Adams appointed John Marshall as Chief Justice; Marshall served for 30 years - Marshall’s decisions strengthened the power of Supreme Court and of federal government - he solidified the federalist position in the court THE “MIDNIGHT JUDGES” • As Adams is about to leave office, he pushes through Congress the Judiciary Act of 1801 • He adds 16 new federal judges! • All the new judges are – you guessed it – Federalists. (Adams hopes to influence future federal judiciary decisions this way.) • As he signed their appointments late on his last day in office they are called the Midnight Judges. JEFFERSON’S REACTION TO ADAMS’ “PACKING THE COURT” • Furious! – Jefferson argues that some of the documents authorizing the appointments had not been delivered by the time Adams left office, they were invalid • THIS LED TO ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT COURT CASES OF ALL TIME: – MARBURY v. MADISON MARBURY v. MADISON 1803 This creates the case of Marbury v Madison which is one of THE MOST IMPORTANT COURT DECISIONS in U.S. history – to-be-judge Wm. Marbury never got his papers from J. Madison – he takes it to court saying the Judiciary Act of 1789 required those papers to be delivered MARBURY v. MADISON 1803 What did the Court say? 1. Did Marbury have the right to the commission? • Pointing to law passed by Congress which told how justices of the peace should be appointed, the Court said he did 2. Was the gov’t required to make amends? • The Court said when gov’t officials (like Madison) hurt people (like Marbury) by neglecting their legal duties (such as delivering the commission), our laws require that a remedy be found 3. If the gov’t was required to make amends, did that mean that Madison must be ordered to deliver Marbury’s commission as Marbury had requested? • Here is the surprise: Marshal said: YES, a court could issue such an order, but NO, this was not the right court to issue it • Why wasn’t this the right court to issue it? Marbury had taken advantage of a part of the Judiciary Act that allowed complaints such as his be taken straight to the Supreme Court instead of going through the lower courts. Chief Justice Marshall, however, said that this law was unconstitutional. • The Constitution does say some cases can go straight to the Supreme Court but other cases must go through lower courts first. • It did not matter that Congress had passed a law saying something different, because the Constitution is a higher law • When two laws come into conflict, judges must obey the higher of them - in this case the Constitution MARBURY v. MADISON 1803 • In others words: The Supreme Court has power to rule a law by the Congress unconstitutional - • Significance: established Judicial Review • Importance: contrast w/ Va Ky resolutions which claimed states had the right of review…which is _______ theory Impeachment of Samuel Chase • Jefferson threatens Supreme Court • Impeachment voted on by House • Senate did not impeach • Henceforth, no attempts to reshape the Court by impeachment Tripolitan War 1801-1805 • Attack by pirates of N. Africa • Forced to buy protection • Pasha of Tripoli declared war on U.S. • U.S. Navy led by Stephen Decatur • “mosquito fleet” http://z.about.com/d/africanhistory/1/0/8/2/TripolitanWar.jpg THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE • 1800, Napoleon persuades Spain to return Louisiana to France. – [Spain had gotten it from France in 1762.] • Secret Transfer of Louisiana to France worries Jefferson – a strong French presence mid-continent may force US into an alliance w/ GB • Jefferson offers to buy New Orleans and western Florida from the French “Let’s Make a Deal” • Jefferson sends Monroe to negotiate w/ Napoleon • Napoleon had tried to reconquer France’s most important island colony (Saint Dominque, now Haiti), but failed b/c of Touissant, L’Ouverture • So Napoleon wants to sell all of Louisiana! • Monroe and Livingston (US ambassador to France) close the deal for $15,000,000 Is the purchase constitutional? • Jefferson actually doubted that the government could legally buy Louisiana – Especially for a “strict constructionist” – since no where in the Constitution does it say a president can buy land – It will cost and the debt will rise – Federalists dislike it b/c new western lands will be loyal to the Republicans • But Senate ratified the treaty. – Louisiana Purchase more than doubled the size of the US – Western half of richest river valley in the world – Guaranteed Mississippi waterway to the Gulf of Mexico including N.O. – Paved the way for expansion – Ended European expansion in North America – Avoided war w/ France – Boosted American nat’lism LEWIS AND CLARK • “The Corps of Discovery” – Jefferson appoints Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the new territory – From St. Louis to the Pacific – Information about unknown plants and animals – Learn as much as possible about Native Americans as they travel through the region – 2 years and 4 months resulting in acquisition of invaluable info about the western territories – Sacajawea serves as interpreter and guide Burr Conspiracy Burr vice president under TJ • Essex Junto: Small group of Federalist extremists plotted New England’s secession from the union and the creation of a seven-state northern confederacy • Federalist-dominated New England felt threatened by Jefferson’s political dominance & the La. Purchase which would lead to western expansion • Tried to get Hamilton to run for gov’nor of NY then lead the secessionist mov’t - Hamilton refused • They then turned to Burr • Hamilton defeated Burr in gov’nor election • Burr challenged him to a duel Burr Conspiracy • 1806 Burr tried to separate western part of U.S. and unite it w/ to-be- conquered Spanish territory west of La. Territory • Burr supported James Wilkinson, military gov’nor of upper La., who later told Jefferson • Burr arrested • John Marshall dropped the case when 2 witnesses for gov’t couldn’t be found Jefferson reelected in 1804 France vs. Britain Seas ruled by Britain Britain at war w/ France Chesapeake-Leopard Affair • Br. Commander of the H.M.S. Leopard demanded surrender of four alleged Br. Deserters on the U.S.S. Chesapeake - American cap’t refused • Leopard fired at the Chesapeake: 3 dead; 18 wounded • American reaction was the most hostile since the XYZ Affair (Br. admitted its error) • Jefferson called for action – Forbade Br. Ships to dock at American ports – Ordered st. gov’nor to bring up militia Embargo Act 1807 • Forbade export of all goods from the U.S.
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