DNVGL-ST-0017 Competence of Officers for Navigation In

STANDARD

DNVGL-ST-0017 Edition March 2017

Competence of officers for navigation in ice

The electronic pdf version of this document, available free of charge from http://www.dnvgl.com, is the officially binding version.

DNV GL AS FOREWORD

DNV GL standards contain requirements, principles and acceptance criteria for objects, personnel, organisations and/or operations.

Any comments may be sent by e-mail to [email protected]

This service document has been prepared based on available knowledge, technology and/or information at the time of issuance of this document. The use of this document by others than DNV GL is at the user's sole risk. DNV GL does not accept any liability or responsibility for loss or damages resulting from any use of this document. CHANGES – CURRENT

This document supersedes the February 2014 edition. Changes in this document are highlighted in red colour. However, if the changes involve a whole chapter, section or sub-section, normally only the title will be in red colour.

Main changes March 2017

• General There is an increased focus on navigating in ice due to climatic change and increased vessel movements in polar waters. This has resulted in the Polar Code becoming mandatory and the definition of specific training requirements in STCW. This standard precedes both Polar Code and STCW but has been updated to reflect Changes - current several additional competencies. — A large number of linguistic improvements were made throughout the document, increasing clarity. — The level of cognition was changed in several cases based on redefined competencies. — Table 3.1 renumbered due to several insertions.

• Section 1 Introduction — [1.1]: Emphasized that the competence standard is independent of a defined geographical area and applicability of Polar Code.

• Sec.3 Competence requirements — [3.1]: Previous statement Table 3.1, 1.1.2 moved to extended description under 3.1 General. — Table 3-1 1.1.2: Added based on Polar Code. — Table 3-1 1.3.1: MARPOL special areas added. — Table 3-1 1.3.3: The term 'waste management plan' added. — Table 3-1 1.3.6: Limitations of oil spill equipment in polar conditions added. — Table 3-1 1.6.11: Comparison of different ice class designations (Canadian, Swedish/Finnish, Russian) added. — Table 3-1 3.1.3: Use of the buddy system added. — Table 3-1 4.1.4: Limitations of SAR-resources, SAR communication and icebreaker support added. — Table 3-1 4.1.5: Performing a risk assessment for a voyage added. — Table 3-1 4.1.9: Identifying areas where shipping is prohibited, should be avoided or where operations shall be adjusted due to presence of polar wildlife (refuges, parks, migratory pathways, etc.) added. — Table 3-1 5.4.1: Terminology 'ice imagery and reconnaissance systems' added. — Table 3-1 6.1.13: Manoeuvre a vessel safely through moderate to dense ice concentrations (1/10-10/10) added. — Table 3-1 6.5.1: Demonstrate continuous monitoring of ice presence, ice movement/drift and resulting pressures from tides and wind, while navigating the vessel added. — Table 3-1 8.3.2: Explain the limitations of survival equipment in sub-zero conditions added.

Editorial corrections

In addition to the above stated changes, editorial corrections may have been made.

Standard — DNVGL-ST-0017. Edition March 2017 Page 3 Competence of officers for navigation in ice

DNV GL AS CONTENTS

Changes – current...... 3

Section 1 Introduction...... 5 Contents 1.1 Objective...... 5 1.2 Scope...... 5 1.3 Application...... 5 1.4 Professional profile...... 5 1.5 Required performance standard...... 5

Section 2 Taxonomy...... 6 2.1 General...... 6 2.2 Levels of cognition...... 6 2.3 Professional behaviour verbs...... 7

Section 3 Competence requirements...... 8 3.1 General...... 8

Changes – historic...... 21

Standard — DNVGL-ST-0017. Edition March 2017 Page 4 Competence of officers for navigation in ice

DNV GL AS SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Objective The objective of the standard is to state the essential competence criteria for ship's officers related to navigating in ice. It lists the performance-areas and expected competencies of a deck officer responsible for operations, course and speed of a vessel in cold weather conditions (below 0°C) and/or in ice infested waters from the moment the order is received to proceed to such an area, or when the voyage plan is made, until the moment that vessel leaves these conditions.

1.2 Scope This standard focuses on navigational and normal operational issues in these conditions, with the crew remaining on board the vessel. It only addresses deck/bridge-related competencies. Engine department, emergency evacuation and personal survival techniques in cold weather are not part of the scope.

1.3 Application The target group of the standard consists of 'officers who can be made responsible for determining course and speed and for manoeuvring the vessel in ice and cold weather conditions'. It is not limited to masters or chief officers. This standard exceeds Polar Code/STCW basic and advanced training requirements as it contains more performance elements. It can therefore be considered a best practice for navigating in ice infested areas and ice-conditions, regardless of the exact geographical location and applicability of the Polar Code. This standard can be used in the following ways: — as a reference to familiarise or assess people in a related role on board or on shore — as a reference for global competence and defining training requirements — as a guide to training providers, who are to develop courses according to the requirements of the standard and needs of the industry — as a reference document for e.g. certification of learning programmes and personnel.

1.4 Professional profile The ship’s officer should be capable of: — preparing the vessel for navigation in cold climatic conditions and in ice — analysing received weather and ice-information — creating a voyage plan — taking command of the vessel in cold climatic conditions and in ice — piloting the vessel in different ice-types and ice-conditions, either independently, assisted by icebreakers or when operating in convoy — berthing and un-berthing the vessel in an ice infested port.

1.5 Required performance standard Whilst undertaking the duties described in [1.4] the officer shall demonstrate all competencies in compliance with applicable international, national and local regulations and requirements. Reporting routines and requirements that apply to the area of operation shall also be complied with and the vessel shall be operated safely without damage to life, environment or property. The use of local operating procedures and guidelines for specific areas are referenced in the standard. Local documents, sources/websites contain much valuable detail on local issues and circumstances and will assist the officer in his preparation, decisions and actions.

Standard — DNVGL-ST-0017. Edition March 2017 Page 5 Competence of officers for navigation in ice

DNV GL AS SECTION 2 TAXONOMY

2.1 General Taxonomy of the required professional behaviour specifies the level on which the person should be able to operate. It is a hierarchical arrangement, in four (4) levels, of what a person shall master from simple to complex requirements, based on instructional design principles. For every next level, it is a prerequisite that the preceding level is mastered. The required professional behaviour is expressed by means of a verb.

2.2 Levels of cognition Each competence requirement can be classed by the level of cognition required to meet the competence requirement.

Table 2-1 Levels of cognition

Level 1: knowledge (K) To remember or to reproduce on basis of appropriate, previously learned information.

Level 2: understanding (U) To give meaning to new situations and/or new material by recollection and using necessary present information. To give evidence of insight in certain activities.

Level 3: application (A) To use previously acquired information in new and concrete situations to solve problems that have single or best answers.

Level 4: integration (I) To separate information into their component parts, to examine such information to develop divergent conclusions by identifying motives or causes, making inferences, and/or finding evidence to support generalizations. To creatively apply prior knowledge and skills to produce a new or original whole. To judge the value of material based on personal values or opinions, resulting in an end product, with a given purpose, without real right or wrong answers.

Standard — DNVGL-ST-0017. Edition March 2017 Page 6 Competence of officers for navigation in ice

DNV GL AS 2.3 Professional behaviour verbs The lists of verbs in the table below is not exhaustive and should be used as guidance only.

Table 2-2 Professional behaviour verbs

Level of cognition Relevant action verbs

Knowledge (K) Choose, cite, describe, distinguish, find, give example, group, identify, indicate, know, label, list, listen, locate, match, memorise, name, outline, quote, read, recall, recognise, record, recite, relate, repeat, reproduce, retrieve, review, select, show, sort, state, underline, write

Understanding (U) Account for, annotate, associate, check, classify, compare, define, describe, discuss, estimate, explain, give examples, give main idea, identify, infer, interpret, observe, outline, paraphrase, recognise, reorganise, report, restate, retell, research, review, summarise, translate

Application (A) Adapt, apply, arrange, calculate, carry out, change, collect, compute, conclude, construct, demonstrate, dramatise, draw, exhibit, execute, extract, illustrate, implement, include, instruct, interpret, interview, make, manipulate, obtain, operate, paint, practice, prepare, sequence, show, sketch, solve, translate, use

Integration (I) Analyse, appraise, argue, arrange, assess, attribute, calculate, categorise, check, choose, combine, compare, contrast, criticise, critique, debate, decide, deconstruct, deduce, defend, design, detect, determine, develop, diagram, differentiate, discriminate, dissect, distinguish, evaluate, examine, experiment, find, formulate, group, hypothesise, infer, investigate, integrate, interpret, inspect, inquire, judge, justify, measure, monitor, order, organise, outline, plan, predict, prioritise, probe, question, rank, rate, recommend, reject, relate, research, revise, score, separate, select, sequence, sift, structure, survey, tell why, test, validate, value, verify

Standard — DNVGL-ST-0017. Edition March 2017 Page 7 Competence of officers for navigation in ice

DNV GL AS SECTION 3 COMPETENCE REQUIREMENTS

3.1 General Each competence requirement is derived from a task that needs to be performed. The competence requirement is stated in objective format to clearly define what has to be done to satisfy the requirements of the competence. At the same time it facilitates the derivation of assessment criteria and the assessments to measure individual competencies. The competence requirements are grouped into eight (8) distinct functional domains, which are further sub- divided into 39 topics. Each competence requirement is allocated a level of cognition that can be used to determine the type of assessment required to measure competence.

Table 3-1 Competence requirements

ID Activity Required level of cognition

1. UNDERPINNING KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING

1.1 Regulations

1.1.1 Identify relevant local regulations and requirements for the voyage, based on the area(s) to be U transited (Northern Sea Route, Baltic, Alaska, Canadian Arctic, Greenland, Svalbard, Sea of Okhotsk, Antarctica)

1.1.2 Describe the extent of the Polar Code U

1.1.3 Explain when and where an ice pilot/navigator is required and how their services should be obtained U

1.1.4 Describe the extent of the Antarctic treaty area U

1.2 Reporting requirements

1.2.1 Describe the ship reporting system and reporting routines/requirements for the area of operation U (process, boundaries, services)

1.2.2 Find details on how to receive ice services and ice charts in an area I

1.2.3 Make an initial clearance request to enter an area (e.g.: Marine Ops HQ, Eastern Canada vessel A traffic services zone (ECAREG), Northern Canada vessel traffic services zone (NORDREG) (voluntary), Australian ship reporting (AUSREP), etc.)

1.2.4 Explain the importance of reporting unexpected delays in ETA due to ice-conditions U

1.2.5 Explain the importance and process of communicating sightings of ice and icebergs to authorities U

Canada

1.2.6 Prepare a routing message and after action report (Arctic ice regime shipping system) A

1.3 Environmental factors

1.3.1 Identify particular sensitive sea areas and special areas (MARPOL) regarding discharges U

1.3.2 Describe the consequences of pollution in a cold climate U

1.3.3 Develop a waste management plan to cope with increased volumes of garbage, bilge water, sewage I etc. on long stays

1.3.4 Identify discharge limitations according to applicable regulations in polar regions (e.g. ASPPR) U

Standard — DNVGL-ST-0017. Edition March 2017 Page 8 Competence of officers for navigation in ice

DNV GL AS ID Activity Required level of cognition

1.3.5 Operate with due regard for the safety of polar wildlife (seals, penguins, polar bears, whales) in the A vicinity

1.3.6 Explain the limitations of oil spill equipment in (ant)arctic conditions U

1.4 Weather forecast and conditions

1.4.1 Describe the characteristics of polar low pressure systems U

1.4.2 Recognise possible limitations in weather-forecast U

1.4.3 Recognise possible rapid changes in weather conditions U

1.4.4 Determine the need to adjust the voyage plan due to weather forecast and conditions A

1.4.5 Anticipate effects of weather, winds and current on drifting ice and ice pressure I

1.4.6 Explain the risks of sudden onshore winds U

1.4.7 Explain the risks of katabatic (outflow/fall) winds, especially in Antarctica and Greenland U

1.4.8 Explain when to expect local fog conditions and low visibility due to sea fog, sea smoke and snow U

1.5 Glaciology and ice recognition

1.5.1 Identify different sea-ice types (drift/pack ice, fast ice, floe, ice island, ice shelf, iceberg, nilas) U

1.5.2 Identify icebergs, bergy bits and growlers U

1.5.3 Describe differences in types of icebergs with reference to their stability U

1.5.4 Explain the risk of calving of icebergs, glaciers and ice shelves and the need to keep sufficient U distance

1.5.5 Describe hazardous ice conditions such as ridging and hummocks; shear zone ice and floe bergs; U grounded ice; pressure and compression; glacial and multi-year ice

1.5.6 Recognise the difference in behaviour between current-driven glacial ice and wind-driven pack-ice U

1.5.7 Recognise signs of ice in the vicinity U

1.5.8 Describe ‘ice blink’, ‘ice fog’ and ‘water sky’ U

1.5.9 Explain the value of observing seawater temperature in areas where ice is expected U

1.5.10 Explain ice terminology terms U

1.5.11 Interpret ice reports I

1.5.12 Interpret sea ice symbols U

Great Lakes and St. Lawrence

1.5.13 Interpret lake ice symbols U

1.5.14 Identify different lake ice types U

1.5.15 Recognise that ice may be submerged by weight of snow cover U

1.5.16 Recognise and avoid batture ice floes (St. Lawrence River) A

1.5.17 Explain the risks caused by the behaviour of frazil ice on the St. Lawrence River U

Standard — DNVGL-ST-0017. Edition March 2017 Page 9 Competence of officers for navigation in ice

DNV GL AS ID Activity Required level of cognition

1.6 Ship construction and class notations

1.6.1 Compare own ship’s class to polar class/ice classes I

1.6.2 Describe ice class characteristics for own vessel U

1.6.3 Explain the terms ‘ice belt’ and ‘ice draft’ U

1.6.4 Determine the location of ice strengthening for own vessel I

1.6.5 Determine the trimming requirements of own vessel regarding ice class I

1.6.6 Determine power and performance requirements for own ice classed vessel I

1.6.7 Determine the types of steel used in the vessel’s construction (shell expansion plan), indicating impact I risks

1.6.8 Discuss the effects of the brittleness of ship components due to sub-zero temperatures U

1.6.9 Explain the influence of ice class of own vessel on operational performance/limitations U

1.6.10 Describe the voyage limitations for different ice classed vessels U

1.6.11 Compare the different ice class designations (Canadian, Swedish/Finnish, Russian) I

1.7 Ship propulsion

1.7.1 Discuss benefits and hazards of open propeller versus ducted propeller (Kort nozzle) in ice transit U

1.7.2 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages / limitations of fixed and controllable pitch propellers U

1.7.3 Discuss the use and effectiveness of tunnel thrusters in ice U

1.7.4 Discuss the use of azimuthing propeller units in ice navigation U

1.7.5 Explain possible engine cooling intake problems while operating in ice U

2. VESSEL PREPARATION

2.1 Winterisation

2.1.1 Determine the suitability of a vessel to operate in arctic conditions and feasibility of winterising the I vessel

2.1.2 Implement a winterisation plan to operate a vessel in sub-zero temperature conditions I

2.1.3 Explain the importance of using a winter grade type oil or special arctic mix fuel I

2.1.4 Explain why steam-heating should be opened to all wing ballast tanks U

2.1.5 Explain the importance of draining piping, heating system, protective covers, sounding tanks and void U spaces

2.1.6 Explain why no freshwater ballast, but only seawater ballast should be retained U

2.1.7 Explain why ballast tanks should be slackened in a sub-zero environment U

2.1.8 Discuss actions to be taken for engine-room, sanitary systems, hydraulic pump room, steering gear U flat compartment, under deck passage and duct keel, bow thruster room, emergency generator room, emergency fire pump room, CO2 room and other fire fighting rooms

Standard — DNVGL-ST-0017. Edition March 2017 Page 10 Competence of officers for navigation in ice

DNV GL AS ID Activity Required level of cognition

2.1.9 Describe the preventive measures used to maintain deck equipment in operational readiness in sub- U zero conditions

2.1.10 Verify if the vessel and crew have been prepared for operations in ice and low air temperature in I accordance with applicable procedures/winterisation plan

2.1.11 Explain the importance of operational bridge window heating U

2.2 Resources

2.2.1 Determine quantities of salt on board, medicines and medical supplies, sufficient bunkers, food and A water for a voyage, possibly extended by ice conditions

2.2.2 Identify if adequate and sufficient equipment (clothing, ice mallets for ice-removal) is on board, U including possibly required additional equipment for the area of operation

2.3 Searchlights

2.3.1 Explain the importance of searchlights during arctic operations A

2.3.2 Ensure searchlights are properly positioned and ready for use at all times A

2.3.3 Use searchlights during operations in dark conditions A

3. CREW PREPARATION

3.1 Working conditions

3.1.1 Assess the anticipated working conditions for a voyage U

3.1.2 Establish safe working procedures in cold conditions A

3.1.3 Explain the importance of limiting exposure time for outside work and use of a buddy system in a cold U environment

3.1.4 Explain the chill effect of wind/temperature/humidity U

3.1.5 Identify early signs of frostbite and hypothermia U

3.1.6 Explain actions in case of frostbite and hypothermia U

3.1.7 Brief crew on expected conditions, duties, safe working procedures and how to avoid, recognise and A treat cold weather injuries

3.1.8 Explain the importance of informing crew when entering ice U

3.1.9 Explain the likelihood of prolonged outside mooring operations U

3.1.10 Explain the difficulty of handling mooring gear in cold conditions U

3.2 Crew safety

3.2.1 Explain how to prevent snow blindness U

3.2.2 Explain the importance of using layers of adequate and dry clothing in a cold environment U

3.2.3 Implement safety precautions to protect crew members who need to work out on the ice (e.g. A anchoring to ice) from polar bears (Arctic)

3.3 Living conditions

Standard — DNVGL-ST-0017. Edition March 2017 Page 11 Competence of officers for navigation in ice

DNV GL AS ID Activity Required level of cognition

3.3.1 Explain the possible effects of ice noise and vibration on sleeping patterns to crew U

3.3.2 Explain the possible effects of varying daylight hours on crew U

4. VOYAGE PLANNING

4.1 Risks and commercial considerations

4.1.1 Check charter party requirements against intended voyage U

4.1.2 Verify feasibility of the voyage, considering conditions, objective/cargo deliverable as per contract, I expected forces, hull, manoeuvring and engine characteristics

4.1.3 Verify lay time conditions for possible ice induced delays I

4.1.4 Recognise the limitations of SAR-resources, SAR communication and icebreaker support in remote U areas

4.1.5 Perform a risk assessment for a voyage through polar waters / ice, considering vessel and crew A aspects

4.1.6 Determine marine insurance limitations and coverage for potential towing A

4.1.7 Recognise higher fuel consumption in ice, even though distance may be shorter U

4.1.8 Recognise limited refuelling opportunities in remote operating areas U

4.1.9 Identify areas where shipping is prohibited, should be avoided or where operations shall be adjusted U due to presence of polar wildlife (refuges, parks, migratory pathways, etc.)

4.2 Collecting data

4.2.1 Interpret relevant documents and guidelines developed for the area of operation (e.g. ‘Guidelines for A ships operating in Arctic ice-covered waters’, ‘Ice navigation in Canadian waters’; ‘Guide to navigation through Northern Sea route’, etc.)

4.2.2 Identify local information sources for the planned voyage U

4.2.3 Explain the importance of discussing conditions with local agent U

4.2.4 Identify availability of ice breakers U

4.2.5 Identify sources for ice forecasts U

4.2.6 Obtain ice charts A

4.2.7 Recognise limitations of navigational information in polar regions (availability, language) U

4.3 Planning routes in ice

4.3.1 Plan a route through an ice environment, using available ice information, ice-charts, ice atlas, I seasonal outlooks and relevant publications

4.3.2 Verify if advised routes / routing instructions are up to date and indeed safe for your vessel I

4.3.3 Monitor updated routing instructions from authorities I

4.3.4 Judge ice movement and navigate the vessel accordingly I

4.3.5 Interpret the Baltic code for sea ice I

Standard — DNVGL-ST-0017. Edition March 2017 Page 12 Competence of officers for navigation in ice

DNV GL AS ID Activity Required level of cognition

4.3.6 Assess ice concentration in an area (in/10ths) I

4.3.7 Use the “ice egg” method (egg code) A

Canadian waters

4.3.8 Describe the conditions under which the Arctic ice regime shipping system (AIRSS) standards is U applied

4.3.9 Explain the differences between the zone/date system and the ice regime system U

4.3.10 Apply the zone/date system to vessel operation in Canadian waters, using the relevant tables A

4.3.11 Apply the AIRSS A

4.3.12 Perform ice numeral calculations I

4.3.13 Describe options when encountering a negative ice regime U

5. NAVIGATING IN HIGH LATITUDES

5.1 Charts and chart information

5.1.1 Recognise the chart projection for charts used in the polar regions (e.g. universal polar stereographic U (UPS) and the date of survey

5.1.2 Explain the differences in calculating distances and bearings between chart projections used for the U polar regions, as compared to universal transverse mercator (UTM) projections

5.1.3 Recognise the lack of correct and complete topographical data on charts of polar regions, and its U consequence on determining the height and detection range of land masses

5.1.4 Mark relevant information on charts such as anticipated ice edges, areas of close pack ice, A environmentally sensitive areas and known problem areas

5.1.5 Recognise that navigation marks in coastal areas may be removed or replaced by unlit winter spar U buoys and that listed light-characteristics cannot be relied upon

5.2 Positioning systems

5.2.1 Determine if the vessel has adequate positioning systems for the voyage A

5.2.2 Explain the need for cross-checking the ship’s position with other navigation systems U

5.2.3 Recognise limitations of positioning systems in high latitudes U

5.2.4 Describe the errors to be expected when plotting positions obtained by GPS on arctic charts U

5.2.5 Assess the effects and implications of loss/degradation of heading/gyro, position and speed inputs to I navigation and operating systems

5.2.6 Recognize effects of operating in ice on fathometers and pit log U

5.3 Compasses

5.3.1 Describe limitations of the magnetic compass in high latitudes U

5.3.2 Recognise high latitude errors in gyro U

5.3.3 Interpret manual of gyro for use in high latitudes I

Standard — DNVGL-ST-0017. Edition March 2017 Page 13 Competence of officers for navigation in ice

DNV GL AS ID Activity Required level of cognition

5.4 Ice remote sensing and radar

5.4.1 Describe the types, availability and limitations of sea ice remote sensing, ice imagery and U reconnaissance systems

5.4.2 Use sea ice remote sensing systems A

5.4.3 Interpret remote sensing images of ice I

5.4.4 Use radar for ice interpretation I

5.4.5 Properly tune a 3 cm radar for ice conditions A

5.4.6 Show presence of ice and ridging using 10 cm radar A

5.4.7 Differentiate between ice and other targets by adjusting gain, anti-clutter sea and/or anti-clutter rain I on the radar receiver

5.4.8 Locate an iceberg on radar by the clutter-free ‘shadow’ it may produce I

5.4.9 Interpret the differences in radar return from glacier ice/icebergs in comparison to similar sized I vessels.

5.4.10 Recognise the importance of making daytime comparisons of radar image with visual for increasing U radar interpretation skills by dark

5.4.11 Communicate radar-settings when handing over the watch A

5.4.12 Fix position using two or more radar-ranges A

5.5 Communication equipment

5.5.1 Determine if the vessel has the required (operational) communication equipment on board for I operating in polar regions

5.5.2 Recognize the effects of icing, brittle fracture and increased vibration from ice operations on ship’s U antennae

5.5.3 Describe operational limitations of communication equipment in high latitudes and low temperature U

6. SHIP-HANDLING IN ICE

6.1 General

6.1.1 Explain the hazards in connection with ballast and trim in relation to ice U

6.1.2 Set optimal trim/draft, ensuring that the propeller and rudder are well below the level of any ice to be A encountered

6.1.3 Explain the use of fenders when negotiating sharp turns in leads U

6.1.4 Explain actions regarding the pit sword and other retractable underwater appendages before entering U ice

6.1.5 Determine a safe operating speed given ice conditions and vessel characteristics I

6.1.6 Describe the hazards of stern movement and turning for vessels with reference to rudders and U propellers

6.1.7 Demonstrate correct rudder-position when moving the vessel astern A

Standard — DNVGL-ST-0017. Edition March 2017 Page 14 Competence of officers for navigation in ice

DNV GL AS ID Activity Required level of cognition

6.1.8 Determine the best rudder angle to use in certain conditions I

6.1.9 Explain the influence of the thickness of the ice on the diameter of the ship’s turning circle U

6.1.10 Compare the dangers of turning manoeuvres (long turn vs. short turn star-manoeuvre) I

6.1.11 Carry out a turning manoeuvre in ice, avoiding collision-impact of stern and sides A

6.1.12 Move sideways and turn using azipods, without sustaining damage to hull/propulsion system (if A applicable)

6.1.13 Manoeuvre a vessel safely through moderate to dense ice concentrations (1/10- 10/10) A

6.2 Bridge watch keeping

6.2.1 Explain the role of the ice pilots and ice navigators and responsibilities on the bridge U

6.2.2 Explain why the vessel should be in manual steering mode when operating in ice U

6.2.3 Demonstrate preparedness to change course and speed at any given moment A

6.2.4 Write a standing order for operating in ice A

6.2.5 Explain the importance of plotting the vessel’s position at short intervals U

6.2.6 Explain the importance for maintaining an extra look-out for drifting ice both visually and on radar A

6.2.7 Explain the importance of posting a stern lookout with radio when backing in ice, if view from bridge is A insufficient

6.3 Icing/ice accretion

6.3.1 Describe conditions for icing U

6.3.2 Estimate the rate of ice accretion, using data in the mariner’s handbook A

6.3.3 Determine a strategy to reduce the accumulation rate of ice on the vessel I

6.3.4 Explain the benefit of slightly lowering anchors in the hawse pipe in freezing spray conditions U

6.3.5 Detect ice build up (special attention in darkness, blind areas, e.g. forward containers on deck) I

6.3.6 Detect changes in the stability of the vessel I

6.3.7 Discuss de-icing methods used on ship’s structure, tanks and machinery U

6.4 Entering ice

6.4.1 Assess ice conditions I

6.4.2 Explain the importance of logging position where confronted with ice, including ice details U

6.4.3 Determine areas of lower ice concentration to enter the ice I

6.4.4 Demonstrate the correct approach angle when entering ice A

6.4.5 Demonstrate the correct way of adjusting speed and power-output, prior to ice contact as well as A upon contact with ice

6.4.6 Estimate ice thickness by observing the edges of pieces as they turn against the ship’s side A

6.5 Routing in ice

Standard — DNVGL-ST-0017. Edition March 2017 Page 15 Competence of officers for navigation in ice

DNV GL AS ID Activity Required level of cognition

6.5.1 Demonstrate continuous monitoring of ice presence, ice movement/drift and resulting pressures from I tides and wind, while navigating the vessel

6.5.2 Use leads, openings and fragments in ice A

6.5.3 Explain why open water leads in ice must be monitored very closely U

6.5.4 Determine the position of ice channels I

6.5.5 Avoid colliding with ridges, growlers and multi-year ice in polar regions A

6.5.6 Assess the need for deviations from the intended track I

6.5.7 Plan for deviations from the intended track I

6.5.8 Explain why a major deviation from an advised course is not recommended U

6.5.9 Describe the precautions for navigating near ice shelves, ice islands and tabular icebergs U

6.6 Communications

6.6.1 Find frequencies and services of the marine communications and traffic services in the area of K operation

6.6.2 Establish and maintain proper communications with authorities, ice pilots, icebreakers and other A vessels

6.6.3 Prepare a radio message for reporting dangerous ice A

6.6.4 Prepare a radio-message reporting conditions leading to severe ice accretion on ship’s superstructures A

6.6.5 Use internationally accepted ice terminology / iceberg nomenclature A

6.6.6 Recognise the importance of keeping working channels open continuously U

6.6.7 Recognise the importance of maintaining radio watch on 2128 kHz and 156.8 mHz once icebreaker U assistance is requested

6.6.8 Decide on signalling codes and meaning with ship ahead and astern of you I

6.6.9 Conform to the light and sound signals requirements of the area of operation A

6.7 Icebreaker assistance

Request

6.7.1 Describe factors which influence the effectiveness of icebreaker escort operations U

6.7.2 Explain how to obtain icebreaker assistance U

6.7.3 Provide the icebreaker with relevant data regarding own vessel, such as: type of vessel, ice class, HP, U backing power, crash stop distance, breadth, deadweight, draught, loaded or in ballast

6.7.4 Explain the importance of informing an icebreaker of any change in the state of your vessel while A waiting for assistance

6.7.5 Determine the standard operating procedures for working with an icebreaker in an area A

When following an icebreaker

6.7.6 Recognise the importance of following instructions from the icebreaker at all times when under escort A

Standard — DNVGL-ST-0017. Edition March 2017 Page 16 Competence of officers for navigation in ice

DNV GL AS ID Activity Required level of cognition

6.7.7 Explain the factors which determine the minimum and the maximum escort distance U

6.7.8 Explain the importance of monitoring progress (position/speed) continuously, when following an I icebreaker

6.7.9 Maintain minimum escort distance as indicated by icebreaker and indicate actions if escort distance A cannot be maintained

6.7.10 Interpret the operational signals between icebreaker and escorted vessel I

6.7.11 Demonstrate appropriate actions when the light and sound-signals given by an icebreaker indicate I that it has come to a halt

When in convoy

6.7.12 Describe the build-up of the convoy, when in convoy U

6.7.13 State the location of own vessel and other vessels’ names or IDs, when in convoy K

6.7.14 Explain the importance of monitoring ship-to-ship distances continuously, when in convoy U

6.7.15 Communicate changes in own speed immediately to other vessels A

St. Lawrence River

6.7.16 Explain the main priority of icebreakers on the St. Lawrence River U

7. SPECIFIC OPERATIONS

7.1 Passing other vessels in ice

7.1.1 Describe the process of passing other vessels in ice, incl. establishing communication and agreeing on A how to pass eachother

7.1.2 Identify prevailing wind-direction and force prior to passing U

7.1.3 Overtake another vessel, taking into account strength of both vessels, possible need to leave a A channel and speed adjustments by both vessels

7.1.4 Pass another vessel, when meeting, taking into account strength of both vessels, possible need to A leave a channel and sufficient ice separation

7.2 Anchoring operations

7.2.1 Describe preparatory actions related to anchors, prior to entering ice U

7.2.2 Recognise limited possibilities for anchoring in ice-covered waters U

7.2.3 Explain why it is not advisable to anchor in ice-covered waters U

7.2.4 Determine the forces of drifting ice when anchored I

7.2.5 Explain the importance of being able to heave anchor at short notice when anchored in icy waters U

7.2.6 Explain the technique of using anchors and ice-anchors (“deadmen”) for mooring to ice U

7.2.7 Recognise the icing effect of washing of chains when heaving anchor U

7.3 Towing

7.3.1 Describe the safety precautions to be taken on the forecastle while being towed U

Standard — DNVGL-ST-0017. Edition March 2017 Page 17 Competence of officers for navigation in ice

DNV GL AS ID Activity Required level of cognition

7.3.2 Prepare vessel for towing (e.g. hoist anchors away from towline if necessary) A

Baltic

7.3.3 Describe the notch (close coupled) towing operation as used in the Baltic U

7.3.4 Describe the need for mast alignment in notch (or close coupled) towing U

Russian Arctic

7.3.5 Describe the method of using the anchor-chain for towing U

7.3.6 Prepare vessel and anchor-chain for anchor-chain towing A

7.4 Pilot transfer

7.4.1 Carry out pilot transfer from ice-breaker/other boat A

7.4.2 Carry out pilot transfer from ice edge A

7.4.3 Carry out pilot transfer in broken ice A

7.4.4 Carry out pilot transfer by gangway and ladder A

7.4.5 Determine when the pilot ladder is to be lowered in case of ice-accretion conditions A

7.5 Berthing, unberthing and mooring

7.5.1 Discuss the recommended procedures and considerations when berthing and unberthing in ice U

7.5.2 Judge ice in port and possible need for tugs to clear the berth I

7.5.3 Adjust power ahead and astern to prevailing conditions, such as low under keel clearance and high A concentrations of ice

7.5.4 Demonstrate different techniques when approaching berths A

7.5.5 Berth and unberth the vessel with tug-assistance A

7.5.6 Berth and unberth the vessel without tug-assistance A

7.5.7 Use the propeller wash to clear the ice A

7.5.8 Use the bow to plough away the ice A

7.5.9 Recognise the efficient clearing/washing of ice between ship and berth using azipods (if applicable) U

7.5.10 Describe measures to prevent ballast tanks from freezing, when berthed U

7.5.11 Maintain maximum safe draught while discharging by taking in ballast simultaneously A

7.5.12 Recognise the forces of drifting ice when moored or docked U

7.5.13 Describe appropriate actions when moored or docked at river berths or in strong tidal areas, where ice U is in motion

7.5.14 Recognise that mooring operations can be prolonged in cold climates U

7.5.15 Moor to the ice edge A

7.5.16 Prepare for and take appropriate action in the event of sudden ice break-up caused by wind/sea A action

Standard — DNVGL-ST-0017. Edition March 2017 Page 18 Competence of officers for navigation in ice

DNV GL AS ID Activity Required level of cognition

7.6 Getting beset

7.6.1 Apply correct procedures to try and avoid getting beset A

7.6.2 Explain the importance of maintaining low revs on engine and movement of rudder in ice U

7.6.3 Determine, once halted in ice, if ramming is advisable (e.g. better ice conditions ahead, chance of I success, sufficient ice strengthening, bow-shape)

7.6.4 Execute ramming A

7.6.5 Apply correct procedures once getting beset cannot be avoided A

7.6.6 Report position and situation to icebreaker/approaching vessels etc. once beset U

7.6.7 Explain the possibilities for trying to free your vessel once beset U

7.6.8 Explain why it is advisable to wait for natural environmental changes U

7.6.9 Explain the icebreaker operations to be expected for freeing a beset vessel and the dangers of these U operations

8. PERFORMANCE MONITORING

8.1 Deck equipment

8.1.1 Recognise potential problems with deck equipment due to sub-zero temperatures and describe U measures to prevent them

8.1.2 Explain the importance of clearing snow and ice from equipment and working areas regularly U

8.1.3 Assess operation of equipment regularly A

8.1.4 Arrange windlass to be ready for operation at all times A

8.2 Soundings

8.2.1 Explain why soundings may appear incorrect in a cold environment U

8.2.2 Carry out regular soundings to detect damages (also empty tanks/void spaces) A

8.3 Fire fighting systems and survival equipment

8.3.1 Explain the limitations of firefighting systems, extinguishers and systems using CO2 in sub-zero U conditions

8.3.2 Explain the limitations of survival equipment in sub-zero conditions

8.4 Fuel

8.4.1 Adjust the fuel oil heating system when moving from temperate areas to cold areas and vice versa to A avoid extensive cooling or overheating

8.4.2 Recognise the expansion of fuel oil when moving from a cold to a warmer climate and take necessary A measures to prevent spills

8.5 Damages

8.5.1 Describe the most common hull damages in ice operations, their cause and ways to avoid them U

Standard — DNVGL-ST-0017. Edition March 2017 Page 19 Competence of officers for navigation in ice

DNV GL AS ID Activity Required level of cognition

8.5.2 Describe the most common damages to machinery during ice operations, their cause and ways to U avoid them

8.5.3 Describe the most common damages to engines during ice operations, their cause and ways to avoid U them

8.5.4 Perform an inspection of the vessel for mechanical and equipment damages, following de-icing I operations

8.5.5 Perform an inspection of ship systems for vibration damage during ice operations I

8.5.6 Describe the potential for damage to cathodic protection U

8.5.7 Explain the importance of immediate reporting of identified damages and defects U

Standard — DNVGL-ST-0017. Edition March 2017 Page 20 Competence of officers for navigation in ice

DNV GL AS CHANGES – HISTORIC

April 2014 edition This is a new document. Changes – historic

Standard — DNVGL-ST-0017. Edition March 2017 Page 21 Competence of officers for navigation in ice

DNV GL AS DNV GL Driven by our purpose of safeguarding life, property and the environment, DNV GL enables organizations to advance the safety and sustainability of their business. We provide classification and technical assurance along with software and independent expert advisory services to the maritime, oil and gas, and energy industries. We also provide certification services to customers across a wide range of industries. Operating in more than 100 countries, our 16 000 professionals are dedicated to helping our customers make the world safer, smarter and greener.

SAFER, SMARTER, GREENER