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Ice Navigation with Ice Compression in the Gulf of Finland

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Ice Navigation with Ice Compression in the Gulf of Finland UPTEC F10049 Examensarbete 30 hp Augusti 2010 Ice navigation with ice compression in the Gulf of Finland Niklas Berg Abstract Ice navigation with ice compression in the Gulf of Finland Niklas Berg Teknisk- naturvetenskaplig fakultet UTH-enheten Safe winter navigation is a hot topic. Not only is the traffic density increasing but the environmental considerations are also getting bigger. An oil leakage from a big oil Besöksadress: tanker can be of catastrophic proportions in the wrong area and more traffic Ångströmlaboratoriet Lägerhyddsvägen 1 increases the risk of an accident. A project that aims for safer winter navigation is Hus 4, Plan 0 SafeWIN. The aim of this project is to develop a forecasting system for compressive ice and thus make winter navigation safer. Postadress: This thesis is part of above mentioned project and aims to investigate what influence Box 536 751 21 Uppsala ice compression and ice class has on winter navigation. Vessels are exclusively AFRAMAX size tankers sailing on Primorsk in the Gulf of Finland during 2006. Transit Telefon: data comes from AIS tracks recorded by the Swedish Maritime Administration. A 018 – 471 30 03 database with tanker transits has been created and this information is the source for Telefax: the studies in this thesis. Included in the database are wind data, ice particulars and 018 – 471 30 00 transit information such as speed, and time at different activities during the transit. Average values for a transit has been investigated for comparison and to get a picture Hemsida: of an average transit. http://www.teknat.uu.se/student Velocity, waiting time and time with assisting icebreaker are parameters that are believed to show how a tanker performs in winter navigation. These parameters are compared with ice compression and ice class separately to see if there is a correlation. Ice compression has also been investigated for correlation towards wind force to see if stronger wind generates stronger compression. Using the velocity in different ice compressions an estimate of ice resistance that stem from ice compression has been extracted by means of Lindqvist’s formula. Handledare: Göran Liljeström Ämnesgranskare: Kjartan Halvorsen Examinator: Tomas Nyberg ISSN: 1401-5757, UPTEC F10049 Sponsor: Stena Rederi AB Acknowledgements This thesis has been carried out in cooperation with Stena Rederi AB. They have helped me with a lot of things. Getting access to the information from various sources where they have contacts and given a helping hand whenever I needed it. Many thanks for that. Göran Liljeström at Stena Teknik has been my main contact at Stena and has been a great support. Thank you for all your help. Secondly Fredrik Efraimsson and David André at Stena Teknik have helped me with various parts during this thesis. Thank you for all your comments and material. Kjartan Halvorsen, my academic supervisor, thank you for steering me in the right direction and for all academic input. I would like to thank Polina Soloshchuk at Hydrometeorological Center of St.-Petersburg who helped me with the Russian ice charts and weather information. At last I would like to direct my gratitude to everyone else that helped me make this thesis possible. Stockholm, June 2010 Niklas Berg 1 2 List of nomenclature L - Ship length B - Vessel width T - Vessel draft E - Elastic modulus σb - Bending strength of ice ψ - Angle between normal of surface and vertical vector( ) α - Water line entrance angle ିଵ ୲ୟ୬ ఝ φ - Stem angle ߰ ൌ ሺ ୱ୧୬ ఈ ሻ μ - Friction coefficient δp - Density difference between ice and water ρw - Density of water g - Gravitational constant Hice - Ice thickness Fv -Force acting on ice List of abbreviations Hog - Island of Hogland Priin -Point were vessels inbound for Primorsk turn north east. See chapter 3.2.1. Pri -Port of Primorsk GoF -Gulf of Finland TSS -Traffic separation scheme AIS -Automatic identification system AFRAMAX- Size of vessel, Deadweight under 120000 tones and breadth more than 32.31 m MCR - Maximum continuous revolution NCR - Normal continuous revolution Nm - Nautical miles 3 Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... 1 List of nomenclature ................................................................................................................... 3 List of abbreviations ................................................................................................................... 3 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 9 1.1 Background .................................................................................................................. 9 1.2 Objective of the study .................................................................................................. 9 1.3 Method ....................................................................................................................... 10 1.4 Limitations ................................................................................................................. 10 2. Winter navigation ............................................................................................................. 11 2.1 General about winter navigation in the Baltic ........................................................... 11 2.1.1 Finnish Swedish ice class ................................................................................... 11 2.2 SafeWIN .................................................................................................................... 12 2.3 Components affecting ice resistance ......................................................................... 12 2.3.1 Crushing at the stem ........................................................................................... 12 2.3.2 Breaking by bending .......................................................................................... 13 2.3.3 Submersion ......................................................................................................... 13 2.3.4 Speed .................................................................................................................. 13 2.3.5 Lindqvist’s complete formula ............................................................................ 13 2.4 Ice compression ......................................................................................................... 14 2.5 Ice situation 2006 in the Gulf of Finland ................................................................... 14 2.6 Gulf of Finland in a navigational aspect .................................................................... 15 2.6.1 Route to Primorsk ............................................................................................... 16 3. Database ........................................................................................................................... 18 3.1 Raw material .............................................................................................................. 18 3.1.1 Adveto Aecdis-2000 ver. 2009-09-01 ................................................................ 18 3.1.2 Automatic Identification System data ................................................................ 18 3.1.3 Ice charts ............................................................................................................ 19 3.1.4 Wind data ........................................................................................................... 21 3.2 Explanation of database ............................................................................................. 21 3.2.1 Areas in the Gulf of Finland ............................................................................... 21 3.2.2 Ice classes ........................................................................................................... 22 3.2.3 Ice particulars ..................................................................................................... 22 3.2.4 Icebreaker ........................................................................................................... 23 3.2.5 Transit particulars ............................................................................................... 23 4 3.2.6 Average speed .................................................................................................... 24 3.2.7 Distance .............................................................................................................. 24 3.2.8 Ice edge longitude .............................................................................................. 24 3.2.9 Weather .............................................................................................................. 24 3.2.10 Extra material ..................................................................................................... 24 3.3 Procedure ................................................................................................................... 24 4. Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 26 4.1 Traffic pattern ............................................................................................................ 26 4.2 Ice class ...................................................................................................................... 26 4.3 Wind and ice compression
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