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Exploring the Viking Image in Museums in Iceland and England

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Exploring the Viking Image in Museums in Iceland and England Vikings, the Barbaric Heroes: Exploring the Viking Image in Museums in Iceland and England and its Impact on Identity Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy At the University of Leicester By Gudrun D. Whitehead School of Museum Studies University of Leicester March 2013 Vikings, the Barbaric Heroes: Exploring the Viking Image in Museums in Iceland and England and its Impact on Identity Gudrun D. Whitehead Vikings: a term so well known that it instantaneously evokes an image of bloodthirsty warriors, weapons, hoards, burning monasteries and heroic battles. Despite growing academic knowledge about the limitations of this stereotype of Vikings, it is nevertheless strongly rooted within popular culture. How can visitors to museums help us to understand the role of Vikings in constructing, maintaining and modifying collective, national and personal identities? This research explores the image of Vikings in English and Icelandic society and in two museums, Víkingaheimar in Reykjanesbær, Iceland and Yorkshire Museum in Yorkshire, England. The aim of this thesis is analyse visitor responses to museum representations of the Vikings. Its findings demonstrate the role of collective memory in the meaning creation process within museums and the use of the Viking stereotype as a trope in order to construct collective, national and individual identities. Furthermore, by exploring individual responses to history, the research advances understanding of the impact within modern society of the Viking image and its representation within museums. It also shows how history, in particular, history beyond living memory, is used in order to make sense of present social issues. Fieldwork conducted at Víkingaheimar and Yorkshire Museum is analysed using theories on historical distancing, collective social memory, nationalism, otherness and representation within museums. These theories are discussed in relation to identity formation and collective memory to examine the role and influences of the Vikings and their age upon modern Icelandic and English society. The results show that participants in the study used the collective social past in order to rationalise present social issues and events. This enabled a positive interpretation and fluid formations of their various identities within the museum exhibition. Additionally, participants made the past more personal by reflecting on their own identity through history. Participants in this study are shown to interpret the past based upon collective memory, ignoring the museum’s historical exhibition narrative in favour of their pre-existing ideas on history. 2 Acknowledgements Throughout the course of my doctoral research I have received much support, encouragement and assistance from numerous individuals who made this thesis possible. Special thanks go to Dr Sheila Watson, my supervisor, whose inspirational guidance, encouragement and enthusiasm were invaluable to me. I would also like to thank Professor Simon Knell for his helpful advice and assistance. My research was also greatly assisted by the support, advice and assistance of the following individuals: Dr Guðni Elísson (University of Iceland) and Dr Martin S. Regal (University of Iceland) my former supervisors, who have continued to inspire my academic work, Dr Sigurjón B Hafsteinsson (University of Iceland) for encouraging me to start a doctoral study in the field. The students and staff at the University of Leicester have been invaluable to me, providing me with academic support and much needed entertainment throughout my studies. In particular I would like to thank Dr Viv Golding, Christine Cheeseman, Dr Julia Petrov, Dr Jennifer (biddy-buddy) Binnie, Stephanie Bowry, Vincent D Furnier, Jennifer Walklate, Elee Kirk and Dr Helen Saunderson. I am grateful for the cooperation and friendliness of the Yorkshire Museum and Víkingaheimar, along with the individuals affiliated with these institutions. Finally, I would like to thank my friends and family for their patience, love and support. In particular I am grateful to my parents for always believing in me. This thesis is dedicated to my late grandmother, Guðný Bjarnadóttir (1917-1996). 3 Table of Contents Picture Credits ................................................................................................................... 8 Figures .............................................................................................................................. 8 Tables ................................................................................................................................ 9 Glossary .......................................................................................................................... 10 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 14 Introducing the Vikings .................................................................................................. 14 Havoc, Honour and Heroism: The Making of the Viking Image in England and Iceland ........................................................................................................................................ 20 Icelandic Vikings ................................................................................................................ 20 English Vikings ................................................................................................................... 25 About the Author ............................................................................................................ 26 Thesis Structure .............................................................................................................. 28 Chapter 1 ......................................................................................................................... 31 Constructing the Image of the Vikings ........................................................................... 31 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 31 Brief History of the Viking Age ..................................................................................... 32 The Development of the Viking Image .......................................................................... 37 Conclusions: The Vikings through Time ........................................................................ 49 Chapter 2 ......................................................................................................................... 51 History, Meaning and Identity ........................................................................................ 51 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 51 What is Identity? ............................................................................................................. 52 Creating Meaning: Representation in Museums ............................................................. 58 Collective Memory ......................................................................................................... 64 Historical Distancing ...................................................................................................... 77 4 Nationalism ..................................................................................................................... 80 Ethnicity versus Race ...................................................................................................... 86 Otherness ........................................................................................................................ 90 Conclusions: Preconceived Ideas on History and Identity Creation within Museums ... 97 Chapter 3 ....................................................................................................................... 104 Methodology and Case Studies ..................................................................................... 104 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 104 Research Aims and Objectives ..................................................................................... 105 Choosing the Museums for Fieldwork .......................................................................... 106 Fieldwork Museums: Information and Layout ............................................................. 113 Text Panels and Glass Cases: Yorkshire Museum and Víkingaheimar Introduced ..... 120 Exhibition Analysis: Yorkshire Museum ..................................................................... 122 Exhibition Analysis: Víkingaheimar ............................................................................ 126 Development of Fieldwork ........................................................................................... 129 Icelandic Fieldwork: Translation Process and Word Explanations .............................. 140 Questionnaire Data: Statistical Information on Participants ......................................... 142 Conclusions: Research Developments and Methods Summarised ............................... 145 Chapter 4 ....................................................................................................................... 147 Word Association Responses ........................................................................................ 147 Introduction
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