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Godere (Ethiopia), Budongo (Uganda) and Kakamega (Kenya)

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Godere (Ethiopia), Budongo (Uganda) and Kakamega (Kenya) EFFECTS OF ANTHROPOGENIC DISTURBANCE ON THE DIVERSITY OF FOLIICOLOUS LICHENS IN TROPICAL RAINFORESTS OF EAST AFRICA: GODERE (ETHIOPIA), BUDONGO (UGANDA) AND KAKAMEGA (KENYA) Dissertation Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaft Fachbereich 3: Mathematik/Naturwissenschaften Universität Koblenz-Landau Vorgelegt am 23. Mai 2008 von Kumelachew Yeshitela geb. am 11. April 1965 in Äthiopien Referent: Prof. Dr. Eberhard Fischer Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Emanuël Sérusiaux In Memory of my late mother Bekelech Cheru i Table of Contents Abstract……………………………………………………………………………….......…...iii Chapter 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION.................................................................................1 1.1 Tropical Rainforests .........................................................................................................1 1.2 Foliicolous lichens............................................................................................................5 1.3 Objectives .........................................................................................................................8 Chapter 2. GENERAL METHODOLOGY..............................................................................10 2.1 Foliicolous lichen sampling............................................................................................10 2.2 Foliicolous lichen identification.....................................................................................10 2.3 Data Analysis..................................................................................................................12 Chapter 3 DIVERSITY OF FOLIICOLOUS LICHENS IN GODERE FOREST, ETHIOPIA..............................................................................................................22 3.1 Study area .......................................................................................................................22 3.2 Study sites.......................................................................................................................30 3.3 Results ............................................................................................................................31 3.4 Discussion.......................................................................................................................51 3.5 Conclusion......................................................................................................................55 Chapter 4 DIVERSITY OF FOLIICOLOUS LICHENS IN BUDONGO FOREST, UGANDA...............................................................................................................56 4.1 Study area .......................................................................................................................56 4.2 Study sites.......................................................................................................................68 4.3. Results ...........................................................................................................................69 4.4 Discussion.......................................................................................................................91 4.5 Conclusion......................................................................................................................94 Chapter 5. DIVERSITY OF FOLIICOLOUS LICHENS IN KAKAMEGA FOREST, KENYA ..................................................................................................................95 5.1 Study area .......................................................................................................................95 5.2 Study sites....................................................................................................................110 5.3 Results ..........................................................................................................................114 5.4 Discussion.....................................................................................................................140 5.5 Conclusion....................................................................................................................144 Chapter 6. DIVERSITY OF FOLIICOLOUS LICHENS ALONG DISTURBANCE GRADIENT: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GODERE, BUDONGO AND KAKAMEGA FORESTS...........................................................................145 6.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................145 6.2 Study area .....................................................................................................................146 6.3 Methodology.................................................................................................................149 6.4 Results ..........................................................................................................................150 6.5 Discussion.....................................................................................................................164 6.6 Conclusion....................................................................................................................171 References ..........................................................................................................................173 Appendices .........................................................................................................................197 Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................................263 ii Abstract Foliicolous lichens are one of the most abundant epiphytes in tropical rainforests and one of the few groups of organisms that characterize these forests. Tropical rainforests are increasingly affected by anthropogenic disturbance resulting in forest destruction and degradation. However, not much is known on the effects of anthropogenic disturbance on the diversity of foliicolous lichens. Understanding such effects is crucial for the development of appropriate measures for the conservation of such organisms. In this study, foliicolous lichens diversity was investigated in three tropical rainforests in East Africa. Godere Forest in Southwest Ethiopia is a transitional rainforest with a mixture of Afromontane and Guineo-Congolian species. The forest is secondary and has been affected by shifting cultivation, semi-forest coffee management and commercial coffee plantation. Budongo Forest in West Uganda is a Guineo-Congolian rainforest consisting of primary and secondary forests. Kakamega Forest in western Kenya is a transitional rainforest with a mixture of Guineo-Congolian and Afromontane species. The forest is a mosaic of near- primary forest, secondary forests of different seral stages, grasslands, plantations, and natural glades. Leaves carrying foliicolous lichens were collected from the forest understorey in the shady understorey and light gap microsite regimes. Morphological and anatomical characters were used for the identification of foliicolous lichens. Different indices were used for the computation of α- and β-diversity. The biogeographical distribution patterns of the foliicolous lichens of the study area and the possible use of foliicolous lichens as indicator of forest disturbance were analysed. A total of 70 species of foliicolous lichens and lichenicolous fungi belonging to 27 genera and 15 families were recorded from Godere Forest. From Budongo Forest 125 species of foliicolous lichens & lichenicolous lichens belonging to 32 genera and 16 families were recorded. From Kakamega Forest 137 species belonging to 41 genera and 17 families were recorded. In addition, 7 foliicolous lichens new to science have been recorded in this study. The most species-rich families in both forests were Pilocarpaceae, Porinaceae, Gomphillaceae, and Strigulaceae. iii In Godere higher foliicolous lichen diversity was recorded in Dushi than in Bishan Waka forest site. In Budongo high foliicolous lichen diversity was recorded in the young secondary and the primary swamp forests. In Kakamega Forest high foliicolous lichen diversity was recorded in the sites of Yala, Buyangu, Isiukhu, and Kisere. Low diversity was recorded in Malava, Kaimosi and Camp site. Among the 3 forests investigated, α-diversity was significantly higher in Kakamega and Budongo than in Godere forest. β-diversity was high in Kakamega and Budongo and low in Godere. Several studies have shown higher foliicolous lichen diversity in undisturbed primary forests than in disturbed secondary forests. Our study showed high foliicolous lichen diversity in both primary forest and secondary forests with little disturbance. Therefore, for the maintenance of high foliicolous lichen diversity in tropical Africa both primary and old growth forests should be conserved. This study has shown that foliicolous lichens are good indicators of forest disturbance. The composition of foliicolous differed from primary to secondary and disturbed forests. In addition, some foliicolous lichens were found to be restricted to a particular forest type. The distribution of forest sites along PCA ordination axis has been found to depend on the level of disturbance. Based on the distribution of species and forest sites on the PCA ordination biplot, indicator species for three forest types with different disturbance regimes were selected. Porina sphaerocephala, P. conica, P. radiate and Mazosia rotula were found to have high fidelity to undisturbed
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