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Der Limes Der Provinz Pannonia Inferior (106-294 N

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Der Limes Der Provinz Pannonia Inferior (106-294 N NICOLAE GUDEA DER LIMES DER PROVINZ PANNONIA INFERIOR (106-294 N. CHR.) Vorwort 459 Das Heer der Provinz Pannonia inferior ���������������������������������� 514 Das Heer von Pannonia inferior Einführung ���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 465 vor der territorialen Umorganisation 514 Ziel des Aufsatzes 465 Das Heer von Pannonia inferior Kurze Forschungsgeschichte 466 während der Herrschaft des Trajan (98-117) 516 Gegenwärtiger Forschungsstand 467 Die Versetzung einiger Militäreinheiten Quellen 468 von Pannonia inferior nach Dacia Porolissensis ���������������� 516 Arbeitsmethodik 469 Die Truppen des stehenden Heeres in Pannonia inferior zwischen 118 und 167 517 Die Lage der Provinz Pannonia Das Heer von Pannonia inferior vor der trajanischen Neuordnung 470 während der Markomannenkriege (167-180) 520 Kurze Geschichte Pannoniens bis 106 470 Das Heer von Pannonia inferior zwischen 180 und 294 520 Die Verteidigung der Provinz bis zu ihrer territorialen Die Waffen und Ausrüstung des römischen Heeres Aufteilung in trajanischer Zeit 473 in Pannonia inferior �������������������������������������������������������� 526 Die pannonische Flotte 529 Kurze Geschichte der Provinz Pannonia inferior Das römische Heer als Kultur- und Zivilisationsträger 530 (mit einem Schwerpunkt auf militärhistorischen Fragen) �������� 476 Die Militärgeschichte der Provinz Pannonia inferior 531 Die Teilung Pannoniens unter Trajan (105) 476 Die barbarischen Völker östlich von Pannonia inferior 531 Die Übernahme der regio Sirmiensis 478 Die militärischen Ereignisse an der Provinzgrenze ������������ 534 Pannonia inferior in der Zeit zwischen der Herrschaft des Die Teilnahme der römischen Truppen aus Hadrian und den Markomannenkriegen (118-170) 479 Pannonia inferior an kriegerischen Auseinander- Die Lage von Pannonia inferior setzungen außerhalb der Provinz ������������������������������������ 540 während der Markomannenkriege (167-180) 481 Ergebnisse ���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 541 Pannonia inferior in der Zeit Der Forschungsstand ������������������������������������������������������ 541 zwischen Commodus und Caracalla (180-217) 483 Die Struktur des Limes ���������������������������������������������������� 542 Pannonia inferior von Caracallas Tod bis zum Beginn Das Heer ������������������������������������������������������������������������ 543 der Tetrarchie (217-293) 487 Das Ende der Provinz ������������������������������������������������������ 544 Das Ende der Provinz Pannonia inferior (294) ������������������ 489 Katalog der Militäranlagen ���������������������������������������������������� 545 Der Limes der Provinz Pannonia inferior �������������������������������� 489 Abschnitt A �������������������������������������������������������������������� 545 Die Verteidigung von Pannonia inferior unter Trajan: Abschnitt B 606 die Holz-Erde-Kastelle 490 Abschnitt C �������������������������������������������������������������������� 618 Hadrian und die Errichtung der ersten Steinkastelle �������� 493 Literatur �������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 641 Der Limes von Pannonia inferior Zusammenfassung / Summary / Résumé 657 von Commodus bis Diokletian ���������������������������������������� 494 Die Limesstraße und die Verbindungen mit den dakischen Provinzen ������������������������������������������ 511 VORWORT Inwieweit die Eroberung Dakiens im Jahr 106 Auswirkungen auf die benachbarten Provinzen hatte, ist eine der bedeutendsten Fragen zur römischen Zeit in Südosteuropa Mit dieser Fragestellung haben sich bisher nur wenige Wissenschaftler intensiv befasst Der vorliegende Beitrag versucht, die Folgen der Eroberung Dakiens für die Provinz Pannonia inferior he- rauszuarbeiten Meiner Meinung nach zog die Eroberung dieser Provinz äußerst schwerwiegende Konse- quenzen nach sich Folgende Fragenkomplexe stehen dabei im Vordergrund: 1 Es wurden zahlreiche militä- rische Einheiten nach Dakien und später nach Dacia Porolissensis verlegt (Tab. 1-2); es ist unbekannt, wann genau diese Lücken in Panonnia inferior aufgefüllt wurden; 2 Wurden diese Truppen von den Familien der Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums 60 · 2013 459 Pannonische Truppen, MD Pannonia Standorte MD Moes. sup. MD Dacia eingesetzt in den in Dakerkriegen (101-106) Panno- nien CIL XVI, 26 CIL XVI, 30 CIL XVI, 31 CIL XVI, 42 CIL XVI, 47 CIL XVI, 46 CIL XVI, 54* RGZM 13* RMD III, 148 CIL XVI, 160/163 226 RMD IV, 80 84 85 98 102 100 103/105 109 110 114 I CIVIVM ROMANORVM × × × × × I BRITANNICA (Mill) cR × Azaum alae I AVG ITVRAEORVM SAG × Intercisa × × II ALPINORVM EQ × × × × Lussonium × × I BRITTONVM Mill VLP TORQVATA cR × × × × I MONTANORVM × × × × × × × × × V GALLORUM × × Ad Statuas × I BRITANNICA (Mill) cR EQ × × × × × × × cohortes I AVG ITVRAEORVM SAG × × × × × II HISPANORVM (SCVT CYREN EQ) × × × × VI THRACVM × × × × VIII RAETORVM × × × × Albertfalva × × Tab. 1 In den Militärdiplomen aufgeführte pannonische Truppen, die an den trajanischen Dakerkriegen teilnahmen, und ihre weiteren Verbindungen zu Dakien – * Militärdiplome nur fragmentarisch überliefert Soldaten und anderen Personen (Kaufleute, Handwerker, Händler usw.) begleitet?; 3. Zogen die zahlreichen Bewohner freiwillig nach Dakien um oder wurden sie dort angesiedelt?; 4. Kamen die vielen Handwerker (Keramik-, Fibelhersteller usw.) freiwillig nach Dakien? Es ist also bereits in den Jahren unmittelbar nach 106 mit einem beachtlichen Verlust an Bevölkerung, Heer, technischen landwirtschaftlichen Gerätschaften sowie an Vieh zu rechnen Dieser Zuwachs wurde infolge der archäologischen Forschungen der letzten Jahre in der Provinz Dakien nachgewiesen Wir wissen aber nicht, wie diese Verluste in der Provinz Pannonia inferior – vor allem aus militärischer Perspektive – ausgeglichen wurde (Tab. 3) Die Provinz Pannonia inferior als solche soll hier nicht im Mittelpunkt der Betrachtungen stehen Die Sach- verhalte bezüglich der Grenzen und der Organisation der Verteidigung wurden bereits von ungarischen Wissenschaftlern zufriedenstellend und umfassend behandelt In dem vorliegenden Aufsatz soll erforscht werden, was mit Pannonia inferior aus militärischer Perspektive geschah (von Interesse sind dabei vor allem die Anzahl und der Typus der Kastelle, die Zahl und Größe der Hilfstruppen in den Grenzkastellen und die innere Organisation der Kastelle), um die Kenntnisse über das Verteidigungssystem der dakischen Provinzen erweitern zu können Zudem soll nachvollzogen werden, inwieweit die Angriffe der Sarmaten – gegen die sowohl der westliche Limes Ober- und Unterdakiens und der Provinzen Dacia Apulensis und Porolissensis als auch der Limes der Provinz Pannonia inferior gerichtet war – ähnliche Veränderungen zur Folge hatten Es gibt viele Fragen: 1. Was geschah nach Pannoniens Teilung in den beiden Teilprovinzen?; 2. Was passierte mit den Kastellen, die von den Hilfstruppen verlassen wurden, als diese nach Dakien und später nach Dacia Porolissensis zogen?; 3. Wie und in welchem Zeitraum wurde die Verteidigung neu organisiert?; 4. In wel- chem Maße wurden die beiden Wellen der Truppenversetzungen (106-107; 117-119) durch Rekrutierungen oder Verlegungen neuer Truppen nach Pannonia inferior aufgefangen?; 5. Was geschah mit den Kastellen und ihren Truppen während der großen Angriffe auf Pannonia? 460 N. Gudea · Der Limes der Provinz Pannonia inferior (106-294 n. Chr.) MD Pannonia inferior MD Dacia superior MD Dacia Porolissensis Standorte in Dakien CIL XVI, 164 CIL XVI, 61 RGZM 17/18 347* RMD V, 251 RMD IV, CIL XVI, 175* 266 RMD IV, CIL XVI, 179 CIL XVI, 99 RMD II, 102/103 351* RMD V, 384* RMD V, CIL XVI, 90* CIL XVI, 107* CIL XVI, 108 RMD I, 21/22 233 RMD IV, RMD I, 35 404 RMD V, CIL XVI, 110* RMD I, 64 110 114 113/115 135 139 143 148 150 157 119 136/138 144 156 158 123 133 151 154 164 × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × Bologa × × × × × × × × × × × × Cășeiu × [×] × × × Buciumi / Moigrad × × × Bologa × × × Romita × [×] Teregova Pannonia inferior Standorte Dacia Porolissensis Standorte in Pannonia in Dacia inferior Porolissen- sis CIL XVI, 164 CIL XVI, 61 RGZM 17/18 RMD V, 347* RMD I, 35 404 RMD V, CIL XVI, 110* RMD I, 64 110 114 113/115 133 151 154 164 SILIANA cR × Alta Ripa × × × × Gilău alae I TVNGR FRONTONIANA × × × Intercisa × × × × Ilișua cohortes II NERV Pac BRITTON Mill × × × Buciumi Tab. 2 Nicht am Dakerkrieg beteiligte Truppen aus der Provinz Pannonia inferior, die nach Dacia Porolissensis verlegt wurden (118-119) Die ungarische Historiographie, die sich mit der römischen Epoche – vor allem mit dem 2-3 Jahr hun dert – beschäftigte und sich auch weiterhin beschäftigt, wurde bzw wird von einer meines Erachtens abzulehnen- den Katastrophentheorie (Angriffe der Barbaren, Zerstörung der Kastelle, Vernichtung der Truppen usw) dominiert Bei den nur in wenigen Kastellen durchgeführten Grabungen kamen keine Spuren von Zerstö- rungen (abgerissene Umwallungsmauern, Gebäude usw) zutage, und die verbrannten Überreste
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